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Usage of Biodiesel as Fuel and Examining Its Effects on an Engine

I. Celika; C. Sensogutb; O. Aydina
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey b Department of
Mining Engineering, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

To cite this Article Celik, I. , Sensogut, C. and Aydin, O.(2009) 'Usage of Biodiesel as Fuel and Examining Its Effects on an
Engine', Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 31: 20, 1857 — 1865
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/15567030802464040
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 Energy Sources, Part A, 31:1857–1865, 2009
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1556-7036 print/1556-7230 online
DOI: 10.1080/15567030802464040

Usage of Biodiesel as Fuel and Examining

Its Effects on an Engine
I. CELIK,1 C. SENSOGUT,2 and O. AYDIN1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dumlupinar University,
Kutahya, Turkey
2
Department of Mining Engineering, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey

Abstract Biodiesel is an alternative diesel engine fuel. It should commonly be used

as it is environmentalist and renewable. There are, of course, same doubts about its
usage. The most important doubt is whether the utilization of biodiesel damages the
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engine or not. In this article, the research results obtained on biodiesel usage on an
engine are presented. The cases that have to be taken care of by the biodiesel users
and the effects of biodiesel used as fuel were determined. The present work has been
realized to consider the influences of biodiesel on engine fuel system parts and engine
components at real time and long-term conditions.

Keywords biodiesel, diesel engine, fuel quality

1. Introduction
Diesel engines are widely used as power sources in medium- and heavy-duty applications
because of their lower fuel consumption and lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO)
and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) compared with gasoline engines (Hasimoglu et al.,
2008; Aldajah et al., 2007). Dr. Rudolf Diesel first developed the Diesel engine in 1895
with the full intention of running it on a variety of fuels, including vegetable oil. Diesel
exhibited his very first engine at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 using peanut oil
as fuel. In 1911, he said, “the diesel engine could be run with vegetable oils and would
help considerably to develop the agriculture of the countries using it” (Hartmann, 1998).
In 1912, Diesel continued to say, “the use of vegetable oils as engine fuels may seem
insignificant today. However, these kinds of oils may become in the course of time as
important as petroleum and coal for production at present” (Krawzcyk, 1996).
The rapid development of the petroleum industry caused the petroleum fuel price
to decrease and, therefore, the interest in biodiesel was also decreased. However, in the
1970s the petroleum crisis came out and vegetable oil-based alternative fuels became
important. Many studies on vegetable oils have indicated that they can be used, at urgent
conditions, for a short period of time (Engelman et al., 1978; Bagby and Freedman, 1987;
Goering et al., 1982). However, researchers reported that using raw vegetable oils in diesel
engines can cause numerous engine-related problems. High viscosity and low volatility of
these oils may result in severe engine deposits, injector coking, and piston ring sticking
(Perkins and Peterson, 1991). Nevertheless, transesterification of the vegetable oil can
reduce or eliminate these effects (Perkins and Peterson, 1991; Zhang et al., 1998). The

Address correspondence to Cem Sensogut, Department of Mining Engineering, Dumlupinar

University, Kutahya 43100, Turkey. E-mail: sensogut@dpu.edu.tr

1857
 1858 I. Celik et al.

