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Dictionary: burn1 (bûrn)

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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary

v., burned, or burnt (bûrnt), burn·ing, burns.

v.tr.

1.
a. To cause to undergo combustion.
b. To destroy with fire: burned the trash; burn a house down.
c. To consume (fuel or energy, for example): burned all the wood that
winter.
2. Physics. To cause to undergo nuclear fission or fusion.
3. To damage or injure by fire, heat, radiation, electricity, or a caustic agent: burned
the toast; burned my skin with the acid.
4.
a. To execute or kill with fire: burning heretics at the stake.
b. To execute by electrocution.
5.
a. To make or produce by fire or heat: burn a hole in the rug.
b. To dispel; dissipate: The sun burned off the fog.
6.
a. To use as a fuel: a furnace that burns coal.
b. To metabolize (glucose, for example) in the body.
7. To impart a sensation of intense heat to: The chili burned my mouth.
8.
a. To irritate or inflame, as by chafing or sunburn.
b. To let (oneself or a part of one's body) become sunburned.
9. To brand (an animal).
10. To engrave or make indelible by as or as if by burning: The image of the accident
was burned into my memory.
11. To harden or impart a finish to by subjecting to intense heat; fire: burn clay pots
in a kiln.
12. To make angry: That remark really burns me.
 13.
a. To defeat in a contest, especially by a narrow margin.
b. Sports. To outplay or score on (an opponent), especially through quick or
deceptive movement.
c. To inflict harm or hardship on; hurt: "Huge loan losses have burned banks
in recent years" (Christian Science Monitor).
d. To swindle or deceive; cheat: We really got burned on the used car we
bought.
14. To record data on (a compact disk, for example).

v.intr.

1.
a. To undergo combustion.
b. To admit of burning: Wood burns easily.
2. To consume fuel: a rocket stage designed to burn for three minutes before being
jettisoned.
3. Physics. To undergo nuclear fission or fusion.
4.
a. To emit heat or light by or as if by fire: campfires burning in the dark; the
sun burning brightly in the sky.
b. To become dissipated or to be dispelled by or as if by heat: The fog
burned off as the sun came up.
5. To give off light; shine: a light burning over the door.
6. To be destroyed, injured, damaged, or changed by or as if by fire: a house that
burned to the ground; eggs that burned and stuck to the pan.
7.
a. To be very hot; bake: a desert burning under the midday sun.
b. To feel or look hot: a child burning with fever.
c. To impart a sensation of heat: a liniment that burns when first applied.
8.
a. To become irritated or painful, as by chafing or inflammation: eyes
burning from the smoke.
b. To become sunburned or windburned.
9. To be consumed with strong emotion, especially:
a. To be or become angry: an insult that really made me burn.
b. To be very eager: was burning with ambition.
10. To penetrate by or as if by intense heat or flames: enemy ground radar burning
through the fighters' electronic jammers; a look that burned into them.
11. To be engraved by or as if by burning: shame burning in my heart.
12.
a. To suffer punishment or death by or as if by fire: souls burning in hell.
b. To be electrocuted.

n.
 1. An injury produced by fire, heat, radiation, electricity, or a caustic agent.
2. A burned place or area: a cigarette burn in the tablecloth.
3. An act, process, or result of burning: The fire settled down to a steady burn.
4. A sensation of intense heat or stinging pain: a chili burn on the tongue; the burn
of alcohol on an open wound.
5. A sunburn or windburn.
6. Aerospace. A firing of a rocket.
7. A swindle.

phrasal verbs:

burn in

1. To darken part of (a photograph print) by exposing unmasked areas.

burn out

1. To stop burning from lack of fuel.

2. To wear out or make or become inoperative as a result of heat or friction: The
short circuit burned out the fuse.
3. To cause (a property owner or a resident) to have to evacuate the premises
because of fire: The shopkeeper was burned out by arsonists.
4. To make or become exhausted, especially as a result of long-term stress: "Hours
are long, stress is high, and many recruits drop out or burn out" (Robert J.
Samuelson).

burn up

1. To make angry: Their rudeness really burns me up.

2. To travel over or through at high speed: drag racers burning up the track.

idioms:

burn (one's) bridges

1. To eliminate the possibility of return or retreat.

burn the (or one's) candle at both ends

1. To exhaust oneself or one's resources by leading a hectic or extravagant life.

burn the midnight oil

1. To work or study very late at night.

to burn
 1. In great amounts: They had money to burn.

[Middle English burnen, from Old English beornan, to be on fire, and from bærnan, to set
on fire.]

SYNONYMS burn, scorch, singe, sear, char, parch. These verbs mean to injure or alter
by means of intense heat or flames. Burn, the most general, applies to the effects of
exposure to a source of heat or to something that can produce a similar effect: burned the
muffins in the oven. Scorch involves superficial burning that discolors or damages the
texture of something: scorched the shirt with the iron. Singe specifies superficial burning
and especially the deliberate removal of projections such as feathers from a carcass
before cooking: singed my eyelashes when the fire flared up; singed the chicken before
roasting it. Sear applies to surface burning of organic tissue: seared the lamb over high
heat. To char is to use fire to reduce a substance to carbon or charcoal: wood charred by
the fire. Parch in this sense emphasizes the drying and often fissuring of a surface: the
hot sun that parched the soil.

burn2 (bûrn)
n. Scots
A small stream; a brook.

[Middle English, from Old English burna.]

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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:

burn
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Damage caused to the body by contact with flames, hot substances, some chemicals,
radiation (including sunlight), or electricity. Burns are classified by depth of skin damage
and by percentage of skin damaged. First-degree burns injure only the epidermis (top
layer), with redness, pain, and minimal edema. In a second-degree burn, damage extends
into the dermis (inner layer), with redness and blisters. Third-degree burns destroy the
entire thickness of the skin. There is no pain, because the skin's pain receptors are
destroyed. Burns deeper than the skin can release toxic materials into the bloodstream
and may require amputation. Secondary shock follows severe burns, caused by loss of
fluid both in the destroyed tissue and in leaks from the damaged area. Treatment depends
on severity; first-degree burns need only first aid; third-degree burns require long-term
hospitalization. Depending on the type, extent, and site of the burn, it may be left
exposed, covered with a bandage, or excised to remove dead tissue in preparation for skin
grafts. Complications of burns include respiratory problems, infection, ulcers in the
stomach or duodenum, and, especially in brown skin, thick scarring. Seizures and
hypertension after burns occur almost entirely in children. Survivors usually require
plastic surgery, long-term physical therapy, and psychotherapy.

For more information on burn, visit Britannica.com.

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Sci-Tech Encyclopedia:

Burn
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An injury to tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or irradiation effects.

The commonest type of burn is that due to thermal injury, in which some portion of the
body surface is exposed to either moist or dry heat of sufficient temperature to cause
local and systemic reactions. Clinically, the extent of such a burn is often expressed as
first degree, second degree, and so forth. Different systems of classification exist.

First-degree burns result in some redness and swelling of the injured part, without
necrosis of any tissue or the formation of blisters. Healing is completed in a few days
without scarring.

Second-degree burns show a variable destruction of parts of the epidermis so that

blistering occurs. Healing by regeneration in such superficial burns does not necessitate
skin grafting, unless secondary infections ensue; no scarring results.

Third-degree burns are marked by complete destruction of the epidermis of a region,

including the necrosis of accessory skin structures like hair and sweat glands. A
brownish-black eschar marks the destroyed tissue. This is sloughed off and that defect
becomes filled with granulation tissue that later consolidates and changes to form a
dense, thick scar. Complications may occur without adequate care, and grafting is not
unusual, sometimes being required because of contracture of the scar tissue.

In fourth-degree burns, tissue is destroyed to the level of or below the deep fascia lying
beneath the subcutaneous fat and connective tissue of the body. Muscle, bone, deeper
nerves, and even organs may be injured or destroyed by this severe degree of burn.
Healing is usually a slow, involved process, requiring much reparative and reconstructive
work by surgical specialists.

Electrical burns result from the amount of heat incident to the flow of a certain amount of
electricity through the resistance offered by tissues. From a practical standpoint, most of
the resistance offered to the passage of an electric current is that of the skin and the
interface between the skin and the external conductor. Therefore, most electrothermal
injuries are limited to the skin and immediately subjacent tissues, although deep
penetration may follow large voltages.

