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This paper presents the modeling and simulation Fig.1 Block diagram of a typical diesel engine
study of a hybrid solar/diesel power system, a system
The mathematical model of a typical small sized
diesel driven prime mover is shown in Fig.1. 2.3 Model of Inverter
where the input to the plant is the control signal An inverter consists of inductors, capacitors,
to the actuator, the output of the model is transformer and power electronics components
velocity, 0.035 ≤ α ≤0.2 seconds, θ = 0.04, 0.1≤ such as IGBTs, MOSFETs. Each H-bridge
α ≤ 2 in velocity per second, 0.01 ≤ ξ ≤ 0.1, and switch of the inverter is operated by a sinusoidal
load = 0 or 1. The dead time θ in Fig.1 represents pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. The
the almost pure dead time associated with an power electronic devices switch the signal to
engine. This dead time is the result of having transform the sources. The function of the
several cylinders. Not all cylinder will be in a inverter is bi-directional to change a DC source
position to accept more fuel at a given instant. and a symmetrical sinusoidal AC source. The
The dead time θ is largely made up of the time DC input assumes a constant source (large
required for all cylinders to come into position to capacity batteries). The power transfer between
be filled with more or less fuel. This parameter is the inverter DC source and AC source is
fixed in this model, and is set to 0.04 seconds. achieved by controlling the phase angle (δ) and
A self-tuning PID controller has been developed magnitude of the inverter output voltage. Also a
for a small sized diesel engine and generator set controller is used to supervise the entire system.
very successfully [5]. At normal condition, the inverter generates in
parallel of output voltage and should be kept
2.2 Synchronous Generator synchronized with power system.
The equations of synchronous generator are
obtained from Park equations [6]. The most 2.4 Load flow
important is that stator transients are neglected The diesel generator and the converter are
compared to the rotor. In the model presented the connected in parallel to supply the load. The
synchronous machine rotor consists of three diesel and converter voltage sources are
windings. A field and a damping winding on the separated by a link inductor XM. The bi-
direct axis are in order to take into account the directional power flow can be explained with
transient and sub-transient behavior respectively. reference to the single equivalent circuit shown
A damping winding on the quadrature axis also in Fig.2.
has transient and sub-transient time constant. IM IL
The stator equations are in p.u.:
XM
Vd = Ed '' − Rs ⋅ Id + Xq '' ⋅ Iq (1) IC
Load
Vq = Eq '' − Rs ⋅ Iq − Xd '' ⋅ Id (2)
Where ‘δ’ is the phase angle between the two Simulink for other renewable energy sources,
voltage sources, the phase angle with respect to dynamic operation and control system strategies
the diesel voltage is varied for power flow. It can can be easily incorporated into the existing
be seen that the power supplied by the inverter hybrid electric power system model to study the
from the batteries or supplied to the batteries can overall performance of the system. Simulation
be controlled by controlling the phase angle ‘δ’. are performed the inverter and diesel engine
The converter voltage Vc is separately controlled generator load flow sharing and dynamic
by the modulation index of PWM pulses. transient response. The results of the simulation
Typical operation of a hybrid power system is are used to design the comprehensive control
load demand dependent. In the low loads, the system and predict the power system impacts of
diesel generator is off. Power from the batteries integrating a solar and diesel electric power
and solar is transferred to the load through the system.
inverter. In medium loads, the diesel generator
will be supplying the load directly. Excess power A model of an inverter and diesel generator
from the diesel generator is used to charge the power system was built using Matlab Simulink.
batteries through the bi-directional inverter in the The Simulink model was developed so that it can
charge mode. Hence the diesel generator be used to study the performance of load flow
operates in optimum 80%-100% loading power system. Using the S-function and
capacity. During peak loads, the diesel generator SimPowerSystem in Simulink, blocks
runs in parallel with the inverter which converts representing system components can be easily
DC power from batteries to AC power. incorporated into the existing hybrid power
system model. Simulink also allows the dynamic
operation and the control strategy to be
3. Simulation Model incorporated into the hybrid power system model
Matlab Simulink is used to model the system and to study the dynamic performance of the system.
apportion the electrical production between the The overall block diagram of the current system
inverter and diesel engine generator. In general, is shown in Fig. 3. The model consists of two
the Simulink model can be used to study the large subsystems contained in blocks as shown
performance of any hybrid power system. Using below.
Simulation model of 10kVA power converter to the normal, the converter current still
maintains as shown in Fig. 8b. Since the 5kW
load is withdrawn from the power system, the
converter also reduces power but the diesel
generator power still maintains almost same
level shown in Fig. 9.
5. Conclusion
Software simulation of solar diesel hybrid power
system has been developed and tested by several
simulation runs. This result represents an aid to
evaluate the transient behavior of power flow in
the system. Investigation has been devoted to
study of dynamic behavior in the normal and
step change in load condition. Therefore,
oscillation in power and frequency occur with
periods which are imposed by the source with
the largest time constant.
Reference:
[1] “MATLAB Simulink, dynamic system
simulation software”. The Maths Works Inc.,
1994-2005
[2] S. Roy, O. P. Malik and G. S. Hope, An
adaptive control scheme for speed control of
diesel driven power plants, IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol.6., No.4, 1991.
[3] S. Roy, O. P. Malik and G. S. Hope, A
k-step predictive scheme for speed control of
diesel driven power plants, IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1993.
[4] B. Kuang, Y. Wang and Y.L. Tan, An
H∞ Controller Design for Diesel Engine