Middle East Chronology: April 1st To May 30th, 1957

Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology
Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer, 1957), pp. 282-308
Published by: Middle East Institute
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OF THE QUARTER:
DEVELOPMENTS
COMMENTAND CHRONOLOGY
Muscat and Oman in the mountains, and the reduction of the
entire Imamateto his rule.
"In 1913, the new ruler Sultin Taimur, who Before the December expedition and the
succeeded his father on October 4 and was events leading up to it, relations between the
recognisedby England and France on Novem- Sultanate and the Imamate had been gov-
ber 15, 1913, met with seriousoppositionfrom erned by the terms of the Treaty of al-Sib ( 11
the tribes in the south of 'Oman, who declared Muharram 1339/25 September 1920). The
themselves independentunder an imam whom Treaty was signed as between Sultan Taimur
they chose themselves. It is only England's on the one hand and Shaykh 'Isa ibn Salih ibn
power that keeps these rebelsfrom Maskatand 'Ali al-Harithi, next immediate predecessorto
thus securesthe existenceof the dynasty, whose the Imam Ghalib, on the other hand. This
rule has long been quite nominal." The above Treaty put an end to the intermittent conflict
quotation is from the first edition of the En- that had gone on for the seven years following
cyclopedia of Islam, Volume III, page 393. This the accessionof Sultan Taimur. This document
volume was published in 1936, but the article is not written in the terms which Western na-
would seem to have been written a number of tions are accustomedto use in treatiesof peace,
years before this. and in the absence of terminology to which
While the passagecited does nothing to es- we have attached precisemeaning by centuries
tablish the rights and wrongs of the present of usage, it is not easy to determinethe exact
situation, it is certainly evidence that the dif- degree of suzerainty which remained to the
ficulties in the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman Sultan in respect of Oman after the Treaty
were not merely invented in order to plague was agreedupon. An examinationof its terms,
the Western world. The disturbance of the however, reveals that it is a rather remarkable
status quo did not take place this July with document to exist between a ruler on one hand
the revolt of the Imam Ghalib ibn 'Ali, suc- and "subjects"on the other. The Treaty posits
cessor to the Imam mentioned above. The eight conditions which were to govern the
change came rather in a series of events which relationshipsbetween the Sultan's Government
culminated in December 1955. The present and the people of Oman. Significantly, the
Sultan Sa'id, son of the Taimur who had come conditionsof the Omani people are listed first.
into the Sultanate in 1913, followed up the They are:
British occupation of Buraimi oasis (Septem- 1. The tax which the Sultan'sgovernment
ber 1955) with an expedition of his own into had been accustomedto apply to mer-
the mountains of Central-Western Oman. The chandise coming from the interior to
result was the bloodless occupation of Nizwa, one of the coastal ports under his rule
headquarters of the Imam Ghalib, other towns could not be more than S per cent.
282

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE QUARTER: COMMENT AND CHRONOLOGY 283
2. The security and freedom of the peo- tionships are not reserved to themselves, and
ple of Oman when they visited the may remain implied powers of the Sultan's
coastal towns were established. Government. Particularly interesting are the
3. All restrictionson visits to the coastal mutual provisionsfor the extradition of crim-
towns by the people of the interior inals, a process which usually takes place as
were to be removed. between equals.
4. The Sultan's Government undertook There has been a great deal of speculation,
not to grant asylum to a criminal flee- since the dispute over the frontier between
ing from the justice of the Omani Saudi Arabia and the Sultan and Trucial
regime, and guaranteed his extradi- Shaykhs reached its climax in 1955, that the
tion. Perhapsthe most important pro- possible presence of oil in this south-eastern
vision of all, even if wordedin an im- horn of the peninsulawas the principal reason
preciseway, was that the Sultan should for these difficulties.
not interfere in the "internal affairs" Extensive exploration and test drilling to
of the people of Oman. date have failed to demonstratethat there is
The conditions of the Sultan's government oil in commercial quantities in this part of
were the following: Arabia. Two companies have been at work
1. The tribes and Shaykhs promised not there for several years. An Iraq Petroleum
to attack the coastal towns or to in- Company subsidiary, Petroleum Development
terfere in the Sultan's Government. (Oman), has done a considerableamount of
2. A reciprocalguaranteeon the free ac- work in the Fahud district to the west, and the
cess of travelers and traders from the well has recently been abandonedafter having
coast into the interior was established. been sunk to a depth of 12,000 feet. I.P.C. is
3. A reciprocal guarantee on the extra- said to be maintainingits exploratorywork at
dition of personsfleeing from the Sul- a cost of ?3,500,000 a year. It is said that the
tan's justice was established. next area where extensive search will be un-
4. Claims of merchants and travelers dertakenis in the Oman mountains.The other
against the people of Oman were to company,Dhofar Cities ServicePetroleumCor-
be regulated by the Shari'ablaw. poration, took over the southern part of the
This Treaty was signed on behalf of the Petroleum Development concession in 1951.
Sultan's Government by the British Consul, This corporationis a subsidiaryof two Amer-
Wingate, and by Shaykh 'Isa on his own be- ican companies, Cities Service and Richfield
half. Oil. Three test wells are said to have been
It will be noted that the Sultan's ultimate unsuccessfully drilled, and reports are that
sovereignty over the lands of the interior is work is now going on in a fourth site.
not at any place mentioned, though it may It should be rememberedthat borderdispute
perhapsbe inferred from the language of the as between Saudi Arabia and Great Britain, in
fourth condition of the "Omani people," in its role of protecting power in the Sultanate
which matters concerning their external rela- and Shaykhdoms,was at one of its acute stages

284 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
before the second World War. Also, as dem- Governmentleadersseemedto be put into the
onstrated above, the argument between the position of defending any Western action at
Sultan and the people of interior Oman has all cost, and that the Oppositionwas, contrar-
gone on for a long time, considerablybefore ily, put into the position of seeming to be
the presence of oil became even a putative against the West in all its manifestations.Such
consideration. a dichotomy does not really exist in Lebanon,
Whatever may be the outcome of this most and it is a matter of the greatest regret that it
recent series of upheavals, the fundamental appearedto have been made true. Anyone who
question that remainsto be settled is whether knows, or knows of the careers of, Hamid
the minor principalities of the Persian Gulf Franjiyah,AbdallahYafi, and Sa'ib Salam,also
region can maintain their separate existence, knows that to qualify these three men, the
supportedby the power of a Europeanstate. principalleadersof the National Union Front,
as "anti-Western" is only sloganeering. One
may well disagreewith their assessmentof the
The LebaneseElections present world situation and deplore their in-
Although those who are concernedwith the sistence upon "positiveneutralism,"but to de-
relationshipsof the Arab countriesand the West scribethem, even by the use of ellipsis,as "pro-
have reasonto welcome the resultsof the recent Soviet" is to do a grave disserviceto the his-
Lebaneseelections, which returned a Chamber tory of their whole public careersand to the
of Deputies committed to Arab-Western co- vast majority of their associates.One of the
operation,few of them could be glad that these great advantages of Lebanon is that, small
elections seemed to have taken the turn of though it be, there has been room enough for
dividing the religious communities in Leb- many shades of opinion and many leaders of
anon to a more seriousdegree than has previ- these various factions. At times this variety
ously been the case. It was unfortunate that, has verged on the excessive, but in another
owing to pressing problems of the hour, the senseit is a triumphof the human spirit.

Chronology
April 1 - June 30, 1957
lead in establishing a by-pass to the Suez Canal for
General the long-term protection of Western interests.
1957 Apr. 6: Vice-PresidentNixon proposed a broad program
Apr. 1: The U.S. lifted its travel ban for Egypt, Israel, of aid to Africa, both governmental and private, to
Syria, and Jordan, and authorized about 200 diplomats help combat communism and raise the standard of
and foreign aid officialsto return there. living there. He recommended strengthening of the
Britain's Prime Minister MacMillan said the U.S. calibre of U.S. representationin Africa at all levels.
and his country would reject any proposal for a Suez A U.S. oil tanker, the Kern Hills, negotiated the
settlement that did not conform "fully" with the 6 Gulf of Aqaba and arrived at Elath in a test of the
principles approved by the Security Council. He re- principle of innocent passage in the Gulf. It was the
ported to the House of Commons on his Bermuda first ship of American registry to pass the Strait of
talks with President Eisenhower. Tiran and the first tanker to arrive at Elath.
UN Secretary-General Hammarskjold said that The Netherlands Government advised its ships not
Egypt had promised to emphasize periodically to in- to use the Suez Canal until further notice.
habitants of the Gaza Strip that it was Egyptian pol- Apr. 8: The Egyptian frigate Abukir, last wreck blocking
icy to prevent infiltration into Israel. normal Canal traffic, was raised.
President Nasir met with John J. McCloy, special Egypt complained to the Mixed Armistice Commis-
UN consultant on Suez Canal financial matters, to sion that Israeli patrols had kidnapped 2 Arabs in the
discuss a UN loan for new equipment for the Canal. Gaza Strip.
British insurance underwriters announced that war Israel accepted a proposal by UNEF commander
risk premiums for British and French ships using the Gen. Burns that it build a barbed-wire fence and a
Canal would be double the additional rate payable by mined strip between its territory and the Gaza Strip.
ships of other nations for each passage. The U.S. agreed to provide $12,500,000 to the
Baghdad Pact nations for regional road, rail, and tele-
Apr. 2: Secretary Dulles said that Egypt's future hinged communicationsprojects.
on its answer to U.S. proposals for operation of the
Suez Canal. Apr. 9: Two tankers of about 20,000 tons each passed
MauriceFaure, French Secretaryof State for Foreign through the Suez Canal.
Affairs, told the Council of the Republic that French Apr. 10: Two UNEF soldiers were killed in a land mine
interests and influence in Morocco and Tunisia would blast in the Gaza Strip. They were Indians.
not be replaced by U.S. dollars and technicians. The Egyptian Suez Canal Authority announced the
Arabs in Gaza celebratedthe raising of the Egyptian Canal was open to ships of more than 33 feet draft.
flag over the Government building. Meanwhile the
Apr. 12: The U.S. reaffirmedits support of the principle
main supply base for UNEF was transferredfrom Abu
of innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba, and de-
Suway to Rafa, in the Gaza Strip.
clared it would do so unless there were a ruling to the
The former operator of the Canal, the Universal
contrary by the World Court.
Suez Canal Company, made public a detailed expan-
Egypt sent the U.S. a revised program for operation
sion program for the Canal that envisaged huge in-
of the Suez Canal.
creases in traffic and tripling of present tonnage by
Israel asked the UN to ascertain if Egypt still con-
1972. The study was offered to any organization that
sidereditself at war with her.
would utilize it "for the common good." It included
The IntergovernmentalCommittee for EuropeanMi-
technical details of the $287 million developmentplan.
gration voted to finance the transportation to Israel
Apr. 3: Israel announced it might erect a barbed wire of 12,500 Jewish refugees from Egypt.
fence along its border with the Gaza Strip to keep
Apr. 15: Italy declared that Egypt had broken the 1952
out Arab infiltrators. The announcementcriticized UN
Italian-Egyptian agreement on Suez Canal fees by re-
arrangementswith Egypt to suppressArab raids.
quiring an Italian ship passing the Canal to pay tolls in
French shipownerssaid they would continue to boy-
cash rather than Italian goods and services.
cott the Suez Canal until further notice.
Canadian Ambassador to Egypt Herbert Norman Apr. 16: Syria and Iraq protestedto the U.S. over passage
committed suicide in Cairo following publication of a of the tanker Kern Hills into Elath.
U.S. Senate subcommittee report describing him as a Egypt complainedto the UN about continued Israeli
former Communist. aggressionin the Gaza Strip. An Israeli kidnappingof
Six U.S. Senators called on President Eisenhower to Apr. 8 was cited as a specific example.
285

Egypt suspended demands for cash payments from Apr. 26: Soviet broadcasts accused Israel of mobilizing
Italian ships. along the Jordan border.
Apr. 17: Warren Pierson, president of the International Special Egyptian and Syrian missions flew to Saudi
Chamber of Commerce,outlined a program for a pro- Arabia for talks with King Sa'ud.
posed union of six Mediterraneancountries, to be called Apr. 30: A report to the UN by special envoy Gunnar
Eurafrica. Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, and Jarring on the Kashmir situation made no special
Algeria would constitute the union, essentially one of recommendationsbut said both India and Pakistan de-
economic sired to find a solution.
joint development.
A ruling by the U.S. Attorney General rejected a A UN Emergency Force vacation center was estab-
proposalby 3 RepublicanSenatorsto let Jewish refugees lished in the Lebanesemountainsnear Beirut. Maj. Gen.
from Egypt enter the U.S. under the emergency pro- Burns, UNEF commander, said every member would
visions used to admit Hungarian refugees. get a week's leave.
Six ships of a U.S. amphibiousforce arrivedin Beirut.
Apr. 18: Twenty-one ships traversedthe Suez Canal. The Maj. Gen. Nuwar, deposed Jordanian chief of staff,
freighter West Breeze was the first British ship to use said in Damascus that he had urged King Sa'ud to in-
the Canal since the reopening. tervene against a "dirty colonial conspiracy"in Jordan.
Apr. 19: A UN observation post on the Israel-Gaza The U.S. accused the USSR of fomenting a plot to
border exchanged fire with an unidentifiedgroup from oust King Husayn in Jordan.
Israeli territory. There were no casualties. The secretarygeneral of the InternationalCivil Avi-
Apr. 21: The USSR called upon Britain, France, and the ation Organization,an autonomousUN body, said that
U.S. to join it in renouncing force as a method of solv- the plane carrying 5 Algerian rebel leaders which had
ing Middle Eastern problems. been forced down in Algiers on Oct. 22, 1956, was a
Israel charged that Gen. Burns, commander of the French aircraft. The nationality was determinedby the
UNEF, had shelved the idea of a mined fence between registrationnumber.
her border and the Gaza Strip and claimed that UNEF May 1: Britain reiteratedits conviction that Israeli ships
was coming increasingly under the control of Egypt's should use the Suez Canal.
President Nasir. May 3: Sir Winston Churchill criticized the UN for
Four Indian minesweeperspassed the Suez Canal. failure to help Britain in its Suez intervention, and
defended the action.
Apr. 22: Britain discloseddiplomatic correspondencewith
An Indonesiansoldier of UNEF killed an Arab civil-
the USSR from the fall of 1956 in which it had
ian looting in Rafa.
pleadedwith the Soviets to recognize the legitimate in-
The Sixth Fleet left the eastern Mediterranean.
terests of nations using the Canal and help the West
May 6: The Arab League blacklisted the U.S. tanker
reach a settlement with Nasir.
Kern Hills for having carriedoil to Israel.
Maj. Gen. 'Ali Abu Nuwar, former JordanianChief
May 7: Lt. Gen. Raymond Wheeler, who supervisedthe
of Staff, accused the U.S. of plotting to destroy Jordan
UN Suez Canal clearance job, said Egypt was capable
for the benefit of Israel.
of improving the Canal.
The USSR disclosedit had warnedBritain and France
May 9: The Suez Canal Users' Association issued a state-
before their attack on Suez that "little wars can turn
ment permitting its members to resume use of the
into big ones."
Canal on whatever terms they could get from Egypt.
Apr. 24: The U.S. announced it regarded the integrity May 10: James P. Richards, U.S. Special Ambassadorto
of Jordan as vital. explain the Eisenhower Doctrine to the Middle East,
Pravda accusedthe BaghdadPact countries and Israel said he had committed about $120 million during his
of preparingdirect interventionin the affairsof Jordan. trip. He said the peoples of the area trusted the in-
Egypt published a declarationreaffirmingits position tentions of the U.S.
regarding the operation of the Suez Canal. While re- May 13: Syria protested to the UN that Israel'sconstruc-
serving the right to run the Canal and collect tolls, the tion of a bridge in the Lake Huleh area was a violation
document stated Egypt's willingness to submit com- of the armistice.
plaints to international arbitration,to abide by the de- Israel said it planned to send a ship through the Suez
cisions of an internationaltribunal, to set aside 25% of Canal and would consider it an act of war if Egypt
all gross receipts for maintenance and development of tried to stop the vessel.
the Canal, and to limit toll increasesto 1% within any Despite opposition from Conservative members of
12 months. Parliament, Britain lifted its ban on use of the Suez
The first U.S. ship to transit the Suez Canal since its Canal.
reopening, the S. S. President Jackson, reached Port May 14: The U.S. said it would not block any attempt
Said. by Israel to send a ship through the Canal.
Apr. 2 5: The U.S. sent the Sixth Fleet to the eastern May 16: The U.S. and Britain pledged financial aid to
Mediterranean. the Baghdad Pact countries at meetings of the Eco-
Britain said Jordan'sindependenceand integrity were nomic Committee in Karachi. The U.S. pledged $12,-
essential to Middle East peace. 570,000 of EisenhowerDoctrine funds. Britain pledged

