Metering system planning &

procurement

G.K.Panchal

1
 What is planning

A definite course of
actions and designing
a process

Involving all the

process members
2
 Goal path
Desired status

S
t
a Gap
t Required
u planning

s
Current status

T1 T2
Time
3
 Different levels of planning

Corporate level
Divisional level
Departmental level
Operational level

4
 Importance of planning

Plan objective & Type of

how to achieve organizational
them structure
Matching the
requirement
Necessary for Type of meters
required
To reap hanging
fruits
Experience of the
type of meters

Success of plan

Available standards

5
 Planning process

Perception of Establishing Planning the

opportunities objectives requirement

Sequence out
various activities Identification of
alternatives

Prepare back up Alternative source Evaluation of

planning planning alternatives

6
 Types of planning

• Corporate and functional planning

• Strategic & functional planning
• Long term / short term planning
• Proactive and reactive planning
• Formal and informal planning

7
 Effectiveness of planning
• Internal inflexibilities
– Psychological
– Customer behavioral
– Capital investment
• External inflexibilities
– Political climate
– Technological change
• Time and cost factors
The planner must have adequate
knowledge on all such aspects
8
 Classification for planning of meters

• Type of meters
• Nature of application
• Location
• Different types of requirements
• Who will execute

10
 Classification for planning of meters

• Type of meters
• Nature of application
• Location
• Different types of accessories
• Who will execute

11
 Classification of Metering
Installations
Nature of Applications Location
Type of Meter
Nature of Applications Location

Single Phase

High capacity Long range meters

Three Phase Whole
Current

Three Phase 4-wire CT

connected Preferred over 3 phase 3 wire
meters-in vogue since years
Three Phase 4-wire
CT/PT connected Unbalanced load on 3 phases
Ease of tamper detection

12
 Classification of Metering
Installations
Nature of Applications Location
Type of Meter
Type of Meter
Location
Single Phase

Three Phase Whole Current

Inter Utility Meters

Three Phase 4-wire CT connected Tariff

Consumer Tariff Meters Meters
Three Phase 4-wire CT/PT connected

Boundary Meters

Substation/ Feeder System Meters

Meters

DT Meters

13
 Classification of Metering
Installations
Type of Meter Location
Type of Meter

Single Phase

Three Phase Whole Current

On Panels
Three Phase 4-wire CT connected
At Consumer Premises Indoor Meters
Three Phase 4-wire CT/PT connected

Nature of Applications At Transformers Outdoor Meters

Inter Utility Meters On Poles
Consumer Tariff Meters

Boundary Meters

Substation/ Feeder Meters

DT Meters 14
 Classification for planning of meters

• Type of meters
• Nature of application
• Locations
Current
• Different types of accessories transformer
• Who will execute Potential
transformer

15
Classification of CT
 Classification of Current transformer
• Bar primary
– Ring type tape wound
– Ring type resin cast
– Ring type plastic cased
• Busbar primary
• For transformer meter
• Block CT
• Summation CT

17
•
Classification of Current transformer
Bar primary
– Ring type tape wound
– Ring type resin cast
– Ring type plastic cased
• Busbar primary
• For transformer meter
• Block CT
• Summation CT
• Large error on mismatch
of load & CT ratio

18
 Let us study
Primary wound type CT
and Meter for DT Metering

It is for lower ratio of CT

Different utilities has adopted

differently the CT Installation
for DT metering

19
 Primary wound Bar

Potential lead
tapped from Bus Cycloeliphetic resin cast
& embedded in CT
resin
S2

S1

Secondary lead of the CT

For the required class of accuracy and VA burden,
20
Primary winding becomes necessary at lower ratio
 Existing Installation of DT