process of transesterification removes glycerin from the oil and replaces it with radicals
from the alcohol used for the conversion process. This process decreases the viscosity of
the oil (Van Gerpen et al., 1997). Engine manufacturers and refineries are exploring new
technologies to meet the stringent demands. Alternative fuels and lubrication options are
needed to aid future engine development (Kimberly et al., 2005).
There has been research on influences of using biodiesel on engine performances,
engine components, and exhaust gas emissions in the literature. For example, an engine
with one piston and having direct injection was used. The engine was ran for a period
of 50 h and 100 h with biodiesels made from canola and sun flower oil. After using
these biodiesels, the injector of the engine was dismounted and the deposited carbon
was photographed and measured through a sensitive scale. These values of data were
compared with previous values. Furthermore, the carbon accumulation on the cylinder
head cover was examined and photographed. Following that, the viscosity of engine
lubrication oil was examined and measured. Thinning was met in the engine lubrication
oil. Consequently, no problems, which impede the engine from running, were met (Ogut
et al., 2006). An empirical study was carried out on the exhaust gas emissions and
engine performances by using an engine with only one piston and direct injection. This
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engine was running with both sunflowers’ biodiesel and normal petroleum-based diesel
fuel. The results of this study indicate that CO emission decreases while CO2 and NOx
emissions increase, torque and power of the engine decrease at an average of 5.87% and
specific fuel consumption increases at an average of 9.07%. These empirical results have
indicated that biodiesel, made from the refined sunflower, is convenient for being used as
fuel for diesel engines (Karabektas and Ergen, 2006). In another study, it was proven that
no modifications are needed on engines using biodiesel. The variances of torque, power,
specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emission, which were obtained through engine
experiments, were measured at different engine rpms and the results of these measures
were evaluated by using graphical methods (Mutlu et al., 2006).
These studies consist of mostly the empirical works on the engine at the laboratory.
The results of this study indicate that biodiesel is convenient for being used as fuel
for diesel engines. Moreover, it is proven that no modifications are needed on engines
using biodiesel. It was examined and shown that there were no problems with the engine
(Ozsezen et al., 2006; Canakci, 2007; Crookes, 2006).
Cem Sensogut of Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey and colleagues point out
that biodiesel is not a 21st century invention. Diesel fuel derived from biomass as opposed
to oil has been used as an alternative fuel since the early 1900s. The original diesel engine
from 1895 was actually designed to be run on a variety of fuels rather than just petroleum-
derived products. Moreover, Brazil pioneered the use of biofuels even before World War
II with sugar-derived ethanol from sugar cane being trans-esterified to fuel in a major
program that escalated during the 1970s oil crisis. Other countries have adopted biofuels
quietly ever since for public transport and other initiatives (Bradley, 2008).
In this study, the effects of biodiesel on the fuel system and engine parts have been
thoroughly examined on a tractor engine. Differing from the other studies, which were
carried out at the laboratory conditions, the effects of biodiesel have been examined on
a tractor engine at real time and at heavy working conditions. The tractor, which used
100% biodiesel at heavy working conditions and real time base, has been examined for
three months. Additionally, the cases that have to be taken care of by the biodiesel users
and the effects of biodiesel used as fuel were determined. However, the present work has
been realized to consider the influences of biodiesel on engine fuel system parts at real
time and long term conditions.
 The Effects of Biodiesel on Fuel Systems 1859

Table 1
Engine and fuel system attributes

Engine type Perkins/A 4. 236

Number of cylinders 4
Gears 12 forward, 4 rear
Injection type Direct
Cylinder diameter 98.43 mm (3.57 inches)
Cylinder stroke 127 mm (5 inches)
Total cylinder volume 3.86 liter
Compression rate 16:1
First working helpers Heater sparking plug, thermostat
Maximum engine power 65 HP (48 kW)
Maximum engine torque (1,400 rpm) 179 lbft (243 Nm)

2. Material and Methods

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In this research, a tractor which belongs to Dumlupinar University was used. Engine
attributes of the tractor are given in Table 1. The tractor was running on B100 (100%
biodiesel) fuel at heavy working conditions. When using the biodiesel, the engine worked
for 177 h consuming 1,000 liters of biodiesel. The tractor has been continuously examined
throughout the working period and the problems came out during the usage of the
biodiesel fuel have been determined.
The biodiesel used during the experimental work was made from sunflower, palm,
soybean, and canola oils. The specifications of the biodiesel used are presented in Table 2.
These attributes are compatible with ISO 14214 Biodiesel Standards. During the usage of
biodiesel on the engine for a period of three months, there were no problems encountered.
The tractor was run with B100 (100% biodiesel) fuel at heavy working conditions.
Before biodiesel was used on the engine of the tractor, the engine components such as
engine cylinders, pistons, valves, and manifolds were examined and it was seen that there
were no problems with them.