Most chemical burns result from the action of corrosive agents which destroy tissues at
the point of contact. Exposure of the skin, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract are commonest.
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Computer Desktop Encyclopedia:

burn
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To write a write-once optical medium such as a CD-R, DVD-R or BD-R disc. Such a disc
is considered "burned," because once recorded, it cannot be erased and rewritten. The
term is also erroneously used for rewritable disks, such as CD-RWs and DVD-RWs, but
rewritable media are not "burned;" they are "written." Burn means "once and done." See
CD-R, DVD-R and DVD+R. See also burn in.

A Burned Disc
You can see the "burned" part of this CD-R disc by noticing the slight change in
reflectivity on the recording side. In this example, the arrow points to the end of the small
recorded area, which is less than 6% of the 700MB capacity of the disc.

Download Computer Desktop Encyclopedia to your PC, iPhone or Android.

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Marketing Dictionary:

burn
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Film production: in filming, image that remains after the camera has focused on a
shining object and then withdrawn. The picture tends to retain an after-ghost of the
original image, which actually burns into the camera's picture tube.

Printing: term used for the part of the printing process when the image is imprinted on
the plate (plate exposure).

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Food and Nutrition:

Burn
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Home > Library > Food & Cooking > Food and Nutrition

Trade name for an energy drink.

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Food and Fitness:
burns
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Home > Library > Food & Cooking > Food and Fitness

1. Thermal damage to the skin or other tissues as a result of excessive heat. During the
performance of vigorous physical activities, heat is generated by friction and the skin can
be burned wherever it rubs against another surface. When a burn has occurred, you
should avoid activities that risk further friction.

2. A form of weight training designed to increase the size of muscle. The exerciser makes
rapid half contractions which produce a burning sensation in the muscle. This is believed
to be due to the pumping of blood into muscle. See also pumping-up.

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Thesaurus:

burn
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Thesaurus
also burn up

verb

1. To undergo combustion: blaze, combust, flame, flare. See hot/cold/lukewarm.

2. To undergo or cause to undergo damage by or as if by fire: char, scorch, sear,
singe. See hot/cold/lukewarm.
3. To emit a bright light: beam, blaze, gleam, glow, incandesce, radiate, shine. See
light/darkness.
4. To feel or look hot: bake, broil, roast, swelter. See hot/cold/lukewarm.
5. To feel or cause to feel a sensation of heat or discomfort: bite, smart, sting. See
pain/pleasure.
6. To cause to become sore or inflamed: inflame, irritate, sting. See
help/harm/harmless.
7. To cause to feel or show anger. anger, enrage, incense, infuriate, madden,
provoke. Idioms: make one hot under the collar, make one's blood boil, put one's
back up. See feelings.
8. To be or become angry: anger, blow up, boil over, bristle, explode, flare up, foam,
fume, rage, seethe. Informal steam. Idioms: blow a fuse, blow a gasket, blow
 one'sstacktop, breathe fire, fly off the handle, get hot under the collar, hit
theceilingroof, lose one's temper, see red. See feelings.
9. To be in a state of emotional or mental turmoil: boil, bubble, churn, ferment,
seethe, simmer, smolder. See calm/agitation.

phrasal verb - burn out

To lose so much strength and power as to become ineffective or motionless: give

out, run down. Slang poop out. See tired/fresh.

noun

Damage or a damaged substance that results from burning: char, scorch, sear,
singe. See hot/cold/lukewarm.

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Idioms:

burn
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Idioms

Idioms beginning with burn:

burning question
burn into
burn one's bridges
burn one's fingers
burn oneself out
burn rubber
burn someone up

See also crash and burn; ears are burning; fiddle while Rome burns; (burn) in effigy;
money burns a hole in one's pocket; money to burn; slow burn.

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Antonyms:

burn
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Antonyms

Definition: be excited about; yearn for

Antonyms: stifle, subdue

Definition: be on fire; set on fire

Antonyms: cool, extinguish, put out, quench, smother, wet

Definition: cheat
Antonyms: aid, help

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Dental Dictionary:

burn
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A lesion caused by contact of heat, radiation, friction, or chemicals with tissue. Thermal
burns are classified as follows: first degree, manifested by erythema; second degree,
manifested by formation of vesicles; third degree, manifested by necrosis of the mucosa
or dermis; and fourth degree, manifested by charring into the submucous or subcutaneous
layers of the body.

Children's Health Encyclopedia:

Burns
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Home > Library > Health > Children's Health Encyclopedia

Definition

Burns are injuries to tissues that are caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation, or
chemicals.

Description

Burns are characterized by degree, based on the severity of the tissue damage. A first-
degree burn causes redness and swelling in the outermost layers of skin (epidermis). A
second-degree burn involves redness, swelling and blistering, and the damage may
extend beneath the epidermis to deeper layers of skin (dermis). A third-degree burn, also
called a full-thickness burn, destroys the entire depth of skin, causing significant scarring.
Damage also may extend to the underlying fat, muscle, or bone.

Demographics

The severity of the burn is also judged by the amount of body surface area (BSA)
involved. Healthcare workers use the "rule of nines" to determine the percentage of BSA
affected in people more than 9 years of age: each arm with its hand is 9 percent of BSA;
each leg with its foot is 18 percent; the front of the torso is 18 percent; the back of the
torso, including the buttocks, is 18 percent; the head and neck are 9 percent; and the
genital area (perineum) is 1 percent. This rule cannot be applied to a young child's body
proportions, so BSA is estimated using the palm of a person's hand as a measure of 1
percent area.

The severity of the burn determines the type of treatment and also where the burned
person should receive treatment. Minor burns may be treated at home or in a doctor's
office. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering less than 15 percent of
an adult's body or less than 10 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on less
than 2 percent BSA. Moderate burns should be treated at a hospital. These are defined as
first- or second-degree burns covering 15 percent to 25 percent of an adult's body or 10
percent to 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-degree burn on 2 percent to 10 percent
BSA. Critical, or major, burns are the most serious and should be treated in a specialized
burn unit of a hospital. These are defined as first- or second-degree burns covering more
than 25 percent of an adult's body or more than 20 percent of a child's body, or a third-
degree burn on more than 10 percent BSA. In addition, burns involving the hands, feet,
face, eyes, ears, or genitals are considered critical. Other factors influence the level of
treatment needed, including associated injuries such as bone fractures and smoke
inhalation, presence of a chronic disease, or a history of abuse. Also, children and the
elderly are more vulnerable to complications from burn injuries and require more
intensive care.
Causes and Symptoms

Burns may be caused by even a brief encounter with heat greater than 120°F (49°C). The
source of this heat may be the sun (causing a sunburn), hot liquids, steam, fire, electricity,
friction (causing rug burns and rope burns), and chemicals (causing caustic burn upon
contact).

Signs of a burn are localized redness, swelling, and pain. A severe burn will also blister.
The skin may also peel, appear white or charred, and feel numb. A burn may trigger a
headache and fever. Extensive burns may induce shock, the symptoms of which are
faintness, weakness, rapid pulse and breathing, pale and clammy skin, and bluish lips and
fingernails.

When to Call the Doctor

A physician or healthcare professional should be consulted whenever first or second
degree burns cover more than 15 percent of a person's body surface area (BSA) or third
degree burns involve more than 2 percent of a victim's BSA.

Diagnosis

A physician will diagnose a burn based on visual examination and will also ask the
burned person or family members questions to determine the best treatment. He or she
may also check for smoke inhalation, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning,
other event-related trauma, or, if suspected, evidence of child abuse.

Treatment

Burn treatment consists of relieving pain, preventing infection, and maintaining body
fluids, electrolytes, and calorie intake while the body heals. Treatment of chemical or
electrical burns is slightly different from the treatment of thermal burns but the objectives
are the same.

Thermal Burn Treatment

The first act of thermal burn treatment is to stop the burning process. This may be
accomplished by letting cool water run over the burned area or by soaking it in cool (not
cold) water. Ice should never be applied to a burn. Cool (not cold) wet compresses may
provide some pain relief when applied to small areas of first- and second-degree burns.
Butter, shortening, or similar salve should never be applied to the burn because these
prevent heat from escaping and drive the burning process deeper into the skin.