?2 million. Pakistan also contributed RS 200,000 for May 25: The USSR accused the U.S. in an official state-
technical assistanceprojects. ment of sending special agents into Jordan and engag-
Israel announced deferral of its intent to send a ing in imperialistintrigue in the Middle East by send-
test ship through the Canal. ing the Sixth Fleet there. The statement said the USSR
The Institute of London underwriters announced a was a true friend of the Arab people.
reduction in the insurance surcharge on cargoes tran- May 27: Special AmbassadorRichards returned from his
siting the Canal to is/3d. During the Suez crisis it tour to the Middle East. He said the Eisenhower
was lOs per ?100 cargo value. Doctrine had already been notably successful. He said
The House of Commons defeated a Labor party the U.S. still held a large reservoirof good will there.
vote of censure on the Government's Suez policy by May 28: The Security Council postponed discussion of
308 to 259. a Syrian complaint against Israel over the Lake Huleh
May 17: Egypt declared it would invoke its right of bridge.
self-defense against any Israeli attempt to send a ship May 29: The Arab League Economic Council reached
through Suez. agreementon the building of an Arab tanker fleet and
building refineriesin Arab countries to block the export
May 18: King Sa'ud and King Faysal in a joint com- of crude oil.
munique issued following talks declared that no Arab Egypt blacklisted the Norwegian tanker Noeck Eagle
state should interfere in the affairs of another. for unloading oil consignments at Haifa in November
May 20: Saudi Arabia assuredEgypt that it intended to and February.
keep Israel from sending ships through the Gulf of May 31: 'Awni Khalidi, SecretaryGeneralof the Baghdad
Aqaba. It said the Gulf was considered Arab terri- Pact, said the organization "graduated from youth to
torial waters and Israeli shipping there would not only manhood" during the Suez crisis. He said the main
violate Saudi sovereignty but threaten the safety of factor keeping the 4 Muslim memberstogether was the
pilgrims bound for Mecca. keen awarenessof Communistsubversionand the threat
France asked the Security Council to arrangefurther of international communism.
negotiations for a permanentsettlement between Egypt June 3: The U.S. formally joined the BaghdadPact Mili-
and the Suez Canal Users' Association. tary Committee.
May 21: The Security Council adjournedwithout acting June 4: The Arab League Economic Council formulated
on the French request. plans for group blacklisting of foreign concerns sell-
ing vehicles, goods and services to Israel, and set up a
May 22: David Rockefeller, vice-chairman of the board
unified boycott system to control imports and exports
of directors of the Chase Manhattan Bank, proposed a
between Arab states and others so as to prevent Arab
regional development authority for the Middle East to
goods from reaching Israel.
plow back oil profits into large-scaledevelopmentproj-
Economic experts from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria
ects. He said oil earnings could solve 2 major problems
and Yemen signed an agreement setting up an Arab
in the area: transportation and irrigation. He sug-
financial organizationwith a capital of $56 million for
gested the regional authority be modeled after the
Arab economic development.
IBRD.
The Norwegian tanker Vestvard was refused per-
Four U.S. Navy vessels transited the Suez Canal,
mission to pass through the Suez Canal en route from
the first such to transit the Canal since nationaliza-
Tel Aviv to the Persian Gulf.
tion.
Jane 5: The ban on the Vestvard was lifted.
May 23: The Baghdad Pact nations began secret discus- June 6: The Baghdad Pact Ministers' Council ended its
sions on Communist subversionin the Middle East and 4-day meeting in Karachi with an agreementto set up
ways to combat it. The U.S. participated in the dis- a joint military planning staff in Baghdad with U.S.
cussions. participation.
Syria asked the UN to order Israel to remove a An Israeli patrol entered Egyptian territory south of
bridge from a demilitarized zone in the Lake Huleh Rafa and fired a few shots in the air before retiring.
area. Syria charged that the bridge had a capacity of A Danish member of UNEF accidentally killed an
45 tons and could be used to transport war equipment.
Arab resident of the Gaza Strip.
Israel said the capacity of the bridge was only 12
June 9: Egypt said it was preparedto accept free sterling
tons and that its purpose was for transport of earth-
in transit tolls for French shipping. The action cleared
moving and dredging machinery to a land reclamation
the way for French resumption of use of Suez.
project. June 10: Maj. Gen. Burns, commander of UNEF, con-
May 24: Britain and Egypt began talks in Rome on fi- ferred with Israeli chief of staff Dayan on new se-
nancial problems resulting from the British-French curity measuresalong the Gaza Strip. Gen. Burns said
intervention in Suez. plans for a border fence and for a specific security
Eleven Arab governments, the 9 members of the zone had not been abandoned.
Arab Leagueplus Morocco and Tunisia, asked the U.S. Israel told the Security Council its vessels were under
to stop aid to France on the ground that this was being strict orders not to attack other ships or coastal posi-
used for suppressionof freedom in Algeria. tions "under any circumstances."

Two London newspapers carried a report without Israel said it believed some Arab nations regardedthe
details that Israel had broken the 8-year Arab blockade Palestinian refugee problem as a source of political in-
of the Gulf of Aqaba by sending the freighter Atlit stability, and would like to see it solved.
through the waterway to Elath. June 25: Shareholdersof the Universal Suez Canal Com-
June 11: Oil was struck in a third well at the Hassi- pany voted to keep the concern in business despite a
Messaoudfield in the Sahara. 50% cut in profits for 1956 following Egypt's nation-
June 12: A Greek tanker about to enter the Suez Canal alization. The company reported that in 1956 it had
with a load of crude oil from Kuwait was damagedby netted Frs. 5,154,903,045.
a mine explosion. Egypt asked again that the Egyptian-Israeli Mixed
June 13: Queen Elizabeth II conferred knighthood on Armistice Commission be revived in the Gaza Strip.
Gen. Charles F. Keightley, commander of the Suez Egypt said that with the exception of the presence of
expeditionary force, and 2 of his aides. the UNEF, the status of the Egyptian armistice should
France ended its boycott of the Suez Canal. The new be consideredexactly as it was before Israel seized the
government of Premier Bourges-Manoury accepted Strip and then withdrew.
Egypt's terms for toll payments, to be made in British June 28: The U.S. rejected a request by 11 Arab nations
pounds transferableinto dollars. to suspend aid to France. It said suspensionwould not
Egypt closed the Canal for minesweepingto guard be in accord with U.S. policy of "free world interests."
against repetition of the explosion that damaged a
Greek tanker June 12.
King Sa'ud and King Husayn issued a joint com-
Aden
munique following talks in Amman declaring their (See also Cyprus, PersianGulf)
agreementon 11 points. These advocated the strength-
ening of Arab unity, resistance to foreign-sponsored 1957
pacts, support for Arabs under colonial domination, Apr. 7: Britain announced it would reinforce its troops
and loyalty to engagements made with other Arab in Aden within a week with the sending of a squadron
states. of hussars with scout cars from Malaya.
The Arab League central committee blacklisted the Apr. 28: The British Governmentsent ?10,000 for flood
U.S. tanker Memory, flying the Liberian flag, for relief at Saiyun, capital of the Kathiri sultanate, where
carrying cargo to Israel. about 30 houses were destroyed.
June 16: The freighter Picardie became the first French
ship to use the Suez Canal in 7 months. It paid transit Afghanistan
tolls amounting to ?E 1650 to Egypt's Suez Canal
Authority. (See also Egypt, Pakistan, Persian Gulf)
June 18: A UN patrol killed 2 Arabs when they ap-
1957
proached the Gaza Strip demarcationline. A Yugoslav
soldier in the UNEF was killed and 4 others injured Apr. 2: AmbassadorRichards, U.S. special envoy to the
when their vehicle ran over 2 antitank mines near the Middle East to explain the Eisenhower Doctrine to
line. Middle Eastern countries,met Afghan PremierMuham-
A new transit record since the reopening of the mad Da'ud for talks.
Suez Canal was set when 51 ships passed through the Apr. 4: Afghanistan announced approval of the Eisen-
waterway. hower Doctrine in an official statement.
June 19: Israel warned Egypt against using submarines Apr. 23: Premier Da'ud and Turkey's Premier Menderes
to blockade the Gulf of Aqaba. issued a communique following 5 days of conferences
The Panamanianship Rio Besaya ran aground in the in Ankara. The communiquepledged closer cooperation
Suez Canal. between the 2 countries in their development.
June 21: The Egyptian Canal Authority informed Apr. 27: PremierDa'ud arrivedin Prague for talks with
shippersthe Canal would be closed for 11 hours during Czech leaders on economic problems.
the weekend. No reason was given for the closing. May 31: Afghanistan became the 8th country to ratify
June 23: Following proper notification, 2 Soviet destroy- the Statute of the International Atomic Agency Au-
ers and a tanker passed through the Canal, the first thority.
Soviet warships to do so since World War I. Junie 15: A severe earthquakewas reported in southern
The U.S. circulated a statement among all shipping Afghanistan.
companiesand mastersof U.S.-registeredships reaffirm-
ing the right of free and innocent passagein the Gulf Algeria
of Aqaba. (See also General, Egypt, Libya, Morocco,
June 24: The UN reported that the economic impact of Syria, Tunisia)
the Suez crisis in 1956 had been largely localized and
brief. Its report said industrial output in Egypt and 1957
Israel fell off, but agricultural production remained Apr. 1: France announced a series of measures designed
largely unaffected. to coincide with the start of Ramadan.They included

liberation of about 700 persons who had been held Apr. 17: Total casualties in 2 days of clashes in Algeria
under "designated residence." were 18 French and 67 rebels killed, according to
Apr. 3: The Algerian National Liberation Front accused French reports.
France of conducting a "systematic war of extermina- Apr. 18: The Algerian budget for the 1957-58 fiscal year
tion" against the Algerian people, in a letter to UN was announcedas roughly $657 million, an increaseof
Secretary-GeneralDag Hammarskjold. $67 million over the previous budget.
A group of 174 French scientists and professors
Apr. 4: The Dean of the Algiers Law School, Jacques
wrote President Coty denouncing torture in Algeria.
Peyrega, made public in a letter to Defense Minister
Apr. 19: A general French amnesty offer to rebels that
Bourges-Maunouryhis eyewitness account of the shoot-
if they surrenderedand had only served as combatants
ing of a Muslim prisoner by a French soldier. The
they would not be punished was ignored by rebels,
letter was published in the Paris leftwing (non-Com-
except for scattered individuals.
munist) newspaper L'Observateur.
Minister of Interior Jules opened a new campaign
Apr. 5: France announced plans to set up a permanent
to end terrorism among North Africans living in
commission to safeguard human rights in Algeria, in
France. He directed that in areas populated by North
answer to charges of excessive French brutality in the
Africans police patrols would be increased, arms
suppressionof the revolt there.
searches conducted, and everyone be forced to show
Apr. 6: French forces killed 21 rebels near Marnia, west- his identity card.
ern Algeria. In another engagement at Saida, rebels Apr. 20: A dawn raid on a Paris slum quarter inhabited
ambushed a convoy, killing 3 and wounding 4. by many Algerians resulted in 94 arrests by police.
European students at the University of Algiers de- Arms and leaflets were also seized.
manded the resignation of Dean Peyrega for mis-
Apr. 21: French troops killed 101 rebels in a violent
conduct in publishing a letter of French atrocities.
battle in western Algeria. The battle brought rebel
Apr. 7: Four faculty membersof the Algiers Law School casualties in a week of severe fighting to an estimated
also broke with Dean Peyrega over the issue of French total of 800. French casualties were 74 killed, 40
brutality in Algeria. They said they would continue wounded, and 6 missing, according to French sources.
to teach but would have nothing to do with the Dean
Apr. 22: The French reported 66 rebels killed near Cor-
or the administrativeaffairs of the school.
neille in eastern Algeria, and 22 in the Sidi Driss
Apr. 9: Rebel forces shot down a French helicopter Mountains in the same area, on roads allegedly used
southeast of Algiers, killing the 2-man crew. for arms smuggling from Tunisia.
Apr. 10: European students at the University of Algiers
Apr. 26: Brig. Gen. Jacques de Bollardiere, who had
went on strike for the rest of the week, in protest asked in March to be relieved of his command in
against Dean Peyrega's attack on French brutality.
Algeria because he disapprovedof the harsh methods
The Asian-African bloc in the UN charged that the
used by the army against the Muslim population, was
General Assembly's resolution on Algeria was being named deputy commander of forces in French Equa-
"frustrated and negated."
torial Africa, effective June 15.
Apr. 12: French Resident Minister Lacoste ordered a Apr. 27: Seventeenof the 54 federations comprising the
new psychological campaign to "safeguard the self-
National Union of French Students suspended their
respect and dignity" of Algeria's Muslim population, relations with the central body after failing to block
in a directive to French civil servants and troops. He
a majority stand favoring peace through negotiation
said in the directive that beyond recognition by the
in Algeria. The action took place at a congressin Paris.
population of the French fatherland and flag, France
would accept dissent from all aspects of her policy. Apr. 28: French troops killed 49 rebels in 2 actions.
French losses were 5 killed and 11 wounded.
He declared that Algerians, like all Frenchmen, had
the inalienable right to freedom of thought and ex- May 1: The National Liberation Front announced in
pression. He urged as a first step toward improving Cairo that 128 French soldiers had been killed during
relations that Frenchmenstop addressingMuslims with the previous week in clashes in Algeria.
the familiar second-person-singularform reserved for May 2: The French Cabinet announced 10 members of
intimates and inferiors. the Commissionto SafeguardHuman Rights and Lib-
The current issue of L'Observateur,leftwing weekly erties in Algeria. They included lawyers, judges, uni-
containing an editorial condemning French brutality versity professors,and government officials.
in Algeria, was seized by order of Defense Minister May 3: A committee of 121 prominent citizens of Lyon
Bourges-Maunoury. protested against French excessesin Algeria.
Apr. 14: Premier Mollet disclosed that France had sent May 6: The Radical Party sent a demand to Premier
700,000 soldiers to oppose rebels in Algeria. Mollet for immediate changes in France's Algerian
Eleven French soldiers were killed and 5 wounded policy.
in an ambush near Philippeville. May 7: King Faysal of Iraq gave 10,000 dinars towards
Apr. 15: The Asian-African bloc complainedto the UN a fund to raise 250,000 dinars for Algerian nationalists.
that "violent and mass repression"was being used to May 8: French postmaster-generalThomas said in a
crush the Algerian nationalists. speech at Quesnoy that France must stay in Algeria to