2.1. The Effects on the Engine

Biodiesel was used for three months on the engine causing no problems. Although
biodiesel is a clean fuel, small particles and dirt dissolve in the fuel. Since it dissolves

Table 2
The specifications of biodiesel used for experimental study

Properties Unit Value

Ester composition % 90–94

Density gr/cm3 (15.6ı C) 0.876–0.880
Acid number Mg/g KOH 0.3–0.9
Moisture % 0.13–0.028
ı
Flash point C 130–133
Viscosity mm2 /s (at 40ı C) 4.8–5
 1860 I. Celik et al.

dirt, particles in the fuel tank and fuel system cause the fuel tank particle strainer and fuel
filters on the fuel system to become plugged. Therefore, fuel filters were plugged after
the engine ran for 82 h, consuming 575 l of biodiesel at this point. Then, the particle
strainer of the fuel tank and the fuel tank itself were cleaned; fuel filters on the fuel
system were changed. A little glycerine from the fuel and other physical particles from
the fuel system were encountered. After the filter components were changed and cleaned,
the engine was run with biodiesel again. Additionally, the engine was run for 95 h with
no problems encountered on the fuel filters and particle strainer. In other words, the fuel
system was not plugged anymore.
The research was carried out for three months including August, September, and
October. August is summer in Turkey and the average open-air temperature is about
30ı C in Kutahya. In August, biodiesel made from sunflower and palm oils called summer
biodiesel was used with no difficulty. The engine started in the mornings and continued
running all day.
September and October are the months of autumn in Turkey. During these months,
the average open-air temperature falls to about 15ı C in the mornings and at night. In
these months, summer biodiesel caused some difficulties in the mornings on the engine
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when trying to start. When the biodiesel was analyzed, it was found that the viscosity
of biodiesel had increased in the mornings and at nights. Since the viscosity of biodiesel
increased, summer biodiesel was heated and the viscosity was dropped. Thereby, summer
biodiesel made from palm and sunflower oils was able to be used on engines without
any problems in the summer.
Winter biodiesel is generally made from canola and soybean oils. It is rather conve-
nient for using in the fall and winter seasons. Owing to its convenience, biodiesel made
from canola and soybean oils is called “winter biodiesel.” Since the engine does not take
a start with summer biodiesel in September and October, the winter biodiesel was used.
There were no problems seen on the engine when starting, while the winter biodiesel
was being used. The engine started in the mornings, at nights, and all day without any
problems. Moreover, on the same days, open-air temperatures fell to as low as 0ı C in
these months. Besides, the power of the engine using winter biodiesel was higher than that
of the one using summer biodiesel, and the power generated was equal to the engine that
consumed diesel made from petroleum. For example, the same gear and same engine rpm
was used and no problems were encountered during land processing and crops blending.
As a result, the same gear and same rpm was used while the tractor was running with
both biodiesel and petroleum-based diesel. The results of both experiments were similar
for the gear and rpm values. In August, while using summer biodiesel, the engine power
fell by about 5%. To exemplify, engine rpm fell to 1,900 while the tractor was moving
on a way with about a 10ı downgrade when transporting 5 tons of load with a trailer;
whereas, with petroleum-based diesel, the same tractor had moved with 2,000 rpm while
the same load had been transported in the same way with the same gear. On the other
hand, the tractor moved with 2,000 engine rpm while using winter biodiesel made from
canola and soybean under the same conditions. These real power effects are given in
Table 3. As seen in Table 3, while engine power effect is decreasing by about 5% with
summer biodiesel, it does not change with winter biodiesel and it is equal to diesel fuel
made from petroleum.
After having been run for 177 h with biodiesel, the cylinder head cover of the engine
was dismounted and engine valves, cylinder head cover, and pistons were re-examined.
The examined engine components are observed to be normal. The engine exhaust port
was also examined and seemed to be normal and clean with no smut.
 The Effects of Biodiesel on Fuel Systems 1861

