uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

E-book is created by shanyoma

 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

rif;ok0Pf

E-book is created by shanyoma

\

uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif
ESihf

aZmf*sD
\

rdwfquftrSmpm

pmayAdrmefxw
k f jynfov
Yl ufppJG mpOf
 rif;ok0Pf

yXrESyd jf cif;? 1965

‘'kw,
d ykEH ydS jf cif;? 1968? (25ç000)
E-book is created by shanyoma

&efuek Nf rdKU? 529-531 ukeo

f nfvrf;? pmayAdrmeftyk cf sKyfa&;tzG?YJ
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;OD;xifBuD; (rSwfykHwiftrSwf 0480)u
wm0efcH xkwaf 0onf/

&efuek Nf rdKU? urÇmat;pmwku

d ?f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H
Ak'¨omoemtzGJYykHESdyfwkdufwGif twGif;a&;rSL;(tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdcsKyf)
OD;vSarmif M.A., M.S., B.L. (rSwyf w
Hk iftrSwf 0879)u ykEH ydS o f nf/
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

rmwdum

1/ xkwaf 0ol\trSm

2/ aZmf*sD\rdwq
f uftrSmpm

3/ ed'gef; 1

E-book is created by shanyoma

4/ tcef; - 1 um&ef 64 yg; 3

5/ tcef; - 2 xyf? [yf? jzwf 5

6/ tcef; - 3 um&efrsm; 13

7/ tcef; - 4 uAsma&;Mupd?kY a'G;csKd; 18

8/ tcef; - 5 a'G;csKd;tquf 27

9/ tcef; - 6 uAsmqko
d nfrmS tb,fenf; 35
E-book is created by shanyoma rif;ok0Pf

uG,fvGefol rdzESpfyg;tm;
þpmtkyfjzifh
uefawmhyg\/

]]wku
d &f u
dk ef wfem;? Mum;ygaví
emapcvk?d awmihw f qko
d nf
ukokdvfa0iS qifhavmif;wnf;/}}
pwk"r®om& ud;k cef;ysKdUrS
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

xkwfa0ol\trSm

þpmtkyu f kd ynma&;Xmevli,fah &;&m XmecGrJ S 1965 ck rwfvwGif yXrtBudrf

ykEH ydS x
f w
k af 0cJah vonf/ &nf&,G cf sufrmS uAsmvuFmukd pdw0f ifpm;onfh q&mq&mrrsm;?
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; vli,fv&l , G rf sm; tvG,w
f ul avhvmwwfajrmufap&efjzpf
onf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmvuFmonf ta&;ygt&ma&mufonfu h @wckü a&SUaqmif
yg0ifcahJ Mumif; tjiif;yGg;zG,f r&Sad y/ jrefrmwk\
Yd pmayppfppf pwifay:xGe;f cJo
h nfyh *k aH cwf
pmayrsm;üyif ]]ok;d uav}}tpcsDaom ykygÜ ;ewfawmifbv YJG uFm? ]]jruef}}vuFmwkYd ay:
xGe;f cJjh cif;udk axmufojzifh jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmvuFmyg0ifvmcJah om u@taMumif;
odwefavmufNyD/

uAsmpmayonf acwf\taMumif;udk ajymjyEkid \ f / ywf0ef;usifvt Yl zGt

YJ pnf;
\vlrIqufqHa&;tjzpfoepf taMumif;t&mrsm;udk uAsmjzifh zGJYqkdoDukH;ajymjyEkdifay
onf/ uAsmonf taMumif;t&mwck\tajctaersm;udk az:jyajymqkEd idk o f nfomru
ynmvnf; ay;Ekid \ f / vrf;nTeEf idk \
f / vIaYH qmfpnf;&k;H Ekid \
f / xkaYd Mumifh uAsmudk acwf\
aMu;rkjH yif[k ac:qkEd idk af vonf/

uAsmESifhpum;ajyrSm taMumif;t&mwckudk az:jy&mwGif oabmtm;jzifh wl

aomfvnf; yko H P²meftm;jzifh rwlacs/ pum;ajy\oabmrSm taMumif;t&mwckukd wku d f
&ku
d af &;om;az:jyEkid \ f / uAsmum; taMumif;t&m od&EHk iS ahf &;om;az:jyír&/ tpyf
t[yf? tzGt YJ EGrYJ sm;jzifh zGq
YJ o
dk u
D ;Hk Ekid rf o
S mvQif uAsm[lí owfrw
S af c:qkEd idk Nf yD; uAsm\
t&omudk cHpm;Ekid Mf uayvdrrhf nf/

rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmpmayavmuukd avhvmaomtcg uAsmpmayukd avhvm

vku
d pf m;aom OD;a&rSm renf;vSaMumif;udk awG&Y &dS jyefonf/ txl;ojzifh ,ckacwf vli,f
rsm;onf uAsmzufwiG f ydí k tm;oefvmMuonf/

þodYk uAsmzufü pdwt f m;xufoefvmMu&mwGif uAsm\t&omudk cHpm;rI? pepf

wus enf;vrf;rSeu
f efpmG pyfqEdk idk rf w
I rYdk mS rwwfrjzpf? rodírjzpfaom udp&ö yfrsm;jzpfí
 rif;ok0Pf

vmavonf/ þusrf;i,fonf ,if;vkt d yfcsufrsm;udk jznhpf rG ;f ay;Ekid rf nf[k pmayAdrmef

u ,kHMunfvufcHxm;ygonf/ ynma&;XmerS ykHESdyfaompmtkyfrsm; ukefoGm;pOfwGif t
xufygcH,cl suft& oufqidk &f mwkx
Yd H cGiahf wmif;NyD;vQif pmayAdrmefu xyfryH EHk ydS x f w
k af 0
&jcif; jzpfygonf/

xyfryH EHk ydS &f mü uAsmvuFmudk pdw0f ifpm;olrsm;twGuf us,fus,fjyefjY yefw

Y wfod
em;vnfapvkad omapwemt& yXrykEH ydS jf cif;wGif vkt d yfonf[,
k q
l &aom tcsufrsm;
E-book is created by shanyoma

udk pma&;olu jyifqifjznfph u G cf sufrsm; a&;om;xm;ygaMumif;/

pmayAdrmef
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

aZmf*sD
\
rdwq
f uf trSmpm

usufp&m rSwpf &m pmayA[kow k rsm;atmifjyKjcif;onf uAsm(&opmay)\t

"duwm0ef r[kw/f owdrt l yfaom ywf0ef;usifavmutrlt&mwku Yd dk owdrrl Md uatmif
aoG;aqmifjcif;onfomvQif uAsm\t"duwm0ef jzpfonf[k ,lygonf/ xkdodkY,lvQif

E-book is created by shanyoma

uAsmoifq&m\t"duwm0efonf orm;*kPfukd jy&efr[kwf/ ywf0ef;usifavmutrl
t&mwkudY dk wynhrf sm; owdrrl Md uatmif oifjy&efomjzpfonf[k qko d ifo
h nf/

uAsmoifq&monf orm;*kPu f kd jycsifveG ;f tm;BuD;vQif uAsmonf wynfrh sm;

tzkYd pdwn f pfp&m tcuftcJ jzpfvmEkid of nf/ xko d rYdk [kwrf í
l ywf0ef;usifavmutrlt
&mwku Yd kd owdrrl Md uatmif oifjywwfvQif uAsmonf wynfrh sm;tzkYd cspfp&m cifp&m t
vG,fjzpfvmEkdifonf/

]]uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif}}usrf;onf t&G,t f m;jzifh i,fyifi,faomfvnf; wm

0efaMuvSaom uAsmoifq&mwOD;\t&nftjcif;aumif;rsm;ESifhjynfhpkHaom usrf;i,f
jzpfonf/ xku d srf;i,fwiG f pmpyfcsifaom wynfrh sm;twGuf jrefrmuAsmwk\ Yd tajccHwck
jzpfaom um&eftaMumif;ud¤k if;? a'G;csKd;pyfenf;taMumif;ud¤k if; &Si;f jyxm;onfukd awGY
Ekid o
f nf/ &Si;f jyyko
H nf vG,v f nf; vG,íf ESpo
f ufz, G vf nf; jzpfonf/ wynfw h OD;u xkd
usrf;i,frS zwfoifhonfudk zwfjyyg/ &Gwfqkdoifhonfudk &Gwfqkdjyyg/ usefwynfhrsm;u
0kid ;f em;axmifMuyg/ uAsmpyfenf;udk tvG,w f ul oabmaygufMuygvdrrhf nf/ xkrd Qom
ru uAsmht&omudyk g cHpm;wwfygvdrrhf nf/ pmyGo J bif usif;yaeouJo h Ykd jzpfEidk yf gonf/
prf;MunfhMuyg/
 um&ef 64 yg; Z,m;ykH

t-um&efrsKd; tm-um&efrsKd; tm;-um&efrsKd;

t tm tm;
td(£) tD(þ) tD;
tk(O) tl(OD) tl;(OD;)
ath at({) at;
tJh t,f tJ
atmh atmf atm(Mo)
tkdY tkd tkd;
tuf - -
atmuf - -
tkduf - -
tifh tif tif;
atmifh atmif atmif;
tkdifh tkdif tkdif;
tpf - -
tnfh tnf tnf;
tOfh tOf tOf;
twf - -
tdwf - -
tkwf - -
tefY tef tef;
tdefY tdef tdef;
tkefY tkef tkef;
tyf - -
tdyf - -
tkyf - -
tHh tH trf;
tdrfh tdrf tdrf;
tkHY tkH tkH;
28+ 18+ 18=64
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

ed'gef;

vluav;? vkHruav;wkdY/
uAsm a&;csifMuygovm;/ uAsma&;csifMuygvQif yXrpmpyfoifMuygOD;/ pmpyf
enf;udk EIwEf iS v hf nf; oifíjzpfygonf/ pmESiv hf nf; oifíjzpfygonf/ ,ckrmS pmESio hf if

E-book is created by shanyoma

&ygvdrrhf nf/ vluav;? vkrH uav;wkYd toufi,fi,fEiS hf pmpyfomG ;Muaompmqkad v;OD;
taMumif;udk tm;us&atmif ajymjyyg&ap/
]]OMoarmufnKd ? wGeo f cH sKd? pmqkad v;OD;? ysKd&,G vf ;l }}qkad om aqmify'k u
f dk vuf
OD;rSwx f m;yg/ qufzwfvQif olwt Ydk aMumif;udk od&ygvdrrhf nf/
a&S;a&S;wke;f u awmifxiG ;f BuD;t&yfrmS ckepfEpS o f m;t&G,f oli,fcsif;ESpaf ,muf
tcsDtcs pmpyfMuygowJh/ wOD;u rdrdtaMumif;vnf;ygatmif rdrdrdcif\trnfvnf;
ygatmif þodkYpyfygowJh/
]]pmpyfu,f yvD
r,fESif;qD\om;}} wJh/
onfawmh aemufwOD;uvnf; xked nf;twkid ;f yif pyfjyefygowJ/h
]]awmifuykd if avQmufumajy;
r,fa'G;\om;}} wJ/h
yXroli,f\trnfrmS armifOuúmjzpfygonf/ 'kw, d oli,f\trnfrmS armifnKd
jzpfygonf/ t&G,af &mufaomtcg olwo Ydk nf &[ef;0wfMuí armifOuúmrSm oQifOwår[k
wGiv f mygonf/ armifnKd rSm oQifov D 0Ho[k wGiv f mygonf/
oQifOwårESio hf Qifov
D 0Howko Yd nf i,fpOfu 0goemtwkid ;f uAsmvuFmrsm;udk
qufvufou D ;Hk Muí xif&mS ;ausmfapmvmMuaomtcg oQifOwår\trnfwiG f ]]ausmf}}
wvk;H wk;d um ]]oQifOwårausmf}}[k jzpfvmygonf/ oQifov D 0Ho\trnfwiG ]f ]r[m}}w
vkH;wkd;um ]]oQifr[moDv0Ho}}[k jzpfvmygonf/
armifOuúmESiahf rmifnKd wkYd tawmfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg tif;0aejynfawmfwiG f
armifarmufqadk om oli,fwOD; ay:aygufvmjyefygonf/ olvnf; pmpyftvGe0f goem
ygonf/ ol q,fEpS o f m;t&G,f waeYaomtcgwGif eef;awmfwiG ;f odYk a&mufomG ;í olEiS hf
&G,w f l rif;orD;uav;rsm;udk jrifaomtcg atmufygpmok;H yk'u f kd pyfygonf/
]]tkdbJhb,f? tkdbJhorD;awmf
xifay: bke;f ysHUoif;/
tkdbJhb,f? tkdbJhorD;awmf
1
 rif;ok0Pf

ewfaomfykHr,Gif;/
tkdbJhb,f? tkdbJhorD;awmf
paE´mf vES,0f if;}} wJ/h
armufarmufonfvnf; t&G,fa&mufvmaomtcg &[ef;0wfí oQif&|om&
[kwiG vf mygonf/ uAsmvuFmrsm;udk qufvufpu D ;Hk ojzifh ol\trnfwiG f ]]r[m}}wvk;H
E-book is created by shanyoma

wk;d um ]]oQifr[m&|om&}}[k jzpfvmygonf/

tqkyd g&[ef;pmqkBd uD;rsm; ay:aygufNyD;aemuf tESpw f &mcef&Y adS omtcg armif;
axmifBuD;&GmwGif i,fi,f&, G &f ,
G Ef iS phf mpyfowl OD; xGe;f um;vmjyefygonf/ ol\trnf
rSm armifMojzpfygonf/ armifMoonf q,fih g;ESpo f m;t&G,w f iG f tyk'd af ygif; 1800 eD;
yg;&So
d nfh oHaygufusrf;BuD;udk pyfqcdk yhJ gonf/ oHayguftcsKdUudk atmufwiG f az:jyvku d f
ygonf/
]]opfqdrfhoD;cGH
BudwfírH
oGm;tH rudu k cf /J
waeYq,fBudrf
wif; rwdrf
yef;xdrf olc;dk npf/
teuf roef
tbd"mef
rusef &atmif&mS /
armifMoum; &[ef;r0wf/ rif;xHwiG f cpm;xrf;&Guyf gonf/ uAsmvuFmta&;
tom;aumif;aomaMumifh a&Tawmif&mZausmf[al om bGt YJ rnfjzif¤h if;? pdEaÅ usmfoOl ;D Mo
[laombGt YJ rnfjzif¤h if; pmayavmuwGif xif&mS ;ausmfMum;ygonf/
uJ-]]OMoarmufnKd ? wGeo f cH sKd? pmqkad v;OD;? ysKd&,
G v f ;l }}qkad ompum;\t"dygÜ ,f
ukd odMuygNyDvm;/ armifOuúmwkYd armifMowkYd armifarmufwYdk armifnKd wku Yd o
hJ aYkd om yg&rD
&Sifrsm; vluav;wkdY vkHruav;wkdYtxJwGif r&Sdbl;[k rqkdEkdifyg/ yg&rD&Sif a&G;&atmif
pmpyfoifMuyg/ uAsma&;Muyg/ ]]ausmf}}wvk;H & ]]r[m}}wvk;H wyf yk*K¾ v d af wG jzpfEidk Mf u
ygap/ /
rif;ok0Pf
3-3-65

