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INTRODUCTION
CREST DESIGN
476
crest be shaped so that a high discharge coefficient results and that pres-
sures are fairly uniform and predictable. It has long been felt that these
constraints can best be met if the shape of the overflow spillway closely
approximates the lower nappe surface of a fully ventilated nappe of water
flowing over a sharp-crested weir. The shape of this nappe is affected
by the relative head on the weir, the approach velocity, and the up-
stream face slope of the weir. Thus, should experimental data be gath-
ered throughout a suitable range of these variables, a spillway design
method could possibly be developed. The earliest attempts at the fitting
of equations to lower nappe surfaces utilized the data of Bazin and are
recounted elsewhere (Cassidy 1970; Rouse and Reid 1935; Bureau of Rec-
lamation 1948). Perhaps the best data were provided by the United States
Bureau of Reclamation (TJSBR 1948) and has served as a basis for most
Corps of Engineers (COE) design procedures.
Earlier Design Procedures.—The complete shape of the lower nappe
was earlier described by separating it into the two quadrants, one up-
stream and one downstream from the high point (apex) of the lower
nappe surface (termed the crest axis). See Fig. 1 for a definition of terms
used. He = the actual total head on the crest; and ha = the approach
velocity head. The depth used to compute ha is equal to the pool ele-
vation minus the elevation of the upstream toe of the spillway, and flow
is assumed to be normal to the spillway face. The spillway is propor-
tioned based on some design total head, Hd. He can be greater than,
equal to, or less than Hd. As the relative height of the spillway de-
creases, the effect of approach velocity becomes important, and at P/Hd
£ 1.0, it can no longer be neglected according to present Corps of En-
gineers design procedures (COE 1965, 1977). USBR (1948) data in agree-
ment with Rouse (1938) demonstrate that as h„/He increases or upstream
slope of the weir face decreases, the nappe contraction (Ye) flattens and
the crest axis moves slightly upstream. Murphy (1973) explains that for
a low P/Hd value and a vertical face, flow tends to move down the ver-
tical face, creating an eddy rather than up the face as irrotational flow
theory would indicate. A sloping upstream face tends to prevent this
occurrence. On the other hand, a high spillway normally does not re-
quire a sloping face for stability purposes, and at times, savings in con-
crete can result by extending the crest beyond the upstream face, cre-
477
13
X
o n
r
3N HEAD
i
1
—
— f—
W " °
ff-
°06
/
j
_r
:t
r
i / \
\
n? A 1
\
\
A
n « '10.21 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.181.90 2.10 2.30
A/H r i B/H, K
0.038 0.013
1.696Y
m). Simple piezometers were installed along the face of the crest to mea-
sure the average pressures acting on the crest. A typical crest with pi-
ezometers is shown in Fig. 3. The piezometers are staggered in two rows
to increase spacing between piezometers.
Each test began with determination of the discharge coefficient C. Next,
static pressures along the face of the crest and water surface profiles
were measured. Then piers were attached to the crests and the pier con-
traction coefficients were determined. Finally, static pressures and water
surface profiles were measured at the centerline of the bay and along
the piers.
TEST RESULTS
480
481
crease in discharge coefficient for heads greater than design head. Thus,
the concept of "underdesigning" the spillway crest is applicable and will
be discussed in a subsequent section.
Discharge coefficients were found to be 1-3% higher than for venti-
lated sharp-crested weir data (USBR 1948) as expected (COE 1977). This
is due to the substitution of a solid boundary for the underside of the
nappe and the resulting lower pressures; however, the form of the data
curves followed the flat plate data closely.
Crest Pressures.—Pressures for crests with and without piers were
measured for vertical and IV: 1H upstream faces for P/Hd values of 0.25,
0.5, and 1.0. At P/Hd = 0.25, pressures were measured for HJHd = 0.5
and 1.0 only. Using an underdesigned crest for this low of a P/Hd value
does not result in a significant increase in discharge coefficient above
HJHd = 1.0.
Two piers were placed on the 2.5-ft (0.763-m) wide crests and located
as shown in Fig. 6. The pier nose used for all crests was the Type 3
shown in HDC 111-5 (COE 1977). The pier nose was located in the same
plane as the upstream face for the vertical spillway. For the IV: 1H up-
stream slope, the pier nose location was determined by maintaining the
same distance from pier nose to crest axis as used in the vertical up-
stream-faced crest. Piezometer taps along the piers were located 0.02 ft
(6.1 mm) from the edge of the pier to the centerline of the tap hole.
Figs. 7 and 8 indicate typical pressure distributions for crests without
and with piers, respectively. The numbers on the curves indicate HJHd
values. Both figures are for P/Hd = 1.0.
These pressures indicate some variations that are caused by the method
of constructing the model crests. The crests were constructed out of sheet
metal. Plastic crests, which are the best method of accurately reproduc-
ing the true shape of the crest, were used by Melsheimer and Murphy
(1970) in their tests. However, because of the large number of crests
used in this investigation, the cost for the use of plastic crests was pro-
hibitive. Sheet metal crests are much less difficult to construct and give
a good representation of the crest shape. Discharge coefficients should
be consistent with the plastic crests since previous studies (Johnson 1944;
Nagler and Davis 1930) have shown surface roughness effects to be neg-
ligible. However, the fact that the sheet metal may not bend in a true
arc but in a series of small cords can lead to small local variations in the
pressures measured on the crest and result in a less smooth pressure
distribution than would otherwise be the case. Notice that at HJHd =
1, the pressures are near atmospheric. This is an indication that the crest
is proportioned to correctly fit the lower surface of a sharp-crested weir
nappe.