If the burn is minor, it may be cleaned gently with soap and water. Blisters should not be
broken. If the skin of the burned area is unbroken and it is not likely to be further irritated
by pressure or friction, the burn should be left exposed to the air to promote healing. If
the skin is broken or apt to be disturbed, the burned area should be coated lightly with an
antibacterial ointment and covered with a sterile bandage. Aspirin, acetaminophen, or
ibuprofen may be taken to ease pain and relieve inflammation. A doctor should be
consulted if these signs of infection appear: increased warmth, redness, pain, or swelling;
pus or similar drainage from the wound; swollen lymph nodes; or red streaks spreading
away from the burn.

In situations in which a person has received moderate or critical burns, lifesaving

measures take precedence over burn treatment, and emergency medical assistance must
be called. A person with serious burns may stop breathing, and artificial respiration (also
called mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or rescue breathing) should be administered
immediately. Also, a person with burns covering more than 12 percent BSA is likely to
go into shock; this condition may be prevented by laying the person flat and elevating the
feet about 12 inches (30 cm). Burned arms and hands should also be raised higher than
the person's heart.

In rescues, a blanket may be used to smother any flames as the person is removed from
danger. The person whose clothing is on fire should "stop, drop, and roll" or be assisted
in lying flat on the ground and rolling to put out the fire. Afterwards, only burned
clothing that comes off easily should be removed; any clothing embedded in the burn
should not be disturbed. Removing any smoldering apparel and covering the person with
a light, cool, wet cloth, such as a sheet but not a blanket or towel, will stop the burning
process.

At the hospital, the staff provide further medical treatment. A tube to aid breathing may
be inserted if the person's airways or lungs have been damaged, as can happen during an
explosion or a fire in an enclosed space. Also, because burns dramatically deplete the
body of fluids, replacement fluids are administered intravenously. The person is also
given antibiotics intravenously to prevent infection, and he or she may also receive a
tetanus shot, depending on his or her immunization history. Once the burned area is
cleaned and treated with antibiotic cream or ointment, it is covered in sterile bandages,
which are changed two to three times a day. Surgical removal of dead tissue
(debridement) also takes place. As the burns heal, thick, taut scabs (eschar) form, which
the doctor may have to cut to improve blood flow to the more elastic healthy tissue
beneath. The person will also undergo physical and occupational therapy to keep the
burned areas from becoming inflexible and to minimize scarring.

In cases where the skin has been so damaged that it cannot properly heal, a skin graft is
usually performed. A skin graft involves taking a piece of skin from an unburned portion
of the person's body (autograft) and transplanting it to the burned area. When doctors
cannot immediately use the individual's own skin, a temporary graft is performed using
the skin of a human donor (allograft), either alive or dead, or the skin of an animal
(xenograft), usually that of a pig.

The burn victim also may be placed in a hyperbaric chamber, if one is available. In a
hyperbaric chamber (which can be a specialized room or enclosed space), the person is
exposed to pure oxygen under high pressure, which can aid in healing. However, for this
therapy to be effective, the burned individual must be placed in a chamber within 24
hours of being burned.

Chemical Burn Treatment

Burns from liquid chemicals must be rinsed with cool water for at least 15 minutes to
stop the burning process. Any burn to the eye must be similarly flushed with water. In
cases of burns from dry chemicals such as lime, the powder should be completely
brushed away before the area is washed. Any clothing which may have absorbed the
chemical should be removed. The burn should then be loosely covered with a sterile
gauze pad and the person taken to the hospital for further treatment. A physician may be
able to neutralize the offending chemical with another before treating the burn like a
thermal burn of similar severity.

Electrical Burn Treatment

Before electrical burns are treated at the site of the accident, the power source must be
disconnected if possible and the victim moved away from it to keep the person giving aid
from being electrocuted. Lifesaving measures again take priority over burn treatment, so
breathing must be checked and assisted if necessary. Electrical burns should be loosely
covered with sterile gauze pads and the person taken to the hospital for further treatment.

Alternative Treatment
In addition to the excellent treatment of burns provided by traditional medicine, some
alternative approaches may be helpful as well. (Major burns should always be treated by
a medical practitioner.) The homeopathic remedies Cantharis and Causticum can assist in
burn healing. A number of botanical remedies, applied topically, can also help burns heal.
These include aloe (Aloe barbadensis), oil of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum),
calendula (Calendula officinalis), comfrey (Symphytum officinale), and tea tree oil
(Melaleuca spp.). Supplementing the diet with vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc also is
beneficial for wound healing.

Prognosis

The prognosis is dependent upon the degree of the burn, the amount of body surface
covered, whether critical body parts were affected, any additional injuries or
complications like infection, and the promptness of medical treatment. Minor burns may
heal in five to ten days with no scarring. Moderate burns may heal in ten to 14 days and
may leave scarring. Critical or major burns take more than 14 days to heal and leave
significant scarring. Scar tissue may limit mobility and functionality, but physical therapy
may overcome these limitations. In some cases, additional surgery may be advisable to
remove scar tissue and restore appearance.
Prevention

Burns are commonly received in residential fires. Properly placed and working smoke
detectors in combination with rapid evacuation plans minimize a person's exposure to
smoke and flames in the event of a fire. Children must be taught never to play with
matches, lighters, fireworks, gasoline, and cleaning fluids.

Burns by scalding with hot water or other liquids may be prevented by setting the water
heater thermostat no higher than 120°F (49°C), checking the temperature of bath water
before getting into the tub, and turning pot handles on the stove out of the reach of
children. Care should be used when removing covers from pans of steaming foods and
when uncovering or opening foods heated in a microwave oven.

Thermal burns are often received from electrical appliances. Care should be exercised
around stoves, space heaters, irons, and curling irons.

Sunburns may be avoided by the liberal use of a sunscreen containing either an opaque
active ingredient such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide or a nonopaque active ingredient
such as PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) or benzophenone. Hats, loose clothing, and
umbrellas also provide protection, especially between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. when the most
damaging ultraviolet rays are present in direct sunlight.

Electrical burns may be prevented by covering unused electrical outlets with safety plugs
and keeping electrical cords away from infants and toddlers who might chew on them.
Persons should also seek shelter indoors during a thunderstorm to avoid being struck by
lightning.

Chemical burns may be prevented by wearing protective clothing, including gloves and
eyeshields. Chemical agents should always be used according to the manufacturer's
instructions and properly stored when not in use.

Nutritional Concerns
Adequate nutrition, including liquids and electrolytes, is essential when recovering from
burns.

Parental Concerns

Parents should fire-proof their homes to protect small children. They should teach fire
safety to their children from a very young age. Smoke detectors should be installed and
tested at least twice each year. Parents are advised to discuss fire and escape routes
(including alternates) from their home with their children. Holding a fire drill at night
may be momentarily unpopular but may save lives and prevent serious injuries. Proper
childproofing tools can prevent young children from being burned in the kitchen and
bathroom.
Resources

Books
Antoon, Alia Y., and Mary K. Donovan. "Burn Injuries." In Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics, 17th ed. Edited by Richard E. Behrman, et al. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003,
pp. 330–7.

Bosworth, Chrissie. Burns Trauma: Management and Nursing Care, 2nd ed. London:
Whurr Publishers, 2002.

Demling, Robert H., and Jonathon D. Gates. "Medical Aspects of Trauma and Burn
Care." In Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd ed. Edited by Lee Goldman, et al.
Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003, pp. 642–8.

Hall, Jesse B., and Gregory Schmidt. Principles of Critical Care, 3rd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Periodicals
Collier, M. L., et al. "Home treadmill friction injuries: a five-year review." Journal of
Burn Care Rehabilitation 25, no. 5 (2004): 441–4.

Patterson, D. R., et al. "Optimizing control of pain from severe burns: a literature
review." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 47, no. 1 (2004): 43–54.

Rabbitts, A., et al. "Car radiator burns: a prevention issue." Journal of Burn Care
Rehabilitation 25, no. 5 (2004): 452–5.

Stokes, D. J., et al. "The effect of burn injury on adolescents' autobiographical memory."
Behavior Research and Therapy 42, no. 11 (2004): 1357–65.

Organizations
American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Meacham Road, PO Box 4014, Schaumburg,
IL 60168–4014. Web site: www.aad.org/.

American Academy of Emergency Medicine. 611 East Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI

53202. Web site: www.aaem.org/.

American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood,

KS 66211–2672. Web site: www.aafp.org/.
American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL
60007–1098. Web site: www.aap.org/default.htm.