2
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

tcef;(1)
um&ef 64-yg;

pmpyfvadk om olonf um&efqadk om pum;vk;H udk em;vnfzYdk vkyd gonf/ um&ef

qkod nfrmS txl;tqef;r[kwyf g/ tu©&m\toHrQom jzpfygonf/ Oyrm u-tu©&m

E-book is created by shanyoma

\toHonf (t)jzpfygonf/ um-tu©&m\toHonf(tm)jzpfygonf/ um;-tu©&m
\toHonf (tm;)jzpfygonf/ aemifwiG f um&efrsm;udk 0du k u f iG ;f ydwí f jyygrnf/ rsm;pGm
aom ausmif;olausmif;om;wko Yd nf oli,fwef;wGif &Spd Ofu þenf;udk oifcMhJ ubl;ygvdrhf
rnf/ um&efEiS yhf wfoufí armifOuúmESiahf rmifnKd wkYd ajymcJMh uonfqadk ompum;rsm;udk
xkwfaqmifajymjycsifygonf/
w&Haomtcg &wemAdrmefausmif;atmufoYkd oGm;í oli,fwb Ydk m0 upm;jrL;
aysmfvsuf aeMu&m cJ&mS í r&Ekid o f jzifh ajrwGif wl;qGí,lvQif cJ&av\/ xkt d cg oQif
Owårausmfu oQifr[moDv0Houkd ajymqko d nfrmS ]]a[h - armifnKd ? ighrmS ajrudk wl;í
,laomaMumifh ctJ&NyD}}[kajymvQif oQifr[moDv0Hou jyefíajymonfrmS ]]a[h - armif
Ouúm? rif;rSm ajrudw k ;l rS ctJ&onf/ ighrmS ajrudk rwl;bJEiS hf ausmif;wkid af cgif;xJu ptl;
uav;wck &onf}}[k ajymoHukd ewfr;D vif;q&mawmfonf pBuøomG ;&mu Mum;awmfrl
vQif tHbh , G o
f &J&v dS aS om oli,fEpS af ,mufygwum; - [k atmufarhawmfro l nf/
þxkwfaqmifcsufudk MunfhvQif ckepfESpfom;t&G,f armifOuúmESifharmifndKwkdY
onf um&efoabmudk odaeMuNyD[k qk&d ygrnf/ armifOuúmajymaom ]]ctJ}}rSm tjcm;
r[kwyf g? c+(tJ)=]]cJ}} jzpfygonf/ ajrBuD;cJ? ausmufcpJ onfwu Ydk kd qkv
d ydk gonf/ armifnKd
ajymaom ]]ptl;}}rSmvnf; tjcm;r[kwfyg/ p+(tl;)=]]pl;}}jzpfygonf/ olwkdYacwftcg
u pma&;aom unpfrsKd;udk qkv d ydk gonf/ odjYk zifh cJ\toHrmS (tJ)jzpfaMumif;? pl;\toH
rSm (tl;)jzpfaMumif; az:jyonfukd od&ygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifq h v dk Qif cJ\um&efrmS (tJ)
jzpfonf? pl;\um&efrmS (tl;)jzpfonf[k em;vnf&ygonf/
jrefrmbmomwGif um&ef(toH)aygif; 64-rsKd;&Syd gonf/ (Z,m;ukd Munfyh g/)
aMumufp&m r[kwyf g/ uav;vlBuD;ra&G; odNyD;om;rsm; jzpfygonf/
Z,m;ESifha&;MunfhvQif tvG,fuav;ESifhodEkdifygonf/ rSwfrdEkdifygonf/
tMurf;tm;jzifh acgif;aqmif um&efudk tajcjyKum 1/ ]]t}}um&efrsKd;? 2/ ]]tm}
um&efrsKd;? 3/ ]]tm;}}um&efrsKd;[k ac:Muygpk/Yd þum&efrsKd;ok;H yg;ta&;BuD;yku H kd aemif
aomtcg od&ygvdrrhf nf/
yl;wGyJ g Z,m;yku H kd yXrOD;pGm waMumif;NyD;vQif waMumif; tvsm;vku d f zwfMunfh
3
 rif;ok0Pf

yg/ xkaYd emuf wZ,m;NyD;vQif wZ,m; axmifvu dk f zwfMunfyh g/ tvsm;vku d Ef iS ahf xmif
vku d f rnfojYkd cm;em;onfukd owdjyKrdygvdrrhf nf/ yXrwBudrf owdrjyKrdao;vQif 'kw, d
wBudr?f wwd,wBudrf ponfjzifh zwfMunfyh g/ owdjyKrdvmygvdrrhf nf/
armifOuúmESiahf rmifnKd wko Yd nf oGm;,if; vm,if; jrL;wl;,if;ESihf c+tJuav;?
p+tl;uav; qku d m upm;Muonf/ toifwv Ydk nf; upm;Ekid Mf uygonf/ rnfou Ydk pm;&
E-book is created by shanyoma

rnfukd tMuHay; nTejf yyg&ap/

ausmif;om;t&G,f vluav; vkrH uav;wko dY nf pum;vdr?f pum;xm? pum;
0Surf sm;udk ESpo f uftok;H jyKwwfMuygonf/ pum;vdrEf iS phf um;xmudk toifwYdk odNyD;jzpf
ygvdrrhf nf/ pum;0SuEf iS yhf wfoufíum; vli,ftrsm;onf odMuNyD;jzpfvrd rhf nf r[kw[ f k
xifygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYi,fpOfu tusifhwckrSm ]]a[h aumifa&? ausmif;oGm;rvm;}}[k
&kd;&kd;wef;wef; ajymrnfhtcg pum;udk0Sufum ]][mawhumawmif &maw/ usmawmif;
oGm;wm; rvmwm;}}[k ajymavh&jdS cif;jzpfygonf/ þpum;0Suf ajymenf;twkid ;f yif armif
OuúmESifharmifndKwkdY ajymenf;udk csJUxGifvkdufygvQif [+(ath) u+(atmif) &+(at)/
us+(atmif;) oG+(tm;) rv+(tm;) jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ þenf;twkid ;f avhusifah jymqkd
MuygvQif um&ef 64 oabmudk aumif;pGm em;vnfMuygvdrrhf nf/ wck owdjyK&ef&ydS gonf/
at;yguGm/ tm;ygw,f ponfjzifh ]]at;}} ]]tm;}} paomo&oHrsm; ygvmaomtcg
uREkyf wf Ydk i,fpOfu ajymaom pum;0Suef nf;t&qkv d Qif ]]tmaw; ygwm uGmwm/ tm
wm;ygwm wmw,f}}[k qkí d &ygonf/ ,ck um&efenf;t&qkv d Qif rnfo0Ykd u
S yf grnfenf;/
pnf;urf;rusaomfvnf; vG,u f rl t I wGuq
f vdk Qif ]]t+(at;) y+(tm) uG+(tm)}}ponf
jzifh 0Suvf Qif jzpfEidk yf gvdrrhf nf/ ]]OD;at;\tk;d tdr}f }[kqv kd Qif ]]t+(OD;) t+(at;) t+
(td) t+(tk;d ) t+(tdr)f }}[k ajym&ygvdrrhf nf/ prf;MunfMh uprf;yg/ vkv d Qif wjznf;jznf;
jyif,lEkdifygonf/

4
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

tcef;(2)
xyf? [yf? jzwf

pmpyfvo dk ol nf ]]um&ef}}taMumif;udk em;vnfNyD;aemuf ]]ap}}ok;H vk;H ykid o f jl zpf

zkdY vkdygonf/ apokH;vkH;um; tb,fenf;/ xyfvnf; xyfEkdifap/ apwvkH;/ [yfvnf;

E-book is created by shanyoma

[yfEidk af p/ apwvk;H / jzwfvnf; jzwfEidk af p/ apwvk;H / aygif; ap ok;H vk;H wnf;/ bmudk
xyf&rnfenf;/ bmudk [yf&rnfenf;/ bmudk jzwf&rnfenf;/
um&efukd xyf&rnf/
teufukd [yf&rnf/
tydu k kd jzwf&rnf/
txyf? t[yf? tjzwfukd oabmayguf&atmif tavhtusifh vkyMf uOD;pk/Yd avh
usifch ef;rsm;rsm;vkyEf idk af v aumif;avjzpfygonf/ avhusifch ef;vky&f ef taumif;qk;H t
&mwku Yd m; pum;ykrH sm; jzpfygonf/ pum;ykpH wifwx D iG of wl oYdk nf txyf? t[yf? tjzwf
t&mwGif tvGeu f Rrf;usiforl sm;jzpfonfudk avhusifch ef; vkyMf unfah omtcg awG&Y ygvdrhf
rnf/ txyf? t[yf? tjzwfwkdY rnfrQ ta&;BuD;onfukdvnf; xkdtcg od&ygvdrfhrnf/
,ck uREkfyfwkdYukdifrnfhpum;ykHrsm;onf tpkHtpkH&Sdaom pkHwGJpum;ykHrsm;jzpfygonf/ yXr
OD;pGm toHcek pfo(H pmvk;H ckepfv;Hk )pD&aSd om pum;yku H kd udik í
f wxpfNyD;vQifwxpf toH
ta&twGuf (pmvkH;ta&twGuf)udkavQmhum toHESpfoH wykd'f toHwoHwykdif&Sdaom
tao;qkH;pum;ykHtxd qif;ukdifoGm;Muygrnf/
1/ ay;p&mvJ aiG r&S/d
ajy;p&mvJ ajr r&S/d
txufyg pum;ykHonf toHckepfoHpD&Sdaom pkHwGJpum;ykHjzpfygonf/ ,if;wGif
um&efxyfyu Hk kd &SmMunfv h Qif pmvk;H wkid ;f um&ef(toH)xyfaeonfukd awG&Y ygvdrrhf nf/ þ
odt Yk ptqk;H um&efuu dk xf yfaompmrsKd;udk ]]uk, d w
f iG ;f jynfph m}}[k ac:onf/
y (at;) p (t) & (tm) v (tJ) iG (at) r (t) &S (td)/
jy (at;) p (t) & (tm) v (tJ) jr (at) r (t) &S (td)/
um&ef xyfykHudk MunfhNyD;aemuf teuf [yfr[yfudk MunfhMuygOD;/ þpum;ykH
onf a<u;&SiNf rD&iS u f a<u;NrDukd awmif;aomtcg ay;qyfp&m aiGvnf;r&S/d w&m;Oya'
\vufvSrf;rSD&mrS vGwfajrmufatmif xGufajy;&rnfvnf; w&m;Oya'vGwfonfht&yf
a'o[lír&S/d xkaYd Mumifh ray;vnf; ray;Ekid ?f rajy;vnf; rajy;Ekid ?f vufridI cf s&yku H dk az:
jyaompum;ykjH zpfojzifh wyk'd Ef iS w hf yk'd f teufcsif;[yfaeonfrmS xif&mS ;ygonf/ txuf
5
 rif;ok0Pf

tykd'f r&SdvQif atmuftydk'fwGif t"dyÜg,frjynfhpkH/ atmuftydk'f r&SdvQif txuftykd'f

wGif t"dygÜ ,frjynfph /Hk o&ufaphxufjcrf;ESiw
hf al eygonf/ wjcrf;wnf;ESio hf &ufaph rjzpf
Ekdifyg/
tydjk zwf rjzwfukd Munfah omtcgwGiu f m; rjzwfonfukd awG&Y ygonf/ ckepfv;Hk
wykd'fwGif teufjynfhpkHaeNyD/ jzwf&atmif tydk rygyg/ pum;ajy pum;&kd;&kd;oufouf
E-book is created by shanyoma

jzpfygonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

pmpyfaomtcg uAsma&;aomtcg þodaYk om txyfrsKd;? t[yfrsKd;? tjzwf

rsKd;udk rsm;pGmvky&f ygvdrrhf nf/ xkaYd Mumifh olwyg;xyfy?Hk [yfy?Hk jzwfyu
Hk kd *&kpu
dk af vhvm&
ygonf/ atmufygpum;ykrH sm;udk avhvmMunfyh gOD;/
2/ tkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xd/
BudK;csif;xm; BudK;csif;nd/
3/ rac:yJ roGm;ESi/hf
rawmfyJ rpm;ESi/hf
4/ wHigudk yku
d x f ;dk oif/
rkqkd;udkom;xkd; oif/
wyk'd f wyk'd w
f iG f toH rnfrQ &So
d nfukd wGuyf g/ um&ef rnfrQ xyfonfukd cGyJ g/
teuf rnfoYdk [yfonfukd &Smyg/ tydk jzwf rjzwfudk pDppfyg/ trSwf 4 onf trSwf 2 3
wkEYd iS hf um&efxyfyHk wlygovm;/ pum;0Suef nf;jzifah &;í ppfaq;yg/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

,cktcg ajcmufoH wvSnhf ig;oHwvSn&hf adS om pum;ykrH sKd;ukd MunfMh u&atmif/

5/ usm;aMumufvYdk &SiBf uD;ud;k
&SiBf uD; usm;xuf qk;d /
6/ &Sibf &k if wcg xGuf
yJBuD; wavS csuf/
7/ tMuH r&Sd aemufvu dk /f
qef r&Sd aumufpu dk /f
þpum;ykrH sm;wGif aemufq;Hk toHwo Ydk mvQif um&ef xyfonfukd owdjyKyg/ 5
wGif yXrykd'faemufqkH;pmvkH;rSm u+(tkd;) jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,ykd'faemufqkHpmvkH;rSm q+
6
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

(tkd;)jzpfygonf/ þodkY tqkH;um&ef(tkd;)csif;om xyfaomtcg yXrum&efukd ]]tcH}}

[kac:ygonf/ 'kw, d um&efudk ]]ttky}f }[kac:ygonf/ (tk;d )ESichf í H (tk;d )ESit hf yk o
f nf[k
qkv
d ydk gonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifq h adk omf tk;d 0udk pavmif;zk;H ESit hf yk o f uJo
h Ykd jzpfygonf/ tk;d 0
u 0kid ;f vQif pavmif;zk;H uvnf; 0dik ;f &onf/ t&G,v f nf; wl&onf/ tk;d 0u &GUJ vQif p
avmif;zk;H uvnf; &GUJ &onf/ t&G,v f nf; wl&onf/ odrYk o S m um&ef uku d yf gonf/ um

