ANALYTICAL ESSAY: HISTORY OF INTERNET

The Internet is a global phenomenon that has changed the way we communicate,
do business, shop, and live our lives in general. However, most people, if they
were asked about how the Internet works and its history, they will not be able to
give an accurate answer. In order to inform the general public about the
beginnings of the Internet, I will detail its timeline in the following paragraphs.

To comprehend the creation of the Internet, we have to go back to the 1950s

when electronic computers were first being developed. The concept of wide area
networking began to form in computer science laboratories in the U.S., France,
and England (Kim, Byung-Keun). But the real push to develop wide area
networking came from the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s, with its
ARPANET project, or The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. In
1969, the first message was sent with the use of ARPANET from computer
science Professor Leonard Kleinrock’s laboratory at the University of
California to the second network node at the Stanford Research Institute
(Kim, Byung-Keun).

Alongside this innovation were packet switching networks like NPL, ARPANET,
Tymnet, Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet. These networks were
developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s employing different communication
protocols (Internet Society). Another significant event happened when Donald
Davies, a Welsh computer scientist, presented packet switching in 1967 at the
National Physics Laboratory in the U.K. (Yates, David).

Eventually, the ARPANET project led to the development of internetworking,

which is the practice of connecting a computer network to many networks through
gateways (essentially, a network layer) that uses routing information packets. So,
the invention of network messaging and packet switching networks were integral
to creating internetworking. And speaking of invention, the creation of the
Internet protocol suite was developed by ARPANET staff alongside the
French project CYCLADES directed by Louis Pouzin in the 1970s
(Economist). So, like many other key inventions of humankind, the Internet
was born from international roots.

Even though the Internet protocol suite was invented in the 1970s, it took until
1986 for interconnectivity to be achieved with it. The NSFNET (National Science
Foundation Network) project provided interconnectivity between supercomputer
sites across the U.S. and between several U.S. universities. At this time, the
Internet was employed for research and organizational purposes only (Link
Letter).

The Internet began to be commercialized in the late 1980s when Internet

service providers started to pop up. By late 1989, limited access to the
Internet was being provided on private connections by commercial entities
in American cities. With the decommission of ARPANET in 1990 and the
decommission of NSFNET in 1995, there were no longer hurdles for the
commercial use of the Internet (Indra.com).
Perhaps the biggest game changer happened to the Internet with the
introduction of the World Wide Web. Research done by British computer
scientist Tim Berners-Lee in the 1980s resulted in the World Wide Web,
which linked hypertext documents into an information system (Couldry,
Nick). This led to an even greater impact on the public, with the Internet affecting
culture, commerce, communication, and technology. From the mid-1990s, the
Internet became an integral part of world society. To demonstrate how profound
the Internet has been in connecting the world, in 1993, the Internet was only
transmitting 1% of two-way network information, but by 2007, the it
represented 97% of all telecommunications (Science).

Starting as a project of computer science researchers from various countries, and

then from the U.S. Department of Defense in collaboration with many international
organizations, the Internet began as a concept for quick communication for
governmental and scientific use. But with the main organizing bodies for the
Internet being eventually decommissioned, the commercial use of the Internet
thrived first in U.S. cities and then it leaped across the world. Now, it is difficult to
imagine living without it: much of our business, commerce, shopping, creative
work, entertainment, education, communication, and research takes place on the
Internet. But what is most fascinating is its limitless potential, and what it might
bring to our nearest future.

References

Kim, Byung-Keun (2005). Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of

Influence and Technology. Edward Elgar. pp. 51–55. ISBN 1845426754.

“Brief History of the Internet.” Internet Society. Retrieved 9 April 2016.

“Turing’s Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory

1945–1995,” David M. Yates, National Museum of Science and Industry, 1997,
pages 126–146, ISBN 0901805947. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

“The Internet’s Fifth Man.” Economist. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 11

September 2017.

“The Technology Timetable,” Link Letter, Volume 7, No. 1 (July 1994), p.8,
Merit/NSFNET Information Services, Merit Network, Ann Arbor.

“The First ISP.” Indra.com. August 13, 1992. Archived from the original on March
5, 2016. Retrieved 2015-10-17.

Couldry, Nick (2012). Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media
Practice. London: Polity Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780745639208.

“The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute

Information,” Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science (journal),
332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here:
martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html.