American College of Emergency Physicians. PO Box 619911, Dallas, TX 75261–9911.

Web site: www.acep.org/.

American College of Surgeons. 633 North St. Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611–32311.
Web site: www.facs.org/.

International Shrine Headquarters. 2900 Rocky Point Dr., Tampa, FL 33607–1460. Web
site: www.shrinershq.org/index.html.

Web Sites
"Burns." KidsHealth. Available online at (accessed December 7, 2004).

"Burns." MedlinePlus. Available online at www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/burns.html

(accessed December 7, 2004).

"Burns." Merck Manual. Available online at

www.merck.com/mmhe/sec24/ch289/ch289a.html (accessed December 7, 2004).

"Burns: Taking Care of Burns." American College of Family Physicians, September

2002. Available online at (accessed December 7, 2004).

"Chemical Burns to the Skin." University of Iowa Health Care. Available online at
www.uihealthcare.com/topics/prepareemergencies/prep4904.html (accessed December 7,
2004).

[Article by: L. Fleming Fallon, Jr., MD, DrPH]

US Military Dictionary:

burn
Top
Home > Library > History, Politics & Society > US Military Dictionary

v. to deliberately expose the true status of a person under cover.

n.
the legitimate destruction and burning of classified material, usually accomplished by the
custodian of the material, as prescribed in regulations.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

English Folklore:

burns
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > English Folklore

A spoken charm for curing burns and scalds has been recorded from various parts of
England. The Shropshire version ran:

There was three angels came from the west,

The one brought fire and the other brought frost,
The other brought the book of Jesus Christ.
In the name of Father, Son and Holy Ghost, Amen.
(Burne, 1883: 183-4)

From Fittleworth (Sussex), there is more information about the associated ritual. The
words, there called a ‘blessing’, could only be used on a Sunday evening by one
particular woman, who would bow her head, blow on the burn, and murmur:
There came two Angels from the north,
One was fire and one was Frost.
Out, Fire; in Frost.
In the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
(Latham, 1878: 35-6)

Sports Science and Medicine:

burns
Top
Home > Library > Health > Sports Science and Medicine

Damage to the skin or other tissue as a result of excessive heat. In sport, burns are seldom
caused by direct heat (except sunburn). They are usually caused by friction when the skin
rubs against another surface. A burn should be cooled immediately with tap water or an
ice pack. The pain of a minor burn may be relieved with an analgesic. Extensive burns
require hospitalization. The ability of a burns sufferer to participate in sport is determined
largely by the extent and location of the burns. Even with minor burns, activities that
involve the risk of friction against the affected areas should be avoided. In the case of
more severe burns, activities that could lead to infection should be avoided. See also
blister, mat burn.

Columbia Encyclopedia:

burn
Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Columbia Encyclopedia
burn, injury resulting from exposure to heat, electricity, radiation, or caustic chemicals.
Three degrees of burn are commonly recognized. In first-degree burns the outer layer of
skin, called epidermis, becomes red, sensitive to the touch, and often swollen. Medical
attention is not required but application of an ointment may relieve the pain. Second-
degree burns are characterized by the variable destruction of epidermis and the formation
of blisters; nerve endings may be exposed. The more serious cases should be seen by a
physician and care should be taken to avoid infection. Local therapy includes application
of a chemical such as silver nitrate to produce a soft crust, reduce the threat of infection,
and relieve the pain. Third-degree burns involve destruction of the entire thickness of
skin and the underlying connective tissue. In the more severe cases underlying bones are
also charred. The surface area involved is more significant than the depth of the burn.
Shock must be prevented or counteracted; blood transfusion may be required to replace
lost body fluids. Invasion of various bacteria must be prevented or cured by administering
antibiotics and other drugs. Morphine may be employed to ease pain. Long-term
treatment may include transplantation of natural or artificial skin grafts.

Veterinary Dictionary:

burn
Top
Home > Library > Animal Life > Veterinary Dictionary

Injury to tissues caused by contact with dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquid),
chemicals, electricity, lightning or radiation. The damage done by a burn includes shock
due to the tissue damage, severe dehydration due to the loss of the protective effect of the
skin, infection of the burn site, damage to lungs and eyes by exposure to high
temperatures and smoke and debris, damage to external somatic addenda including vulva,
teats, prepuce, scrotum. The critical decision in a burn case is whether to allow the animal
a faint chance of recovery and therefore to continue with treatment. See also bushfire
injury.

• friction b. — the skin is damaged by the heat created by friction as by a rope burn,
or when a dog is dragged by its lead behind a car.
• full thickness b. — involves all of the epidermis and the dermis and may include
underlying structures, as well. In alternative classification, it is equivalent to third-
and fourth-degree burns.
 • partial thickness b. — involves part or all of the epidermis. Generally, equivalent
to first- and second-degree burns.
• solar b. — sunburn is noticeable mainly in white pigs, white cats and in dogs with
little or no pigmentation on the nose (areas not protected by haircoat) or following
close clipping. Of little importance in pigs, other than esthetic importance, but in
dogs and cats causes actinic dermatitis, which occasionally precedes the
development of squamous cell carcinoma. See also solar dermatitis,
photosensitive dermatitis.
• sole b. — damage caused to the sensitive laminae of the feet by the prolonged
application of an overheated horseshoe during a shoeing session. The horse is
very lame and part of the hoof may subsequently slough.

Slang Dictionary:

burned
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Slang Dictionary

1. mod. cheated; betrayed. Man, did I get burned in that place!

2. mod. disappointed; humiliated; put down. Ha! You're burned!
3. and burned up mod. very angry. I've never been so burned up at anyone. I am really
burned! Totally burned!

Word Tutor:

burn
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Word Tutor

IN BRIEF: An injury or damage cause by exposure to heat, chemicals, or radiation.

We watched the fire burn the house down.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for
results!

Sign Language Videos:

burn
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Sign Language Videos
as in: fire or flames
sign description: Both hands move in a circular motion foreward with the fingers
wiggling.

Wikipedia:

Burn
Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
This article is about the injury. For other uses, see Burn (disambiguation).
Burn
Classification and external resources

Second-degree burn of the hand

ICD-10 T20.-T31.
ICD-9 940-949
MeSH D002056

A burn is a type of injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light,
radiation or friction.[1][2][3] Most burns only affect the skin (epidermal tissue and dermis).
Rarely deeper tissues, such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels can also be injured.
Managing burns is important because they are common, painful and can result in
disfiguring and disabling scarring. Burns can be complicated by shock, infection,
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, electrolyte imbalance and respiratory distress.
Large burns can be fatal, but modern treatments, developed in the last 60 years, have
significantly improved the prognosis of such burns, especially in children and young
adults.[4][5]
Contents [hide]

• 1 Classification
o 1.1 By degree
o 1.2 Other
classifications
o 1.3 Burn surface area
• 2 Causes
o 2.1 Chemical burn
o 2.2 Electrical burn
o 2.3 Radiation burn
o 2.4 Scalding
• 3 Management
o 3.1 First Aid
o 3.2 Intravenous fluids
o 3.3 Wound
management
o 3.4 Antibiotics
o 3.5 Analgesics
o 3.6 Alternative
treatments
• 4 Prognosis
• 5 Epidemiology
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 Further reading

• 9 External links

Classification
A number of different classification systems exist. The traditional system divided burns
in first-, second-, or third-degree.[6] This system is however being replaced by one
reflecting the need for surgical intervention. The burn depths are described as either
superficial, superficial partial-thickness, deep partial-thickness, or full-thickness.[7]

The following are brief descriptions of these classes:

By degree
Three degrees of burns

• First-degree burns are usually limited to redness (erythema), a white plaque and
minor pain at the site of injury. These burns involve only the epidermis. Most
sunburns can be included as first-degree burns.
• Second-degree burns manifest as erythema with superficial blistering of the skin,
and can involve more or less pain depending on the level of nerve involvement.
Second-degree burns involve the superficial (papillary) dermis and may also
involve the deep (reticular) dermis layer. Deep dermal burns usually take more
than three weeks to heal and should be seen by a surgeon familiar with burn care,
as in some cases severe hypertrophic scarring can result. Burns that require more
than three weeks to heal are often excised and skin grafted for best result.
• Third-degree burns occur when the epidermis is lost with damage to the
subcutaneous tissue. Burn victims will exhibit charring and extreme damage of
the epidermis, and sometimes hard eschar will be present. Third-degree burns
result in scarring and victims will also exhibit the loss of hair shafts and keratin.
These burns may require grafting. These burns are not painful, as all the nerves
have been damaged by the burn and are not sending pain signals; however, all
third-degree burns are surrounded by first and second-degree burns, which are
painful.
• Fourth-degree burns occur when heat damage destroys the dermis and muscle is
affected. Like third-degree burns, fourth degree burns result in scarring and the
loss of hair shafts; skin grafting will be needed and permanent motor damage may
occur.
• Fifth-degree burns occur when all the skin and subcutaneous tissues are
destroyed, exposing muscle. These burns can be fatal due to breaches of major
arteries and veins. These burns also may require amputation due to damage to
muscles. If amputation is not needed, skin grafting will be needed, and permanent
and prominent scarring with loss of keratin and hair shafts in the area of the burn.
• Sixth-degree burns occur when heat destroys the muscles, charring and exposing
the bone. These burns are almost always fatal, and if death does not occur,
amputation will be required.