E-book is created by shanyoma

&efwnfyh gonf/ um&ef oifyh gonf/ þwGif tcHt;dk ? ttkyt f ;dk um&ef udu k yf gonf/ wnfh
ygonf/ oifyh gonf/
teufukd MunfhvQifvnf; [yfrdonfudk awGY&ygvdrfhrnf/ [yfrd&kHrQru wpyf
wnf; w0g;wnf;jzpfonfuydk if awG&Y ygvdrrfh nf/ pum;ykH 1? 2? 3? 4 wkw Yd iG f yXryd'k Ef iS hf
'kw, d yk'd wf o Ydk nf teuf[yfaomfvnf; wpyfwnf; r[kwMf u/ tyk'd w f idk ;f onf 0gusoD;
jcm;jzpfonfukd EIid ;f &Sno hf wdjyKEkid yf gonf/ þokYd teufEiS yhf wfoufaom awG;awmMuHq
rIwuYdk kd jyKoGm;Mu&ygvdrrhf nf/ odrYk v S nf; teufxifyHk pyfyt kH &mwGif uRrf;usifvrd rf mvm
Muygvdrfhrnf/
tydk jzwf rjzwfudk MunfMh uOD;pd/Yk þpum;yku H kd pum;ajyqefí Y a&;vQif ]]usm;
\ab;tEÅ&m,fukd aMumufaomaMumifh t&SiBf uD;ewfrif;udk uk;d uG,yf o&m t&SiBf uD;ewf
rif;rSm usm;xufq;dk aom &efojl zpfaeonfukd awG&Y ygonf}}ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd; a&;Ekid f
ygonf/ þrQ rsm;jym;aompum;rsm;xJrS r&Sad omfvnf; jzpfaompum;vk;H rsm;udk y,fí
jzwfí Ekwí f ypfvu dk af omtcg ]]usm; aMumufí &SiBf uD;ud;k ? &SiBf uD; usm;xufq;dk }}qkd
aom pum;ykH tESpw f ;Hk uav; jzpfvmygonf/ jzwfyaHk umif;í teufxifygonf/
pum;ykH 7 onf 5? 6 wkEYd iS w hf ;l ygovm;/ jcm;em;csufrsm; &Sv d Qif wGucf sufMunfh
yg/ þonfvnf; ÓPfupm;enf;wrsKd; jzpfonf/
ajcmufoHwvSnfh av;oHwvSnfh pyfxm;aom pum;ykHrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
olwu Ydk v
dk nf; txyf? t[yf? tjzwfqadk omrSwaf usmufww Ydk iG f yGwMf unfyh g/ tar; xkwf
Munfyh g/ tjypfwif Munfyh g/ tajz&SmMunfyh g/ tvm;wl pum;ykrH sm;udk awG;Munfyh g/
8/ uHq;dk r oGm;av&m
rk;d vku d v
f Ydk &Gm/
9/ aemufvmwJah rmifyv k J
'kid ;f 0efxuf uJ/
toHig;oHpD wGJxm;pum;ykHudk MunfhMuOD;pdkY/ wykd'fESifhwykd'ftoH ta&twGuf
csif; wlaeojzifh pum;ykH 1 ]]ay;p&mvJ aiG r&S?d ajy;p&mvJ ajr r&S}d }ESit hf awmf oabm
csif; ukdufnDvsuf&Sdonf/
7
 rif;ok0Pf

10/ jrifzefrsm;awmh i,f/

erf;zefrsm;awmh jy,f/
11/ usD;ukd bkwf &kad o/
bkwu f dk usD; &kad o/
þpum;ykrH sm;udk Bud,mrsm;jzifh tqk;H owfxm;onfukd owdjyKyg/ jrifzefrsm;
E-book is created by shanyoma

awmh i,fonf/ erf;zefrsm;awmh jy,fonf[k ra&;yJ ]]jrifzefrsm;awmh i,f/ erf;zefrsm;

awmh jy,f}}[k Bud,maemufqufpum; ]]onf}}udk csefcjhJ cif;rSm tjzwfoabm jzpfonf/
12/ awmufcsifwJhrD;cJ
t&SdefeJY&J&J/
þpum;yko H nfvnf; 10? 11 wkEYd iS phf um;vk;H ta&twGuw
f iG f twlwjl zpfonf/
teuft&mwGiu f m; 10? 11 wku Yd [yfr&d o
Hk m [yfrad omfvnf; 12 url [yfr&d rHk Qru w
pyfwnf;jzpfonfudk owdjyKyg/ wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ]]jrifzefrsm;awmh i,f}}qkdaom
pum;vk;H pkonf 0guswckjzpfonf/ ]]erf;zefrsm;awmh jy,f}}qkad ompum;vk;H pkonf 0gus
wckjzpfonf/ teucsif;[yfaomfvnf; 0gusoD;jcm;jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf pum;ykH 12
um; wrsKd;jzpfonf/ ]]awmufcsifwJhrD;cJ}} qkdaom pum;pkonf 0gusr[kwf/ ]]t&SdefeJY
&J&}J }qkad om pum;pkEiS ahf ygif;rS 0guswckjzpfonf/ þokjYd zpfonfudk wpyfwnf;jzpfonf
[kqkdygonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

13/ rodol ausmfomG ;/

odolaz:pm;/
þig;vk;H wvSnhf av;vk;H wvSnhf jzpfaom pum;yH\ k um&efrsm;udk wGupf pfMunfh
yg/ ud,
k w
f iG ;f jynf[
h k ac:rnfqv
dk Qif jzpfEidk yf grnfvm;/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

ig;vk;H wvSnhf ok;H vk;H wvSnjhf zpfaom atmufygpum;ykrH sm;onf wpyfwnf;aom

0gusrsm;jzpfMuonf/ odaYk omfvnf; 0guswnfaqmufycHk sif; rwlMuacs/ wwfEidk v f Qif o'´g
enf;t& cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmMunfyh g/
14/ ynm&Sd trsuf
jyif rxGu/f
15/ om;orD; raumif;
8
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

rdbacgif;/
16/ yef;xdrf rwwfcif
a&Tc;dk oif/
14 ESihf 16 wGif rnfonfBh ud,mrsm;jzifh 0gusudk jynfph aHk pygoenf;/ Bud,mrsm;
udk xkwMf unfyh g/ 15 wGif Bud,m&Syd govm;/ 0gusukd jynfph aHk paom Bud,mjzpfygovm;/

E-book is created by shanyoma

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

toH av;oHp&D adS om atmufygpum;ykrH sm;udk txyf? t[yf? tjzwfenf;wkjYd zifh

ppfaq;Munfhyg/
17/ vkypf m; rk;d acgif/
ck;d pm; acG;a[mif/
18/ rD;BuD; rD;Ekid /f
a&BuD; a&Ekid /f
19/ aeYajym aemufMunf/h
najym atmufMunf/h
20/ acG;yk &efv/dk
vlyk pdww f /dk
txufyg pum;ykrH sm;udk Bud,mrsm;jzifh 0gusqk;H xm;onf/ odaYk omfvnf; Bud,m
rsm;udk tjynft h pkH rjy/ jzwfxm;onf/ rnfonfukd jzwfxm;oenf;/ az:Munfyh g/ xkYd
jyifvnf; tv,fwnfw h nfw
h iG f pum;wvk;H udk jzKwfxm;onf/ jzKwfxm;aompum;vk;H
onf ]]vQif}}jzpfonf[kqdkvQif oabmwlEkdifygrnfvm;/
21/ MuufrmS t&k;d /
vlrmS trsKd;/
22/ awmif;rSm tuGy/f
vlrmS t0wf/
23/ aeawmh ysOfaxmif/
pm;awmh csOfaygif/
txufygpum;ykHrsm;wGif Bud,m&Sdygovm;/ Bud,mr&SdvQif teufjynfhpkHEkdifygh
rvm;/ teufrjynfhpkHvQif 0gusjzpfyghrvm;/ odkYjzpfaomfvnf; txufygpum;ykHrsm;\
teufukd vlwidk ;f odonf/ tb,haf Mumifeh nf;/ pOf;pm;Munhyf g/ uAsma&;aomtcg Bud
,mrygyJEiS t hf eufay:atmif vky&f wwfonf/
9
 rif;ok0Pf

24/ r&Sw
d m xuf
rodwm cuf/
þpum;ykuH m; teufwpyfwnf;jzpfaom pum;ykjH zpfonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
E-book is created by shanyoma

av;vk;H wvSnhf ok;H vk;H wvSnhf pum;ykt H rsKd;rsKd;ukd atmufwiG f ay;xm;onf/

txyf? t[yf? tjzwfwu Ydk kd ppfaq;Munfyh g/ Bud,m&So d nf r&So
d nfukd avhvmí Bud,m
ukd aumuf,Ml unfyh g/ Bud,mryg r&Sad om pum;ykw H u
Ydk u
kd m; rnfonfweYdk nf;/ teufwpyf
wnf; jzpfonfph um;ykw H u
Ydk kd &Smyg/
25/ tem rod
aq; r&S/d
26/ rodvQif ar;/
rpif aq;/
27/ olu Y dk igzsuf
igvQif ysuf/
28/ vifESifhr,m;
vQmESifhoGm;/
29/ a[mifvGef;wJhacG;
vl rav;/
30/ orD; waumif
EGm; waxmif/
31/ r,m; aep
aMumif aorS/
32/ a&Tausmif; ajymifajymif
qGr;f acgifacgif/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

toH ok;H oHp&D adS om atmufygpum;ykrH sm;wGif txyf t[yfoabmudx k uf t

jzwfoabmukd od&atmif pum;ykrH sm;udk pum;ajy0gustjzpf csJUxGiaf &;MunfMh uyg/
33/ us ajrBuD;/
wuf a&Tx;D /
10
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

þpum;ykw H iG f Bud,mudk a&SUzsm;wifxm;onf/

34/ ukid ;f uRef;rS/D
uRef; ukid ;f rS/D
þpum;ykHwGif Bud,mukd aemufqkH;xm;onf/ ukdif;(udk) uRef;(u)rSD (onf/)
uRef;(ud)k ukid ;f (u) rS(D onf/) [líqkrd nft h pm; uHypön;f ]]uk}d } uwåm;ypön;f ]]u}}Bud,m

E-book is created by shanyoma

ypön;f ]]onf}}wku dY dk csefxm;cJoh nf/ odjYk zpfvsufEiS v
hf nf; teufjynfph o Hk nf/ þodaYk &;wwf
atmif avhvmyg/ avhusifyh g/ uAsma&;vQif þudprö sKd; tvGev f ydk gonf/
35/ aumif;vQif pH/
qk;d vQif cH/
þpum;ykHwGif emrfryg/ Bud,mESpfvkH;pD ygonf/ atmufygpum;ykHwkdYukdvnf;
ppfaq;Munfhoifhygonf/
36/ awGY awGcY sif;
aqmufEiS hf xGi;f /
37/ acG; usL;csnf
,kef usL;csnf/
38/ zdwcf sif; zdwf
tdwx f J zdw/f
39/ waeY cRwf
wv rGw/f
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

okH;vkH;wvSnfh ESpfvkH;wvSnfh pum;ykHrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/

40/ a,musfm; ysif;
aMumcif;/
41/ rde;f r ysif;
ajcqif;/
42/ rpm;&uf
avmufwuf/
43/ uRrf;usif&m
vdrrf m/
44/ uk,d hf ig;csOf
11
 rif;ok0Pf

ud,
k f csOf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

ESpv
f ;Hk pD &Sad om pum;ykH pkw
H rJG sKd;um; &Sm;onf/
45/ a&SUwkd;
E-book is created by shanyoma

xrf;ydk;/
aemufqkwf
vSnf;xkyf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

ESpv
f ;Hk wvSnhf wpfv;Hk wpfvn S hf pum;ykuH m; txl;&Sm;onf/
46/ om;OD;
&l;/
þodjYk zifh pum;ykt
H rsKd;rsKd;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmMunfx
h m;vQif u
Asma&;aomtcg rsm;pGm aus;Zl;&So d nfukd awGMY u&ygvdrrhf nf jzpfonf/

12
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

tcef; (3)
um&efrsm;

,cif wcef;wGif avhvmcJhaom pum;ykHrsm;teuf atmufygpum;ykHudk xyfrH

Munfh&IMuOD;pkdY/

E-book is created by shanyoma

&Sifbk&if wcg(xGuf)
yJBuD; wavS (usuf/)
þpum;ykw H iG f txufü pmwyk'd f atmufí pmwyk'd t f m;jzifh pmESpyf 'dk &f o
dS nfukd
awG&Y rnf/ txufpmyk'd o f nf (xGu)f ESiq hf ;Hk onf/ atmufpmyk'd o f nf (usuf)ESiq hf ;Hk onf/
(xGuf)udk ]]tcH}}ac:í (usuf)udk ]]ttkyf}}ac:aMumif; odcJhMu&NyD; jzpfonf/ þtcH
um&efESifhttkyfum&efwkdYonf pmykd'fwkdY\tqkH;ü wnfMuojzifh ,if;wkdYudk ]]ykd'fqkH;um
&ef}}rsm; [líac:Mupd/Yk
yk'd q
f ;Hk um&efrsm;udk em;vnfMu&avatmif pum;ykH t&Snf twkad ygif; 46 udk
avhvmMuNyD;jzpfí tus,fcsJU&ef vkad wmhrnf r[kwyf g/ ,cktcgwGif wqifw h ufum ]]yk'd f
wGi;f um&ef}}rsm;ukd avhvmzkYd &So d nf/ yk'd w f iG ;f um&efrsm; twGuv f nf; pum;ykrH sm;udyk if
avhvmMuygrnf/ þodaYk vhvm&mwGif vG,u f &l iS ;f vif;rI tusKd;twGuf vu©Pmrsm;udk
ok;H vkyd gonf/ um&efrphJ um;vk;H twGuf tEkwv f u©Pm(-)uk¤d if; um&efxyfpum;vk;H t
wGuf taygif;vu©Pm(+)udk¤if; okH;ygrnf/
1/ qif;&Jw(cg)/
---+/
csrf;(om) wvSnfh/
-+---/
txufyg pum;ykw H iG f (cg)ESi(hf om)wdo Yk nf um&efxyfaom pum;vk;H rsm;jzpfMu
í ,if;wkdYudk taygif;vu©Pm(+)jzifh rSwfí jyvkdufonf/ (cg)onf yXrykd'f\tqkH;ü
wnfaomfvnf; (om)onf 'kw, d yk'd \
f twGi;f ü wnfojzifh þodx Yk yfaomum&efrsKd;udk
]]yk'd w
f iG ;f um&ef}}[k ac:Muygpd/Yk wzef qufí pOf;pm;jyefaomtcg (om)onf csrf;qkd
aompum;vk;H wvk;H udk ausmfí wnfojzifh ,if;udk ]]wvk;H ausmfum&ef}}[k cGjJ cm;ac:Mu
ygpk/Yd þodjYk zpfaomaMumifh (cg)ESi(hf om)ukd ]]yk'd w f iG ;f wvk;H ausmfum&ef}}[k ac:&ayvdrfh
rnf/ þpum;ykEH iS o hf abmwlaom atmufygpum;ykw H u
Ydk kd tEkwv f u©Pm taygif;vu©
PmwkjYd zifh rSwí f um&efwu Ydk kd avhvmMunfyh g/
2/ iSufaysmyifpkduf
13
 rif;ok0Pf

rdvu dk f zyg/
3/ vlajym roef
vloef rajym/
4/ urÇm rD;avmif
om;aumif cseif;/
E-book is created by shanyoma