develop the riches of the Sahara, and that the Sahara June 6: Paris police seized 200 suspected Algerian na-
must not be separatedfrom France by a hostile Arab tionalists in dawn raids.
world linked with the imperialismof Cairo. Corrected reports gave the site of the May 28
May 11: Thirty-five French soldiers were killed and 27 massacreof Algerian village males by rebel raiders as
wounded in a rebel ambush near Collo. Meshta Kasba, not Melouza as first reported.
Socialist Party leaders gave Premier Mollet a vote June 7: Resident Minister Lacoste flew to visit mountain
of confidence on his Algerian policy in caucus. tribesmen near Constantine who had asked for French
May 15: President Quwwatli of Syria gave an Algerian protection. He distributed shotguns to heads of fam-
National LiberationFront mission ?S 2,250,000 raised ilies.
during "Algerian Week" in October, 1956. June 9: A terrorist's bomb killed 7 and injured 83 in a
May 26: Ali Chekkal, former vice-president of the de- casino in the Algiers suburb of St. Eugene.
funct Algerian Assembly and a supporterof France in June 11: European teen-age gangs rioted in Algiers, de-
Algeria, was assassinatedby another Algerian in Paris, stroying Muslim shops and homes. The official casualty
Muhammad bin Sadiq, who was arrested. toll was S Muslims dead and 17 wounded. Eight
Two thousand Algerians, including men, women, and Europeans were wounded and one, a woman, killed.
children, crossed the border into Tunisia near Ain About 200 rioters were arrested.
Draham to demand asylum.
June 15: French fhsrceskilled 205 rebels in a battle at
May 27: Paris police rounded up 1,000 Algerians for
Cheria, near the Tunisian border. French losses were
suspected complicity in the killing of Ali Chekkal.
13 killed and 42 wounded. The rebel band was trapped
May 28: A nephew of MarshalJuin, Lt. Xavier Bonnefoy,
on a hill southwest of Tebessa.
was killed by Algerian rebels near Tizi-Ouzou.
June 16: Rebels captured at Cheria were exhibited to
May 29: MuhammadMahiddine,believed to be the chief
Muslim crowds in Tebessa.The 6 prisonerswere driven
of the Algerian National Liberation Movement in
through the town in a truck. Statements made by
southeastern France, was killed in Marseilles.Accord-
them to the effect that they had been forced to join
ing to police he was shot by members of the rival
the rebellion under threat of death were broadcast in
National Algerian Movement. Another assassination,of
Arabic from a tape-recorderto Muslim crowds.
Chentouf Ada, member of the defunct Algerian As-
sembly and a French sympathizer like Ali Chekkal, June 17: The Asian-African bloc asked Secretary Gen-
took place in Mascara,in northern Algeria. eral Hammarskj6ldto obtain an international investi-
May 30: The entire male population of Melouza, a village gation of the massacreat Meshta Kasba.
about 100 miles southeast of Algiers, was massacredby June 18: Twenty-five rebels were killed and 37 captured
raiders belonging to the National Liberation Front. in clashes with French troops in Algeria.
French troops found 275 bodies. June 21: The Algerian National Movement protested to
May 31: The death toll in the Melouza massacrerose to Secretary General Hammarskjold over French treat-
303. A survivor said the raiders had attacked the ment of Algerian prisoners, particularly the detention
village on grounds it had sheltered and helped French of 117 Algerians at Lille as "criminal offenders"when
forces. French authorities said they were members of they should be "political prisoners."
the National Liberation Front engaged in an internal June 22: New Defense Minister Andre Morice praised
struggle with the Algerian Nationalist Movement for Algerian Resident Minister Lacoste's policy of severe
control of the rebellion. repressionof Algerian rebels. In Algiers 5 rebels were
June 1: France's President Coty called for world con- executed and security measures reinforced by order
demnation of the Algerian rebellion. requiringowners of public places to search all packages
June 2: The Tunis delegation of the National Liberation and bags brought in by customers.
Front accused France of the massacreat Melouza and June 24: Twenty-nine French soldiers were killed in the
appealedto world leaders for aid in their struggle for ambush of two columns by Algerian rebels.
independence. A 2-day conference of Muslim religiousleaders from
French forces killed 169 rebels in a series of ven- Syria, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, held at Damascus,
geance attacks, and seized 30 Muslims for questioning proclaimedthat the National LiberationFront was the
in connection with the Melouza massacre. legitimate government of Algeria.
The Algerian National Movement circulated a tract June 26: Interior Minister Gilbert Jules issued decrees
in Paris accusing the rival National Liberation Front outlawing the 2 principal Algerian nationalist organi-
of carrying out the Melouza massacre,and called for zations operating in France. At the same time Defense
a general protest strike June 5. Minister Morice announced that the Algerian border
June 3: Three separatebomb attacks in Algiers caused 6 with Tunisia would be brought under tighter control
deaths and injured 87. with withdrawal of French troops from Tunisia.
Eighteen men describedas "outlaws" were killed by June 27: France admitted that at least 10,000 Muslims
French troops in the Melouza area. had been moved from their homes in the Philippeville
June 5: French forces killed 95 rebels in a fierce battle area to other parts of Algeria. Four areasnear Philippe-
near Fort National in the Great Kabyle Mtns. French ville was declared forbidden military zones.
losses were 10 killed and 15 wounded. Resident Minister Lacoste urged France to speed

adoption of a system of local autonomy for Algeria as May 11: A 22-year-old Greek Cypriote girl told the Ni-
the alternative to capitulation or total war. cosia Special Court she had been stripped and flogged
with a heavy leather belt by a British police sergeant
while being interrogated. She was arrested Jan. 14 on
Cyprus charges of assistingEOKA as a courier.
(See also Jordan, Turkey) May 13: Andreas Ziartides, leader of the Pan-Cypriote
Labor Federation,returned to Cyprus after 17 months
1957 of self-imposed exile. He said his union was ready to
Apr. 1: The night curfew for adult male Cypriotes be- accept a constitutional settlement of the Cyprus dis-
tween 12 and 27 was lifted for the first time since the pute provided it guaranteed Cypriotes the right to
summer of 1956. choose their own form of government in the not dis-
Apr. 2: ArchbishopMakariosrejected participationof the tant future.
Turkish minority in negotiations for the future of May 15: Archbishop Makarioscalled on the U.S. to ex-
Cyprus. He said he was ready to grant international ercise its good officesto end the Cyprus dispute.
safeguardsfor the rights of the island's Turkish popu- The 5 Cypriotes ordered retried on May 2 were sen-
lation, but insisted that talks could only be held tenced to 10 years each for possessingfirearms.
between himself and Britain. May 20: Argyris Karadymas,a Greek citizen, was given
Apr. 3: British troops began their first anti-terrorist a 10-year jail sentence for hiding arms in the house of
operation since the offering of safe-conduct passes off a priest.
Cyprus for terrorists was made a week previously. No May 22: A Greek Orthodox priest, Papacharalambos Ky-
member of EOKA had taken advantage of the offer. riacou, was given a 3-year sentence for having used his
Apr. 4: Governor Harding rescindedseveral of the emer- home as a hideout for Cypriote rebels.
gency regulations in order to create a favorable at- May 25: Greek Cypriotes in the larger towns held a one-
mosphere for negotiations with Greek Cypriotes. The day strike in protest against Britain's failure to abolish
mandatory death penalty for carrying arms was lifted. all emergency regulationsor releaseprisoners.
Other changes abolishedpress censorshipand lifted the May 30: Britain's Prime Minister MacMillan rejected a
ban on riding bicycles by men under 27 and on taxi proposal by Archbishop Makariosthat he be accepted
trips more than 5 miles from main towns. Nikos as representativefor all Cyprus in talks on the future
Kranidiotis, Bishop of Kitium, who acted for Arch- of the island.
bishop Makarioswhen the latter was exiled, was freed June 2: British security forces clashed with Cypriotes
from house arrest after 7 months detention. demonstrating at Lyssi, east of Nicosia.
Apr. 6: Archbishop Makariosboarded the Greek tanker June 3: All 18 Turkish Cypriote municipal councillors
Olympic Thunder, en route for Athens, ending his 13- of the island'smain towns resigned.They accusedGreek
month exile on the SeychellesIslands.Britain had agreed councillors of using their majority to advance Greek
to release Makariosthe previous week on condition he political aspirations.
stay away from Cyprus. Six Greek Cypriotes were sentenced to 10 years in
Apr. 14: Makarios gave his first sermon since being jail for possessionof arms.
exiled, in a Greek Orthodox church in Kenya. He said June 5: Archbishop Makarios said in Rome that he
the people of Cyprus would continue their struggle planned to visit the U.S. during a future UN debate
for liberty because of their faith in their Church and on Cyprus.
their country.
June 6: Michael Rossides, a Greek Cypriote, was sen-
Apr. 17: Large crowds in Athens greeted Makarios on tenced to death for killing Pvt. Ronald Shilton, a
his arrival. Neither the King nor Prime Minister Kara- British soldier.
manlis participated in the welcoming ceremonies;For-
June 7: The Cyprus Antiquities Department announced
eign Minister Averoff led the greeting.
the discovery in ruins overlooking Paphos Harbor of a
May 1: New York's Governor Harriman said he had not
Byzantine castle thought to have been taken by Rich-
invited Archbishop Makariosto New York in a letter
ard the Lion-Heartedin 1191.
sent a few weeks previously. He said the letter merely
expressedthe hope the Archbishop might come. It had June 14: The Greek Government charged the British on
aroused criticism in Turkish circles. Cyprus with systematic use of brutality in extracting
confessionsfrom alleged terrorists.
May 2: The Cyprus Supreme Court canceled the death
sentence of 5 Cypriotes and ordereda retrial on grounds June 16: Fazil Kucuk, leader of the "Cyprus Is Turkish"
there had been no translation of evidence during the Association of Cyprus, arrived in Ankara. He said the
trial and sentencing, held on Apr. 5. Turkish Cypriotes favored partition.
May 6: Georghios Hadjisavva, a Cypriote schoolboy, was June 22: Greece sent its representativeon the Council of
sentenced to 5 years for possessionof a bomb. Europe at Strasbourga file on alleged atrocities com-
May 9: A British judge sentenced Michael Jacovides, a mitted by British forces on Cyprus.
schoolboy, to 15 years in prison for possession of a June 23: Britain said it might shift its Cyprus base to
bomb. He had pleaded guilty. Kenya or Aden.

Egypt 3 as the date for the general election for the proposed
National Assembly.
(See also General,Israel,Jordan,Lebanon,Libya, Egypt and Afghanistan announced closer coopera-
Morocco,PalestineProblem,PersianGulf, Sudan) tion, both economic and cultural, in a statement issued
at the end of the state visit of Afghan Prime Minister
1957
Da'ud.
Apr. 1: Egypt announced the establishmentof full dip- May 20: President Nasir proclaimed a new espionagelaw
lomatic relations with Nepal, Ceylon, and Cambodia. providing possible death penalties for treason and sim-
Apr. 2: The Egyptian flag was hoisted over the officesof ilar offenses.
the civil governor of Gaza. May 21: The Government took over the Marconi radio-
Apr. 3: Seventeen U.S. tourists arrived in Cairo after telegraph-cable organization in Egypt. It had been
lifting of the State Department ban on travel to the mainly British-owned.
Middle East. May 25: The Government authorized the resumption of
The West German industrial fair in Cairo closed. operations by British airlines in Egypt, then cancelled
Apr. 8: The Finance Ministry empowered the custodian the authorization.
of enemy property to sell or liquidate banks under se- May 26: A clash between supporters of 2 rival candi-
questration. dates in the Faraskurdistrict north of Cairo resulted
Apr. 9: The trial of 76 personsaccusedof trying to smug- in 17 persons being hurt.
gle ?E 2,500,000 out of Egypt opened and was post- May 28: PresidentNasir named himself head of the Na-
poned to Apr. 20. tional Union, Egypt's only party.
An order issued by the Finance Ministry permitted May 31: Egypt signed a trade pact with North Vietnam.
Egyptian shipping companiesto deal with their British, June 1: The Government said the latest figures showed
French, and Australian counterparts. 974 Egyptians killed in the Anglo-French attack on
Apr. 16: Kamal al-Din Salah, Egyptian chairman of the Port Said.
UN Advisory Council on Italian Somaliland,was mur- Britain released ?6 million in frozen Egyptian ac-
dered in Mogadishu. counts to cover Egyptian contracts made prior to the
Apr. 18: Seven banks and 17 insurance companies were beginning of the Suez crisis in July, 1956, while Egypt
"Egyptianised" after contracts had been signed for agreed to pay up the pensionsof Britons who formerly
their sale to Egyptian companies. worked for the Egyptian Government.
A trade agreement was signed between Egypt and June 5: The Cairo newspaperAl-Shatb said Egypt would
Rumania. make its first payment July I under the Arab subsidy
Apr. 20: A news article in the Cairo newspaperAkhbar agreement.
al-Yawm charged that Ethiopia had plotted the murder June 10: An Egyptian court sentenced Amin Mahmud,
of Kamal al-Din Salah. an Egyptian schoolmaster, to death for spying for
Apr. 23: Thirty Somali students demonstratedbefore the Britain, but postponed verdicts on 4 Britons also on
UN Center in Cairo, demanding an investigation of trial on the same charge. The death sentence remained
the murder of Salah. subject to approval by the Mufti of Egypt.
Barrett McGurn, a reporterfor the New York Her- Egypt charged that its military attache in Amman
ald Tribune, left Cairo after having been expelled and consul-general in Jerusalem had been falsely ac-
from Egypt on grounds he "fabricated" detrimental cused by Jordan, and demandedthe recall of Jordan's
reports. Ambassadorto Egypt.
Apr. 27: Egypt denied any intent or desire to threaten June 12: A military court in Cairo sentenced 65 persons
the independenceof Jordan. to prison terms and fined them LE 5,982,158 on charges
May 5: The Government announced that nominations of smuggling Egyptian currency abroad during the in-
for the National Assembly would be accepted May vasion.
8-18, approved or rejected by the officially-appointed June 16: The National Planning Commission said that
National Union in the following 15 days, that the gen- Egypt's population had risen to 24,339,000.
eral election would be held July 3, and the Assembly June 17: PresidentNasir and 3 of his ministerscompleted
would meet July 22. the choosing of 1318 candidates to represent the Na-
The Government-supportedInternational Federation tional Front, the only political "party" in Egypt, and
of Arab Labor Unions charged Jordan's King Husayn rejected 1210 others as politically undesirable.The mu-
with a breach of the rights of labor in dissolving left- nicipal elections to have been held in June were post-
ist unions. poned for a year.
May 11: The spy trial of 4 Britons, 11 Egyptians, and a June 18: Three Soviet submarinesbought by the Egyp-
Yugoslav began in Cairo. tian government joined the Egyptian fleet.
Six hundred Jews left Egypt for Israel. June 20: Egyptian police arrested Charles A. Muses, an
May 13: The Government demanded the death penalty American archaeologist,and accused him of trying to
for 1 Briton on trial for spying, James Swinburn, and smuggle antiquities out of Egypt.
life sentences for 3 others. June 22: Two of the 4 Britons accused of having spied
May 18: President Nasir published a decree naming July for Britain against Egypt, John Stanley and Charles