Other classifications
A newer classification of "Superficial Thickness", "Partial Thickness" (which is divided
into superficial and deep categories) and "Full Thickness" relates more precisely to the
epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers of skin and is used to guide treatment and
predict outcome.

A description of the traditional and current classifications of burns.

Traditional
Nomenclature Depth Clinical findings Example
nomenclature

Erythema,
Superficial
first degree Epidermis involvement significant pain,
thickness
lack of blisters

Partial thickness Superficial (papillary) Blisters, clear

second degree
– superficial dermis fluid, and pain

Whiter appearance
or fixed red
Partial thickness
second degree Deep (reticular) dermis staining (no
– deep
blanching),
reduced sensation
Epidermis, Dermis, and
Charred or
complete destruction to
leathery,
Full thickness third degree subcutaneous fat, eschar
thrombosed blood
formation and minimal
vessels, insensate
pain, requires skin grafts

An even simpler, more accurate and more descriptive classification is epidermal, dermal
and full thickness. Dermal injuries are subdivided into superficial, mid and deep.

It is most common for high percentage burns to only be classified as Superficial, Partial
thickness and Full Thickness. The reasoning behind this is that in an emergency setting
such as a burn trauma room or ambulance it is more important to protect the patient from
dehydration, hypothermia and infection rather than calculating the exact depth of a burn.

Burn surface area

Main article: Total body surface area

Burns can also be assessed in terms of total body surface area (TBSA), which is the
percentage affected by partial thickness or full thickness burns (erythema/superficial
thickness burns are not counted). The rule of nines is used as a quick and useful way to
estimate the affected TBSA. More accurate estimation can be made using Lund &
Browder charts which take into account the different proportions of body parts in adults
and children.[8] The size of the patient's hand print (palm and fingers) is approximately
1% of their TBSA. The actual mean surface area is 0.8% so using 1% will slightly over
estimate the size.[9] Burns of 10% in children or 15% in adults (or greater) are potentially
life threatening injuries (because of the risk of hypovolaemic shock) and should have
formal fluid resuscitation and monitoring in a burns unit.

Causes
Burns are caused by a wide variety of substances and external sources such as exposure
to chemicals, friction, electricity, radiation, and heat.

Chemical burn

Main article: Chemical burn

Most chemicals that cause severe chemical burns are strong acids or bases.[10] Chemical
burns can be caused by caustic chemical compounds such as sodium hydroxide or silver
nitrate, and acids such as sulfuric acid.[11] Hydrofluoric acid can cause damage down to
the bone and its burns are sometimes not immediately evident.[12]

Electrical burn

Electrical burns are caused by either an exogenous electric shock or an uncontrolled short
circuit. (A burn from a hot, electrified heating element is not considered an electrical
burn.) Common occurrences of electrical burns include workplace injuries, or being
defibrillated or cardioverted without a conductive gel. Lightning is also a rare cause of
electrical burns. Since normal physiology involves a vast number of applications of
electrical forces, ranging from neuromuscular signaling to coordination of wound
healing, biological systems are very vulnerable to application of supraphysiologic electric
fields. Some electrocutions produce no external burns at all, as very little current is
required to cause fibrillation of the heart muscle. Therefore, even when the injury does
not involve any visible tissue damage, electrical shock survivors may experience
significant internal injury.[13] The internal injuries sustained may be disproportionate to
the size of the burns seen (if any), and the extent of the damage is not always obvious.
Such injuries may lead to cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and unexpected falls with
resultant fractures.[14]

Radiation burn

Main article: radiation burn

Radiation burns are caused by protracted exposure to UV light (as from the sun), tanning
booths, radiation therapy (as patients who are undergoing cancer therapy), sunlamps,
radioactive fallout, and X-rays. By far the most common burn associated with radiation is
sun exposure, specifically two wavelengths of light UVA, and UVB, the latter being
more dangerous. Tanning booths also emit these wavelengths and may cause similar
damage to the skin such as irritation, redness, swelling, and inflammation. More severe
cases of sun burn result in what is known as sun poisoning. Microwave burns are caused
by the thermal effects of microwave radiation.

Scalding

Two-day-old scald caused by boiling radiator fluid.

Scalding is caused by hot liquids (water or oil) or gases (steam), most commonly
occurring from exposure to high temperature tap water in baths or showers or spilled hot
drinks.[15] A so called immersion burn is created when an extremity is held under the
surface of hot water, and is a common form of burn seen in child abuse.[16] A blister is a
"bubble" in the skin filled with serous fluid as part of the body's reaction to the heat and
nerve damage. The blister "roof" is dead. Steam is a common gas that causes scalds. The
injury is usually regional and usually does not cause death. More damage can be caused if
hot liquids enter an orifice. However, deaths have occurred in more unusual
circumstances, such as when people have accidentally broken a steam pipe. The
demographics that are of the highest risk to suffering from scalding are young children,
with their delicate skin, and the elderly over 65 years of age.

Management
Burns over 10% in children and 15% in adults need hospital admission and fluid
resuscitation due to the risk of hypovolaemic shock.[17] Most countries have explicit
criteria for the transfer and management of burns patients.[citation needed] Major burns should
be managed using the principles of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). This
consists of a primary survey to identify and treat immediately life threatening conditions
and then a secondary survey. The primary survey in burns patients should follow the
ABCDE guidelines (Airway & axial spine control, Breathing & ventilation, Circulation
and arrest of haemorrhage, neurological Disability, Exposure to allow accurate
assessment and Estimation of burn surface area and Fluid resuscitation).[citation needed] If the
patient was involved in a fire accident in an enclosed space, then it must be assumed that
he or she has sustained an inhalation injury until proven otherwise, and treatment should
be managed accordingly. At this stage of management, it is also critical to assess the
airway status. Any suspicion of burn injury to the lungs (e.g. through smoke inhalation) is
considered a potential medical emergency and the patient should be reviewed by an
anaesthetist. Patients with these types of injuries may receive Rapid Sequence Induction,
either in the field by a trained Paramedic, or in the hospital upon arrival.

First Aid

Regardless of the cause, the first step in managing a person with a burn is to stop the
burning process at the source, and cool the burn wound (but not the patient. It is essential
to avoid the "lethal triad" of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy).[18] For instance,
with dry powder burns, the powder should be brushed off first. With other burns the
affected area should be rinsed thoroughly with a large amount of clean water. Cold water
should not be applied to a person with extensive burns for a prolonged period (greater
than 20 minutes), however, as it may result in hypothermia. Do not directly apply ice to a
burn wound as it may compound the injury. Iced water, creams, or greasy substances
such as butter, should not be applied either.[19]

To help ease pain people may be placed in a special burn recovery bed which evenly
distributes body weight and helps to prevent painful pressure points and bed sores.
Survival and outcome of severe burn injuries is remarkably improved if the patient is
treated in a specialized burn center/unit rather than a hospital.