5/ csD;rGr;f wyJh
uJ&h UJ q&m/
6/ ajcusKd; xef;wuf
tcsuf rus/
7/ rk;d aomuf Muufwif
ae0if aumufveS ;f /
8/ rkom; ryg
vuFm racsm/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

txufwiG f az:jycJah om pum;ykw

H o
Ydk nf wyk'd v
f Qif av;vk;H &Sad om pum;ykrH sm;
jzpfonf/ ,cktcg okH;vkH;wykd'f av;vkH;wykd'f&Sdaom ykd'fwGif;wvkH;ausmfum&efygonfh
pum;ykrH sm;udk xkwjf yygrnf/
9/ qif [kw(f aMumif;)
--+
ESm(armif;)oufao/
-+--/
10/ a&TtaMumif;
za,mif; oufao/
11/ axmywfaumif;
pavmif;ESifhxnfh/
12/ [if;pm;Muuf
twufaumif; ayguf/
13/ 0g;em;yif;
a&oGi;f r0if/
14
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

14/ zGu
J kd axmif;
qefaumif; r&/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
ok;H vk;H wyk'd f av;vk;H wyk'd f atmufukd avQmhí ok;H vk;H wyk'd f ok;H vk;H wyk'd f ta&
twGunf D pyfxm;aom pum;ykrH sm;vnf; &So d nf/ olt
Y ;dk ESio
hf q
Yl ef wef&aHk vmuf Munfí h

E-book is created by shanyoma

1/ xyfonf? 2/ [yfonf? 3/ jzwfonf jzpfojzifh tvGet f av;jyK avhvmoifah om t
csufw&yfjzpfavonf/ a&S;ola[mif;ynm&SifwkdY xyfykH? [yfykH? jzwfykHukd tcef; 2 wGif
ppfaq;Munfh&IcJhonhfenf;twkdif; ,ckvnf; ppfaq;Munhf&IMu&monf/
15/ rvdrf (rm)
---+/
ESp(f cg) arm/
-+-/
16/ udk,fh0rf;em
ud,k o f m od/
17/ ig;pdrf;jrif
ig;uif ypf
18/ tarausmf
a'G;a': vGr;f /
19/ wynf&h mS
q&m awG/Y
20/ zGwfr&
"m;r qk;H
21/ ta&;aumif;
'de;f a'gif; zsuf/
22/ ig;yGuf&m
ig;pm cs/
23/ pum;rsm;
trSm; yg/
24/ olckd;vuf
ol0u S f vk/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
15
 rif;ok0Pf

yk'd w
f iG ;f wvk;H ausmfum&efrsKd;udk od&NyD;aemuf ]]yk'd w
f iG ;f xdyw
f u
dk u
f m&ef}}rsKd;
udk odzv
Ydk jdk yefonf/ þwGif ]]xdyw f u
dk }f }[k ac:&onfrmS xyfaom um&efcsif; xdyw f udk f
aeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ atmufwGif az:jyxm;aom O'g[&kPfwkdYudk MunfhvQif o
abmaygufygvdrfhrnf/ taygif;vu©Pmcsif; xdyfwkdufaeonfudk awGY&ygvdrfhrnf/
25/ om;aumif;w(a,muf)
E-book is created by shanyoma

---+
(ausmuf)aumif; waph/
+---/
26/ zGwf rdausmif;jzpf
jrpf rcsrf;om/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

pmvk;H a&udk avQmhMuOD;pd/Yk av;vk;H wyk'd rf S ok;H vk;H wyk'd o

f Ykd avQmhMuOD;pd/Yk txyf?
t[yf? tjzwfukd ppfaq;avhvmyg/
27/ { t (wl)/
--+/
28/ aMumufvQif vG/J
&J rif;jzpf/
29/ rzuf vku d f
rkdufzufyg/
30/ 0efESifhtm;/
jr§m;ESifhav;/
31/ aus;Zl;uef;
vrf;rjrif/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

32/ EGm;ydef(xl)
--+
(vl)a0SY/
+-/
16
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

33/ rsufESmvGJ
cJ ypf/
34/ *gxm ay;
aw; jzpf/
35/ ezl;pm

E-book is created by shanyoma

&Gmvnf/
36/ idkcsufvsuf
vuf wk/Yd
37/ v,fxGefoGm;
EGm; arh/
38/ pum; vGef
uRef jzpf/
39/ usDpm;oef
... .../
40/ q&mrsm;
... .../
41/ axmifrvJ
... .../
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

þtcef;wGif oif,cl &hJ aom um&efwu Ydk kd jyefvnfpOf;pm;Munfv

h Qif atmufyg
wkdY jzpfonfudk awGY&vdrfhrnf/ ,if;wkdYudk usufrSwfxm;í oabmt"dyÜg,fudk em;vnf
atmif avhvmxm;Mu&monf/
1/ tcH um&ef
2/ ttkyf um&ef
3/ yk'd q
f ;Hk um&ef
4/ yk'd wf iG ;f um&ef
5/ wvk;H ausmf um&ef
6/ xdyw f u dk f um&ef
7/ wvk;H ausmf yd'k w f iG ;f um&ef
8/ xdyw f u dk f yk'd w
f iG ;f um&ef/
17
 rif;ok0Pf

tcef;(4)
uAsm a&;MupkYd
a'G;csKd;

uREkyf w
f o Ydk nf tcef; 1 wGif um&ef 64 yg;udk avhvmcJMh uNyD/ 1/ t um&efrsKd;?
E-book is created by shanyoma

2/ tm um&efrsKd;? 3/ tm; um&efrsKd;udv k nf; trSwjf yKcJMh uNyD/ arhomG ;vQif jyefMunfMh u
zkYd vko
d nf/
tcef; - 2 wGif 1/ txyf? 2/ t[yf? 3/ tjzwf qkad om apok;H vk;H ukd pum;ykH
rsm;udk tok;H jyKí ppfaq;avhusifch MhJ uNyD/ þapok;H vk;H udv k nf; rarhMuESi/hf
tcef; - 3 wGif 1/ tcHy'dk q f ;Hk um&ef? 2/ ttkyf yk'd q f ;Hk um&efwu
Ydk ¤kd if;? 3/ w
vk;H ausmf yk'd wf iG ;f um&ef? 4/ xdyw f u
dk f yk'd w f iG ;f um&efwuYdk ¤kd if; oufaorsm;xkwí f &SmazG
Munf&h cI MhJ uNyD/ tcsKyftm;jzifh atmufygtwkid ;f rSwo f m;Ekid Mf uonf/
1/ tcH
ykd'fqkH;um&ef
2/ ttkyf
3/ wvkH;ausmf
ykd'fwGif;um&ef
4/ xdyfwkduf
txufaz:jyyg uAsmpyfqadk &; vufeufu&d , d mtenf;i,fukd tjyefjyeftvSef
vSef avhusifí h pum;ykrH sm;udk usufrw S x f m;vQif uAsmpyf&mwGi¤f if; uAsmzwf&mwGi¤f if;
rsm;pGm tusKd;&Sv d rd rhf nf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

,cktcg a'G;csKd;uAsmrsm;udk uREkyf w f Ydk avhusifph yfqMdk unfMh uygpk/Yd bmtaMumif;

udk pyfq&dk rnfenf;/ b,fvdk pyfq&dk rnfenf;/ þar;cGe;f rsm;udk uREkyf rf ajzvk/d atmuf
wGif uREkyf af &;om;xm;aom taMumif;t&m? a'G;csKd;uAsm? rSwcf sufpmwku Yd kd jznf;jznf;
rSefrSef pOf;pm;zwfoGm;yg/ um&eftaetxm; pum;txm;tokdwkdYudk ppfaq;yg/ ay;
xm;aom uAsmwkdYudk wwfEkdiforQ tvGwfusufyg/ wkd;wkd;wrsKd; us,fus,fwrsKd; qkd
Munfyh g/ toHae toHxm;ESiq hf w dk wfox l H csOf;uyfí tqko d if,yl g/ tcsKyftm;jzifu h m;
1/ txyf? 2/ t[yf? 3/ tjzwfwu Ydk dk qifjcifavhvmMunfyh g/ xkaYd emuf uAsma&;vkad om
pdwf ay:aygufvmvQif a'G;csKd;wckcu k kd pHjyKí a&;pyfygav/ a&;NyD;aomtcg txufyg
enf;wkjYd zifh ppfaq;ygav/
jyqktd ahH om a'G;csKd;wkrYd mS 1/ pk;d &drw f ,f? 2/ rcHcsif? 3/ aendKcsdeEf iS yhf ef;&eH/Y
18
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

4/ *kPaf zmfonf/ 5/ ewfxif;awmif? 6/ aA'g? 7/ yef;cGgndK? 8/ cgiSuu

f ,
kd r,f&mS ? 9/
vrkEiS v
hf wm wdjYk zpfMuonf/

1/ pk;d &drw
f ,f
aumufpu dk o f rwOD;onf v,fuiG ;f wckwiG f aumufpu kd v f suf&o dS nf/ Munfvif

E-book is created by shanyoma

aom aumif;uifonf awmifzufqrD S wrJrw J ufvmaomrk;d om;wkjYd zifh tkí YH rIid ;f í ndKarSmif
vmonf/ cPMumvQif rkd;BuD;onf;xefpGm &Gmawmhonf/ v,fuGif;xJwGif a&azG;vm
onf/ a&uefxw J iG f a&wk;d vmonf/ acsmif;xJajrmif;xJwiG f rk;d a&awG 'va[m pD;qif;
vmonf/ a&vQHaeaom þuGi;f xJoYdk "mwfrodow l pkw H a,muf a&mufaygufvmvQif a&
jrKyfaeaom uefxJ acsmif;xJ wGi;f xJ usif;xJoYkd usía&epfEidk o f nf/ xkaYd Mumifh aumuf
pdu
k of ruav; pOf;pm;onf/ [kzd ufuiG ;f rSm v,fvyk af ewJih gh&nf;pm;[m tdrjf yefcsdeu f s
,if ighukd vmBudKavh&w dS ,f/ onfvdk a&vQHaewke;f rsm; vmBudKvk&Yd , dS if cuf&acs&JU/ bk
&m;odMum;rvkYd rBudKvmygapeJb Y &k m;/ þodYk ol pOf;pm;onf/ pd;k &dro f nf/ qkawmif;onf/
þZmwfuu G u f av;wGif pdw0f ifpm;aomwOD;aom tnw&pmqko d nf atmufyga'G;csKd;
udk a&;pyfco hJ nf/
1/ acsmif;a&uvQH
---+(av;vkH;)
2/ uefa&uwkd;/
+--0/ (av;vkH;)
3/ BudKvmygeJY a&Ta,mif&pf(u,f)
------+(-)(ckepfvkH;)
4/ a&epfrSmpdk;/
-+-0(av;vkH;)
rSwfcsuf/ /um&eftaetxm;udk Munfyh g/ yXrtyd'k Ef iS 'hf w k , d tyk'd uf kd
xdyw f u
dk yf 'dk wf iG ;f um&efjzifh xyfxm;onf/ wwd,tyk'd Ef iS phf wkwt ¬ yk'd uf kd wvk;H ausmfy'dk f
wGi;f um&efjzifh xyfxm;onf/
wzef 0vk;H oauFwjzifh jyxm;aom 'kw, d tyk'd \
f tqk;H pmvk;H (wk;d )rSm tcHy'dk f
qk;H um&efjzpfonf/ pwkwt ¬ yk'd \
f tqk;H pmvk;H (pk;d )rSm ttkyyf 'dk qf ;Hk um&efjzpfonf/ yk'd f
qk;H um&efrsm;onf ]]tm;um&ef}}rsKd; jzpfonfukd owdjyKyg/
yk'd q f ;Hk um&efjzifh owfxm;aom pmyk'd pf u k kd tcsKd;wcsKd;[k ac:onf/ þuAsm
wGif þodaYk omtcsKd;rsKd; ESpcf sKd;ygojzifh þuAsmrsKd;udk a'G;csKd;[k ac:onf/
19
 rif;ok0Pf

wwd,tyk'd f tqk;H pmvk;H (u,f)udk 0ku

d uf iG ;f jzifh ydwí
f jyxm;onfrmS þpmvk;H
onf ta&twGuf r0if[k ajymvkad omaMumifh jzpfonf/
þa'G;csKd;udk a&;&mwGif a&;ol\pdwx f üJ &Sad om tajccHpw d x
f m;rSm MuifemrI?
pd;k &drrf w
I jYdk zpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&vQif MuifemrI? pd;k &drrf w
I uYdk aphaqmfojzifh pmqkd
onf þuAsmudk a&;onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&jyefvQif pmqk\ d apwemrSm MuifemrI?
E-book is created by shanyoma

pkd;&drfrIwkdYjzpfayonf/

2/ rcHcsif
tom;jzLrS vl? at&JU-[lí rde;f rwOD;u rJu h m&GUJ um apmif;csdwaf jymqko d nfudk
Mum;&aom tom;ndKacsm tysKduav;wOD;onf rcHcsifjzpfvmonf/ tk?d tom;jzLrS
jrwf&rSmvm;/ tom;ndK,ifaum rjrwf&bl;vm;/ xD;xJeef;xJu rif;orD;awGudk Munfh
prf;yg/ tom;ndKawGcsnf;yJ/ þodYk pOf;pm;rdonf/ xkaYd Mumifh EIwcf rf;uav;udk plum
uAsmpyfonf/
1/ tom;&,fjzL
---+(av;vkH;)
2/ vlygrkdYvm;/
+--0/ (av;vkH;)
3/ tom;awmf ndKjymnuf(u,f)
-----+(-)(ajcmufvkH;)
4/ eef;awmfxufzGm;/
--+0/ (av;vkH;)
rSwfcsuf/ /þa'G;csKd;wGif wwd,tykd'fESifhpwkw¬tykd'fukd ESpfvkH;ausmf
twGi;f um&efjzifh xyfxm;jcif;onf xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ þodaYk om xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk
owdjyKavhvmrSwo f m;Muyg/ a'G;csKd;wyk'Ef iS w
hf yk'f usyfjym; ESpjf ym;udk xyfxm;ovkd rwl
Ekid o
f nfudk owdjyKyg/
þa'G;csKd;udk pDu;Hk ol pmqk\
d apwemum; tb,fenf;/ rcHcsifr[ I q
k &dk ayrnf/
odaYk omf ol&Y ifxw
J iG f a'go tjyif;txef xGuaf eonf[u k m; ,lEidk rf nf rxif/

