• Networking Devices

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• CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) • CCNA Routing and Switching

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• Networking Devices

Router

− At the network layer.

− Forward network data more intelligently.
− It filters the transmitted data according to IP
address.
− It maintains routing table for data forwarding.
− Routers don‟t forward broadcasts by default.
− Routers create separate broadcast domains.

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• Networking Devices

Collision Domain
• In this domain, one host can transmit at a time; CSMA/CD.
• Networking Devices

Broadcast Domain

• It refers to a group of devices on a specific network segment that hear all the broadcasts sent out on that
specific network segment.
• Networking Devices

How many collision domains and broadcast domains are

present in the diagram shown in this figure?

 3- broadcast domains
 9- collision domains
• MAC & IP

MAC (Media Access Control) address

− Also called physical address.

− At Data-link layer.
− 48-bit as hardware address.
− MAC address is presented as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by colons;, such as
00:43:AB:F2:32:13
− The first six hexadecimal digits identify the manufacturer of the physical network interface.
This is referred to as the OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier). The last six digits uniquely
identify the host itself, and are referred to as the host ID.

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• MAC & IP

IP (Internet Protocol) address

− Also called logical address.

− At Network layer.
− P is defined in RFC 760 and RFC 791.
− 32-bit address, represented in decimal, ex. 158.80.164.3
− IP contains two components:
• Network ID (network address) – identifies which network a host belongs to.
• Host ID (node or host address)– uniquely identifies the host on that network.
− Network address: The designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network, for
example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.
− Broadcast address: Used by applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on a
network. Examples include 255.255.255.255, which is all networks, all nodes;
172.16.255.255, which is all subnets and hosts on network 17.16.0.0; and 10.255.255.255,
which broadcasts to all subnets and hosts on network 10.0.0.0.
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• MAC & IP

- On the Internet, we cannot make a datagram reaches its destination using only IP addresses;
where each datagram in the Internet, from the same source host to the same destination host,
may take a different path.

- The source and destination IP addresses define the two ends but cannot define which links
the datagram should pass through.

- Since a link is controlled at the data-link layer, the addresses need to belong to the data-link
layer.

- When a packet is travelling in the Internet, the data-link layer of a node (host or router) is
responsible for delivering a datagram to the next node in the path.

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• MAC & IP

- Each frame carries

the same datagram
with the same source
and destination IP
addresses (N1 and
N8), but MAC
addresses of the
frame change from
link to link.

- IP addresses of
routers are used with
some protocols, such
as routing protocols.

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Ch. 9 - Forouzan, data communications and networking, 5th ed.
• Network Classes

Network classes

− Class A: 1st bit in the 1st byte is 0.

00000000=0
01111111=127
− Class B: in 1st byte, 1st bit is 1 and 2nd bit is 0.
10000000=128
10111111=191
− Class C: in 1st byte, 1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0.
11000000=192
11011111=223

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• Network Classes

Network classes
− Class A: 1st bit in the 1st byte is 0.
Valid Host IDs
10.0.0.0 All host bits off is the network address.
10.255.255.255 All host bits on is the broadcast address.
Valid Host IDSs: 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254

− Class B: in 1st byte, 1st bit is 1 and 2nd bit is 0.

Valid Host IDs
172.16.0.0 All host bits turned off is the network address.
172.16.255.255 All host bits turned on is the broadcast address
Valid Host IDSs: 172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254

− Class C: in 1st byte, 1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0.
Valid Host IDs
192.168.100.0 All host bits turned off is the network ID.
192.168.100.255 All host bits turned on is the broadcast address.
Valid Host IDSs: 192.168.100.1 through 192.168.100.254 73