Table 3
The effects on engine power of biodiesel and diesel

Road
Load on downgrade Engine,
Fuel trailer, ton degree (ı ) Gear rpm

Diesel (from petroleum) 5 10 12 2,000

Summer biodiesel (from palm and sunflower oils) 5 10 12 1,900
Winter biodiesel (from canola and soybean) 5 10 12 2,000

The engine valves are normal and they do not have any damage and smut. Further-
more, it is very clean. The guides of valves do not have any damage and smut. The engine
piston is very clean and does not have any smut. There was no damage or track on the
piston face. The face of the sleeve was also examined putting the piston at the bottom
level. The piston’s sleeves do not have any damage. The exhaust port of the engine does
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not have smut and it can also be said that the port is very clean.

2.2. Effects on the Fuel System

Before biodiesel was used on the engine of the tractor, fuel system components such as
injectors, injection pump, fuel tank, fuel filters, and pipes were examined and it was seen
that there was no problem them. Before the research took place, the engine working hour
was 2408. At this stage, injection pump fuel pressures and fuel amounts were measured
at 100, 250, 500, 750, 800, 900, and 1,200 rpm, respectively. The data belonging to these
measurements are given in Table 4. Furthermore, spraying pressures of injectors were
measured and spraying forms were also analyzed. It was found that the injectors spraying
pressures were 175 Bar and spraying forms were normal.
Injection pump of engine (DPA type) works as mechanic regulator. This pump is
widely used on diesel engines and fuel pressure can be increased up to 420 bar (6,000 Psi).
During the time that the pump was working, it was observed that the pump components
were worn out at a particular time, which is supposed to be very long at favorable
conditions.

Table 4
Fuel pump delivery pressures and fuel amounts before
the usage of biodiesel

Pump revolution, Fuel pump delivery Fuel amount, Time,

rpm pressure, Psi cc second

100 39 4.7 52.0

250 50 1.3 25.0
500 62 5.8 12.0
750 75 5.6 9.0
800 80 5.6 8.0
900 80 5.6 9.0
1,240 100 1.5 5.5
 1862 I. Celik et al.

If the pump components are worn out, the pump pressure decreases from the original
values to lesser values resulting in the decrease of fuel delivery amounts. The most
important factor effective on the wearing of pump components is the fuel quality.
Injectors were disjointed and marked as 1, 2, 3, and 4. The injection pump and
injectors of the engine are seen in Figure 1. Injectors and pumps are also affected by
fuel quality. If fuel quality is poor, such as having higher viscosity, these components are
worn out rapidly causing injector spraying pressure to decrease and form deterioration.
Spraying pressure and form of every injector were measured and examined by the
injector test device before biodiesel was not used. Reference spraying pressure of every
injector was set to be 175 Bar. Later, injectors were assembled on the engine as numbered
1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
When using biodiesel, the engine worked for 177 h consuming 1,000 liters of
biodiesel. The biodiesel used during the experimental work was made from sunflower,
palm, soybean, and canola oils.
During the usage of biodiesel on the engine for a period of three months, there
were no problems encountered. After the consumption of 1,000 liters of biodiesel under
realistic working conditions for three months, the fuel injection pump and injectors were
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disjointed in order to be re-examined and compared with previous states.

Fuel delivery pressures of the injection pump and delivery amounts were measured
for pre-determined rpm values on the pump test device. The test results are given in
Table 5. It can be seen from the table that pressures and amounts have no change from
former values given in Table 4.
Spraying pressure and form of every injector were also measured and re-observed
again by the injector test device after 1,000 liters of biodiesel was used. At this state,
spraying form was observed to be normal; injector spraying pressures were 175 Bar. It

Figure 1. The examined pump and injectors.