3/ aendKcsdeEf iS yhf ef;&eHY

OD;rif;ausmfewfukd uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf cspfpEk;d í udBk uD;ausmf[k ac:Muonf/ udBk uD;
ausmfonf naecsdefrsm;wGif &yfxJ&GmxJodkY0ifí vlysKdumvom;rsm;ESifhckHnif;xkd;onf/
20
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

Muufwu dk of nf/ &ufuef;&ufaeaom? armif;axmif;aeaom? qefzyG af eaom? a&iifae

aom tysKdumvorD;rsm;ESi&hf ,fp&m armp&m pum;ajymonf/ naeapmif;í rk;d csKyfcgeD;
taemufaumif;uifwiG f wdref w D rd 0f gawG awmufaomtcg &Gmtjyifzuf&dS ewfueG ;f odjYk yef
onf/ &Smyef;xnfpuav; acgif;rSmywfí &Gmudk aMumay;um wudk,fwnf;jyefonf/
odjYk yefaomtcg &GmxJwiG f usef&pfcahJ om vlysKdtysKdrsm;u olu Y dk oem;Muonf/ vGr;f Mu

E-book is created by shanyoma

onf/ atmufarhMuonf/ odkYaomf oljyefrnfhvrf;rSm awmyef; awmifyef;awG woif;
oif;ESiahf ysmfp&mBuD;ygyJav/ jyefcsifayrSmaygh [k olwpYdk w d u f dk ajzMuonf/ ol pHaysmf&m
&Gmjyifzufu ewfueG ;f [mvJ naecsdef wdraf wmufvYdk 0g0if;aewmrdYk olcY rsm jyefcsifayrSm
yJ[k ajzMuonf/ þtcsufudk uREkyf w f \Ydk tnw&pmqku d rnfozYkd cYJG yhJ goenf;/
1/ rkd;csKyfvkdYae&D
----+(ig;vkH;)
2/ wdref u D 0if;/
-+-0/ (av;vkH;)
3/ udBk uD;ausmf jyefrv hJ rf;(rSm)
-----+(-)(ajcmufvkH;)
4/ yef;&eHYoif;/
+--0/ (av;vkH;)
rSwfcsuf/ /ae0ifcsdef rkd;csKyfcsdefonf tcsif;csif; cGJcGg&onfhtcsdefjzpf
onf/ v,fxw J iG f v,fov l ,fom;wkYd uk, d t hf rd u f ,dk jf yef&ojzifh cGcJ gG Mu&onf/ ,mxJwiG f
,mol,mom;wkYd ud, k t
hf rd u
f , kd jf yef&ojzifh cGcJ gG Mu&onf/ pm;usufxw J iG f tpmpm;aeaom
uRJEmG ;rsm;yifvnf; ae0ifcgeD;aomtcg ud, k jhf cHu, dk whf if;ukyo f Ykd jyefMu&ojzifh wbl;bl;
wbJbJ wnHGUnGHYatmfjrnfum tcsif;csif; cGJcGgMu&onf/ þtcsdefrsKd;\pdwfi,fzG,ft
jzpfukd uREkyf w f \ Ydk tnw&pmqko d nf xdxcd u dk cf u dk f cHpm;rdy&Hk onf/ xko d cYdk pH m;rdonft
h jzpf
udk tvGr;f taqG;jzifh 'va[m rvGr;f raqG;yJ pdwu f dk wwfEidk o f rQ xde;f odr;f csKyfwnf;
um taumif;zufu awG;í ]]yef;&eHo Y if;}}[k a&;vku d o f nfrmS csD;rGr;f zG,f aumif;ay
onf/ uAsma&;&mwGif xde;f odr;f rI tvGet f a&;BuD;onf/
þuAsmwGif pmqk\ d apwemum; tb,fenf;/

4/ *kPaf zmfonf
waeYaomtcg awmifxiG ;f BuD;wGif armifOuúmESiahf rmifnKd oli,fcsif;ESpaf ,muf
onf ausmif;atmufü upm;aeMuonf/ armifOuúmonf a':ESif;qD\om;jzpfonf/
21
 rif;ok0Pf

armifnKd onf a':a'G;\om;jzpfonf/ olwEYdk pS af ,mufonf upm;t&G,f oli,fuav;

rsm;om jzpfaomfvnf; pum;BuD;pum;us,f tvGefajymonf/ olwkdYajymonfukd Mum;
aom ausmif;ay:u bkef;awmfBuD;onf olwkdYESpfOD;udk b,folb,f0g[k odvkdojzifhar;
aomtcg armifOuúmESiahf rmifnKd wko Yd nf ausmif;jyifox Ykd u
G af jy;í atmufygtwkid ;f w
a,mufwcsKd;pD a'G;csKd;pyfomG ;onf[k tqk&d adS vonf/ olwBYdk uD;jyif;aomtcg oQifOwå
E-book is created by shanyoma

rausmfEiS o hf Qifr[moDv0Ho[lí pmqkad usmfBuD;rsm; jzpfomG ;Muavonf/

pmpyfu,fyvD
r,fESif;qD\om;/
awmifuykd if avQmufumajy;
r,fa'G;\om;/
rSwfcsuf/ /þa'G;csKd;onf &k;d &k;d uav; jzpfonf/ odaYk omf olwaYdk jymvkd
aom tcsufwu Ydk kd jynfph aHk tmif xnfo h iG ;f xm;ojzifh rSwzf , G tf vGeaf umif;onf/ uav;
oli,fw\ Ydk obm0udk ay:atmif az:xm;onfrmS vnf; oifjh rwfayonf/
uAsmpyfqkdpDukH;&mwGif tvGefyvDyvmwwfEkdifaom wynfhawmfwkdYESpfOD;jzpfyg
onf[k *kPfaz:NyD;aemuf uav;wkdYbm0 &Suf&SufaMumufaMumufESifha&mufrda&muf&m
xGuaf jy;ykrH mS uav;oli,fw\ Ydk obm0yif jzpfayonf/
olwEYdk pS Of ;D \apwemum; tb,fenf;/ *kPaf zmfcsifaompdw[ f k qkv
d Qif oifyh g
rnfavm/

5/ ewfxif;awmif
uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf ewfxif;yif(xif;&SL;yif)rsm; aygufa&mufaom jrifrh m;onfah wmif
ay:t&yfwiG f vSnv hf nfomG ;vmaeMuonfqMdk uygpk/Yd rwfapmufaeonfah wmifxw G wf ck
\ajc&if;udk a&mufckdufwGif awmif\aMumzufrS ae wufvmav&m aepG,fBuD;onf
awmifxw G u
f kd eif;í awmifMum;wGi;f odYk rD;armif;BuD;yrm xk;d qif;vmonf/ tvGeMf unfh
aumif;ojzifh armhMunfv h u dk af omtcg awmifcg;yef;wGif awmifc;dk awmifaiGw Y o Ydk nf wdrf
*Gr;f yku
H av;rsm;ozG,f wef;vsuf&o dS nfudk jrif&onf/ xkt d cku
d f xif&LS ;yifw\Ydk arT;MuL
aom&eHo Y nf awmifMum;avwGif ygvmí oif;MuLvku d &f m awmifMum;wckv;Hk onf a&
arT;ykvif;BuD; vQHouJo h Ydk tarT;eHoY if;oGm;ygawmhonf/ þtaMumif;&yfukd rnfozYkd q YJG dk
rnfenf;/
awmifxyd u f aepG,f
awmifv,fu jrLck;d /
22
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

awmifajcrSm ewfxif;u
oif;MuLeHYNzdK;/
rSwfcsuf/ /txufyg a'G;csKd;udk ppfaq;Munfyh g/ awmifxyd u f aepG,f
xk;d onf/ awmifv,fwiG f jrLck;d a0onf/ awmifajcwGif ewfxif;eHaY rT;onf/ þok0Yd gus
ok;H ck&o
dS jzifh Bud,mvnf; ok;H ck&o
dS ifo
h nf/ odaYk omfvnf; &Syd govm;/ oif;MuLeHNY zdK;qkad om

E-book is created by shanyoma

Bud,mwckuo kd m azmfjyxm;onf/ usefBud,mESpcf u k kd jr§Kyfxm;onf/ odaYk omf tjzwfae&m
usojzifh t"dygÜ ,fay:vGiv f sufyif &So
d nf/

6/ aA'g
'Dacsmif;t&yf {&m0wDjrpfaygufwck\vwmjyifBuD;onf uGi;f pyfrS aeí jrpfxJ
odYk avQmqif;oGm;onf/ yifv,f0rS 'Da&onf w0ke;f 0ke;f jrnf[nf;um ZGww f &Gww f u dk f
cku
d wf ;dk a0SwY ufvmonf/ xk'd t D xufwiG uf m; ndKjymaom yef;ckid u f ykd efí aA'gyifuav;
onf vIid ;f pD;vsuf vku d yf gvmonf/ 'Donf vwmay:odYk ajy;wufvmaomtcg aA'gyif
onfvnf; ajy;wufvu dk v
f monf/ 'Donf jrpfxo J Ykd vSrd q
hf if;oGm;aomtcg aA'gyifonf
vnf; vSrd q hf if;vku d of mG ;onf/ qif;csnf wufcsnf? wufcsnf qif;csnfEiS v hf idI ;f pD;aysmf
yg;aeaom xkad A'gyifuav;udk uREkyf w f pYdk mqkod nf MunfE;l rdí atmufyga'G;csKd;ukd pyf
qkdvkdufonf/
ndKjymjym
vwmjyif ajc&if;/
vIid ;f wuf&m aA'gwuf
vIid ;f ouf&m qif;/
rSwfcsuf/ /aea&mifatmufwiG f ndKndKrJ uRJowå0g\ausmu uke;f BuD;
yrm avQmqif;aeaom vwmjyifBuD;onf tvGefwnfNidrfonf/ ajcaxmufudk <uum
vSr;f um vrf;avQmufaewwfaom AsKdi;f atmuf waumifp ESpaf umifp r&Syd gu wuJt h
oufrahJ om ausmufzsmBuD;yrm jzpfavawmhonf/ odaYk omf þwnfNidraf omvwmjyifBuD;
ukd wk;d a0S&Y u dk cf wfajy;wufvmaom 'DvidI ;f ESiw hf zJG ufpyfqv dk u
dk af omtcg 'Dacsmif;\cE¨m
tdrw f iG f 0dnmOfuyfvsuf vmygawmhonf/ þodt Yk ouf0ifatmif a&;wwfjcif;onf uAsm
\y&d,m,fwck jzpfavonf/

7/ yef;cGgndK
jymodv
k ESi;f rIex
f w
J iG f cGgndKyef;uav;rsm; jymvJv
h EhJ iS yhf iG Mhf uNyD/ aejynfawmfoYkd
23
 rif;ok0Pf

a&mufaeaom vkvifysKdonf rdr\ d Zmwd&yf&mG ü usef&pfcahJ om vkrH i,ftm; csrf;csrf;ESihf

vGr;f rdonf/ xkaYd Mumifh vlMuKH&mS um cGgndKyef;uav; wcufEpS cf ufukd vkrH i,fxo H Ykd ykv
Yd u
dk f
onf/ ayzl;vTmwGif vGrf;pma&;í pmacGvkyfum cGgndKyef;ESifhtwl ay;vkdufao;onf/
vkrH i,fonf pmacGEiS chf gG ndKyef;udk &vQif 0rf;omtm;& &So d jzifh rsuf&nfuav; wvJv h hJ
ESichf gG ndKyef;udk erf;Munfrh o d nf/ arwåmtjynfEh iS ahf y;ydvYk u
dk af om yef;rsm;jzpfojzifh arT;
E-book is created by shanyoma

vkdufonfrSm olwkdY&GmrS aejynfawmftxdyif jzpfawmhonf[k xifrdonf/ þtcsufukd

uREkyf w f \Ydk tnw&pmqku d pdwyf gvufyg a&;pyfvu dk o
f nfrmS atmufygtwkid ;f yifwnf;/
a&TNrdKUu yef;cGgndK
pmqkEd iS hf ay;/
pmqkdESifhcGgndKyef;&,f
eef;ajrxd arT;/
rSwfcsuf/ /pmqkd\apwemonfum; cspfMunfav;pm;rIjzpfonf/ okdY
aomf ol\uAsmxJwiG f cspfygonf? cifygonf? Muifemygonf? jrwfE;dk ygonfqadk om yvD
yvm pum;rsm; ryg/ cspfa&;BudKufa&;ukd twk;H twpfrajym/ odo k 0dk u
S 0f u
S f uspfuspfvpf
vpfEiS rhf rd \ d arwåm"mwfukd ay:atmif az:vku d o f nfrmS rsm;pGm rSwo f m;zG,f aumif;onf/

8/ cgiSuu f kd ,r,f&mS
vkvifysKdEiS v hf rHk i,f ESpOf ;D onf ,mawmxJwiG f 0gaumufvsuf&o dS nfMuonf/
odrYk [kwf yJEw
k v
f suf &SMd uonf/ odrYk [kwf aygif;oifvsuf &SMd uonf/ tjcm;vlBuD;rdzrsm;
vnf; teD;tem;wGif &SMd uonf/ olwt Ydk csif;csif; wk;d wk;d wdww f w d f pum;pjrnfajymcsif
onf/ vlBuD;rsm;&Sí d ajymcGirhf &/ wOD;ESiw hf OD; vlBuD;rsm; tvpfwiG f vSr;f um vSr;f um
wpdwapmif; Munfí h tcGit hf cgudk apmifah rQmfaeMuonf/ xkt d cku d f awmpyf csKHzw
k x f rJ S
]]wufwufwcl g;cg;...}}[k cgiSuw f aumifu wGev f u dk of nfukd Mum;&onf/ xkt d cg vk
vifysKdonf acgif;udk qwfueJ axmifum em;pGiv hf udk o f nf/ vkrH i,fvnf; em;pGiv hf udk f
onf/ xkaYd emuf bmrajym nmrajymESihf olwEYdk pS Of ;D onf cgiSuzf rf; oGm;OD;rnf[k qdu k m
awmpyfoYdk ajy;0ifMuavownf;/ þZmwfcef;udk rnfoaYdk &;rnfenf;/
a&TcgndK wGev f NS yD
awmpGeu f av;/
armifEiS rhf ,f a&Tcgzrf;
oGm;prf;rkYd av;/
rSwfcsuf/ /pmqkd\apwemudk pOf;pm;Muprf;yg/ uREkfyfonf uREkfyfESpf
24
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

oufovkd t"dygÜ ,fajymvku

d o
f nf/ oifwv
Ydk nf; qDavsmfatmif Munfí
h t"dygÜ ,fajymEkid f
onf/ ÓPfupm;rIonf uAsma&;&mwGif¤if;? uAsmzwf&mwGif¤if; tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;
onf/