Intravenous fluids

Children with TBSA >10% and adults with TBSA > 15% need formal fluid resuscitation
and monitoring (blood pressure, pulse rate, temperature and urine output).[20] Once the
burning process has been stopped, the patient should be volume resuscitated according to
the Parkland formula . This formula is 4 ml lactated ringers/kg x % of Total body surface
area burned, with half this volume given in the first 8 hours. Children also require the
addition of maintenance fluid volume. Such injuries can disturb a person's osmotic
balance. This formula dictates the amount of Lactated Ringer's solution or Hartmann's
Solution[21] to deliver in the first twenty four hours after time of injury. This formula
excludes first degree burns, so erythemia alone is discounted. Half of the fluid should be
given in the first eight hours post injury and the rest in the subsequent sixteen hours.
Inhalation injuries in conjunction with thermal burns initially require up to 40–50% more
fluid. The formula is a guide only and infusions must be tailored to the urine output and
central venous pressure. Inadequate fluid resuscitation causes renal failure and death but
over-resuscitation also causes morbidity and mortality. All resuscitation formulae should
be delivered as a goal directed therapy to prevent the complications of hypovolaemic
shock or over-hydration.

Wound management

The key to the management of all burn injuries is the management of the burn wound
itself. The wound is the cause of the morbidity and mortality of burn injuries and until the
wound is healed the patient remains at risk of complications. The essential aspects of
wound management are an initial assessment, to determine burn area and depth, and then
debridement (removing devitalised tissue and contamination), cleaning and then
dressings. Burn wounds are painful so analgesia (pain relief) should be given. The
management of burns over 10% in children and 15% in adults, and of important areas
(hands, face and perineum) is more complex and requires specialist help. Circumferential
burns of digits, limbs or the chest may need urgent surgical release of the burnt skin
(escharotomy) to prevent problems with distal circulation or ventilation. The wound
should then be regularly re-evaluated until it is healed. Wounds requiring surgical closure
with skin grafts or flaps should be dealt with as early as possible. One of the major
advances in burn care has been the early excision and skin grafting of full thickness and
deep-dermal burn wounds.[3]

In the management of first and second degree burns little quality evidence exists to
determine which type of dressing should be used.[22] Silver sulfadiazine (Flamazine) is not
recommended as it potentially prolongs healing time[22] while biosynthetic dressings may
speed healing.[23]

Antibiotics

Intravenous antibiotics may improve survival in those with large severe burns however
due to the poor quality of the evidence routine use is not currently recommended.[24]

Analgesics

A number of different options are used for pain management. These include simple
analgesics ( such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen ) and narcotics. A local anesthetic may
help in managing pain of minor first-degree and second-degree burns.[25]

Alternative treatments

Hyperbaric oxygenation has not been shown to be a useful adjunct to traditional

treatments.[26] Honey has been used since ancient times to aid wound healing and may be
beneficial in first and second degree burns, but may cause infection.[27]

Prognosis
The outcome of any injury or disease depends on three things: the nature of the injury,
the nature of the patient and the treatment available. In terms of injury factors in burns
the prognosis depends primarily on the burn surface area (% TBSA) and the age of the
patient. The presence of smoke inhalation injury, other significant injuries such as long
bone fractures and serious co-morbidities (heart disease, diabetes, psychiatric illness,
suicidal intent etc.) will also adversely influence prognosis. Advances in resuscitation,
surgical management, control of infection, control of the hyper-metabolic response and
rehabilitation have resulted in dramatic improvements in burn mortality and morbidity in
the last 60 years. Following a major burn injury, heart rate and peripheral vascular
resistance increase. This is due to the release of catecholamines from injured tissues, and
the relative hypovolemia that occurs from fluid volume shifts. Initially cardiac output
decreases. At approximately 24 hours after burn injuries (for patients receiving fluid
resuscitation) cardiac output returns to normal, then increases to meet the hypermetabolic
needs of the body.

Infection is a major complication of burns. Infection is linked to impaired resistance from

disruption of the skin's mechanical integrity and generalized immune suppression. The
skin barrier is replaced by eschar. This moist, protein rich avascular environment
encourages microbial growth. Migration of immune cells is hampered, and there is a
release of intermediaries that impede the immune response. Eschar also restricts
distribution of systemically administered antibiotics because of its avascularity.

Risk factors of burn wound infection include:

• Burn > 30% TBS

• Full-thickness burn
• Extremes in age (very young, very old)
• Preexisting disease e.g. diabetes
• Virulence and antibiotic resistance of colonizing organism
• Failed skin graft
• Improper initial burn wound care
• Prolonged open burn wound

Burn wounds are prone to tetanus. A tetanus booster shot is required if individual has not
been immunized within the last 5 years.

Circumferential burns of extremities may compromise circulation. Elevation of limb may

help to prevent dependent edema. An Escharotomy may be required.

Acute Tubular Necrosis of the kidneys can be caused by myoglobin and hemoglobin
released from damaged muscles and red blood cells. This is common in electrical burns
or crush injuries where adequate fluid resuscitation has not been achieved.

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life year for fires per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.[28]

no data less than 50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
350-400 400-450 450-500 500-600 more than 600

In 1991, burns led to 5,500 deaths in the United States.[29] In India about 700,000 patients
a year are admitted to hospital, though very few are looked after in specialist burn units.
[30]
About 90% of burns occur in the developing world and 70% of these are in children.
Survival of injuries greater than 40% TBSA is rare in the developing world.[31]

See also
• List of burn centers in the United States

References
1. ^ MedlinePlus. "Burns". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/burns.html.
Retrieved 2010-09-22.
2. ^ WebMD (January 07, 2009). "Burns-Topic Overview". firstaid&emergencies.
http://firstaid.webmd.com/tc/burns-topic-overview. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
3. ^ a b Total Burn Care, 3rd Edition, Edited by David Herndon, Saunders, 2007.
4. ^ Total Burn Care 3rd Edition. Editied David Herndon. Chapter 1 [1] Accessed
January 8, 2010
5. ^ Sevitt S (May 1979). "A review of the complications of burns, their origin and
importance for illness and death". J Trauma 19 (5): 358–69.
doi:10.1097/00005373-197905000-00010. PMID 448773.
6. ^ Lifespan.org. "Fire-Related Injuries - About Burns, Types of Burns".
http://www.lifespan.org/services/criticalcare/articles/burns/burns.htm. Retrieved
2010-09-22.
7. ^ Mertens DM, Jenkins ME, Warden GD (June 1997). "Outpatient burn
management". Nurs. Clin. North Am. 32 (2): 343–64. PMID 9115481.
8. ^ Ames WA (1999). "Management of the Major Burn". Update in Anaesthesia
(Nuffield Department of Anaesthesia, Oxford, UK) (10).
http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u10/u1010_01.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
9. ^ Perry RJ, Moore CA, Morgan BD, Plummer DL (May 1996). "Determining the
approximate area of a burn: an inconsistency investigated and re-evaluated". BMJ
312 (7042): 1338. PMID 8646048. PMC 2350999.
http://www.bmj.com/content/312/7042/1338.full.
10. ^ Chemical Burn Causes emedicine Health Accessed February 24, 2008
11. ^ Chemical Burn Causes eMedicine Accessed February 24, 2008
12. ^ Hydrofluoric Acid Burns emedicine Accessed February 24, 2008
13. ^ Mechanism of Electrical Injury Chicago Electrical Trauma Research Institute
Accessed April 27, 2010
14. ^ Electrical Burns: First Aid Mayo Clinic Accessed February 24, 2008
15. ^ Scald and Burn Care, Public Education City of Rochester Hills Accessed
February 24, 2008
16. ^ Allasio D, Fischer H (May 2005). "Immersion scald burns and the ability of
young children to climb into a bathtub". Pediatrics 115 (5): 1419–21.
doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1550. PMID 15867058.
17. ^ Hettiaratchy S, Papini R (July 2004). "Initial management of a major burn: II--
assessment and resuscitation". BMJ 329 (7457): 101–3.
doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7457.101. PMID 15242917.
 18. ^ Jansen JO, Thomas R, Loudon MA, Brooks A (2009). "Damage control
resuscitation for patients with major trauma". BMJ 338: b1778.
doi:10.1136/bmj.b1778. PMID 19502278.
19. ^ NHS Choices (3 July 2008). "How do I deal with minor burns?".
http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1047.aspx?CategoryID=72&SubCategoryID=721.
Retrieved 2010-09-22.
20. ^ Herndon, David N. (2007). "Chapter 9 Total Burn Care". Total Burn Care.
Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 880. ISBN 1-4160-3274-6.
21. ^ Lee JA (December 1981). "Sydney Ringer (1834-1910) and Alexis Hartmann
(1898-1964)" (PDF). Anaesthesia 36 (12): 1115–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2044.1981.tb08698.x. PMID 7034584. http://www.dr-green.co.uk/PDFs/Ringer
%20and%20Hartmann.pdf.
22. ^ a b Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F (2008). "Dressings for superficial and
partial thickness burns". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD002106.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002106.pub3. PMID 18843629.
23. ^ Hubley P (July 2009). "Review: evidence on dressings for superficial burns is
of poor quality". Evid Based Nurs 12 (3): 78. doi:10.1136/ebn.12.3.78.
PMID 19553415.
24. ^ Avni T, Levcovich A, Ad-El DD, Leibovici L, Paul M (2010). "Prophylactic
antibiotics for burns patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ 340:
c241. doi:10.1136/bmj.c241. PMID 20156911.
25. ^ Minor Burns quickcare.org Accessed February 25, 2008
26. ^ Villanueva E, Bennett MH, Wasiak J, Lehm JP (2004). "Hyperbaric oxygen
therapy for thermal burns". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD004727.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004727.pub2. PMID 15266540.
27. ^ Jull AB, Rodgers A, Walker N (2008). "Honey as a topical treatment for
wounds". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD005083.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub2. PMID 18843679.
28. ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization.
2009.
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index
.html. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2009.
29. ^ Brigham PA, McLoughlin E (1996). "Burn incidence and medical care use in
the United States: estimates, trends, and data sources". J Burn Care Rehabil 17
(2): 95–107. doi:10.1097/00004630-199603000-00003. PMID 8675512.
30. ^ Bhattacharya S. Principles and Practice of Burn Care. Indian J Plast Surg
2009;42:282-3
31. ^ Potokar T, Chamania S, Ali S. International network for training, education and
research in burns. Indian J Plast Surg 2007;40:107