Cable is connected on
LT bushings of DT

21
 Installation Process using Bar
Type CT

Cable is disconnected from

LT bushings of DT one by
one

Bar CTs are bolted at same

place on DT bushings

Same cable is again

connected on Bus of CTs

22
 Installation using Bar Type CT

Meter box can be fixed on

DT

23
 Advantages of Bar type CT installation
• Cable is not required to be stripped
• Same old Lugs can be used
• Special skills for threading of the cable is not
required for installation
• Special skills for Crimping the Lugs at a height is not
necessary
• Voltage tapping arrangement is in-built with the
device
• Aesthetically it is good looking as CT chamber
installation
• CT box is not required
 3 core cable (two terminals of
the CT & one terminal for the
potential signal) are brought
Connected between out and connected to the
the LT bushings and meter
Load cables

Typical problems faced are

CT reversals & wrong phase
25 association at the meter
 Evolved design process to
get it right
It is these small but
critical Not only colour
things thatcoding but
matter
Stripe code for polarity

Please observe
these stripes

No stripe for Potential

Single stripe for S1 of CT

Double stripe for S2 of CT

Special control cables to address foolproof

TN-64 Capability
th
wiring in installation
Demo 30 May
 Factory fitted CT
and meter with box
on DT

27
 For Higher ratio of CT
Let us study
Bar type CT and Meter for DT Metering

Since Bar CT provides

adequate VA burden and Accuracy class
Different utilities have adopted
different CT Installation
methods for DT metering

28
 Loose CT and
Loose control
wiring

Chances of CT getting open and PT missing are very high

Butterfly CT is ideal solution

29
Butterfly type - I

30
 Potential lead For mounting on bushing stud
tapped from
Locating Member

Locating member keeps the same

Central axis for the CT & the Stud
 For mounting on bushing stud

Also serves the purpose of

tapping potential signal
32
 Factory fitted CT
and meter with box
on DT

33
 Potential transformer

• Oil filled
• Epoxy cast
• Air cooled
• Gas cooled
• Outdoor
• Indoor

34
Welded chamber Designed kiosk with
CT/PT and Meter in
one Cubical

Meter

CT

PT

35
 These are rarely noticed

Suitable & reliable Why?

instruments for site testing
were not available in past
CT/PT &
wiring
Suitable methods to test impact
secondary wiring error &
burden were not available Meter
Impact

Normally, meters alone

are planned & tracked

It’s been a practise since

ages

Utilities are perhaps unaware of

the large loss / impact due to
CT/PT
 They scale down
400 volts 11,000 Volts with acceptable
Role of
CT & PT ratio & phase
Primary Current
relationship

Voltage
400 Amp

11000 volts
11,000 Volts

Secondary Voltage

Secondary Current
Primary

Such ideal CT
Ideal CT & PT PT can never be
manufactured
No leakage impedance
110
No losses
5

110 Volts
No excitation current

5 Amp
 Why PT/CT have errors
This contributes
These currents are required
to Ratio error
for operation of the CT/PT
• PT / CT needs
– Current to magnetize the magnetic circuit
– Current for leakage impedance
• These Currents produce some voltage drop in PT/CT
• Primary & secondary currents are never perfectly 1800 in phase

Phase error
For example, a Class 0.5 CT (say 100/5 Amps) typically
delivers an ‘uncertain’ 4.975 to 5.025 Amps in secondary
at full primary current of 100 Amps
To ascertain Ratio & Phase angle error we need to test it
using a standard CT/PT comparator
 Applicable Standards

These standards are

applicable while
purchasing a new CT or PT
• For Current Transformer
– IEC 60044-1
• For Potential Transformer
– IEC 60045 -1

Let us see what the Standards say

 Permissible Ratio errors
(0.5 Class CT)

2.0% 0.5 s Class CT

(expensive special class CTs with stringent tolerances)
1.5%

Normal 0.5 Class CT

1.0%

0.5%
% Ratio Error

0.0%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
-0.5%

-1.0%

-1.5%

-2.0%
% Load
 Permissible Phase errors
(0.5 Class CT)
Primary current
100
Exaggerated
80 view

60
Error due
40
phase angle
Phase Error (Min)

20

0 Phase angle
0% 20% 40% 60% error 80% 100% 120%
-20

-40
Actual secondary
-60 “Ideal” current due to core
Secondary magnetizing current
-80
current
Normally engineers are more concerned
-100
about ratio errors, but phase
Magnetizing
% Load currentangle
of errors
core that causes phase
also contribute angle
significantly
errors
 Permitted error limits for
(0.5 Class PT)