Pittuck, were acquitted. Two others, James Swinburn Ababa. The center, a joint project of the Ethiopian
and James Zarb, received 5 and 10 year sentences re- Government, I.C.A. and the YWCA, was especially
spectively. The death sentence for an Egyptian, Amin designedfor women; its programwould include courses
Mahmud, was approvedby the Mufti. to train Ethiopian women in child care, health and
June 25: The first British ship to do businesswith Egypt sanitation, sewing, handicrafts, typing, language, and
since the invasion, the Athelbeach, arrived at Alexan- recreationalactivities.
dria. June 22: Donald Bliss, new U.S. envoy to Ethiopia, ar-
June 26: Yugoslavia and Egypt signed a long-term trade rived in Addis Ababa.
and payments agreementenvisagingan annual exchange
of goods worth $28 million.
The Ministry of Finance said it had decided to invite
India
a British financial mission to Cairo to discuss ques- (See also General,PersianGulf)
tions regarding sequesteredBritish property compensa-
tion and unfreezing of Egyptian sterling balances in 1957
Britain. Apr. 3: The CongressParty announcedit would renomi-
The Government agreed to permit British airliners nate President Prasad and Vice President Radhakrish-
to resume service to Egypt. nan for their respective offices.
June 27: A new oil refinery with a capacity of 200,000 Apr. 5: The first Communist government in Asia to win
tons opened at Alexandria. office in an election began governing in the state of
President Nasir was named patron of a nation-wide Kerala. Elankulam Namboodiripad,a Communist born
fund-raising campaign for victims of war in Algeria. into a high-caste Brahmin Hindu family, was sworn
June 29: Egypt officially supported the plan of Greek in as Chief Minister. His Cabinet included 2 Brahmins,
shipowner Aristotle Onassis to build an oil pipeline 2 membersof the middle-class Nair caste, 2 low-caste
along the Suez Canal. The statement said an Egyptian Ezhavas, 3 Catholics, 1 Harijan (Untouchable) and 1
stock company would be establishedto build the pipe- Muslim. Chief Minister Namboodiripad said agrarian
line. Not more than 49% of foreign capital would be reform was the major item of his Government'spro-
allowed. gram.
Apr. 10: Over 100 convicts were freed from Trivandrum
central jail by the Communist Government of Kerala.
Ethiopia Apr. 13: Twenty-seven women delegates were elected to
(See also Egypt, PalestineProblem,Sudan) Parliament,including 2 Communists, and 195 to vari-
ous state assemblies.
1957 Apr. 15: Prime MinisterNehru formally nominated Pres-
Apr. 1: Dr. Joseph Simonson, U.S. Ambassadorto Ethi- ident Prasadand Vice President Radhakrishnanfor re-
opia, announced his retirement. election to their respective offices.
Apr. 17: AmbassadorJames P. Richards, U.S. envoy to Apr. 17: Prime Minister Nehru named a new Cabinet, as
explain the EisenhowerDoctrine to the countries of the follows:
Middle East, ended talks witlh Ethiopian Government Prime Minister, Minister of External Affairs-Jawa-
officials. It was reported that Ethiopia had assuredthe harlal Nahru
U.S. of "cordial support" of the Doctrine. Minister of Education and Scientific Research-Abul
Apr. 28: Following the state visit of Sudanese Premier KalamAzad
Khalil to Ethiopia, a joint communique issued by the Minister of Home Affairs-Govind Ballabh Pant
Premier and Emperor Haile Selassie pledged mutual Minister of Commerce and Industry - Moranji
Sudanese-Ethiopiancooperation to maintain peace, sta- Ranchhodji Desai
bility, and prosperity in Central and East Africa. Minister of Railways-Jagjivan Ram
May 13: The Duke of Harar, second son of Emperor Minister of Labor, Employment and Planning-Gul-
Haile Selassie, was killed in an automobile accident. zarilal Nanda
May 15: The Somali Youth League, leading party in the Minister of Finance Tiruvallur Thattai Krishna-
governmentof Somaliaand leading exponent of the idea machari
of a greater Somalia, celebrated its 14th anniversary. Minister of Transport and Communications-Lal
May 26: A U.S. Navy subchaser arrived at Massawato Bahadur Shastri
be incorporatedin the Ethiopian Navy under the mu- Minister of Steel, Mines and Fuel-Swaran Singh
tual security program. It was manned by U.S. sailors Minister of Works, Housing and Supply-Kyzam-
and 10 Ethiopian naval cadets. bally ChangalarayaReddy
June 4: The 400-ton P.C. 1616, U.S. naval subchaser Minister of Food and Agriculture-Ajit Prasad Jain
assigned to the Ethiopian Navy under the mutual se- Minister of Defense-Krishna Menon
curity program, was delivered to Ethiopia with appro- Minister of Irrigation and Power-Sadashiv Kanoji
priate ceremonies. Patil
June 20: Miss Clara Boyd Wheeler left the U.S. to es- Apr. 23: Vice President Radhakrishnan was re-elected
tablish a service center for adult education in Addis for a five-year term. He was unopposed.

Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir State became June 8: Talks began between representativesof the IBRD
a member of the Northern Zonal Council when that and the Indian Government toward finding a solution
organization was inaugurated by Home Minister Pant. to the water dispute between India and Pakistan.
The regional council was also composed of the Punjab June 14: Prime Minister Nehru arrived in Syria for an
and Rajasthan states and the centrally administered official visit.
territoriesof Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. June 15: Two U.S. women employeesof the I.C.A. were
Apr. 30: India said it welcomed parts of Gunnar Jar-
mobbed by villagers between Junagadh and Ahmad-
ring's report to the UN on Kashmir,but that it would abad.
not agree to his suggestion for arbitration.
The Communist Government of Kerala said it was June 29: The U.S. and India renewed their technical co-
considering the nationalization of foreign-owned plan- operation agreement for an indefinite period. Another
tations. agreement authorized a U.S. loan of $47,500,000 to
India and Rumania signed a 5-year cultural pact. India for the fiscal year ending in June 1957 (sic).
May 2: Six thousand Hindu refugees from East Pakistan India banned the import of foreign movies, books,
clashed with police in Howrah, a suburb of Calcutta. magazines, and many other items, effective July 1.
Thirty policemen and 60 refugees were injured. The Books, periodicals, and magazines, could be imported
clash resulted from refugee dissatisfaction with the only with import licenses.
size of the rice ration distributed to them by a private
social welfare organization. Iran
May 10: Dr. RajendraPrasad was re-elected Presidentof
India for a 5-year term. The Communists and Praja (See also Pakistan)
Socialists boycotted the election on grounds they had 1957
not been consulted over the nominations.
Apr. 2: John B. Hollister, director of I.C.A., said in a
A leftist coalition demanding division of Bombay
statement that there had been no directives to with-
State into 2 linguistic units won 68 of the 131 seats
draw or stop U.S. aid to Iran. He said a temporary
in the Bombay Municipal Corporation. The Congress
restriction had been placed on travel by Americans in
Party won 55. Eight independents were elected. The
southeast Iran by both governmentsas a precautionary
Opposition eleinents campaigned under the banner of
measure.Previous reports had stated that all U.S. aid
United MaharashtraCommittee.
in southeast Iran had been halted.
May 13: President Prasad said in his inaugural address
that India did not intend to slow down its industrial- Apr. 3: Premier Ala resigned. Shah Muhammad Riza
ization program despite "temporarydifficulties." Pahlavi appointedDr. ManouchehrEghbal, Minister of
May 15: The Government submitted a new austerity Court and chancellor of Tehran University, as Pre-
program to Parliament. It projected a wealth tax for mier with authority to form a new Cabinet.
the extremely wealthy, a lowering of the income tax Apr. 4: Dr. Eghbal named a new Cabinet, as follows:
base from $882 to $630, and heavier excise taxes af- ManouchehrEghbal-Premier
fecting all consumers.An "expendituretax" on upper- Ali Gholi Ardalan-Secretary of State
income groups would begin in April, 1958. Finance Fatolah Jalali-Minister of Interior
Minister Krishnamachari,who introduced the program, Mahmud Mehran-Minister of Education
also called for a 5-15% tax on railway fares and an in- Abdul Husayn Raji-Minister of Health
crease in postal rates. Khali Taleghani-Minister of Advisors
May 18: Authorities in Prime Minister Nehru's home Ali Asghar Nasir-Minister of Finance
state of Uttar Pradesh arrested 1143 Socialists for Ali Akbar Zargham-Minister of Customs
civil disobedienceagainst the Government. Ahmad Vosuq-Minister of National Defense
May 30: The InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Hassan Akhavi-Minister of Agriculture
Development granted a loan equal to $9,800,000 to Sharif Imami-Minister of Mines & Industries
India for expansion of the Trombay power plant near Amir Ghassan Eshraghi-Minister of P.T.T.
Bombay. Mustafa Tajadod-Minister of Commerce
May 31: India sent the U.S. 93 tons of silver, worth $3 Agha Khan Bakhtiar-Minister of Labor
million, as the first installment in repayment of a MuhammadMajlisi-Minister of Justice
'WorldWar II lend-leasedebt of $157 million. PremierEghbal told the Majlis that he would follow
June 1: Prime Minister Nehru criticized his Congress the foreign policy of the former government.
Party strongly. He said it was drying up at the grass Martial law in Tehran was lifted. Gen Taymur Bakh-
roots in various areas. He also noted a lack of party tiar, former military governor of the city, was named
discipline and a "shameful" increase in "provincialism, deputy Premier in the Cabinet.
casteism, and communalism." Police announced they had trapped the remnants of
June 2: The All-India Congress Committee, highest pol- the bandit gang that killed 3 Americans in ambush
icy-making body of the CongressParty, adopted a reso- Mar. 24.
lution supporting the Government's economic policies Apr. 5: Morteza Sazegar, son of a former Iranian Cab-
and the targets of the second 5-year plan. inet official, was ordered to leave the U.S. voluntarily

or face deportationproceedings.He was admitted on a railroad linking Meshed with the Persian Gulf. It had
student's visa but quit his medical studies to take a taken 20 years to build, and cost $100 million.
full-time job as a laboratory technician. May 6: Iran disclosedit had agreedin principle to a new
Apr. 8: Ahmad Shah, brother of Iranian bandit chief border treaty with the USSR requiring repatriationof
Dadshah, confessed to Pakistani police that he had border crossers.
killed Mrs. Kevin Carroll on Mar. 24 in Iran. May 16: A new oppositionparty called the People'sParty
was formed under the leadership of Asadollah Alam,
Apr. 9: The Shah approved plans for the development
former Minister of Interior and Minister of Labor. It
of the new oilfield at Qum. All exploration and pro-
announced its aims as limitation of land ownership,
duction would be carried out by the National Iranian
agricultural reform, labor welfare, and political rights
Oil Company, which allotted 1,200,000,000 rials for
for women.
initial drilling and purchase of a small refinery.
May 21: The Shah and Queen Soraya arrived in Spain
Apr. 10: A Soviet mission headed by First Deputy For- for a state visit.
eign Minister Kuznetsov arrived in Iran for talks on May 27: Minister of Court Husayn Ala denied that the
demarcation of the Irano-Soviet border. Shah was seeking dictatorial powers in Iran. He said
Apr. 11: Iran and the USSR signed border protocols the Shah had never oversteppedthe Constitution but
clearly defining their joint border. that it was his constitutional prerogative to appoint
Apr. 14: The Majlis approved the program of the new a new Premier.
government by 110 votes to 0, with 4 abstentions. June 16: Eighteen tribesmenwere killed and 45 wounded
Apr. 16: Iran and the USSR signed a 3-year trade agree- near Kermanshah when members of the Kakavand
ment. Under its terms Iran would export wool, cotton, tribe fell out with their leaders over whether to sell
dried fruit, oil seeds, caviar, minerals, and rugs, in re- their illegally grown opium in Iran or smuggle it to
turn for machinery, cars, and sugar. Pakistan.
The Government called on the consortium that runs June 26: Police said Dad Shah, bandit chief responsible
Iran's oil industry to prevent Iranian oil from reaching for the killing of 3 AmericansMar. 24, had agreed to
Israel. surrender and face charges. They said the offer had
Apr. 17: The Senate approved the platform of the new come from Baluchistan.
government by 33 to 0, with 3 abstentions.
Apr. 18: Soviet Deputy Premier Kuznetsov said that the Iraq
Soviet-Iranian trade agreement would be mostly to
Iran's benefit. (See also General,Algeria, Israel, Jordan,PersianGulf)
Lists of goods to be exchanged between the USSR 1957
and Iran in 1957-58 were released.Iran would export
mineral ores and over 25,000 lbs. of rice. Apr. 4: King Faysal decreed, on the 18th anniversaryof
his accessionto the throne, that 60 students imprisoned
Apr. 23: The Shah told a group of Senators that Com-
in November for rioting against Iraq's membershipin
munism had been crushed in Iran and the country
the Baghdad Pact should be freed.
would soon have a democratic-style government based
Apr. 8: A military court in Kirkuk sentenced 12 per-
on the party system.
sons to 7 years' hard labor for Communist activities.
Apr. 24: Agreement was announced between the Iran
Apr. 17: Five Hunter Mark VI jet fighters presented to
Government and the Italian Hydrocarbon Authority
Iraq by Britain arrived at Habbaniya air base.
(E.N.I.) on oil concessions. Under the terms of the
agreement 50%oof the profits would be paid to the Apr. 21: The director-generalof prisons said that 48
Iranian Government as royalties and taxes. A further former Communists now in jail had renounced their
25% would be paid to a company owned by the Iran- beliefs and asked for pardons.
ian Governmentand operatedin equal partnershipwith May 11: King Sa'ud arrived in Baghdadfor a state visit.
E.N.I. The Iranian Company would put up initial He received a tumultuous welcome.
capital of $67,200, the rest being provided by E.N.I. May 14: The Government cancelled the monopoly ar-
The agreement remainedsubject to ratification by the rangementsfor sale of dates grown in central Iraq.
Iranian Parliament. May 18: Iraq and Saudi Arabia issued a joint statement
Apr. 27: Iran signed a transit agreementwith the USSR following talks between King Faysal and King Sa'ud.
giving Iran the right of free transit through Soviet ter- The statement condemned Communism and Western
ritory for all commodities regardlessof origin or pro- imperialismand Zionism and promised a "new era" in
ducer country. relationsbetween themselvesand among all Arab states.
Apr. 30: The Shah signed a decree ordering the forma- May 27: The Government decided to end martial law.
tion of a Congress of Parliament members to amend June 6: Salih Jabr, a Senator and leading opponent of
the Constitution. The new amendment would increase PremierNuri al-Sa'idon domestic issues,died of a heart
the size of the Majlis from 136 to 300 and provide attack on the Senate floor.
5-year terms for deputies. June 7: King Faysal commissionedarchitect Frank Lloyd
May 2: The Shah formally opened a new U.S.-financed Wriglit to design a $45 million cultural center for Iraq.