 The Effects of Biodiesel on Fuel Systems 1863

Table 5
Fuel pump delivery pressures and fuel amounts after the consumption
of 1,000 liters of biodiesel

Pump revolution, Fuel pump delivery Fuel amount, Time,

rpm pressure, Psi cc second

100 40 4.7 52.0

250 55 1.3 25.0
500 62 5.8 12.0
750 75 5.6 9.0
800 80 5.6 8.0
900 80 5.6 9.0
1,240 100 1.5 5.5
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can be said that the usage of biodiesel had no damage on injectors at all. This was due to
the fact that the injector spraying form was normal and spraying pressures were almost
equal to former values, which were set to 175 Bar for each injector.
Metal fuel pipes had no damage from biodiesel, however plastic fuel pipes were
observed to be hardened to some degree. Under normal conditions, the diesel engine has
vibration during running, which may cause plastic pipes to be cracked. If there are plastic
pipes on the fuel system, they have to be changed to metal ones.

3. Conclusions
In this study, the research results obtained on biodiesel usage on an engine are presented.
The tractor, which used 100% biodiesel at heavy working conditions and real time base,
has been examined for three months. Additionally, the cases that have to be taken care
of by the biodiesel users and the effects of biodiesel used as fuel were determined. The
present research has been carried out to determine the possible influences of biodiesel
usage on the engine components and the following conclusions have been reached:
 Biodiesel does not create any influences on engine components provided that
biodiesel is produced according to ISO 14214 Standards.
 Engine pistons are not damaged while using biodiesel as it has lubricant charac-
teristics.
 Engine exhaust and intake valves are not damaged while using biodiesel.
 Engine power is not altered when winter biodiesel made from canola and soybean
oils is used.
 Engine power decreases by about 5% when summer biodiesel made of palm and
sunflower oils is used.
 Starting the engine is easy in the summer even if summer biodiesel is used.
However, if the open-air temperature falls below 15ıC, difficulties occur while
starting the engine because the viscosity of summer biodiesel increases especially
in these temperatures.
 Starting the engine is easy in the fall and winter seasons if winter biodiesel is
used. However, if the open-air temperature falls below 0ı C, difficulties may be
encountered in getting the engine to start as the viscosity of winter biodiesel
 1864 I. Celik et al.

increases in these temperatures. On this topic, the present research is going to

continue.
 When the biodiesel is used, no modifications are needed on the diesel engine.
However, the fuel tank, fuel tank particle strainer, and fuel filters have to be
changed and cleaned after an amount of 2–3 fuel tanks full of biodiesel is used.
Then, normal periodic maintenance can be made on the engine.
 Fuel injection pumps do not get any damage from using biodiesel if the biodiesel
is produced according to the ISO 14214 standard.
 No pressure drop was recorded at pump delivery after 1,000 liters of biodiesel
consumption. It also can be said that pump pistons and rotor do not have any
damage in the case of using qualitative biodiesel.
 Injector spraying pressure does not have any drop and injector fuel spraying form
does not show any change after usage of 1,000 liters of biodiesel.
 In case of using biodiesel, no modification is needed on the diesel engine. However,
the fuel tank, fuel tank particle filter, and fuel filters have to be exchanged and
cleaned after the consumption of three tanks full of fuel. Then, normal periodic
maintenance can be realized on the engine.
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 If biodiesel is to be used, plastic fuel pipes should be changed to metal ones due
to their hardening problem and engine vibration.
 Additionally, influences of biodiesel should be examined for the months of winter
as the temperature falls from 0ıC to 30ı C. In this way, biodiesel’s viscosity
may increase causing damage on the injection pump and injector components.
The positive conclusions of this study and other similar researches is thought to
be very important since widespread biodiesel usage may also be increased.

Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of
Dumlupinar University, Turkey with a project number of 2006/2. In addition, the authors
gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Solea Energy Company (Sub-Company
of Computer Organization Engineering—COE).

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