Ratio Error +/- 0.5%

Class 0.5
(at 100%
Burden)
Phase Angle Error +/-20min

This is effect of a CT/PT which

conforms to Standards (at 0.8 pf load)

Phase Angle errors contribute

significantly to the overall error of CT/PT
 Accuracy drifts over the life time

It is necessary to re-confirm accuracy

periodically
Usually “nameplate ratio” of CTs / PTs are assumed
to hold good
Expensive CTs / PTs of 0.5 class are procured

But DISCOM are not equipped to reconfirm the

% error of CT/PT
 What happens after installation?

ƒ Accuracy drifts over time

ƒ Ageing, temperature cycling, humidity etc.
ƒ Inter turn shorting
ƒ Iron core related causing drift in ratio & phase errors
ƒ Drifting in magnetic characteristic
ƒ Core saturation due to zero sequence current
ƒ Fault and switching surges causing ratio errors
ƒ Connected burden, lead length drops, loose connections etc. that
affect secondary voltage of PTs

“2.2%This
errordrifting
(or 3.6%is generally
error)” of the on
newthe negative
CT/PT gets farside
worse
& we don’t know without testing how bad it has gone
Every 1% error (for 1 MVA) leads to as much as Rs 2.35
lakhs per annum at 0.9 pf (@ Rs 3 per kWh)
 Burden and Load for Accuracy Testing
Accuracy is tested at multiple points (as per
standards) to determine its full range behaviour

• CT
– Burden - 100 % and 25 % Eight test points per CT
– Load - 120 % , 100 % , 20 % & 5 % 8 X 3 units

• PT One test points per PT

– Burden - 100 % 1 X 3 units
It is a tough job,
tougher still because it Total 27 test results
needs to be done at
customer premises
 Methods to test CT/PT
Normally used by Testing
• Primary Injection (Direct Testing) Laboratories &
Manufacturers
• Mathematical Testing ( Indirect Method )

Suitable for on site testing

Quick set up
Time consuming
Red Phase No environmental
instrument impact Environmental
impact
Results are logged
Chances of errors
No chance of error are high
46
 DG set

How do we test it?

CT/PT
under test
Red Phase
instrument
 Generating Generating
Station-A Station-B
400kV
M 220kV M Inter Utility Metering
M
.
Tie Line Metering
Utility Tariff Metering
M
220kV

Grid Station
132kV M Metering
M
Sub Station
Metering
M

Sub Station
M Metering
M M

Consumer end Meters 11kV

M Feeder Meter
M
400V HT
HT Customer
M M Consumer
Meter
M end Meters
DT Meter
M
48
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )

• Purpose
– Billing
– Information
– Revenue protection
– Planning & DSM
– Energy conservation
– Tariff restructuring

49
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH

• Purpose KVAH

– Billing KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs

– Information Maximum demand
– Revenue protection
Time of day
– Planning & DSM
– Energy conservation Load profile recording

– Tariff restructuring Power factor recording

Voltage profiling Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 50
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH
• Purpose KVAH

– Billing KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs

– Information
– Revenue protection
– Planning & DSM
– Energy conservation
– Tariff restructuring
Voltage profiling
Maximum demand
Time of day
Load profile recording
Power factor recording
Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 51
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH
• Purpose KVAH
– Billing
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Information Maximum demand
– Revenue protection Time of day
– Planning & DSM
Load profile recording
– Energy conservation
Power factor recording
– Tariff restructuring
Voltage profiling Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 52
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH
• Purpose KVAH
– Billing
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Information
Maximum demand
– Revenue protection Time of day
– Planning & DSM
Load profile recording
– Energy conservation
Power factor recording
– Tariff restructuring
Voltage profiling Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 53
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH
• Purpose KVAH
– Billing
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Information
Maximum demand
– Revenue protection
Time of day
– Planning & DSM
Load profile recording
– Energy conservation
Power factor recording
– Tariff restructuring
Voltage profiling Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 54
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH
• Purpose KVAH
– Billing
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Information
Maximum demand
– Revenue protection
– Planning & DSM Time of day
Load profile recording
– Energy conservation
Power factor recording
– Tariff restructuring
Voltage profiling Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 55
 Customer metering ( Single Phase )
KWH
• Purpose KVAH
– Billing
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Information
Maximum demand
– Revenue protection
– Planning & DSM Time of day
– Energy conservation Load profile recording