June 8: Premier Nuri al-Sa'id resigned. He said he had were given the right to full membershipin the Hista--
done so in order to reshuffleand strengthen the Cabinet. drut, and exempted from restrictions on movementsin
June 10: Iraq signed 2 agreementsunder which the U.S. border areas under military rule, in a series of orders.
would pay a total of $12,500,000 to the Muslim mem- Apr. 9: The Knesset gave preliminary approval to a
bers of the Baghdad Pact for telecommunicationsand budget for the 1957-58 fiscal year of ?930 million.
highway projects. Apr. 11: Israel denied Egyptian charges that Israeli
June 11: The Government suspended 106 officials for troops still held 2 points on the Egyptian coast of the-
corruption and inefficiency, making a total of over Gulf of Aqaba.
500 so dismissed. The Knesset voted final approvalof a record budget
June 17: King Faysal named 'Ali Jawdat, Senator and of ?I969 million. The defense section of the budget
former Premier, as Premier and charged him with was kept secret.
forming a new Cabinet. Apr. 12: Israel expressed the hope the U.S. and other
June 20: A new Cabinet was sworn in by King Faysal. maritime nations would prevail on Saudi Arabia to,
Its members were: abandon any attempt to fire on Israeli shipping in the-
Premier, Foreign Minister-'Ali Jawdat Gulf of Aqaba.
Finance Minister-Ali Mumtaz al-Daftari Apr. 13: Foreign Minister Golda Meir said Israel would
Minister of Defense-Ahmad Mukhtar Baban view with alarm any foreign interference in Jordan.
Communications-'Abd al-Wahhab Murian Apr. 19: The U.S. cautioned Israel against any precipi-
Minister without Portfolio-'Ali al-Sharki tate action in the Jordan crisis.
Justice 'Abd al-Rasul al-Khalsi Apr. 23: The Government announced recognition of the
Economy, Development-Nadhim al-Pachachi Druses as a separatereligious community. They would
Health-'Abd al-Amir Allawi have their own religious courts and administer their
Social Affairs-Sami Fattah own funds.
Agriculture-Jamal 'Umar Nazmi. Apr. 28: Mary Frances Hagan, American woman im--
June 23: King Faysal, Jordan's King Husayn, and Cab- prisoned in Israel for spying for Syria, was released
inet ministers from Iraq and Jordan held talks on after serving 8 months of a 1-year sentence.
Iraqi economic aid to Jordan. The Government lifted restrictions on electricity,
June 24: A joint Iraqi-Jordanianstatement made no fuel, and transportation.
mention of an Iraqi subsidy to Jordan but pledged Apr. 29: Shimon Peres, director general of the Ministry
mutual defense and condemned interference by other of Defense, said that substantial financial aid collected
Arab states in each other's internal affairs. shortly before the Israeli attack on Egypt by the Is-
June 25: Minister of Economy Nadhim al-Pachachi said rael bond organization in the U.S. had made possible
the Iraq Petroleum Company had agreed to pay Iraq the Israeli military buildup. He said this assistance
?7 million as settlement of its 1953 oil account. had released funds for the procurement of modern
The Senate unanimously ratified economic and civil arms, mostly from France.
aviation agreementswith Saudi Arabia. May 3: U.S. Special AmbassadorRichards discussed the
Former PremierFadhil al-Jamali said he would apply Eisenhower Doctrine with Premier David Ben-Gurion
in a few weeks for permissionto form a new political and Israel leaders.
party on "nationalist,progressiveand democraticbases." May 5: Israel began celebrationsof the 9th anniversary
June 26: Premier 'Ali Jawdat said he would continue of its existence.
Iraq's past policy of cooperationwith the West. May 18: A new Zionist group tentatively known as the
Independent Zionists of America was established at a
Israel meeting in New York. The new group said it would
enroll Zionists and other Jews who had never been
(See also General, Jordan, Palestine Problem, Saudi affiliatedwith the Zionist movements, and to work for
Arabia,Syria,Tunisia) Israel on a non-party basis.
1957 May 21: Israel upheld the EisenhowerDoctrine in a split
Apr. 1: The first Jewish immigrant to Israel ever to dis- Cabinet decision.
embark at Elath arrived at the Gulf of Aqaba port on May 22: The Zionist Organizationof America denied it
an Israeli charteredvessel. had any political ties with the General Zionist Party
Apr. 2: Israel said it was expelling a Czech diplomat for in Israel. It attacked the American Jewish League for
espionage. Israel,the permanenttitle for the Zionist group founded
About 100 former inmates of Nazi concentration May 18 in New York, as a "Zionist splinter group
camps demonstrated outside the Knesset demanding with a non-Zionist facade."
higher compensationfrom the Government. Three alleged terrorists were put on trial for mur-
Apr. 3: France granted Israel credits equal to $30 million dering Dr. Rudolf Kastner, a physician and member
to purchase consumer goods and equipment in France. of the ruling Mapai party, in March.
Apr. 7: Oil from the U.S. tanker Kern Hills began flow- June 3: Premier Ben-Gurion won a vote of confidence
ing through a new seapipeinto storage tanks at Elath. in the Knesset on his endorsementof the Eisenhower
Druse and Arab members of Israel's defense forces Doctrine.

June 8: Israel reported discovery of a new oilfield in the achieve confederation with Egypt and Syria as the
Negev 21 miles south of Beersheba. first step to full Arab unity. They said they would not
June 12: Israel and Burma signed an economic coopera- take part in any government under Dr. Khalidi.
tion agreement. They agreed in principle to set up Apr. 13: An armored regiment from Syria moved into
joint manufacturing ventures. northern Jordan.
June 16: The Israeli Research Council announced the es- Jordan's Cabinet crisis was resolved by the forma-
tablishment of an arid zone researchinstitute in Beer- tion of a new Government with 'Abd al-Halim al-
sheba. Nimr, deputy Premierin the Nabulsi Cabinet and Na-
June 18: Israel said the delivery of 3 Soviet submarines bulsi's uncle, as Premier. The new Cabinet was com-
to Egypt had upset the balance of military power in posed of 4 National Socialists, 3 Independents, 1 Ba-
the Middle East. 'thist, 1 National Bloc member, and 1 Arab Constitu-
tionalist.
June 20: The Zionist Organizationof America called for
Crowds demonstratedin Amman and shouted anti-
changes in operational practices of the World Zionist American slogans, but without violence. King Husayn
organization,and urged its representativeson the WZO intervened personally in clashes between loyal and
to press for such reforms as to ensure that its central dissident army elements at Zerqa, near Amman. Maj.
activities would be conducted on a non-partisan basis.
Gen. Ali Abu Nuwar was dismissed as chief of staff,
June 25: Premier Ben-Gurion said that financial and and fled to Damascus.Maj. Gen. Ali Hiyari was named
spiritual support of Israel by Jews elsewhere carried to replace him and to carry out a purge of disloyal
no political implications. elements in the army. Censorshipwas imposedthrough-
June 28: Ben-Gurion said it was illogical to ask Israel out Jordan. Former Premier Nabulsi and several other
how many Arab refugees it was willing to take back. ministers were reported under house arrest. Casualties
He said the only possible solution was to resettle them at Zerqa were 3 pro-Nuwar officerskilled, 10 wounded
in Iraq or Syria, where large tracts of fertile land were and 10 captured.
available. Apr. 14: The Cabinet of Premier al-Nimr was dissolved
before it could take office, due to non-participation
of a majority of members. King Husayn asked Senate
Jordan President Sa'id al-Mufti to form a caretaker Cabinet
(See also General, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Palestine Problem, as Premier-designate.
PersianGulf, Saudi Arabia,Syria) Apr. 15: A new Jordan coalition government was formed
under Husayn Fakhri al-Khalidi. Its membersincluded:
1957
Premier, Defense Minister- Husayn Fakhri al-
Apr. 2: Britain began evacuating its base at Ma'an, in Khalidi
south Jordan. Deputy Premier, Interior, Agriculture- Sa'id al-
Apr. 4: Premier Nabulsi said in a broadcast that his Mufti
country would accept Soviet aid if it were offered. He Education, Public Works-Fawzi al-Mulki
rejected U.S. aid offers with the charge they were Justice-Majid 'Abd al-Hadi
aimed at cutting Jordan'sties with Egypt. Foreign Minister, Communications-Sulayman Na-
Apr. 6: Premier Nabulsi caid Jordan intended to main- bulsi
tain a policy of "positive" neutrality in dealing with Finance, Economy-Sulayman Sukkar
the U.S. and the USSR. Public Health, Social Affairs, Construction, Devel-
Apr. 10: King Husayn formally ordered the resignation opment-Amin Majaj
of PremierNabulsi's government. The resignationcame The new Premiertold the King his Governmentwould
less than 24 hours after Premier Nabulsi had said continue to support the policy of the "liberated"
a government crisis had ended. The King also named Arab nations, based on opposition to foreign alliances
Brig. Muhammad Mu'aytah, his chief aide, director and positive neutrality.
general of public security, replacing Maj. Gen. Bahjat Apr. 16: Student demonstrationsin Jerusalemand Nab-
Tabbara. lus called for the return of former chief of staff
The JerusalemElectricity Company, a British con- Nuwar.
cession since the Palestine Mandate, became the prop- King Husayn received oaths of allegiance from 200
erty of the Jordan Government under an agreement Bedouin chiefs.
signed to that effect. Following nationalization the The U.S. said it would "assist" Jordan if the king-
Government would pay the company 140,000 dinars. dom should become a victim of aggression.
Apr. 11: King Husayn asked former Foreign Minister Apr. 17: A decree blacklisted 13 foreign firms for trad-
Fakhri al-Khalidi to form a new Government, but he ing with Israel despite warnings from the Arab League.
was unsuccessful. They included Swiss, American, Cypriote, French, and
The 4 parties backing the ousted Nabulsi Cabinet 7 British companies.
issued a statement attacking imperialism and "con- King Husayn warned outsiders to keep hands off
spiracies," and saying Jordan was determined to Jordan. He spoke in a broadcast.

Premier Khalidi said steps to create a federal union Economy, Education-Khulusi al-Khairi
of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan were continuing. Finance, Communications-Anastas Hananiah
Apr. 18: The King accepted the resignation of exiled Agriculture, Construction, Development-Aqif al-
army chief of staff Nuwar, and formally named Maj. Faiz
Gen. Hayari to replace him. Apr. 26: Jordan continued its roundup of leftist leaders
The U.S. denied any commitment to use force to and Communists. The King named Defense Minister
help defend Jordan. Tuqan as Military Governor of Jordan.
Apr. 19: Jordan's Queen Dina said she had no plans to Apr. 27: Jordan's Military Governor set up a system of
return to King Husayn. military courts to try both soldiers and civilians ac-
King Husayn and Maj. Gen. Hayari began steps to cused of having plotted to overthrow the regime. He
"Bedouinize" the army. The king promoted Hafiz also named 6 military governors to serve under him
Majali, a Bedouin officer, to general and named him and abolished 3 steering committees that had directed
deputy to Gen. Hayari. A 5-man army council was the National Front bloc's policies.
formed to reshufflethe command. Apr. 28: King Husayn flew to Riyadh to consult King
Apr. 20: Maj. Gen. Hayari resigned his command and Sa'ud. The King also refused to sign a document pre-
went into exile in Damascus. Maj. Gen. Majali re- pared by the former Nabulsi Cabinet establishing dip-
placed him as chief of staff. Gen. Hayari said he had lomatic relationsbetween Jordan and the USSR.
resigned because he could find no evidence that army The headquartersof all political parties were pad-
officers supported a policy of cooperation with imper- locked.
ialism, and was unwilling to carry out a disciplinary Apr. 29: King Husayn accepted a grant of $10 million
purge. He said if there had been any plot it was on in aid from the U.S.
the part of the palace, which had started rumors of Apr. 30: The King said he had no intention of binding
an attempted coup d'etat to give an excuse for inter- Jordan to any treaty commitment under the Eisen-
vention at Zerqa and forming a new government. hower Doctrine. He said there was no special reason
Moscow Radio reported that Foreign Minister Na- for his having accepted U.S. aid at that particular
bulsi had appealed to the USSR for aid in opposing time.
Israeli-imperialistaggression. May 1: The Government banned trade unions and em-
Queen Zayn of Jordan, King Husayn's mother, was ployees' associationseffective May 2.
portrayed by the Cairo press as the cause of the ouster A refugee teachers' training college operated by
of Premier Nabulsi. UNRWA at Ramallah was closed after Jamil Budayr,
Britain completed evacuation of its armored base its headmaster,had been arrested as a suspected Com-
at Ma'an. munist.
Apr. 21: Foreign Minister Nabulsi charged meddling by May 2: The nationwide curfew was lifted to permit cele-
some diplomatic envoys in Jordan's affairs. brations of the 4th anniversaryof King Husayn's ac-
Apr. 22: Premier Khalidi cautioned neighboring Arab cession.
countries against excessive statements about the situa- May 6: Jordan said it would try Gens. Nuwar and
tion in Jordan. Hayari and Col. Mahmud al-Musa, former chief of
The Finance Ministry said Saudi Arabia had given intelligence, in absentia for treason later in the year.
?5 million in aid to Jordan. King Husayn said Lebanon was cooperating closely
Apr. 23: Extreme Arab nationalists threatened street with Jordan to prevent entry into Lebanon of Com-
demonstrations and a general strike unless Premier munists and others who had had a hand in the Jordan
Khalidi's government resigned and exiled army leaders crisis.
were reinstated. May 7: Former Premier Nabulsi was officially placed un-
Apr. 24: Jordan closed its border with Syria. der house arrest.
After several hours of street demonstrations were May 8: Deputy Premieral-Rifa'i told U.S. officialsJordan
brought under control, King Husayn charged that would need most or all of the $10 million U.S. emer-
internationalcommunism was responsiblefor efforts to gency grant to support its budget. He said his prede-
destroy the country. A general strike also went into cessors had spent all of a reserve fund of $9,800,000
effect, closing shops throughout Jordan. for day-to-day operations.
Apr. 25: The Cabinet of Premier Khalidi resigned. King May 9: Defense Minister Tuqan announced the arrest of
Husayn placed Jordan under martial law, with a total more than a dozen civil servants and teachers suspected
curfew for Amman, Jerusalem,Ramallah, Nablus, and of illegal activity. The list included several officialsof
Irbid. The Jordanian police force was put under di- the Ministriesof Public Works and Economy.
rect Army command. All 10 Jordanianpolitical parties May 11': The curfew was lifted in Jerusalem.
were abolished. Jordan published details of an alleged plot by Egypt,
A new Cabinet was formed as follows: Syria, and the USSR to overthrow the 4 Arab kings
Premier, Justice Ibrahim Hashim and the Lebaneserepublic.
Deputy Premier, Foreign Affairs-Samir al-Rifa'i May 13: Jordan recalled its Ambassadorto Egypt, to be
Interior, Public Works-Falah Madadha replaced by the present Ambassadorto the U.S., 'Abd
Defense, Health, Social Affairs-Sulayman Tuqan al-Mun'im Rifa'i.