9/ vrk ESihf vwm

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrpfxrJ mS vwmjyifBuD;&So d nf/ EGaH wGu ndKndKrJrEJ iS /hf urf;pyfwiG f vrkyifwef;&Sd
onf/ tyGiahf wGu eDe&D &J EJ iS /hf þrQudk pmpyfprf;ygqkv d Qif rnfopYkd yfrnfenf;/ uREkyf w f \ Ydk
acsmif;BudKajrmif;Mum; pmqku d awmh þodpYk yfonf/
vrkyiG hf eDoEÅm
vwmu ndKacsm/
vwmjyif vrkwef;
urf;pyfu awm/
rSwfcsuf/ /þuAsmwGif rSwpf &m ESpcf sufygonf/ ]]vwmu ndKacsm}}
[k qkdvkdufojzifh vwmjyifudkyif rdef;racsmuav;[k xifjrifvmEkdifonf/ xifjrifvm
atmifvnf; a&;jcif;jzpfonf/ trSwf 2/ uAsmwGif uREkfyfwkdYawGYcJhaom]]tom;awmf
ndKjymnufu,f}}qkad om pmyk'd o f nf þ]]vwmundKacsm}}qkad om pmyk'd u f kd axmufct H m;
ay;vsuf &So d nf/ þodkY toufr&So d nfukd touf&o dS a,mifa,mifjzpfatmif zGq YJ edk nf;
onf uAsmhBud,mw&yf jzpfonf/ pmoHayoHEiS ahf jym&vQif ]]orm"d*P k }f }ajrmufonf[k
qkdMuonf/
aemufwcsufrSmum; jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif vrkyifESifhvwmjyifwkdYonf uGJp
aumif;aom t&mrsm;r[kw/f vwm&Sv d Qif vrkaygufonf/ vrkaygufvQif vwm&So d nf/
Zdew¬EiS yhf umoeDuo hJ Ykd wGv
J sufom;&SMd uaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf/ þtjzpfukd xif&mS ;jy
vkad om uREkyf w f \ Ydk 'Dacsmif;pmqko d nf vwmESiv hf rkqadk om pum;ESpv f ;Hk ukd þuAsmwku d
av;wGif ESpBf udrpf D xyfvsuf qkx d m;avonf/ þodx Yk yfxm;aomfvnf; em;rNiD;/ zwf
aumif;onf/ Mum;aumif;onf/ xyfoifah omtcgodYk a&mufaomtcg xyf&onf/ þ
tcsufukd owdjyKMu&monf/
]]vrk}}ESifh]]vwm}}wGif yg0ifaom vtu©&m\toHrsm; xyfaeonfrSmvnf;
uAsm\toHukd om,maponf/ w0rf;yl toHuav;rsm;ukv d nf; &SmMunfph rf;yg/ b,f
ESoaH wG awG&Y ygovJ/ olwu Ydk vnf; uAsmudk uwGuaf ygufu a&usoHuo hJ Ykd wwGww f w G f
nHatmif wD;cwfay;aeMuonf/ toHxu G íf qkMd unfMh uprf;yg/ vQmzsm;vQmxdyu f av;
onf txufomG ; twGi;f zufomG ;zk;H udk vufEydS pf ufcvkwu f o hJ Ykd 'ufueJ 'ufueJ wD;ae
25
 rif;ok0Pf

onfukd od&vdrrhf nf/ þonfwv Ydk nf; uAsmhy&d,m,frsm; jzpfayonf/ þa'G;csKd;onf

teDa&mif? tndKa&mifwkdYESifhvtu©&moH wtu©&moHwkdYudk a&mpyfzGJYqkdxm;aom &lyg&kH
o'´g&kH wD;vk;H uav; jzpfavonf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
E-book is created by shanyoma

þrQjzifh t&k;d qk;H a'G;csKd;a&;enf;udk jyvku

d o
f nf/ ,ckjyxm;aom a'G;csKd;uk;d
yk'fwGif taMumif;t&mvnf; pkHonf/ um&efvnf; pkHonf/ [yfykHjzwfykHvnf; pkHonf/
þonfwu Ydk kd avhvm&Gwzf wfoq D ídk BudK;pm;a&;om;Muygav/

26
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

tcef; (5)
a'G;csKd;tquf

,ciftcef;wGif av;yk'd rf Qom yg0ifaom a'G;csKd;ud;k yk'u f dk pHwifavhvmMu&ef

taMumif;t&m rSwcf sufEiS w hf uG az:jycJo
h nf/ odaYk omf a'G;csKd;udk av;yk'd rf QruyJ rdrw d Ydk

E-book is created by shanyoma

ÓPf&o dS vkd csJUxGif pDu;Hk Ekid o
f nfudk odapvkí d þtcef;wGif ig;yk'd ?f ajcmufy'dk ?f ckepfy'dk ?f
&Spyf 'kd f a'G;csKd;rsm;udk az:jyvku d o
f nf/
þtcef;wGiyf gaom a'G;csKd;wkrYd mS 1/ jynfa&Tb?dk 2/ uefnaD emif? 3/ wif;xdr?f
4/ a&TuwGw?f 5/ yde;f aumr? 6/ opf&yd yf sH? 7/ jyefcsdew f ef? 8/ pHy,fEiS chf yH ef;wkjYd zpfMu
onf/

1/ jynfa&Tbdk
rkq;dk ykNd rdKU? uke;f abmifNrdKU? &efBuD;atmifNrdKU? a&TbNdk rdKU? &wemodCNF rdKU[lí trnf
ig;yg;jzifh xif&mS ;aom a&TbNkd rdKU\aus;vufawme,fwiG f v,fxeG af eaomol odrYk [kwf
aumufpu kd af eaomol odrYk [kwf pyg;&dwaf eaomol odrYk [kwf tjcm;wm0efwckcu k kd aqmif
&Guaf eaomolwOD;onf &So d nfqMdk uygpk/Yd olonf rdrt d ay: usa&mufvmonfw h m0ef0wf
w&m;t& trIaqmif&u G af eaomfvnf; rdr\ d Zmwd&yf&mG jzpfaom odw Yk nf;r[kwf vGwv f yf
rI\txdr;f trSwjf zpf&m a&Teef;awmfBuD;&Sad om a&TbNkd rdKUodYk jyefvnfvo dk nfq h E´&adS yrnf/
xktd cku d f naeapmif;í waeYtwGuf wm0efNyD;cgeD; a&TbNkd rdKUqDrS jrnf[nf;vmaom y
[k&d pf nf\aemif'idk ;f oHukd Mum;&aomtcg a&TNrdKUawmfoYkd rsufEmS rlum tvkyrf S xGucf gG vm
avawmhonf/ þtaMumif;udk uREkyf w f \ Ydk pmqku d þodYk zGvYJ udk of nf/
&efBuD;atmif
ukef;abmifNrdKYaus;/
aendKndK
pnfawmfoH csKdvw S ,f
,Gef;pdkMuav;/
rSwfcsuf/ /]]&efBuD;atmif}}qkdaomtrnf? ]]aendKndK}}qkdaomtcsdef?
]]pnfawmfoH}}qkdaompum;wkdYwGif t"dyÜg,ftrsm;tjym; udef;atmif;vsuf&Sdonf/ &ef
uke[ f k qkv d u dk v
f Qif a&T'*keaf pwD? uefawmfBuD;? wd&pämef&?Hk Akv d cf sKyfyef;jcH? vGwv f yfa&;
ausmufwidk f paomBunfnKd zG,?f aysmf&iT zf , G ?f tm;wufz, G f oabmwku Yd kd jrifa,mifxif
a,mifvm&ouJo h Ykd ]]&efBuD;atmif}}[k qkv d u dk v
f Qif tavmif;bk&m;OD;atmifaZ,sESiw hf
27
 rif;ok0Pf

uG vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmfBuD; ponfwu Ydk kd jrifa,mifxifa,mifvmawmhonf/ xkaYd Mumifh

þuAsmwGif þtrnfudk xnfx h m;ojzifh t"dygÜ ,ftrsm; jynfv h QHaeonfukd owdjyKMu
&monf/
]]aendKndK}}qkdaompum;wGif waeYwm tvkyfNyD;NyD? wm0efausNyD? tarmajz
csdefa&mufNyD? rdom;pkESifhjyefvnfqkHawGY&awmhrnfqkdaom tEko,oabmrsm; udef;
E-book is created by shanyoma

atmif;aeonf/
]]pnfawmfo}H }qkad om pum;wGiu f m; uk, d rhf if;uk,
d chf sif;ESihf tcsKyftcsmtmPm
ykdifb0qkdonfhoabmonf udef;atmif;vsuf &Sdonf/ udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;oabmrQru
ao;? tkycf sKyfa&;A[dXk me? ,Ofaus;rIA[dXk me? pD;yGg;a&;A[kXd me? omoema&;A[dXk me
paom ta&;BuD;onfXh metoD;oD;wnf&&dS m Ekid if aH wmf\tcsuftcsm jzpfonfuv kd nf;
þ]]pnfawmfoH}}u nTefjyvsuf&Sdonf/
uAsmwyk'fudk BudKufvmaomtcg okdYwnf;r[kwf pum;wvkH;udk ESpfoufvm
aomtcg omreftm;jzifh az:jyxm;onfah 0g[m&w¬(a0g[m&teuf)uk¤d if;? yd@w¬(t
aygif;teuf)ud¤k if;? t0,0w¬(tpdwt f euf)ud¤k if;? azmufxiG ;f ausmfjzwfí tEko,
oabmrsm;udk MuHyg/ &SmazGyg/ uAsmwkdYrnfonf aea&mifxdaom pdefaumif;ausmuf
aumif;yrm ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh awmufyvsuf&&dS m ta&mifwrsKd;wnf;pGí J trnfrn S hf
vkrYd jzpf/ w&m;aopum;jzifh waMumif;pGaJ jymír&/ rdr\ d ÓPfxuforQ oGuo f rQ ouf
orQ uAsmxJrS teufwu Ydk kd EIu
d x
f wk í
f &Ekid o f nfukd tNrJowdjyKMu&monf/ uAsmaumif;
vQif aumif;onft h vku
d f wBudrMf unfv h Qif t"dygÜ ,fwrsKd;xGuEf ikd o f nf/ vlwa,muf jrif
onft h jrifEiS w
hf jcm;vlwa,muf jrifonft h jrifcsif;vnf; wlcsifrS wlayrnf/ ÓPfwcH g;
udk zGií hf xm;av/

2/ uefnaD emif
rEÅav;awmif\teD;wGif atmifyifv,fuefESifheE´muef&Sdonf/ xkduefwkdYwGif
Mumyef;trsKd;pkH zl;yGiv hf suf&o
dS nf/ a&jynfah eojzifh wuefEiS whf uef qufpyfvsuf&o dS nf/
a&rsufESmjyifonf wkdufvmaom avESifhxdawGYaomtcg *,ufwkdY xvsuf vIyf&Sm;ae
onf/ avjyif;aomtcg vIid ;f MuufcyG rf sm;yif ckew f ufí vIid ;f wvk;H ESiw hf vk;H onf Muufz
rsm; cGyo f uJo h Ykd cGyaf eonfrmS azG;azG;jzLaeawmhonf/ þodu Yk s,fjyefí
Y *,ufrsm; vdifI ;f
rsm;ESijhf ynfah eaom a&jyifBuD;onf yifv,fBuD;ESiw hf yl gawmhonf/ þtaMumif;udk wOD;
aom pmqko d nf þodYk a'G;csKd;a&;cJo h nf/

28
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

atmifyifv,fESifheE´m
Mumpku H arT;/
wuefukd ESpu f ef qufygvkYd
*,ufawG yifv,fEIdif;oifhw,f
vIid ;f MuufcyG f azG;/

E-book is created by shanyoma

rSwfcsuf/ /pmqko d nf rdrjd riforQ awGo Y rQudk &kyv f ;Hk ay:atmif zGqYJ o
dk nf?
onfux J rJ mS avSp;D í vSnv hf nfvo dk nf? onfukd jrifawmh cspfou l kd vGr;f onf paom rdrd
\tvkq d E´ rdr&d ifwiG ;f ü jzpfay:cHpm;rIwu Ydk kd wvk;H wyg'rQ raz:jyacs/ odaYk omf uREkyf w f Ydk
\pmqk\ d pdwo f nfum; wnfNidro f nfr[kw?f acsmufcsm;vsuf &So d nf/
uefaygif&;dk wae&mwGi&f yfí vSr;f arQmfMf unfv h u dk af omtcg a&jyifus,f jzLjzL
azG;BuD;udk jrif&onf/ *,ufuav;rsm; &kdufaeonfudk awGY&onf/ vIdif;MuufcGyfrsm;
xaeonfukd MuKH&onf/ xkt d cg ol tHMh oonf/ tm;&onf/ ESpo f ufonf/ 0rf;omonf/
xko
d tYkd MhH ord? tm;&rd? ESpo f ufr?d 0rf;omrdonfwu Ydk kd rsKdoyd í f rxm;Ekid /f xkaYd Mumifh þ
uAsmudk a&;í O'gef;usL;vku d jf cif; jzpfonf/
ouú&mZf 1150 jynfhESpfwGif bkd;awmfbk&m;onf rEÅav;awmif\awifzufü
atmifyifv,fuefudk topfjyKpkonf/ ajrmufzufüvnf; armif;ruefudk topfjyKpkí
eE´muef[k trnfopfay;onf/ ,if;uef ESpcf o k nf a&jyifcsif; pyfí y'krm® Mumjzifh jynfh
onf[k &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif tqk&d o dS nf/