– Tariff restructuring Power factor recording

Voltage profiling Historical billing data

Reading – power supply off Optical communication port

Tamper detection Forward energy registration

Magnet influence Real time clock

Power measurement in neutral Segment test

Load limiter 56
 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
• Purpose
KWH KW Calendar
– Billing month
KVAH KVA
– Information RKVAH PF

– Revenue protection KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs

Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM
Maximum demand
– Energy conservation Scrolling feature

– Tariff restructuring Time of day

Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

57
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
KWH KW Calendar
• Purpose KVAH KVA
month

RKVAH PF
– Billing
– Information KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Revenue protection Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM Maximum demand
– Energy conservation Scrolling feature
– Tariff restructuring
Time of day
Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

58
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
KWH KW Calendar
• Purpose KVAH KVA
month

– Billing RKVAH PF

– Information KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs

– Revenue protection Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM Maximum demand
– Energy conservation Scrolling feature
– Tariff restructuring
Time of day
Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

59
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
KWH KW Calendar
• Purpose KVAH KVA
month

– Billing RKVAH PF
– Information
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Revenue protection Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM Maximum demand
– Energy conservation Scrolling feature
– Tariff restructuring
Time of day
Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

60
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
KWH KW Calendar
• Purpose KVAH KVA
month

– Billing RKVAH PF
– Information
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Revenue protection
Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM Maximum demand
– Energy conservation Scrolling feature
– Tariff restructuring
Time of day
Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

61
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
KWH KW Calendar
• Purpose KVAH KVA
month

– Billing RKVAH PF
– Information
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Revenue protection
Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM
Maximum demand
– Energy conservation Scrolling feature
– Tariff restructuring
Time of day
Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

62
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 Customer metering ( Three Phase )
KWH KW Calendar
• Purpose KVAH KVA
month

– Billing RKVAH PF
– Information
KWH – last day of month-24 Hrs
– Revenue protection
Tri-vector recording
– Planning & DSM
– Energy conservation Maximum demand
Scrolling feature
– Tariff restructuring
Time of day
Reading – power supply off Load profile recording
Tamper detection Voltage profiling

Magnet influence Power factor recording

Neutral current Historical billing data

63
Load limiter Optical communication port

15 /30 minute profiling Forward energy registration

 System metering
• Purpose
– Billing
– Information
– Revenue protection
– Planning
– Forecasting
– Generation growth & planning

64
 Reading methods
• Eyeball reading
• MRI optical
• MRI RS-232
• LPR
• PLC / DLC
• Dialup lines
• Optical fiber
• GSM
65
 Scrolling display

• Eye ball reading

• MRI reading

Long scrolling list increases reading duration

66
 Billing methods
• Bill printing at Discom office & distributing
• Reading& bill printing on MRI ( Spot billing )
• Reading verification & bill printing on MRI

67
 Billing & payment collection
• Cash
• Cheque
• Debit / credit card
• Net / phone banking
• Direct deduction from bank account
• Pre payment
– Cash / cheque/credit card at cash counter
– Phone banking
– Net banking
68
Payment Systems at High-rise buildings
69
 Seal Management
• Sound installation practices should incorporate
seals as a guard against tampering of the meter
– Seal is not a lock
– Seals are used to detect unauthorized entry
– Seals are a means of security & safety for
meters
– Seals can be made of lead, metal, engineering
plastic etc.
– Examples of sealing methods are crimping,
pressing, wrapping,seal punch, pasting(stickers)
etc 70
Questions please??

Thank You