May 14: King Husayn asked King Sa'ud and King Faysal Jordan announced payment of an initial installment
for additional loans or grants totalling $21 million. of the ?4 million due Britain under the agreed termi-
May 16: A Government decree ordered imprisonment nation of the Anglo-Jordaniantreaty of alliance.
from 6 months to 2 years for anyone spreading false June 8: King Sa'ud began a state visit to Jordan.
news detrimental to the state, and from 6 months to June 9: The Government ordered the expulsion of Col.
3 years for anyone responsiblefor a statement or pho- Ahmad Fuad Hilal, Egyptian military attache in Am-
tograph or caricature offending the King. man' on charges of incitement to assassination.Also
Security forces arrested 2 former ministers, Na'im ordered expelled was Brig. Muhammad'Abd al-'Aziz,
'Abd al-Hadi and 'Abd al-Qadir Salah, and several Egyptian consul general in Jerusalem.
National Socialist deputies. June 10: Egypt ordered the expulsion of JordanianAm-
May 17: King Husayn approveddeath sentencesby hang- bassador'Abd al-Mun'imRifa'i as a retaliatorymeasure.
ing for 4 persons accused as traitors who had dealt June 16: Nineteen persons were arrested in the Hebron
with Israel. area and accused of collaborating with Col. Hilal and
The 2 former ministers arrested the previous day Brig. 'Abd al-'Aziz.
were released. Jordan announcedit was closing its embassyin Cairo
May 18: A military court sentenced a teacher to 3 years' and recalling all employees.It said the closing did not
imprisonment for unfavorable comments about the mean a break in political relations with Egypt.
King. June 18: The Cabinet suspended Parliament for 3
May 19: The USSR brandedJordanianreportsof a Com- months. No reasonwas given.
munist plot to overthrow 4 Middle Eastern monarchs June 22: Former Jordanian Ambassador to Egypt al-
a complete fabrication. Rifa'i attributed the current crisis in Egyptian-Jordan-
ian relations to Egypt's overconfidencein its ability to
May 21: Saudi Arabia paid Jordan 1,500,000 dinars as
coerce other Arab states with impunity.
the balance of the first installment of Saudi aid due
under the Arab solidarity agreementreplacing Britain's June 26: Security forces arrested 7 teachers for taking
subsidy. part in the recent attempt to overthrow the Govern-
ment. Also arrested was George Terjuman, a promi-
May 22: The Government announcedthe dismissalof 70
nent Communist leader.
UNRWA employees in Jordan, with 50 placed under
June 28: The royal family of Jordan announced that
arrest. Seventeenmembersof the 40-member Jordanian
King Husayn had obtained a Muslim divorce from
Parliament were described as under house arrest or
Queen Dina.
parole.
The Egyptian Middle East News Agency reported June 29: The U.S. agreed to extend an additional $10
that representativesof the outlawed National Socialist, million in aid to Jordan. Under the agreement the
Ba'th, National Front, and Arab Nationalist parties U.S. promised to procure up to that amount in mili-
met secretly in Jordan and issued a statement accus- tary goods and services.
ing U.S. and British imperialists of preparing a plot The Cabinet approved the 1957-58 budget sched-
against Jordan in cooperation with reactionary agents uled to go into effect Apr. 1.
in Arab countries and members of the Baghdad Pact. June 30: Jordan announced it would take over sole re-
May 23: Jordan asked Syria to withdraw its troops, sponsibility for Point Four in the country effective
July 1. All Jordanian employees would become civil
numbering about 5000.
servants and American officialswould rank as advisors.
May 26: Jordan announced that Syrian troops had com- The U.S. announced an additional grant of $10
pleted their withdrawal from the Mafraq region in million in economic aid to Jordan.
Jordan's north border area.
May 28: Jordan charged Syrian troops which had been
withdrawn May 26 with political interference, incite- Lebanon
ment to assassination, and general inefficiency. The
(See also Jordan,Morocco,PersianGulf)
charge was in answer to Syrian charges made May 27
that in forcing the withdrawal of Syrian forces Jor- 1957
dan had violated its tripartite military agreementwith Apr. 4: PremierSami al-Sulh asked Parliamentfor formal
Egypt and Syria, had planned to promote an Iraqi at- approval of the Cabinet's decision to work with the
tack on Syria, and was playing the "imperialist"game. U.S. for mutual defense against communism.
May 29: King Husayn charged that ministers in the Apr. 6: Lebanon signed a trade agreementwith Nation-
ousted Nabulsi Cabinet had accepted bribes from So- alist China to improve their mutual trade. Payment
viet agents in Syria. He said the bribes were as large for goods either exported or imported would be made
as 100,000 dinars. He did not identify the ministers. in U.S. dollars or any other currency agreed on by
May 31: The British air base at Mafraq was transferred importers and exporters in accordance with regula-
to Jordaniansovereignty. tions.
June 1: Jordan imposed a ban on all Egyptian newspa- Apr. 10: The Cabinet approveda grant of ?L 950,000 to
pers and magazines. private schools in Lebanon, including foreign schools.

Apr. 11: Premier al-Sulh said the Government would were inflicted when police attempted to break up mass
cancel the emergency regulations as soon as the date meetings of Opposition members. Former Premier and
for elections was announced. Opposition leader Sa'ib Salam was beaten by police and
Apr. 16: Parliamentapprovedthe electoral law providing arrested.
for 66 members instead of 44, and 4-year terms for May 31: Security police broke up 2 small demonstrations
members. by Opposition groups in Beirut.
Lebanon protested to the U.S. State Department June 1: Revised estimates of casualties in the May 30
over passage of the tanker Kern Hills through "Arab demonstrationslisted 7 killed and 60 wounded.
territorial waters" to the port of Elath. Premier al-Sulh said that both Syrians and Pales-
Apr. 17: An agreementto increasetrade between Lebanon tinians had participatedin the riots.
and Saudi Arabia was signed in Riyadh. June 3: The opposition National Front bloc called off a
Apr. 18: Eleven persons were sentenced to varying terms general strike, accepting the addition of 2 neutral min-
by a Beirut military court for having thrown explo- isters to the Cabinet and assurancesfrom Army chief
sives, carried arms, and stirred up unrest in Lebanon of staff Fuad Shihab that elections would be fair.
during the invasion of Egypt. June 6: Lebanonclosed its frontier with Syria in antici-
Apr. 19: Minister of Public Works Muhammad Sabra pation of the June 9 elections. All Palestinianrefugees
said a provisional agreement was reached with the were confined to their camps.
French concessionary Beirut Port Company enabling June 8: Lebanon received 40 jeeps equipped with anti-
Lebaneseto own most of the company's stock shares tank rifles from the U.S. It was the first material sent
and a majority of seats on the board of directors, and to any Middle Eastern country under the Eisenhower
for the transfer of the head office from Paris to Beirut. Doctrine.
Apr. 25: Parliament approved a bill to raise salaries of Lebanon took stringent precautions against further
government employees 8 to 15% according to their election rioting. All arms permits were suspended.Al-
grades. cohol sales were banned for 48 hours as were political
Apr. 28: Premier al-Sulh was reported seriously ill of meetings.
pulmonary congestion. June 9: The vote in Lebanonfavored the Governmentof
Apr. 30: The Rockefeller Foundation granted $5 million Premier Sami al-Sulh, in initial balloting. One person
to the American University of Beirut. was killed and 11 wounded in Beirut in a clash between
May 1: The first contingent of soldiers from the UN 2 groups of Armenians who split over support of the
Emergency Force arrived in Beirut under a 6-month Government.
scheme giving the entire UNEF a week's leave at sum- June 10: The Governmentwon 15 of 22 seats in Parlia-
mer holiday centers in the Lebanesemountains. ment in initial balloting. It won 10 of 11 seats in
May 2: Premier al-Sulh was declared out of danger by Beirut. Fuad Ammun, former director-generalof the
physicians attending him. Foreign Ministry running on a pro-Egyptian platform,
May 7: The Government announced the end of martial was defeated, as were former Premiers Abdallah Yafi
law and of press censorship. and Sa'ib Salam.
Maximum customs duty was applied against certain June 16: The second phase of Lebanon'selection ended
Japanesegoods in order to protect Lebaneseindustry. with the Government representedby 38 deputies and
May 8: The Government banned importation of all the National Union Front by 4.
Egyptian newspapers and magazines during the elec- June 17: The 2 neutral ministers appointedto the Cabi-
tions. net to supervise the elections resigned. They said they
May 12: The national election campaign began. Oppo- could not tolerate the "general atmosphere,"although
sition leaders 'Abdallah Yafi and Sa'ib Salam addressed the election seemedto be fair.
a National Union Front (opposition) rally. They said June 24: Premier Sami al-Sulh's government had won 42
the opposition's platform was: of 66 seats at stake in Parliament at the end of the
1. No amendmentof the constitution to permit Presi- three-quartermark in the election.
dent Sham'un to stand for re-election Lebanon accused the USSR of interference in its
2. Total neutrality for Lebanon private affairs because the USSR had criticized its ac-
3. Rejection of foreign military bases and military ceptance of the EisenhowerDoctrine.
pacts like the Baghdad Pact June 26: The Cabinet approved a bill authorizing the
4. Rejection of any aid which seemedto compromise detention before judicial inquiry of any journalist
Lebanesesovereignty whose writing was consideredto offend the government.
5. Close, impartial, and effective cooperation with
other Arab states
6. Replacementof the present government by a care- Libya
taker government to supervisenational elections (See also Persian Gulf, Syria, Tunisia)
May 14: Jon Kimclhe,editor of the JczwishObserver,was
expelled from Lebanon. 1957
May 30: Governmentsecurity forces killed 5 and wounded Apr. 7: The Council of Ministers passed a law to es-
several score in election clashes. Most of the casualties tablish a military training college.

The Govenrment rcderedthe closing of the Egypt- Canal, denounced the Anglo-French intervention, re-
ian Cl-ul in TripoLi N off cial explanation was given. fused British troops the use of Libyan bases, and
Most of the club's members were described as civil forbade British ships carrying military equipment to
servants seconded to the Libyan Government. call at Libyan ports, during the campaign.
Apr. 16: The Egyptian embassywarned the Libyan people June 22: The Council of Ministers ordered a gradual
that forged Egyptian ?5 notes were being circulated in transfer of the seat of the Federal Government to
the markets. 'They bore the issue date of December, Baida, in Cyrenaica, where new residences and office
1945. space were being completed.
Apr. 30: Libya signed an agreement with the Export-
Import Bank and the International Cooperation Ad- Morocco
ministtration for a $2,500,000 loan. The funds were
(See also General,Algeria, PersianGulf, Syria, Tunisia)
m.ade available for repairs to the Tripoli power plant
and expansion of its capacity by installation of two 1957
10,000kw generators,plus a new steam plant and new Apr. 2: The U.S. and Morocco signed a trade agreement
transmission lines. The loan supplemented a previous under which Morocco would receive $20 million from
private credit of $3,600,000 for Libya's power ex- I.C.A. in the fiscal year ending June 30. The money
pansion project, expected to cost $11 million. would be used to buy consumer goods that would be
May 1: Mobiloil Canada Ltd. reported finding natural resold in Morocco; the local funds realized by the re-
gas in quantity in its first well in Fezzan. The well was sales would finance developmentprojects.
sealedat 1510 feet to await a detailed survey. Apr. 3: The ImperialPalace said that Sultan Muhammad
May 11: Tunisia's Prime Minister Bourguiba arrived in V had been invited to visit Egypt's President Nasir in
Libya for a state visit. Cairo.
The Government said that U.S. economic and tech- Apr. 4: Mehdi Ben Barka, Speakerof the MoroccanCon-
nical aid during the year ending June 30 would total sultative Assembly, said the first step in a solution of
more than $23 million, including that promisedby the the Algerian problem was the removal of French Resi-
Richards mission. dent Minister Lacoste.
May 12: Premier Ben Halim told Parliament in a joint Apr. 15: Ahmad Ould Ayda, Emir of Northern Mauri-
session that Libya would give all the aid in her power tania, said in an interview that his people not only did
to Algerians fighting against French rule. not want to join Morocco, but also did not want to
May 17: Libya's ambassadorto Egypt and Saudi Arabia, remain a part of the French West African Federation.
Sayyid al-Siddiq al-Muntasir, was transferred back to May 1: Sultan MuhammadV announced that local elec-
the foreign ministry. tions would be held before the end of 1957 to pro-
May 24: King Idris accepted the resignationof the Cabi- vide "deliberativecouncils" for the towns and country
net. He asked deputy Premier'Abd al-Majid Qubar to districts. They would be the first elections in Morocco
form a government succeeding that of Premier Ben since the achievementof independence.
Halim, who resigned due to ill health. May 2: The Government arrested 11 persons, including
May 26: Deputy Premier Qubar formed a new cabinet 5 sons of the late Pasha of Marrakesh,for "anti-na-
with himself as premier. Three new ministers, for De- tionalist activities." France protested the arrest of
fense, Justice, and Foreign Affairs, were included in the members of al-Glaoui's family on grounds they were
cabinet. Memberswere as follows: entitled to French protection.
Premier-'Abd al-Majid Qubar May 3: Mehdi Ben Barka, Speaker of the Consultative
Foreign Affairs-Wahbi Buri Assembly, said the Department of Interior had uncov-
Justice-'Abd al-Hamid Dibani ered a plot against the security of the state, and that
Education-Tahar Baqir some of the Pasha's sons had financed it.
Communications-'Abd al-Qadir al-'Allam May 4: Irving Brown, AFL-CIO representativein the
Health-Muhammad bin 'Uthman InternationalConfederationof Free Trade Unions, said
Economics-Muhammad Abu Dajajah that if Morocco did not soon meet its unemployment
Finance Isma'il bin Lamin crisis it would be a fertile field for Communist infil-
Defense-Siddiq al-Muntasir tration. He said there were 200,000 unemployedout of
State-Miftah 'Uraiqib a population of 10 million, and that Morocco needed
May 30: The U.S. Embassy in Tripoli gave $3,066 to foreign aid to launch a public works program to ab-
the Government of Tripolitania for relief of victims sorb unemployedlabor.
of the January flood of the MeginineRiver. The money May 6: James P. Richards, U.S. special envoy to explain
was collected from members of the American com- the Eisenhower Doctrine to the Middle East, arrived
munity in Libya. in Morocco.
June 16: The Governmentin a statement protested about AMay9: Negotiations began in Rabat over continued U.S.
articles published in the Cairo newspaper Al-Ahram use of 4 air bases in Morocco.
accusing former Premier Ben Halim and his govern- May 18: A Czech trade official was arrested as he pre-
ment of helping Britain in its attack on Suez. The pared to leave Morocco, and held on charges of paying
statement said Libya supported nationalization of the a Moroccan official for documents.

May 20: Mine explosions in Tangier harbor shattered 3
ships suspectedby police of having participatedin arms
Pakistan
smuggling. (See also General, India, Iran, Persian Gulf)
Mlfay23: Agreement was reported on the draft of a
1957
franchise whereby the Moroccan Government would
permit R.C.A. to operate its radio relay station in Apr. 3: The East PakistanLegislaturein Dacca called for
Tangier for 20 years, subject to ratification by the fullest autonomy for the province, ignoring a warning
R.C.A. board of directors and the MoroccanMinistries by President Mirza that such a move would mean the
of Economic Affairs, Finance and Labor. dismembermentof Pakistan.
May 30: Tafilalet Province became officially a part of Police opened fire on 6,000 striking laborerswho re-
Morocco with the arrival of the Sultan on an official fused to dispersefrom the Ispahanijute mills in Chitta-
visit. The visit also marked the completion of a work gong. At least 5 persons were killed and 30 wounded.
project by the army that provided a water supply. Apr. 7: Pakistani militia captured part of the gang that
AMay31: A joint French-Moroccancultural convention had killed 3 Americansand 2 Iranian guards in south-
was published in Rabat. It would retain schools and easternIran in March. The capturedincluded a brother
programs for French children. France would provide of Dadshah,leaderof the bandit gang. They were taken
the Moroccan Department of Education with qualified to Panjgur, an outpost 200 miles northwest of Karachi.
assistants, aid the creation of Moroccan universities, Apr. 9: Pakistan said it would return 2 captured broth-
and make an annual financial contribution to Morocco's ers of Dadshah, Ahmad and Muhammad, to Iran to
cultural program. face trial for the murderof 3 Americans,Mr. and Mrs.
Jlune 2: The Moroccanpress accused Spain of colonialism Kevin Carroll and Brewster Wilson, on Mar. 24.
in its enclave of Ifni. Apr. 22: Prime Minister Suhrawardy left for a week's
June 3: Minister of Economic Affairs Bouabid told the official visit to Japan.
Consultative Assembly that he had drawn up an emer- Apr. 24: The National Assembly passed a controversial
gency program permitting the start of certain devel- bill depriving minorities in West Pakistan of separate
opment projects on credit. He said he had already al- voting and representationrights. Formerly non-Muslim
located 22 billion francs in provision credits backed minorities were the only voters allowed to vote for
only by promisesof foreign aid, and was counting on candidates representingtheir particular minority. The
French and U.S. aid to balance the 30-billion franc new bill would give Pakistan a common electoral sys-
deficit in the 1957 budget. He said the Government tem, as a similar one went into effect earlier in East
had decided to act in advance of receipt of aid be- Pakistan.
cause of the existence of 300,000 [sic] unemployedin
Apr. 27: Four thousand tons of pig iron and steel billets
Morocco.
arrived in Pakistan from the USSR. It was the second
June 5: Morocco's new customs tariff went into effect. installment on 14,000 tons bought by the Pakistani
It was describedas elastic and designedto protect local Batala EngineeringCompany in a 1956 trade pact.
industry and attract new capital investment without
seriously affecting living costs. May 8: Pakistan announced it had protested sharply to
Two ships carrying milk, cheese and corn meal from Egypt over an Egyptian campaign of "vilification" of
the U.S. for Moroccan needy arrived in Rabat. The Prime Minister Suhrawardy.
shipments of U.S. surplus foodstuffs were organized by May 15: The West Pakistan High Court ruled that
the National Catholic Welfare Conference. Ahmad Shah, brother of Dadshah, and 17 membersof
Julte 6: The Moroccan Ministry of Foreign Affairs pro-
his family could be deported to Iran for murdering 3
tested to France over a bombardmentin southeastern Americans.
Morocco in which 4 personswere killed and 2 injured. The East Pakistan government imposed a limited
form of rationing on the province.
June 11: France and Morocco signed a judiciary con-
vention establishing a modern system of justice for May 18: Pakistan expelled the Dadshah family.
Morocco. The central government rushed grain to East Paki-
The Sultan paid an officialvisit to Marrakesh. stan to avert a crisis caused by panic hoarding follow-
June 17: Morocco made a first contribution of two mil- ing shortage rumors.
lion francs to the UNRWA fund for Palestinerefugees. May 22: Finance MinisterAmiad Ali said Pakistan should
June 19: The Government announced that at least 5 "face grim realities" and stop depending so much on
Moroccans were killed June 17 in clashes between na- U.S. aid.
tionalists and Spanish forces in Ifni. The Governmentannouncedit would buy 6 Liberty
June 26: A Lebanesediplomat, Jamil Makkawi, accepted ships from the U.S.
the key position, carrying the deciding vote, on the June 10: Following 3 days of talks in Kabul between
mixed commission set up by Franco-Moroccanagree- Prime Minister Suhrawardyand Afghan Premier Mu-
ment to inquire into the arrest of 5 Algerian rebel hammadDa'ud, Pakistanand Afghanistan agreedto ex-
leaders Oct. 22, 1956, while flying in a Moroccan- change ambassadorsand try to resolve their differences
charteredplane to Tunis. through friendly negotiations.