3/ wif;xdrf
tysKduav;wOD; &ufuef;pifwiG f wcRifcRifEiS hf vufcwfcwfum &ufuef;&uf
aeonf/ oli,fcsif;wa,mufu awGjY rifí bmrsm;&ufaeovJ[k ar;onf/ tqef;w
Mu,f tzk;d wef txnfawG &ufaeonfr[kwyf g/ aeYpOfo;Hk &onfw h if;xdraf pmif &ufae
jcif;rQjzpfygonf/ wif;xdrqf o
dk nfrmS apmiftjzpfEiS jhf cKHívnf; &onf/ ukvm;umtjzpf
ESiu
hf mívnf; &onf/ wif;xdru f kd &ufawmh acRwm&m a&mufygonf[k jyefajzvku d of nf/
þtar;tajzudk pmqkdu þodkYa&;pyfvkdufonf/
ysKdav;&ufwJh&ufuef;pif
bmpifvYdk ar;/
ar;ygeJYat
wkwYd awG acRwmjcif;aMumifh
wif;xdrfwJhav;/
29
 rif;ok0Pf

rSwfcsuf/ /uAsma&;olwkdYonf tBuD;tus,f tcrf;tem;rsm;udkom

zGYJqkda&;om;onfr[kwf? aeYpOf awGYMuKHjzpfysufaeonfhtao;tzGJYuav;wkdYudkvnf; zGJY
qkad &;om;onf/ txufyg uAsmukd a&;onhpf mqko d nf oli,fcsif;ESpaf ,muf ar;onf
ajzonfuykd if oDqcdk sifz, G f aumif;atmif zGw YJ wfonfrmS csD;rGr;f p&mjzpfonf/ þuAsm
xJwGif oli,fcsif;ESpfOD; cifrif&if;ESD;ykH? wOD;taMumif;udk wOD;u *&kpkdufykHwkdYudk awGY&
E-book is created by shanyoma

onf/ þonft h csufwo Ydk nf vlrqI ufqaH &;ü tvGet f a&;BuD;onfukd pmqko d nf owd
jyKrdy&Hk onf/ xkaYd Mumifh þtcsufwu Ydk kd tom;ay;í a&;vku d yf &Hk onf/

4/ a&TuwGwf
rEÅav;awmifxyd q f wD iG f avwku d of H rk;d csKef;oHwYdk qlnv H suf &SNd yD/ rMumrD rk;d
BuD; onf;xefpGm &Gmawmhrnf/ rkd;&GmvQif v,fcGufawGxJudk a&0ifawmhrnf/ v,fcGuf
rsm; taphtESYH a&0if&atmif uefoif;&k;d wm&k;d wkw Yd iG f &Sod nfh uwGwaf ygufrsm;rS ajrpdik f
cJwu kYd kd z,f&mS ;í zGichf MhJ uyg/ zGichf MhJ uygpk/Yd þuJo h Ykd rk;d arQmfaeonfv h ,form;rsm; rk;d &dyf
av&dyfudk jrifaomtcg 0rf;omtm;&ESifhatmf[pfajymqkdaeonfudk v,form;pmqkdu
þodkY a&;vkdufonf/
a&Tref;qkd awmifawmfO;D u
usL;vmwJh rkd;oHi,f
tke;f nHNcdrhf a<u;/
wmawmfciG f
a&0ifatmif a&TuwGwu f kd
rif; vTwcf ahJ v;/
rSwfcsuf/ /pyg;pku d cf sifvQif a&&S&d onf/ rk;d &GmrS a&&onf/ a&&rS v,f
xGe&f onf/ v,fxeG Nf yD;rS pyg;pku d &f onf/ xkaYd Mumifh v,form;rsm;onf rk;d udk wMuonf/
rk;d udk arQmfMuonf/ rk;d r&GmvQif vGeq f MJG uonf/ i&HUrif;y&dwf &GwMf uonf/
þuAsmwGiu f m; rk;d oHavoHawG Mum;&vkYd v,form;awG tm;&aeyku H kd uREkyf f
wkpYd mqkd zGvYJ u dk of nf/ rEÅav;awmifxyd q f rD mS rk;d om;awG wufNyD; ndKrIid ;f vmNyD/ Ncdr;f ajcmuf
a[mufvu dk o f nfrh ;dk oHuvJ nHvyYdk gyJ/ wtke;f tke;f ESin hf v
H /Ydk wNcdrNhf cdrEhf iS ahf <u;vk/Yd tm;&
p&mBuD;/ 0rf;omp&mBuD;/ olww Ydk rf;waeMuaom udak &Tr;dk BuD; a'a0gBuD; &Gmawmhrnfh
v,form;rsm; ysmavmifcwfMuawmhonf/ ajcrudik rf d vufrukid rf Ed iS hf &SMd uawmhonf/
x,fomG ;cRef&rvkd xGeo f mG ;wyf&rvkEd iS hf &Sad wmhonf/ þokYd 0k;d wk;d 0g;wm; jzpfae&mrS cP
tMumwGif owd&vmí trSeu f kd jrifum rk;d &GmvQif uwGwaf ygufawGukd zGi&hf rnfwum;[k
30
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

ajymMuqkMd u atmfMu [pfMuawmhonf/ þtcsufwu

Ydk kd uREkyf w
f pYdk mqko
d nf ay:atmif
azmfwwfayonf/

5/ yde;f aumr
{&m0wDjrpfxw J iG f yde;f aumr avSBuD;udk Munfyh g/ ol\OD;ykid ;f onf aumhíyJyh idk ;f

E-book is created by shanyoma

onf axmifaeygonf/ olw Y iG f ukev f nf; wif&ygonf/ vlvnf; pD;&ygonf/ ,ck av
Nidraf eí &Gurf wku d Ef idk yf g/ xkaYd Mumifh avSorm;tcsKdUu xk;d 0g;xk;d í avSukd a&GUapygonf/
avSorm;tcsKdUurl urf;odw Yk ufí uk, d cf E¨mw,kid ,
f idk Ef iS hf BudK;qGu
J m a&GUapygonf/ þ
odw Yk a&GUa&GUESit hf nmokYd qefaeaom yde;f aumrBuD; taMumif;udk uREkyf w f \Ydk jrpfaMumif;
pmqku d þodYk ykaH zmfzq YJG vdk u dk yf gonf/
OD;aumhvYdk yJah xmif
ukeaf vSmifvYdk vlp;D /
xk;d 0g;ukd ukid f
BudK;qGo J l w,dik , f idk ef YJ
&Guw f idk u f kd avrodr;f w,f
ydef;aumrBuD;/
rSwfcsuf/ /þuAsm\toHaetoHxm;onf qkv d &dk if; teuft"dygÜ ,f
ESifhtvGefudkufnDonf[k xifrdonf/ ydef;aumavSBuD;onf yufusdoGm;ovkd wa&GUa&GU
wGm;oGm;vsuf&o dS nf/ cyfa0;u jrif&vQif a&GUonfuykd if owdjyKEkid rf nf rxif/ xked nf;
wlpmG þuAsmwGi;f &Sd pmvk;H wko Yd nf tvGeaf v;uefonf[k xifro d nf/ uREkyf o f nf tBudrf
BudrfzwfMunfhonf/ ]]uefnDaemif}}uAsmudk zwf&ouJhodkY oGufoGufjrefjref zwfír&/
av;av;uefuefomvQif zwfí&onf/ uAsmhteuft"dyÜg,f\ndKUrIudk cHae&ívm;/
odwYk nf;r[kwf pmvk;H rsm;uyif wu,fav;uefívm;/ uREkyf f rawG;wwfyg/ avrwku d f
í &Gurf wku d Ef idk yf ?Hk avSorm;wkYd xk;d 0g;xd;k &yk?H urf;odw Yk ufum BudK;qG&J ykw H u Ydk kd wkw
d u
dk sOf;
usOf; ay:vGiaf tmif a&;Ekid o f nfudk owdjyKavhvmoifah yonf/

6/ opf&yd yf sH
jrpfqyd u f rf;yg; opfyif&yd f aumif;aumif;wGif vJavsmif;um jrpfxo J Ykd Munfah rQmf
vku
d af omtcg aysmfp&m &Tipf &mawGukd jrif&ygonf/ jrpfxw J iG f avSuav;rsm; pkeu f m
qefumESio hf mG ;vmaeMuygonf/ olwo Ydk mG ;MuvmMuaomtcg a&,ufuav;rsm; tpif;
tpif; ay:Muí a&,ufyef; tMum;wGif opfyif&yd rf sm;onf wvIyv f yI f w&G&G ysHaeMu
31
 rif;ok0Pf

onfrmS tvGeq f ef;Mu,f wifw h ,fygayonfwum;/

opf&yd rf mS igtdyvf Ydk
jrpfqyd u f igarQmf
aysmfw,fuYJG av;/
avSavmif; pkeq f efEiS hf
E-book is created by shanyoma

opf&yd yf sH a&,ufyef;rSm
qef;wifw h ,f av;/
rSwfcsuf/ /]]yde;f aumr}}a'G;csKd;onf tvGeaf v;aq;Nidro f ufonf/ xdk
enf;wlpmG opf&yd yf sHuAsm\yXrtcsKd;onf tvGeaf v;aq;Nidro f ufonf/ ydwu f m;wGif
a&;jc,fxm;aom yef;csDum;ykEH iS yhf if wlawmhonf/ olu Y kd zwfrad omtcg tdyif u dk íf orf;
a0vmcsifawmhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; 'kwd,tcsKd;u av;aq;Nidrfoufjcif;udk NzdKcGif;í
ydwuf m;ay:u &ky&f iS yf rm vIy&f mS ;vmaponf/ avSuav;rsm; pkeq f efomG ;vmaeyk?H *
,ufuav;rsm; wckukd wck yl;wG&J u dk cf wfum ajy;vTm;aeMuyk?H Munfvifaom a&xJwiG f
opfyif&yd w
f Ydk wvufvuf vIy&f mS ;aeykw H o
Ydk nf uAsmzwfot l m; vIyEf ;dk qG,
J rf;aeouJo h Ykd
&Sdawmhonf/

7/ jyefcsdew f ef
aerif;onf ta&mifnKd ;í 0ifcgeD;ygNyD/ uRefawmfr\armifawmfonfvnf; yk
odeyf 0k gukd aygif;í jyefvmcsdef wefygNyD/ xkaYd Mumifh tdraf wmfay:u aeNyD;vQif txyfxyf
arQmfí tBudKawmfvw T &f onfrmS ud;k Budru f ;dk cg &Syd gNyD/
aerSdefrSdef
qifaAmif;awmf a&Tyo k ed Ef iS hf
vmcsdefwefawmh/
xyfxyfu,farQmf
jymom'fu,f aqmifbaHk y:u
tBudKawmf onfr,faxmuf&w,f
ud;k acguf jyefaygh/
rSwfcsuf/ /þa'G;csKd;\avoHonf txufa'G;csKd;rsm;\avoHEiS rhf wl
onfukd owdjyKyg/ aus;vufawm&GmoHEiS x hf ;D oHeef;oH MuiSe;f oHw\
Ydk xl;jcm;csufukd þ
wGif awGEY idk o
f nf/
txufuAsmwkdYwGif pm;? 0wf? aea&;udk A[kdjyKí uAsmÓPfuGefYjrL;&onfukd
32
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

¤if;? obm0tvSwGif pdwf0ifpm;í usL;&ifhoDqkdonfukd¤if; awGY&onf/ þuAsmwGif

um; uREkyf w f \ Ydk Zmwfvu dk rf if;orD;onf pm;a&;twGuv f nf; ryl&/ 0wfa&;twGuv f nf;
ryl&/ aea&;twGuv f nf; ryl&/ ol yl&aomta&;um; vGr;f a&;jzpfavonf/ Or®m'EÅD
ysKdUwGif qko
d uJo h Ykd ]]jynfxaJ &;ESi?hf 0rf;a&;wkx Yd uf? vGr;f a&;cuf\}}jzpfaeonf/ olu Y Asm
\e,fonf olEiS o hf cYl spforl Qom jzpfonf/ tjyifavmuBuD;onf olwEYdk iS rhf oufqidk o f uJh

E-book is created by shanyoma

okdY &So
d nf/ uREkyf w f \ Ydk rif;orD;onf tysKdawmfrsm;udk wa,mufNyD;wa,muf apvTwí f
armifawmfukd tBudKckid ;f um Asmrsm;vsufae&onfukd t&omcHpm;aeouJo h Ykd xifr\d /
ol\tjrif? ol\tawG;? ol\cHpm;rI? ol\jyKrlyw Hk uYdk m; us,fjyefaY om avmuBuD;\t
jyifzufwiG f &Sad ,mifwum;/ ol\]]aerSed rf edS }f }onf ]]jynfa&Tb}dk }wGiyf gaom v,form;\
]]aendKndK}}ESiw hf csdew f nf;yif jzpfaomfvnf; tdraf wmfeef;awmfwu Ydk kd a&Ta&mifawmufap
aom aejcnfEiS ahf wmawmif jrufcif;wku Yd kd pdr;f vJah paom aejcnfw\ Ydk xl;jcm;csufum;
ay:vGifvsuf&Sdavonf/

8/ pHy,f ESihf cHyef;

pHy,fyef;ray:cif cHyef;udk tok;H jyKonf? pHy,fyef;ay:vmaomtcg cHyef;udk
pGefYypfonfqkdaomtaMumif;udk atmufyga'G;csKd;wGif zG,fzG,f&m&m yvDyvm awGYEkdif
onf/
yef;pHy,f
eef;v,frmS ray:cku d [f mrd
tvku d f awmfwefoif&h yHk
cHyiG u
hf kd uk;H /
eef; &a0
ref;ajrrSm pHy,fvidI af wmh
cHyef;ckid f ,m,Da&GUw,f
awmavh&GmokH;/
rSwfcsuf/ /þa'G;csKd;onf rdrad jymvkad om udpu
ö dk wku
d &f udk rf ajymyJ oG,f
0kdufí ajymxm;aom 0uF0kwådtvuFmqHonfha'G;csKd;rsKd; jzpfonf/ þuAsm\e,fy,f
onfvnf; rus,fjyef/Y wckaom vlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;\w&m;rQwrIuif;yku H kd az:jyxm;onf
[kqdkvQifvnf; &wefygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tcsKyftm;jzifhum; rdrd tvkdrjynfhonfudk
EIwcf rf;uav;plí &efawGpY um;ajymum xkwaf zmfajymjyjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ pum;vk;H
uav;rsm; vSonf/ toHuav;rsm; omonf/ um&efuav;rsm; csKdonf/ odaYk omfvnf;
33
 rif;ok0Pf

ol\t&dyt
f m0goum; wud,
k v
f rHk Q jzpfonfwum;/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

,cktcg ]]uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif}} tcef;udk tqkH;owfvkdufNyD/ txufwGif

azmfjycJo h nfx h yfy?Hk [yfy?Hk jzwfyHk ponfwu Ydk kd Ekid Ef idk af vhusifah 0zefaqG;aEG;ay;vQif a'G;
E-book is created by shanyoma

csKd;udk ydik yf idk Ef idk Ef idk f a&;wwfvmrnf/ a'G;csKd;udk ykid Ef idk v f Qif tjcm;uAsmwku Yd dk ul;ygavmh/
em;vnfygvdrrhf nf/ acRwma&;ESiphf nf;urf;ao0yfru I odk mvQif rsufjcnfrjywfygapESi/hf