Further reading
Herndon, David (2007). Total Burn Care. Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-3274-8.

External links
 • Alisa Ann Ruch Burn Foundation
• NHS Choices - Burns and Scalds
• After the Injury- Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia
• British Burn Association
• American Burn Association
• European Burn Association
• eMedicine Thermal burns article
• The UK National Burn Care Government Review
• Changing Faces - UK charity for people with disfigurement
• Total Burn Care:Website of the world's most famous Children's Burn Unit
• Burn Survivors Online USA
• Cool The Burn USA
• Burnsurgery USA
• Burn articles in the Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
• Website for St Andrew's Centre, Chelmsford, Essex :the largest Burns Unit in
England

[hide]
v•d•e
General wounds and injuries (T08-T35, 870-949)

Abrasion (Avulsion)

Blister (Blood blister)

Blunt trauma/
Bruise/Hematoma/Ecchymosis (Battle's sign, Raccoon eyes,
superficial/closed
General Black eye, Subungual hematoma, Cullen's sign, Grey Turner's
Wound/ sign, Retroperitoneal hemorrhage)
trauma
Animal bite: Insect bite · Spider bite

Animal bite: Snakebite · Lizard bite

Penetrating
trauma/open
Ballistic trauma

Foreign
In alimentary tract (Bezoar)
body

Other Burn/Corrosion/Chemical burn · Frostbite · Traumatic amputation

By
Hand injury · Head injury · Chest trauma · Abdominal trauma
region
 M: INT, anat/phys/devp noco(i,b,d,q,u,r,p,k,c,v)/cong/tumr(n,e,d), proc, drug
SF, LCT sysi/epon (D2/3/4/5/8)

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have
been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

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Translations:

Burn
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Home > Library > Literature & Language > Translations

Dansk (Danish)
1.
v. tr. - brænde, fortære
v. intr. - brænde, fortæres
n. - brandsår, forbrænding

idioms:

• burn down nedbrænde, brænde ned

• burn in afprøve ny hardware, brænde (stencil)
• burn off forbrænde, brænde af
• burn one's boats brænde sine broer
• burn one's bridges brænde sine broer
• burn one's fingers brænde fingrene
• burn out brænde ud, udbrænde
• burn the candle at both ends brænde sit lys i begge ender
• burn the midnight oil arbejde til sent på natten, være oppe til langt ud på natten
• burn to the ground brænde ned til grunden
• burn up brænde op, brænde af, afbrænde
• have money to burn have penge som græs, have penge at brænde af

2.
n. - løftekran

Nederlands (Dutch)
branden, verbranden, aanbranden, blakeren, schroeien, pijn doen, gloeien, op de
brandstapel doodmaken, invreten, geëmotioneerd zijn, verlangen, sjezen, bloed onder de
nagels vandaan halen, brandwond, ontbranding van (raket) motor, het wegbranden van
vegetatie, schoongebrande plek in bos etc., saffie
Français (French)
1.
v. tr. - brûler, incendier, mettre le feu à, faire brûler, (Culin) laisser brûler, laisser
attacher, (fig) se brûler, fondre (l'argent), brûler/ronger (par l'acide), brûler (la peau),
(US) escroquer
v. intr. - brûler, être allumé, prendre au fond (le lait, la sauce), être brûlé vif, (fig) brûler
de, ronger, se graver, (Aérosp) brûler
n. - (Méd) brûlure, (Aérosp) combustion, ruisseau

idioms:

• burn down brûler complètement, être réduit en cendres, baisser (feu), incendier
• burn in (Comput) tester (nouveau logiciel), (Phot) exposer à la lumière (mise en
relief des détails)
• burn off décaper (au chalumeau), s'évaporer (de l'alcool), (Méd) cautériser (une
verrue), (Ind) faire brûler, (fig) dépenser (de l'énergie)
• burn one's boats brûler ses vaisseaux, être trop tard
• burn one's bridges brûler ses vaisseaux, être trop tard
• burn one's fingers (fig) se brûler les doigts
• burn oneself out s'user (à force de travail)
• burn out s'éteindre, griller, sauter, laisser brûler jusqu'au bout (une bougie),
forcer à sortir (en mettant le feu) (troupes ennemies, etc)
• burn someone out forcer à sortir qn (en mettant le feu)
• burn someone up (US) foutre qn en rogne (fam)
• burn something into ronger (qch), (fig) graver (qch)
• burn something out s'éteindre, griller, sauter, (Aut) brûler (la garniture des
freins), (Élec) court-circuiter
• burn the candle at both ends brûler la chandelle par les deux bouts
• burn the midnight oil lire ou travailler tard
• burn to the ground brûler complètement
• burn up brûler (entièrement), consumer, griller, flétrir, foutre (qn) en pétard
(fam), s'emporter, se consumer, être brûlant (de fièvre)
• go for the burn conduire très vite
• have money to burn avoir de l'argent à brûler

2.
n. - (Écosse) ruisseau

Deutsch (German)
1.
v. - brennen, verbrennen, anbrennen, glühen, ätzen, verfeuern, neuen Hardware testen
n. - Brandwunde, Brandfleck/-loch

idioms:

• burn down abbrennen, herunterbrennen, niederbrennen

 • burn in neue Hardware testen
• burn off verbrauchen, verbrennen
• burn one's boats alle Brücken hinter sich abbrechen
• burn one's bridges alle Brücken hinter sich abbrechen
• burn one's fingers sich die Finger verbrennen
• burn oneself out sich kaputtmachen
• burn out ausbrennen, herunterbrennen, durchbrennen
• burn someone out ausbrennen, herunterbrennen, durchbrennen
• burn someone up verbrennen, abbrennen, herunterbrennen, ausbrennen,
niederbrennen
• burn something into einbrennen
• burn something out ausbrennen, ausgehen
• burn the candle at both ends (ugs.) sich zuviel aufladen
• burn the midnight oil bis spät in die Nacht arbeiten
• burn to the ground abbrennen, niederbrennen
• burn up verbrennen, abbrennen, herunterbrennen, ausbrennen, niederbrennen
• go for the burn (Spo) (inf) sich total verausgeben
• have money to burn Geld wie Heu haben

2.
n. - (Schottland) Bach

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - καίω, κατακαίω, φλέγομαι, κάθομαι στην ηλεκτρική καρέκλα
n. - έγκαυμα, κάψιμο, καύση, τσούξιμο

idioms:

• burn down κατακαίω

• burn in κάνω προκαταρκτικό τεστ διαρκείας σε Η/Υ, καίω το φώσφορο οθόνης
Η/Υ
• burn off κατακαίω, αφαιρώ με καύση
• burn one's boats κόβω τις γέφυρες, αποκλείω κάθε περίπτωση υπαναχώρησης
• burn one's bridges κόβω τις γέφυρες, αποκλείω κάθε περίπτωση υπαναχώρησης
• burn one's fingers (καθομ.) την παθαίνω (από απειρία ή επιπολαιότητα), βρίσκω
το μπελά μου
• burn out (για φωτιά) σβήνω από έλλειψη καύσιμης ύλης, καίγομαι λόγω
υπερθέρμανσης, παθαίνω υπερκόπωση λόγω στρες, είμαι καμένο χαρτί
• burn the candle at both ends (καθομ.) ζω με υπερένταση
• burn the midnight oil (καθομ.) διαβάζω ή εργάζομαι μέχρι πολύ αργά τη νύχτα
• burn to the ground κατακαίω
• burn up κατακαίω, κορώνω, εξαγριώνομαι
• have money to burn (καθομ.) έχω λεφτά για πέταμα

Italiano (Italian)
bruciare, ardere, incenerire, corrodere, cremare, bruciatura, ustione
idioms:

• burn down incenerirsi, dare alle fiamme

• burn off bruciare
• burn one's bridges/boats bruciarsi i ponti alle spalle
• burn out ridurre in cenere
• burn the candle at both ends occuparsi di troppe cose
• burn the midnight oil lavorare fino alle ore piccole
• burn to the ground ridurre in cenere, bruciare
• burn up bruciare
• have money to burn esser straricco

Português (Portuguese)
v. - queimar, estar em chamas, arder
n. - queimadura (f), local (m) queimado

idioms:

• burn down destruir por incêndio

• burn off remover algo pela ação do fogo
• burn one's bridges/boats não ter volta, romper com o passado
• burn one's fingers ser punido por realizar algo tolo
• burn out estressar-se
• burn the candle at both ends trabalhar muito
• burn the midnight oil trabalhar ou estudar até tarde da noite
• burn to the ground completamente destruído pelo incêndio
• burn up avivar o fogo, queimar completamente
• have money to burn ter muito dinheiro

Русский (Russian)
сжигать, жечь, гореть, сгорать, пылать, ожог

idioms:

• burn down сгореть

• burn off испариться, сжечь
• burn one's bridges/boats сжечь за собою мосты
• burn one's fingers обжечь пальцы
• burn out догореть, перегореть, сгореть (на работе)
• burn the candle at both ends работать день и ночь
• burn the midnight oil работать всю ночь напролет
• burn to the ground сгореть дотла
• burn up загореться, разгорячиться
• have money to burn денег куры не клюют, богатейший
Español (Spanish)
1.
v. tr. - arder, escocer, corroer, carcomer, calcinar, fundir, quemar, abrasar
v. intr. - quemarse, estar ardiendo, socarrarse, pegarse, estar encendido
n. - quemadura, marca

idioms:

• burn down incendiar, reducirse a cenizas, ser destruido por el fuego, incendiarse
• burn in técnica de fotografiado, probar nuevas partes de ordenador
• burn off consumir
• burn one's boats quemar las naves
• burn one's bridges quemar las naves
• burn one's fingers quemarse los dedos
• burn oneself out esforzarse en exceso
• burn out extinguirse, quemar, reducirse a cenizas, ser destruido por el fuego,
fundirse
• burn someone out extinguirse, quemar, reducirse a cenizas, ser destruido por el
fuego, fundirse, exhaustar a alguien
• burn someone up consumir completamente, abrasar, enojar mucho a alguien
• burn something into marcar a fuego
• burn something out extinguirse, quemar, reducirse a cenizas, ser destruido por el
fuego, fundirse, incendiar completamente (edificio, auto, etc.) hasta que solo
queda el armazón
• burn the candle at both ends vivir de prisa
• burn the midnight oil quemarse las pestañas
• burn to the ground incendiar completamente
• burn up consumir completamente, abrasar
• go for the burn exigirse al máximo en ejercicios físicos
• have money to burn tener mucho más de lo necesario

2.
n. - arroyo, riachuelo

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - bränna, förbränna, sveda, brinna
n. - förbränning, brännskada

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 烧毁, 烧坏, 烧伤, 烧焦, 发热, 燃烧, 发光, 着火, 灼伤, 灼痛感, 烙印

idioms:

• burn down 烧毁
• burn in 烙上
• burn off 烧掉, 蒸发
 • burn one's boats 破釜沉舟
• burn one's bridges 破釜沉舟
• burn one's fingers 由于管闲事而受损害
• burn out 不再热衷, 失去兴趣, 热情
• burn the candle at both ends 过分耗费
• burn the midnight oil 开夜车
• burn to the ground 全部焚毁
• burn up 烧起来, 发怒, 烧掉
• have money to burn 有用不完的钱

2. 小溪, 毒品交易中收钱而不给货, 卖假毒品给人

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
n. - 小溪, 毒品交易中收錢而不給貨, 賣假毒品給人

2.
v. tr. - 燒毀, 燒壞, 燒傷, 燒焦
v. intr. - 發熱, 燃燒, 發光, 著火
n. - 燒傷, 灼傷, 灼痛感, 烙印

idioms:

• burn down 燒毀
• burn in 烙上
• burn off 燒掉, 蒸發
• burn one's boats 破釜沈舟
• burn one's bridges 破釜沉舟
• burn one's fingers 由於管閒事而受損害
• burn out 不再熱衷, 失去興趣, 熱情
• burn the candle at both ends 過分耗費
• burn the midnight oil 開夜車
• burn to the ground 全部焚毀
• burn up 燒起來, 發怒, 燒掉
• have money to burn 有用不完的錢

한국어 (Korean)
1.
v. tr. - ~을 불태우다, 감명을 주다, 마구 쓰다
v. intr. - 타오르다, 더워지다, 부식하다
n. - 타버린 곳, 화상, 분사

idioms:

• burn down 죄다 태워버리다

• burn in ~을 부식하다, 새겨지다, 인화하다
 • burn off ~을 불태워 버리다
• burn one's boats 배수의 진을 치다
• burn one's bridges 배수진을 치다
• burn one's fingers 손가락을 데다
• burn out 다 타버리다, 정력을 다 써버리다
• burn the candle at both ends 돈을 심하게 낭비하다
• burn the midnight oil 밤늦게까지 공부를 하다
• burn to the ground 전소하다
• burn up 다 태워버리다, 노하다, 열광케 하다
• have money to burn 주체 못할 만큼 돈이 많이 있다

2.
n. - 시내

日本語 (Japanese)
v. - 燃える, 焼ける, 焦げる, 日焼けする, ともる, 輝く, やけどする, 燃え上がる,
かっとなる, ほてる, 焼き付ける
n. - 火傷, 日焼け, 噴射, 焼け跡

idioms:

• burn a hole into one's pocket 金がすぐ出ていってしまう

• burn down 全焼させる, 全焼する, 勢いが衰える
• burn off 焼き払う
• burn one's bridges/boats 背水の陣を敷く
• burn one's fingers 手を焼く
• burn out 焼き尽くす, 燃え尽きる
• burn the candle at both ends 精力を使い果たす
• burn the midnight oil 深夜まで勉強する
• burn to the ground 全焼する
• burn up ぱっと燃え上がる, 燃やし尽くす, 燃え尽きる

‫( العربيه‬Arabic)
‫)فعل( يحترق أو يحرق )السم( حرق‬

‫( עברית‬Hebrew)
v. tr. - (‫ הרגיז )מדוברת‬,(‫ נהג במהירות )מדוברת‬,‫ צרב‬,‫ חרך‬,‫שרף‬
v. intr. - ‫ השתזף‬,(‫ הוצא להורג בכיסא החשמלי )מדוברת‬,(‫ נהג במהירות )מדוברת‬,‫ בער‬,‫נשרף‬
n. - ‫ סיגריה‬,(‫ מירוץ מכוניות )מדוברת‬,‫ ביעור צמחיה‬,‫ חלקה שפונתה באמצעות שרפה‬,‫ כוויה‬,‫בעירה‬
(‫)מדוברת‬
n. - ‫ פלגלג‬,‫ פלג‬,‫נחל קטן‬

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