June 13: President Mirza said Indian Communists were Apr. 24: Israel accused Egypt of sending a "chief of in-
intensively waging subversive activities in East Paki- filtration operations"into the Gaza Strip to organize
stan, from headquartersin Calcutta. He said they were Arab guerilla bands there. Israel named Col. Ahmad
trying to promote dissension between the two halves Hilmi had been appointedchief operationsofficerin the
of Pakistan and reduce jute exports from East Paki- Egyptian liaison mission assigned to UNEF. Israel's
stan. statement said that Col. Hilmi had previously been ex-
Following a Government decision to ban Pakistani pelled from Ethiopia for distributing arms and money
participationin a meeting of the Communist-sponsored to Muslims there.
World Peace Council in Colombo, 2 Pakistani dele- The UN's chief Palestine truce observer,Col. Leary,
gates were removed from a Ceylon-bound airliner and said he had found an illegal minefield in a demilitar-
their passportsimpounded. ized zone on Israel'sside of the Syrian border.
June 14: The Awami League party's general council en- Apr. 25: The 11th exchange of gunfire between Israel
dorsed by 850 to 46 the foreign policy of Prime and Syria since Mar. 20 was reported at Szold.
Minister Suhrawardy and its adherence to the Bagh- Apr. 26: An Israeli freight train struck a land mine near
dad Pact and SEATO, despite opposition from the the Jordan borderon the main Tel Aviv-Jerusalemline.
"Red Mullah," pro-Communist 'Abd al-Hamid Khan There were no casualities,but 4 cars were derailed.
Bashani, president of the East Pakistan Awami League. Apr. 28: Israel charged Syrian troops with opening fire
June 29: The Bank of Pakistan announced it would re- on the frontier village of Kfar Szold for the second
strict credit on imported manufactured goods, bullion, time in a week.
food grains and oil seeds up to 60% ad valorem, as a May 7: Egypt charged that an Israeli patrol had fired on
move against inflation. a group of 40 Arab farmers working in a field north
of Gaza, wounding a woman and a child.
May 10: Egypt complainedto the Mixed Armistice com-
Palestine Problem mission that Israeli raiders had entered Rafah in the
1957 Gaza Strip and attacked a refugee camp, injuring 1
person and demolishing 16 houses.
Apr. 3: Egypt protested to the Egyptian-Israeli Mixed
Armistice Commission that an Israeli jet plane had May 12: Israeli soldiers clashed with Jordanianherdsmen
circled over the town of Gaza. in the Hebron foothills. No casualtieswere reported.
Apr. 5: Syrian and Israeli outposts on the shores of Lake May 20: Maj. Gen. Latif, Egyptian governor of the Gaza
Huleh exchanged sporadic fire. One Israeli soldier was Strip, warned all residents of the Strip to dispose of
wounded in the ambush of a 2-man patrol southeast Israeli goods in their possessionbefore July 1 or risk
of Ashdoth Yaavec village in the Jordan Valley. prison terms.
May 21: Israeli forces reporteda third attack on vehicles
Apr. 7: Egypt charged that an Israeli patrol had violated
in the Beer Menuchath area north of Elath in the
the Gaza demarcation line Apr. 1. Egypt asked the
Negev. Three men were wounded.
Mixed Armistice Commissionto investigate.
May 29: A member of the Kisufim kibbutz, on the Gaza
Apr. 9: An Israeli patrol fought a running battle with border, was killed and a companion wounded when
5 Jordanian infiltrators in Israeli territory at Beit
their tractor ran over a mine. Israel subsequently
Guvrin. charged that the mine had been freshly laid, and that
Apr. 13: Jordan accused Israeli troops of machine-gun- Egypt was not attempting to prevent acts of violence
ning Qalqilia village on Apr. 12 and wounding an Arab along the border.
woman. June 1: Four Israeli soldiers were wounded when their
Apr. 15: Two Israeli watchmen were killed by Jordanian vehicles struck mines, near Absalom'sVineyard.
maraudersin Beisan Valley. Israeli Army headquarters June 2: Israel accused Egypt of reopening guerilla war-
also said that a band operating from Lebanon pene- fare along the borderof the Gaza Strip. Israel said that
trated Israel near Hanita and seized 2 Israeli Arabs, 1 it did not intend immediately to resume retaliatory
a shepherdesstaken near Eilon. raids, but that if these continued "ultimately violence"
Apr. 18: Israeli forces engaged Syrians and Jordaniansin would break out.
separategun battles. No casualtieswere reported. June 11: Jordancomplainedto the Mixed Armistice Com-
Maj. Gen. Burns, commander of UNEF, lodged 5 mission that an Israeli had attempted to cross into
complaints with Israeli authoritiesconcerning violations Jordan through the armistice lines leading to the Mus-
and incidents in the Gaza Strip since the start of UNEF rara area of Jerusalem.
activity there. He accused Israeli soldiers of stealing June 13: Two Israeli soldiers were wounded when an
cattle, making illegal plane flights, and firing acrossthe Army car struck a mine near Ein Haslosha.
border. June I 5: An Israeli tractor was blown up by a mine
Apr. 20: Syrians opened fire on an Israeli patrol east of north of Gadot near the Syrian border. The driver
Lake Huleh, according to Israeli spokesmen. was injured.
Apr. 21: Arab raidersambushedan Israeli patrol between Egypt renewed its demand that the Egyptian-Israeli
Tel Aviv and Haifa, with no casualties. Mixed Armistice Commission resume its long-sus-

pended task of passing judgment on incidents in the would begin to train a small Saudi navy, set up a
Gaza Strip and along the border. training program at Dhahran for the Saudi Air Force,
June 20: Two men were wounded when an Israeli truck expand the present training program for the 13,000-
struck a mine near Dekel village on the Gaza border. man Saudi army, and improve civil aviation facilities in
June 23: An Israeli civilian was injured in a mine ex- the country.
plosion near Metulah, along the Syrian-Lebaneseborder Apr. 11: An official statement issued jointly by King
with Israel. Sa'ud and U.S. Special AmbassadorRichards reaffirmed
June 26: Israel said it would reject all Egyptian requests the King's earlier promise to oppose Communism and
for resumption of the Mixed Armistice Commission, any other threat to peace in the Middle East.
due to President Nasir's insistence on maintaining a Saudi Arabia announced it would not let Israeli
state of war between the 2 countries. shipping pass through the Gulf of Aqaba.
Two Arabs were killed when they ignored the chal- Apr. 16: Saudi troops in certain areas of Jordan were
lenge of an Israel patrol in the western Negev. placed at the disposal of King Husayn in accordance
with King Sa'ud'sorders.
The Ministry of Finance and National Economy is-
Persian Gulf sued a joint Saudi-Syriancommuniqueon the results of
1957 trade talks held in Riyadh Apr. 13-14. The 2 govern-
Apr. 6: The ruler of Bahrayn, Shaykh Sir Salman bin ments agreed to release Syrian funds frozen in Saudi
Hamad al-Khalifa, proclaimed that certain national- banks.
ities previously under the jurisdiction of the British Apr. 18: A Japanesepetroleum company signed a provi-
agent would henceforth be subject to Bahrayn law. sional agreement with King Sa'ud for oil exploration
The proclamation covered citizens of Iraq, Jordan, rights in Saudi waters in the Persian Gulf.
Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Af- Apr. 21: Security police in Riyadh uncovered a terriorist
ghanistan, Indonesia, and Sudan; protected persons plot to kill King Sa'ud, and made numerous arrests in
from Aden and French Somaliland; non-Italian citi- a series of raids.
zens of Italian Somaliland;and statelesspersonsof Pal- May 4: The U.S. sent 8 jet training planes to Saudi
estine origin. Arabia.
May 12: The London architecturalfirm of Raglan Squire May 12: The Al-Nasr Trading Company of Jiddah, a
and Partners was appointed by the Government of Saudi firm, ordered more than ?100,000 in British
Kuwait to design a 200-bed hotel in Kuwait with air- machinery for pressing gypsum into building boards,
conditioning, modern kitchens, and gardens. in order to refine Saudi Arabia'slarge gypsum deposits.
May 15: Eight persons were killed and 5 wounded in May 30: Saudi Arabia reportedly proposed to the Arab
a claslh in Kuwait town between government security League Economic Council, meeting in Cairo, that an
forces and supporters of the Malik family, a distant all-Arab company be formed to build a network of
branch of the ruling family. oil pipelines from Middle East oilfields to Arab ports.
May 28: The British PetroleumCompany, Ltd. raisedthe May 31: Saudi Arabia announced approval of the estab-
price of crude oil at Persian Gulf ports 13 cents a lishment of a Nationalist Chinese Embassy at Jiddah.
barrel, about 7%o. It also raised prices for petroleum June 5: Saudi Arabia protested to the UN that Israeli
products in cargo lots at the Abadan refinery, where it destroyers had bombarded its coastal positions near
gets 40% of the output. The increase was designed to Taba.
bring Persian Gulf prices into line with those of the June 19: Saudi Arabia told the UN that Israeliplanes and
U.S., Latin America, and Mediterraneanports. torpedo boats had violated airspace and territorial
June 13: A boarding party from a British naval frigate waters June 12-13.
arrested 6 of the Chinese crew of the British tanker June 27: The month of pilgrimagesto Mecca began with
Gervase Sleigh after the captain had reported a the rising of the new moon.
mutiny in the Persian Gulf. The tanker was escorted
to Mina al-Ahmadi.
June 14: The Government announced that 12 cases of
Sudan
the new-type Asian influenza had been found in Bah- (See also Ethiopia, PersianGulf, Syria)
rayn. Seven were Indians and Pakistanis and the rest
Arabs. 1957
Apr. 5: Following talks between Premier Khalil and
Egyptian PresidentNasir in Cairo, Egypt and the Sudan
Saudi Arabia issued a joint communique in which they agreed that
(See also General, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, every Arab state had the right to consider economic
Libya, Syria) aid from any source and to reject such aid if it in-
terfered with sovereignty and independenceor harmed
1957 any other state.
Apr. 8: Saudi Arabia signed a 5-year extension on the The Ministry of Education said that by the end of
U.S. lease of the Dhahran air base. In return, the U.S. April all the subgrade and elementary schools run by

missionary societies in southern Sudan would be taken
over by the Government, several years ahead of the
Syria
original deadline. (See also General,Algeria, India, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,
Apr. 7: A currency and payments agreementwas signed PalestineProblem,PersianGulf, Saudi Arabia)
with Egypt. It provided for the redemption of all
Egyptian currency circulating in the Sudan, estimated 1957
at ?25 million. Egypt agreed to pay ?20 million from Apr. 1: The Muslim Brotherhoodasked the Syrian Gov-
blocked sterling balances held in London in return for ernment to recognize it as a political party.
Sudanese surrender of Egyptian currency, with any Apr. 6: Nominations for 4 by-elections to fill vacancies
outstanding sum to be paid in Egyptian treasury bills caused by conviction of deputies in the mass Damascus
and goods, mainly sugar, at the rate of ?2 million conspiracy trial were closed.
annually. The agreement set June 30, 1958, as the Apr. 8: Premier al-'Asali replied to angry Opposition
date for completion of withdrawal of all Egyptian criticism in Parliament over the Government's refusal
currency. However, the British Government declared to lift martial law. He said dangers from imperialist
that it had agreed to the transfer of only ?15 million, forces still threatened Syria.
a sum which had actually accrued to the Sudan during A team of Bulgarian dam construction and irriga-
the Condominium. tion specialistsarrived in Damascus.
Apr. 8: The Sudan began circulation of its own cur- Apr. 16: A mission from Syria to Saudi Arabia returned
rency, in denominations of ?10, ?5, ?1, 50 piastres, after securing an agreement that Saudi Arabia would
and 25 piastres. release ?S 21 million in blocked funds. The funds had
Minister of Interior 'Ali 'Abd al-Rahman concluded been frozen in November, 1956. Minister of Economy
talks with Uganda officialsin Kampalaon borderques- Qallas said that more than ?6 million had alreadybeen
tions, mainly joint cooperation on capturing the 100 released.
EquatoriaCorps mutineers still at large after the riot- Apr. 21: Syria asked that JordanianGen. Hayari abstain
ing in south Sudan in August, 1955. from all political activity while in Syria.
Apr. 22: Premier Khalil arrived in Ethiopia on an official
Apr. 23: Minister of Public Works Fakhir al-Kayyali
visit.
said the Government would not allow wheat to be
Apr. 23: Following talks with the mission led by Am- exported to any friendly countries so as to eliminate
bassadorRichards to explain the EisenhowerDoctrine the surplus of 80,000 tons from the last harvest.
to the Middle East, the Sudan Government revealed
Apr. 25: MuhammadSalah Sayyadi, special envoy of the
that it had told the mission that the Doctrine might
Tunisian Government to the Arab states to inform
lead to a "cold War" in the area, with Russian re-
them of Tunisia's progress in its first year of inde-
taliation.
pendence, said President Quwwatli and Syrian leaders
Apr. 27: Premier Khalil announced full agreement be-
had assuredhim they would do everything possible to
tween the Sudan and Ethiopia on closer political and
strengthen Syrian-Tunisianrelations.
economic cooperation, following talks with Emperor
Haile Selassie. May 3: Syria and Czechoslovakiasigned a trade agree-
May 21: Foreign Minister Mahjub said in Parliament ment in Prague renewing Czechoslovakia'spromise to
that the Sudanwould not enter into any military pacts, build up Syria's economy.
nor into a defensive alliance with any other Arab May 5: Syrian leftists won 3 by-elections in light voting.
nation. He called the Bandung conference a clear The winning candidateswere Riyadh al-Malki, in Da-
failure. He said the Sudan'spolicy of positive neutral- mascus, Hamad al-Kulayb, in Homs, and Fayyad Abu
ism meant not taking sides in world conflicts, but that 'Asali, in Suweida. All represented the Ba'th Party
it did not prohibit the acceptance of aid from any and its allies. The fourth by-election was held for a
quarter. He declared that while no Arab country had tribal deputy to Parliament; it was won by Shaykh
rejected the Eisenhower Doctrine, the Sudan had de- Da'ar Hilal al-Juma'.
cided after careful study not to give an opinion on it May 7: Syria protested to Turkey that military concen-
as yet. trations on the Turko-Syrian frontier were harming
May 23: Premier Khalil said he had protested to Egypt's relations between the 2 countries.
ambassadorin Khartoum and to President Nasir about Ministerof Economy Qallas said the new trade agree-
reports Egypt was financing newspapers and Com- ment with Czechoslovakia,unlike the old, did not re-
munists in the Sudan. quire Syria to pay 30% of the value of its purchases
A group of Sudan Army officers reported that an in hard currency.
Egyptian embassy official attempted to influence them May 10: Minister of Public Works Kayyali said all dif-
to send all Sudaneseofficers to Egypt for training in- ferences in the National party had been settled.
stead of to England. May 11: Syria announcedfull payment from Saudi Ara-
bia of its ?S21 million in blocked funds.
May 12: A military court at Aleppo sentenced 21 per-
sons to prison terms on espionageand bomb-throwing
charges.

