Modelling

(evolving) discon/nui/es

Mul/-scale fracture and model order reduc/on Pierre Kerfriden, Lars Beex, Jack Hale, Olivier Goury, Daniel
Alves Paladim, Elisa Schenone, Davide Baroli, Thanh Tung Nguyen

Advanced discre/sa/on techniques Danas Sutula, Xuan Peng, Haojie Lian, Peng Yu, Qingyuan Hu,
Sundararajan Natarajan, Nguyen-Vinh Phu

Error es/ma/on Pierre Kerfriden, Satyendra Tomar, Daniel Alves Paladim, Andrés Gonzalez Estrada

Biomechanics applica/ons Alexandre Bilger, Hadrien Courtecuisse, Bui Huu Phuoc

and all the others!

Stéphane P.A. Bordas stephane.bordas@alum.northwestern.edu hTp://legato-team.eu

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CISM Course, Udine, Italy, 2017 June 5-9
Organised by Gernot Beer & Stéphane Bordas
 Classifica/on of discon/nui/es

Strong discon/nui/es

• The primal field of the solubon is disconbnuous, e.g. cracks

lead to strong disconbnuibes in the displacement field.

Weak discon/nui/es

• The first derivabve of the solubon is disconbnuous, e.g.

disconbnuibes in the strain field through a material interface.
Mechanics of interfaces - or free boundary problems (Avner Friedman)

FEM

XFEM

3
 Thrombus forma/on in an artery IMAM

IJNMBE2017 Moh

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-1858-2009 Institute of Mechanics and Advanced Materials 4

Interfaces in prac/cal engineering simula/ons

Interfaces between phases

100 plies

0.125 mm

Meshfree methods

CMECH 2007, EFM2008 CAS 2009, with Timon Rabczuk and Goangseup Zi
Equilibrium of nano-inhomogenei/es

JMPS2015 http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/11024/1/manuscript%20-%20JMPS-D-12-00428.pdf
CMECH2013 http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/11022/1/Manuscript_XZHAO_CMECH_revision.pdf

6
Keloids

7
Keloids

Keloid

8
Keloids

Keloid

weak discontinuity

9
 Cracks are interfaces: phase field modelling of fracture IMAM

2017 Nguyen-Vinh Phu

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-1858-2009 Institute of Mechanics and Advanced Materials 10

 x
1%
Cracks and cuts create interfaces

CRACKS & CUTS

IJNME,CMAME2016 Agathos Real-time simulation of cutting during brain surgery

Med. Im. Anal. 2014 Courtecuisse

IJNME2011, CMS2012, Menk

25

CMECH2017, Agathos

CMAME2016 Peng
IEEE J. Biomed. Engng. 2017 Bui

EFM2017 3 part paper - Sutula COST 2014, Cahill

 Cracks and cuts create interfaces

CRACKS & CUTS

IJNME2011, CMS2012, Menk

EFM2017 3 part paper - Sutula IJNME2011, CMS2012, Menk

 Cracks and cuts create interfaces

IJNME,CMAME2016 Agathos - stable XFEM

CMECH2017, Agathos

EFM2017 3 part paper - Sutula

 1%
Cracks and cuts create interfaces

Real-time simulation of cutting during brain surgery -

Med. Im. Anal. 2014 Courtecuisse

25

IEEE J. Biomed. Engng. 2017 Bui

part paper - Sutula
Interfaces between different models, scales or PDEs

MODELS

CMECH14, IJMSE13 Talebi

CMAME2017, Nguyen

load

level 0

1/2 concurrent

global
RVE

Biofilms

concurrent

level 1
local

PhilMag15, Akbari
IJNME2008, Duddu CMAME13,CMECH16, Goury
NMPDES13,CMAME15, Chi
Interfaces between different models, scales or PDEs

MODELS

CMECH14, IJMSE13 Talebi

Biofilms

IJNME2008, Duddu
Interfaces between different models, scales or PDEs

MODELS

Laplace equation

Poisson’s equation

IJNME2008, Duddu
Interfaces between different models, scales or PDEs

load

1/2 concurrent RVE

level 0

global
concurrent

Biofilms

level 1
local

PhilMag15, Akbari
CMAME13,CMECH16, Goury
NMPDES13,CMAME15, Chi

IJNME2008, Duddu
Interfaces between different models, scales or PDEs

Biofilms

IJNME2008, Duddu
Interfaces between different discre/sa/ons

CMECH2014, CAD2014, CMECH2016, MatCompSim2016, CMAME2017, Nguyen-Vinh Phu

http://publications.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/13726/1/phu-meshless.pdf
https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/15234/1/bordasphu.pdf
Discon/nui/es modeling

PUM enriched methods Mesh conforming methods

• IGA: link to CAD and • IGA: link to CAD and

accurate stress fields accurate stress fields
• XFEM: no remeshing • Apps: delaminabon
21
 Isogeometric cohesive elements: advantages

• Direct link to CAD

• Exact geometry
• Fast/straigheorward generabon 

of interface elements
• Accurate stress field
• Computabonally cheaper

• 2D Mixed mode bending test (MMB)