34
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

tcef;(6)
uAsmqko
d nfrmS tb,fenf;

uAsmqko d nfrmS tb,fenf;/ urÇmph mayavmuwGif þar;cGe;f ukd ar;cJah ygif;

rsm;NyD/ ajzcJah ygif;vnf; rsm;NyD/ þae&mwGif uRefawmfum; vG,v f ,
G yf if ajzvkyd gonf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

vGefcJhaom aEG&moDtcgu uRefawmfonf iyvDurf;ajc vl&nfcRefpcef;odkY
a&mufcyhJ gonf/ iyvDurf;ajc yifv,fpyf oJaomifwiG cf &kcHG trsKd;rsKd;udk awG&Y ygonf/
*sdwf? *kH;? zufvdyf? a<uykyf? ewforD;qHxkd;? &SifarG;vGef;qHxkd;? ojym? aAmif;ponfjzifh
trnftrsKd;rsKd; &Syd gonf/ tjzL? t0g? tjym? tusm;ponfjzifh taoG;ta&mifvnf;
trsKd;rsKd;&Syd gonf/ t0kid ;f ? t&Sn?f tyk? tcRefponfjzifh yko H P²mefvnf; trsKd;rsKd;&Syd g
onf/ ,if;c&kcw HG oYdk nf e*dt k m;jzifh cspfp&m tvGeaf umif;ygonf/ odaYk omf tEkynmvuf
jzifh zefw;D vku d af omtcg ydrk í dk cspfp&maumif;vmonfukd awG&Y ygonf/
waeYaomtcg vl&nfcRefuav;wko Yd nf olwaYdk umufvmaom c&kcrHG sm;udk t
v,fwiG yf í Hk 0dik ;f zGu YJ m oifo h vkd oifoh vkd zufpyf? aumfuyf? aq;a&mifjc,fvsuf t&kyf
uav;awG vkyaf eonfukd uRefawmf owdjyKrdygonf/ vl&yk ?f iSu&f yk ?f yef;yGi?hf opfyif?
ausmufaqmifuav;awGjzpfatmif olwv Ydk yk Mf uygonf/ *k;H oGm;BuJtBuD;ay:rSm *k;H oGm;
BuJti,fuav;udk qifx h yfí ewforD;qHx;dk uav;udk wyfvu dk af omtcg 'den f if;iSuf
uav; jzpfomG ;onfukd awG&Y ygonf/ zufvyd cf &kuav;udk rwfwyfaxmifí *k;H cGu H av;
ESpcf k ab;uuyfum EIwo f ;D uav; wyfvu dk af omtcg ZD;*Gu&f yk u f av; jzpfomG ;onfukd
awGY&ygonf/ *kH;cGHjzLjzLazG;azG;uav;awGudk yGifhzwfuav;awGvkd yufvufvSefNyD; pD
pOfvu dk af omtcg yef;yGiu hf av;awG jzpfomG ;onfudk awG&Y ygonf/
e*kod bm0tavsmuf cspfp&maumif;NyD;om; c&kcu HG av;rsm;udk ,ckuo hJ Ykd tEk
ynmvufjzifh zefw;D vku d af omtcg ydrk cdk spfp&maumif;aom iSuu f av;awG? yef;uav;
awG? vluav;awG? opfyifuav;awG? ausmufaqmifuav;awG jzpfvmMuygonf/
uAsmqko d nfrmS tb,fenf;qkad om ar;cGe;f udk ajz&mrSm þawGMY uKH&csufukd Oyrmaqmif
í ajzvkdygonf/ yifv,foJaomifwGif c&kcGHuav;awG tESHYtjym;&Sdovkd vlYavmurSm
pum;vk;H uav;awG tESt YH jym;&Syd gonf/ c&kcu HG av;awGrmS taoG;ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;?
ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdovkd pum;vkH;av;awGrSmvnf; toHtrsKd;rsKd;? teuftrsKd;rsKd;&Sd
ygonf/ c&kcu HG av;awG e*ko d bm0tavsmuf olt Y vSEiS o
hf l vSaeMuovkd pum;vk;H av;
wkoYd nfvnf; olt Y vSEiS o hf l vSaeMuygonf/ c&kcu HG av;awGukd tEkynmvufEiS o hf ifah vsmf
ovkd zufpyfzefw;D vku d af omtcg iSuu f av;awG? yef;yGiu hf av;awG jzpfvmovkd pum;
35
 rif;ok0Pf

vk;H uav;awGudk tvuFmvufEiS zhf ufpyf zefqif;vku d af omtcg uAsmuav;awGjzpfvm

ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uAsmqko d nfrmS tb,fenf;qkv d Qif ]]pum;vk;H wku Yd kd oifah vsmfatmif
zufpyf zGq YJ odk u D ;Hk xm;onfph um;vk;H t&kyu f av;awG}} jzpfygonf[í l vG,v f , G yf ifajz
vkdygonf/
þwGif a&S;acwf ,ckacwf uAsm&Sirf sm; pDu;Hk cJo h nfu h AsmtcsKdUudk xkwaf qmif
E-book is created by shanyoma

wifjyvkdygonf/ yXruAsmrSm ,cktcg vltrsm;EIwfwGif oD;aeonfhatmufyga'G;csKd;

uav;jzpfygonf/
ndKjymjym
vwmjyif ajc&if;/
vIid ;f wuf&m aA'gwuf
vIid ;f ouf&m qif;/
vwmjyifqo dk nfrmS atmufjynfatmuf&mG jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o jrpfxw J iG f avQm
qif;aeonfEh aHG omif? &TUH aomifBuD;rsm; jzpfygonf/ þvwmjyifay:udk 'DviId ;f u &du k wf uf
ygonf/ þ'DvidI ;f xufwiG f aA'gyifuav;awGu pD;í vku d vf mMuygonf/ þvwmjyif?
'DvidI ;f ? aA'gqko d nft h &mok;H ckukd zufpyfí uRefawmfw\ Ydk pmqku d þok;H OD;pyf uAsmudk
pDukH;vkdufygonf/
yXrOD;pGm pmqko d nf vwmjyifukd yef;csDq&myrm ndKjymaom taoG;ta&mif
jzifh a&;jc,fvu dk yf gonf/ xkaYd emufrS vwmjyifukd toufoiG ;f vko d jzifh ajc&if;qkad om
pum;udk qufxnhv f u dk yf gonf/ rnfuo hJ Ykd toufoiG ;f &m a&mufygoenf;/ ]]ajc&if;}}qkd
aom pum;vkH;udk qifjcifyg/ ]]ajc&if;}}onf txl;ojzifh vlowå0gESifhqkdifygonf/ vl
owå0g vJavsmif;aeaomtcg ol\OD;acgif;xm;&mt&yfudk acgif;&if;[k ac:ygonf/
ol\ajcaxmufxm;&mt&yfukd ajc&if;[k ac:ygonf/ vlowå0gESiq hf idk of nft h ok;H tEIe;f
udk vwmjyifEiS u hf yfí ok;H vku d jf cif;jzifh vwmjyifukd vlowå0gozG,f touf&o dS a,mif
xifjrifvmatmif zefwD;vkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/ zsmvdyfudk qHpkaygif? bD;pkduf? tusÐ0wf?
xrDywfay;vku d af omtcg ewf0ifí touf&iS o f a,mif &Sv d mouJo h Ydk jzpfygonf/ wzef
ajc&if;qkad ompum;udk ok;H jcif;jzifh vwmjyifBuD;onf vJavsmif;aeaom vlyrm yufvuf
BuD; jzpfaeonfudkvnf; xifapjrifapygonf/ þonfum; uRefawmfwkdY\pmqkdonf
pum;vk;H rsm;udk oifah vsmfatmif zufpyfzefqif; zGq YJ v dk u dk jf cif; jzpfygonf/
wzef ]]vIid ;f wuf&m aA'gwuf? vIid ;f ouf&m qif;}}qko d nft h yd'k rf sm;udk Munfyh g
OD;/ vIid ;f xufrmS pD;NyD;vQif aA'gyifuav;onf vwmjyifoYkd ajyajyjypfjypf wufomG ;onf
udk jyvko d jzifh pmqko d nf ]]vIid ;f wuf&m aA'gwuf}}[lí toHwl teufw]l ]wuf}}qko d nfh
36
 uAsma&;csif pmpyfoif

pum;udk ESpBf udrx f yfí ok;H vku d yf gonf/ odaYk omf vIid ;f usoGm;í aA'gyifuav;onf 'vdrhf
acgufauG;ESifh*Rrf;xkd;usoGm;onfudk xifay:apvkdaomtcgwGifrl ]]vIdif;ouf&mqif;}}
[lí teufwal omfvnf; toH rwlaom]]ouf}}ESi]hf ]qif;}}wku Yd kd zufwo JG ;Hk vkud yf gonf/
]]qif;}}qko d nft
h oHxw J iG f 'DvidI ;f \0ke;f 0ke;f 'dik ;f 'kid ;f usoGm;oH yg0ifaeygonf/ þtoH
udk pmzwfoo l nf txl;owdrrl rd nf r[kwaf omfvnf; þtoH\t&omudu k m; rodrom

E-book is created by shanyoma

cHpm;rdygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifq h adk omf [if;t&omudk jrnf;olonf qm;\t&omudk t
xl;owdrjyKrdaomfvnf; rodromawmh cHpm;rdouJhodkYjzpfygonf/ tu,fí [if;wGif
qm;vk;H vk;H rygvQifum; vpf[if;csufukd csufcsif; owdjyKrdygvdrrhf nf/ xked nf;wlpmG þ
ae&mwGif ]]qif;}}qkad ompum;vk;H tpm; tjcm;ay:vGiaf om pum;vk;H udk ok;H vku d yf gvQif
'DvIdif;oHrygonfudk owdjyKrdygvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
þonfum; zefqif;wwfaompmqko d nf oifah vsmfavsmufywfaom pum;vk;H
wkdYudk a&G;aumufí vwmjyif? 'DvdIif;? aA'gwkdY\okH;OD;pyftw¬KyÜwfudk ay:vGifatmif?
vIy&f mS ;atmif? touf0ifatmif pmqkv Yd ufeuf uAsmhy&d,m,fwu Ydk kd tok;H csvku d jf cif;jzpf
ygonf/
atmufjynfu uAsmudk xkwaf qmifNyD;aemuf txufjynfu uAsmwyk'u f kd xkwf
aqmifvkdufygonf/ ,if;uAsmrSm v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;ESifhoufqkdifygonf/ v,fvkyf&ef
a&vkyd gonf/ a&&&ef rk;d udk w&ygonf/ rk;d om;wkYd wrJrEJ iS w hf ufvmí w&J&S EJS iS &hf mG vmNyD
qkv d Qif v,form;wko Yd nf tvGet f m;&Muygonf/ 0rf;omMuygonf/ &Tijf rL;Muygonf/
þodaYk om tjcif;t&mwku Yd kd v,form;pmqku d þodo Yk qD pkd uD ;Hk ygonf/
a&Tref;qkd awmifawmfO;D u
usL;vmwJh rkd;oHi,f
tkef;nHNcdrfha<u;/
wmawmfciG f
a&0ifatmif a&TuwGwu f dk
rif; vTwcf ahJ v;/
rEÅav;awmifxyd q f w D iG f rk;d om;awG ndKq Y idk ;f NyD; avoHr;dk oH wNcdrNhf cdrn hf uH m &Gm
oGe;f ygawmhrnf/ v,fcu G x f u J kd a&0ifatmif wm&k;d rSm&So d nfu h wGwaf ygufrsm;udk zGichf yhJ g
[lí v,form;tcsif;csif; 0rf;omtm;&ESiahf tmf[pf ajymqkad eMujcif; jzpfygonf/
þuAsmwGif uRefawmftBudKufq;Hk rSm ]]tke;f nHNcdraf <u;}}qkad om pum;av;vk;H
jzpfygonf/ rk;d om;wkYd tifwu dk t f m;wku d f wufvmyk?H rk;d oHawG tifwu dk t
f m;wku d f jrnfvm
yk?H rk;d a&awG tifwu dk t f m;wku d f usvmrnfyh w Hk uYdk kd ay:vGiaf pvko d jzifh pmqko d nf teuf
37
 rif;ok0Pf

wl toHuJG pmvk;H av;vk;H udk pkaygif;qifx h yfum a&;vku d yf gonf/ þpmvk;H wkw Yd iG f qlnH
aomteufomvQif &So d nfr[kw/f qlnaH omtoHonfvnf; &Syd gonf/ tke;f tke;f -nHnH
-NcdrNhf cdr-hf a<u;a<u;qkad omtoHwu Ydk kd qkMd unfyh g/ teufukd rodoyl if qlnaH omoabm
udk em;vnfvrd rhf nf jzpfygonf/
wwd,xkwaf qmifvadk om uAsmrSm atmufuAsmvnf; r[kw/f txufuAsm
E-book is created by shanyoma

vnf; r[kw/f {&m0wDjrpf&;dk wGif pkeu f m qefum vl;vmaeaomuAsmjzpfygonf/

OD;aumhvYdk yJaxmif
ukeaf vSmifvYdk vlp;D /
xk;d 0g;udk ukid f
BudK;qGo J l w,dik , f idk ef YJ
&Guw f idk uf kd avrodr;f w,f
ydef;aumrBuD;/
tnmuvlawG atmufjynfu ig;yd ig;ajcmufawG pm;&atmif? atmufjynfu
vlawGu tnmu i&kw?f MuufoeG af wG pm;&atmif yck;H tNyJNyJ aMumuke;f tuGu J EJG iS x
hf ;kd
0g;xkd; BudK;qGJNyD; avSvkdufaeonfhavSorm;wdkY\b0udk o&kyfaz:xm;onfhuAsmjzpfyg
onf/ avrwku d o f jzifh &Guw f idk af y:wGif ysif;&dysif;wGEJ iS hf ,D;av;ckad eaom&GuBf uD;u Nidrf
oufaeoavmuf avSorm;rsm;rSm w&kef;&kef; wuefuefESifh'ku©a&mufaeMuykHukd uGuf
uGuu f iG ;f uGi;f ay:atmif pmqko d nf oifah vsmfonfph mvk;H uav;awGukd zufpyfzefqif;
xm;onfrmS owdjyKzG,f uAsmht*Fgw&yfjzpfygonf/
þrQjzifh uAsmqko d nfrmS tb,fenf;/ uAsmqko d nfrmS pum;vk;H wku
Yd dk oifah vsmf
atmif zufpyfzefqif; zGq YJ o dk uD ;Hk xm;onfph um;vk;H t&kyu f av;awG jzpfygonf[í l vG,f
vG,yf if ajzvkyd gownf;/ /

tvkyt
f rSwf - 4902

38