May 15: The Council of Ministers decided to cancel its interrupted by the withdrawal of the respective am-
ban on wheat exports to France and Algeria. The ban bassadorsafter Oct. 22, 1956." (Ed.)
on exports to Israel was maintained. May 5: Tunisian women voted for the first time in na-
A Syrian was killed by a mine explosion near the tionwide municipal elections. The conclusion of voter
village of Kataba, on the Turkish frontier. registration saw 80,000 women inscribed on the rolls
About 1000 Palestine refugees demonstratedin Da- along with 285,000 men.
mascus on the anniversaryof the entry of Arab armies May 8: Final returns on the municipal elections gave
into Palestine in 1948.
Premier Bourguiba's Neo-Destour party 90% of the
May 16: Foreign Minister Salah al-Bitar said Syria was votes. Women cast 53,895 votes as comparedwith 197,-
determined to pay its share of the Arab subsidy to 398 cast by men. Independentopposition slates won in
Jordan. 6 communes, but these proclaimed support of Bour-
May 23: An American airplanebelonging to Aramco was guiba'snational reform program.Communist candidates
ordered to land at Damascus while en route from were presented in Tunis only; none won.
Saudi Arabia to Turkey, on grounds it was infringing May 10: Premier Bourguiba sharply criticized U.S. aid
Syrian air space. policies as applied by the Richards mission to the
Syrian Airways began regular service to Sana'a, Middle East. He said the U.S. supported imperialism
Yemen. in North Africa by continuing to regard Tunisia as
June 3: A threatened mass resignation of Opposition a "French sphere of influence."He said that the Rich-
deputies in Parliament was deferred. Only the leader ards Mission had offered Tunisia only $3 million in
of the Populist party, Rushdi Kikhya, resigned. economic aid and refused military aid, and that the
June 7: President Quwwatli flew to Cairo for medical economic aid was far smaller than that accorded to
checkups and talks with President Nasir. less populous and less friendly nations and totally in-
June 15: Minister of State Khalid al-'Azm accused King adequatein view of Tunisia's economic problems.
Sa'ud and King Husayn of cooperatingwith U.S. pol- May 13: Morocco and Tunisia signed a trade agreement
icy for Israel's benefit, and imperialism. in Tunis agreeing to exchange scientific and technical
June 23: British OverseasAirways resumedflights across missions and expand their trade relations.
Syria after a 230-day interruption. May 17: Following his state visit to Libya, PremierBour-
guiba announced cultural, health, and communications
June 24: The government cancelled plans for pilgrims
agreements between Tunisia and Libya. Teachers and
to travel by sea from Syria to Mecca after the Saudi
students would be exchanged under the cultural agree-
Government said it would not receive ships later than
ment. Opening of a new radio link was also announced.
July 2.
The Premier also announced that Tunisia and Libya
June 27: Finance Minister Mahasan resigned to become would seek to arrange talks between Algerian rebels
Syria's ambassadorto Morocco. and France on the French offer of free Algerian elec-
June 28: Akram Hawrani, one of the Government'smost tions with neutral observers.
influential supporters, said that Saudi Arabia's deputy May 21: All French aid to Tunisia was cut off, due to
Foreign Minister, Yusuf Yasin, was working to over- the Tunisian attitude of support for Algerian rebels.
throw the Syrian Government and replace it with a The Franco-Tunisian aid convention signed a month
regime that would come to terms with American im- earlier provided for French payment of 12 billion
perialism. francs in several installments to Tunisia.
June 29: The commissionerof the Arab offices for the May 23: PremierBourguibadenouncedthe 1955 customs
boycott of Israel said he hoped the Sudan would open and monetary union between Tunisia and France.
such an office shortly. He said Libya had adopted a May 24: Police sealed the offices of the Jewish Agency
boycott law in accordancewith a resolution from the and arrestedmembersin Tunis, Sousse, and Sfax. Also
Arab League. closed was a Zionist fund-raising organization, Keren
Kayemeth Le-Israel,establishedin 1910 in Tunis. Five
of its members were charged with making an unau-
Tunisia thorized collection in order to buy land in Israel.
(See also General,Algeria, Libya, Morocco,Persian Officials said Tunisia's denunciation of the mone-
Gulf, Syria) tary and customs union with France did not mean
Tunisia would leave the franc zone.
1957 The Ministry of Youth and Sport began a 6-week
A Correction: The Chronology for the JOURNAL, vol. experimental child-feeding program with surplus food
11, no. 2 (Spring, 1957), p. 188, carried the statement provided by the U.S. The U.S. contribution was 12
for Tunisia (dated Mar. 10) that "Diplomatic relations tons of powdered milk, 8 tons of cheese and 38 tons
were restored between France and Tunisia. They had of flour. The ministry said it expected to feed 8400
been broken off on Oct. 22, 1956." This should be children during the pilot project, the results of which
amended to read: "Normal diplomatic relations were would be used to prepare a plan for a larger under-
restored between France and Tunisia. They had been taking at a later date.

May 28: Tunisia charged that French military planes had June 20: Premier Bourguiba urged the creation of a
bombarded Henchi-du-bois in Ouchtala, near Ghar- French-North African community in which Algeria
dimaou on the Algerian frontier, and that French would have independent status like Morocco and Tu-
mortar fire in the area had wounded 2 Tunisian civil- nisia. He suggested in an interview that Gen. Charles
ians. Five Tunisian soldiers were also wounded by the de Gaulle might persuadeFrance to adopt this policy.
mortar fire. June 25: A decision by the French InterministerialCom-
Tunisia's UN delegation announced that 2000 refu- mittee for North African affairs to move a division of
gees from Algeria had sought asylum in the last two 27,000 men from Tunisia to Algeria to stop border
days. The announcement said that there were more crossing and arms passagewas reported.
than 100,000 Algerian refugees in Tunisia.
May 29: France said its violation of the Tunisian-Al-
gerian border near Ghardimaouhad been provoked by Turkey
Tunisian gunfire.
(See also Afghanistan,Cyprus, Syria)
Eighty French soldiers garrisoned at 'Ayn Draham
were taken into custody and held overnight by units 1957
of the Tunisian National Army on charges they were Apr. 3: Fazil Kuquk and Faiz Kaymak, leaders of the
interfering with Algerian refugees. Turkish Cypriote community, arrived in Ankara for
May 31: A battle between French and Tunisian forces talks with the Government over Britain's decision to
at 'Ayn Draham cost the Tunisians 6 dead and 17 end Cypriote Archbishop Makarios'exile.
wounded. A French communique put French losses Apr. 9: The USSR warned Turkey along with other
at 3 wounded. One of the Tunisians wounded was Khe- NATO nations against becomingan atomic base around
mais Hadjeri, Secretary-Generalof the Ministry of its territory.
Foreign Affairs. The engagement was the outgrowth Following talks with Turkish leaders, Turkish Cy-
of Tunisian army action 2 days earlier in taking 80 priote leader Fazil Kucuk said that both the Turkish
French troops into custody. Government and Turkish Cypriotes would boycott
The Cabinet amended customs regulations to permit any meeting on the Cyprus issue attended by Arch-
reciprocal tariff agreementswith countries other than bishop Makarios.He added that both agreed that the
France. It also formed a permanentcommittee to regu- only solution to the problem was partition into Turk-
late imports and exports and established a fund to ish and Greek ethnic sections.
guarantee foreign investments in Tunisia and permit
Apr. 15: Turkish and U.S. fighting units completed
the withdrawal of profits in foreign currencies.
joint NATO training maneuverson Gallipoli Peninsula.
Tunis Soir, Tunisia's only evening newspaper,pub-
The exercise, called Operation Red Pivot, was designed
lished its final edition. It had been in existence for 25
to test landing techniques.
years. Its departureleft 3 French and 2 Arabic morn-
Apr. 14: An official statement from the Greek Orthodox
ing newspapersin Tunis.
June 1: Premier Bourguiba said at the funeral of 7 sol- Patriarchate of Istanbul declared the loyalty of the
diers killed at 'Ayn Draham that the movement of Patriarchateto Turkey.
French forces in Tunisia would be forbidden without Apr. 16: Severe sandstorms in Anatolia added to Tur-
the express authority of the Tunisian Government. key's drought problem.
Corrected figures on the 'Ayn Draham battle listed 7 Apr. 18: A 3-day forest fire in the Kastamonuarea was
dead and 14 injured including Khemais Hadjeri, Sec- brought under control after it had caused 2 deaths and
retary-Generalof the Foreign Ministry, who remained destroyed 115 homes and 50,000 acres of pine forest.
in serious condition. Police detained 12 villagers for questioning following
June 3: A clash occurred in southern Tunisia between reports they were disgruntled over an earlier decree
French convoys and Tunisian troops near the oasis of putting forest jurisdiction in the area under the Na-
Al-Hamma. Two Frenchmen were killed and several tional Agricultural Ministry.
wounded, and 5 Tunisians were wounded. Apr. 22: The National Security Police announced the
June 4: Tunisia charged France in the UN with having disbandingof the Hellenic Union, largest Greek society
caused "serious incidents" on the border between Al- in Istanbul with a membership of 4-5,000 Turkish
geria and Tunisia. citizens of Greek heritage. The secretary of the so-
June 7: Scattered engagements took place between Tu- ciety, Lambros Gulakis, was arrested on charges of
nisian and French forces in southeasternTunisia. Seven spying against Turkey for Greece. The police report
French soldiers were reported killed and 4 injured said that the Union had held secret meetings in April
near Gabes. Tunisian casualties were at least 4 killed to make plans for sabotage and rioting in Istanbul in
and 10 wounded. the event of a break in diplomatic relations between
June 13: Premier Bourguiba said there was a risk that Greece and Turkey.
war would break out between France and Tunisia if Apr. 23: Turkey announced an agreementwith the U.S.
clashes between theiar troops continued. to purchase 60,000 tons more of surplus wheat, bring-
June 14: Three Tunisians were killed in one of 3 sepa- ing her total purchasessince Nov. 12, 1956 to 660,000
rate clashes with French troops in south Tunisia. tons.

3 08 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Turkey reacted bitterly to publication of the letter June 4: A 4-man delegation representing the I Bank
from New York's Governor Harriman inviting Arch- left on an official visit to Moscow.
bishop Makariosto visit the U.S. Newsmen in Edirne June 5: The secretary of the dissolved Hellenic Union,
said they would not carry any news reports from U.S. Greek society in Istanbul, was sentenced to 12'2 years
sources until the offer was withdrawn. in prison for spying on behalf of the Greek consul-
Apr. 25: A series of 28 earthquakesover a 2-day period general.
killed 15 and injured 70, causing major damage in June 14: A RumanianCommunist Air Force officerasked
several towns. Fethiye, on the southwest coast, was for asylum in Turkey after flying across the border.
reported 70% destroyed. June 20: A Soviet cruiser and 2 destroyerstraversedthe
Apr. 26: The death toll in Turkey's quakes reached22. Turkish Straits.
Apr. 27: Turkey's new coinage went into effect, as TL June 25: The Grand National Assembly passed a bill re-
122,000,000 in new metal coins replacedthe old silver voking the parliamentaryimmunity of Osman Boluk-
coinage. bass, Opposition political leader and deputy for
May 6: President Heuss and Foreign Minister von Bren- Kir?ehir.The vote was 247 to 49. In a debate on the
tano of West Germany arrived for a state visit. re-establishmentof Ksr?ehiras a province, he had at-
May 10: Feyyaz Arcevan, editor of Porsuk, an Eski?ehir tacked membersof the Demokrat party. Lifting of his
newspaper,was sentenced to 6 months in jail for pub- immunity would make him liable to prosecution on a
lishing an editorial insulting the Governor of Eski- charge of insulting the Assembly.
?ehir Province. Trial was postponed to May 22 for June 28: Turkey became the 39th country to sign the
the editor and editorial writer of Hurdilek, a weekly international convention on the abolition of slavery.
labor newspaper,charged with having caused the peo-
ple to lose trust in the Government due to their edi-
torials.
Yemen
May 18: A group of 750 Russian tourists arrived in (See also General,Syria)
Istanbul.
May 22: Premier Menderesannounced that the Govern- 1957
ment would pay farmers 3.6 cents (sic) more per Apr. 2: The Arab League mission of enquiry into al-
kilogram of wheat than in previous years, an increase leged British aggression arrived in Yemen. Its leader,
of 33.5%. Ahmad Shuqairi, said the mission would not discuss
May 26: A severe earthquakein Bolu Province destroyed frontier problems because the Arabs did not recognize
a score of villages and killed 54 persons. frontiers between Yemen and "settlements" (i.e., Aden
May 30: Kasim Giilek, secretary general of the Opposi- Colony and protectorates).
tion Republican People's Party and publisher of the Apr. 8: Yemen said British forces had launched two
party newspaperUlus, was fined TL 13,333 for print- strong attacks on Yemeni villages in the Harib border
ing material unfavorable to Premier Menderes.At the area.
same time his editor and editorial writer were each Apr. 17: The Arab League advised its members that
sentenced to 8 months in prison. Yemen needed "extensive military, political, and eco-
May 31: The Grand National Assembly passed legislation nomic aid to resist British aggression."
providing for the founding of Atatiirk University at Apr. 30: Yemen complained to the UN that British
Erzurum, eastern Turkey, scheduled to open in 1958. forces had attacked a group of villages near Harib and
Ending a 15-day visit to Turkey, West German in- another group in the Sharaf region near Al-Baida.
dustrialist Alfred Krupp said his company planned May 14: Yemen protested that British forces were be-
to build a third blast furnace there. He said the coming concentrated on Kamaran Island, in the Red Sea
pletion of the furnace would add 800,000 tons to off Yemen but administeredfrom Aden.
Turkey's annual steel production. The Krupp com- June 10: The U.S. State Department said it was continu-
pany would invest 800 million to 1 billion Deutsche ing "promising"discussionswith Yemen for a possible
marks in the project. U.S. aid program there.


Middle East Chronology: April 1st To May 30th, 1957

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Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology

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