• 2 x 70 quarbc-linear B-spline elements
• Run bme on a laptop 4GBi7: 6 s
• Energy arc-length control
V. P. Nguyen and H. Nguyen-Xuan. High-order B-splines based finite elements for delaminabon
analysis of laminated composites. Composite Structures, 102:261–275, 2013.
Isogeometric cohesive elements: 2D example

23
 Isogeometric cohesive elements: 3D example with shells

• Rotabon free B-splines shell elements (Kiendl et al. CMAME)

• Two shells, one for each lamina
• Bivariate B-splines cohesive interface elements in between
 Isogeometric cohesive elements: 3D examples

• cohesive elements for 3D

meshes the same as 2D
• large deformabons
Streamlining the CAD-analysis transibon

Coupling, or decoupling?




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MAM
I
Institute of Mechanics
& Advanced Materials
Decoupling CAD and Analysis.




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MAM
I
Institute of Mechanics
& Advanced Materials
 Separate field and boundary discrebsabon
Implicit boundary method

• Immersed boundary method (MiTal, et al. 2005)

• Ficbbous domain (Glowinski, et al. 1994)
• Embedded boundary method (Johansen, et al. 1998)
• Virtual boundary method (Saiki, et al. 1996)
• Cartesian grid method (Ye, et al. 1999, Nadal, 2013)
5.2. Analyse de convergence en maillage non-conforme aux frontière
5.2. Analyse de convergence en maillage non-conforme aux frontières courbes

✓ Easy adapbve refinement + error esbmabon (Nadal, 2013)

✓ Flexibility of choosing basis funcbons
• Accuracy for complicated geometries? BCs on implicit surfaces?
➡ An accurate and implicitly-defined geometry from arbitrary
5.2. 5.2. Analyse
Analyse de convergence
de convergence en maillage
en maillage non-conforme
non-conforme aux frontières
aux frontières courbescourbes

parametric surfaces including corners and sharp edges

(a) (b)

Figure 5.28 – Champs de contraintes (a) et de déplacements (b).

(CMAME2011, Moumnassi) (a) (b)

5.2. Analyse de convergence en maillage non-conforme aux frontières courbes

(a) (a) (b) (b) (c)

(a) (b)

29
30
31
(a) (b)

32
• In order Examples
to reproduce the geometry accurately, significant mesh refinement is typi- IMAM
cally needed;
• mulbple level sets
• Because the whole boundary is defined using one single function, it is not straight-
forward to locate and separate different regions on ∂Ωh for attribution of appropriate
boundary conditions;

• To efficiently approximate a curved domain, one generates a discrete approxima-

tion of the scalar distance field φ by evaluating the function on a sufficiently fine
mesh, or by adaptive schemes like octree techniques to capture details of the domain
boundary ∂Ωh . However, linear interpolation of the mesh values(b)
to approximate the
•
(a) (c)

boundarysingle (leq) versus mulbple (right)

is insufficient for higher order analysis.
Figure 12: (a) Conversion of four parametric functions into zero level sets. (b) Polygonal
meshes extraction for the cutting method. (c) Approximated domain with sharp features.

it.
To obtain an accurate geometry description for domains with curved boundaries, we
present in the following section two different techniques: degenerated and graded sub-
meshes which we shall name DSM and GSM, respectively.

5.4.1. Mesh refinement with degenerated sub-mesh (DSM)

We use the parametric information to generate the desired number of cut edges on the
surface inside a boundary element EB which are tangent to this parametric surface (see
Figure 13). These cut edges are created by the corresponding zero level sets such that they
are generated by a succession of analytically known level set planes p (x) = (x − x0 ) · n
ure 3: Approximation of an object with convex and concave boundaries with the
Figure 17: A three-dimensional graded sub-mesh refinement of level (n = 6) inside a
http://legato-team.eu/project/mesh-burden/quadtree-and-octree-implicit-boundary-methods/
that pass through the point x0 on the surface and defined
boundary elementby
E the
. normal n at this point.
B
e background mesh, resulting from Boolean combinations of half-spaces defined using
Then we apply the cutting method to each boundary element EB by using these zero
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-1858-2009
lytically defined level set functions (8-planes
level sets to create and 3-cylinders).
the sub-elements E∆(a) The
. The
1. Subdividing
nextobject
step isisthe
con-Institute of of
classification Mechanics
the sub- and Advanced Materials
EB based on a linear (as in [23, 54]) or higher order (as in [40, 41]) 33
 IMAM

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-1858-2009 Institute of Mechanics and Advanced Materials 34

 IMAM

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-1858-2009 Institute of Mechanics and Advanced Materials 35

Coupling CAD and Analysis.




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MAM
I
Institute of Mechanics
& Advanced Materials
 Isogeometric analysis with BEM

Approximate the unknown fields with the same basis funcbons

( NURBS, T-splines … ) as that used to generate the CAD model

m e shing

dire calcula/on
ct c
alcu
la/
on
stress analysis
•Exact geometry.
•High order conbnuity.
•hpk-refinement
3