Since it is maximum negative pressure that is of greatest concern to
designers, plots of dimensionless head, HJHd, versus maximum neg-
ative static pressure head, Hp/Hd, are presented in Figs, 9 and 10. The
point clusters represent different P/Hd values for a given HJHd ratio.
The maximum negative static pressure for each value of He/Hd did not
482
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l ~/ M™
U '7 1.33
L. /A
tax
FLOW _ V
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1
cz to <
w
mm %
PLAN VIEW
IV: 1H UPSTREAM FACE
a ^ PIER
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lu1 ' .> 50
.^ ^
^ n * v i >"
1)1
r r-
_t2
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-05 -03 -0.1
1
m mm mm
ELE\NATION VIEWi VERTICAL UPSTREAM FACE
0.50 j, I I I JC X MINI
0.50
I ll I i I I I I 111 I
0.30 I wC~
H /H
-)-||$5: tI i: « (7 " °- -.'.
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4
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7
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-0.60 3 -0.50
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-0.90 -0.90
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±
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"": """'""
VERTICAL UPSTREAM FACE
I I I I II II T> 0 50 - " •"'•.-JJJJ-J4-U-..
'«/Hw = a s : _: =: 00.50
,3
- - t r i l l rr
f-1.0 :: ° 7 -- ,H-/H,4 = 0.5~ """
. 0.10 flJi^iS: •u o.io-'°ix-,=^***^^w---
? P ^ nA0
in 1 /r* ""• ^ -ITS - * i i — * '
< ID ^~V ") 5C •< -° ,' wTxyy?
£ - 0 . 3 0 — ^ - / M - -'•'' " " rr 1 -0.30 - l
_/^:i.33~
Z -0.50 3 z n 50 tJ-
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W '-0.70 UJ v> n7n ,-1-SO _ _
OJ0
S
n .„ /
IX
-0.5-0.3-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 -0.5-0.3-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE , HORIZONTAL DISTANCE , W L , ,
' (X/H,)
DESIGN HEAD DESIGN HE'At) < X/H a'
CENTER LINE OF BAY ALONG PIERS
I V : 1H UPSTREAM FACE
483
appear to vary systematically with P/Hd. Note that when piers are pres-
ent, it is the minimum pressure along the pier that limits head on the
crest and not the centerline value.
It has been recommended (USBR 1977) that an HJHd ratio of 1.33 be
used for the underdesign of a spillway crest. However, as pointed out
by Bauer and Beck (1969) and Abecasis (1970), it is the actual minimum
pressure fluctuation level in relation to atmospheric pressure for a given
climate and altitude that leads to cavitation. Vacuum tank observations
by Abecasis (1961) indicated that cavitation on the crest would be incip-
ient at an average pressure of about -25 ft (7.63 m) of water. Since it is
not average pressure but fluctuating pressures that cause spillway cav-
itation, it is recommended in the Corps of Engineers (COE 1986) that a
spillway crest be designed so that the maximum expected head will re-
sult in an average pressure no lower than —15—20 ft (-4.6-6.1 m) of
water with -15 ft (-4.6 m) used for high head design.
Using this recommendation, Fig. 11 is a transposition of Figs. 9 and
10. Also plotted for comparison purposes is the lower portion of Abe-
casis' (1970) envelope, which is equivalent to a pressure of - 2 5 ft (7.63
m).
Construction irregularities may also limit the allowable underdesign
of a spillway crest, particularly for high head design. Incipient cavitation
for various surface irregularities is given by Ball (1976).
If a crest with piers is designed for negative pressures, the piers must
be extended downstream beyond the negative pressure zone in order to
prevent aeration of the nappe, nappe separation or undulation, and loss
of the underdesign efficiency advantage. For preliminary design pur-
poses when He/Hd equals 1.17, 1.33, and 1.5, the approximate ranges of
the dimensionless horizontal distance from the crest axis, X/Hd, wherein
484
FIG. 11.—Design Curves for -15 ft (4.6 m) and -20 ft (-6.1 m) Pressure Head (1
ft = 0.305 m)
pressures were found to return positive, are 0.1-0.4, 0.7-0.9, and 1.1-
1.5, respectively. If an aeration slot is used to prevent cavitation dam-
age, the crest should not be undersigned if the slot is located in the zone
of negative pressure.
Pier Contraction Coefficients.—Pier contraction coefficients, Kp, were
determined for P/Hd of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0, and are shown in Fig. 12. Kp
modifies the crest length according to Eq. 4:
Le = U - 2(NKp + Ka)He (4)
where U = net uncontracted crest length; N = number of piers; and K„
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1
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TABLE 2.—Continued
(c) — = 0.25
H,,
WITHOUT PIERS CENTERUNE OF GATE BAY ALONG PIERS
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Universidad Nacional De Ingenieria on 10/11/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
X X X
H„ r Hd y Hd Y
H, H4 H, Hd Hi
Hj 0.5 1.0 Hd 0.5 1.0 Hd 0.5 1.0
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
-1.0 -0.452 -0.768 -1.0 -0.469 -0.850 -1.0 -0.469 -0.838
-0.8 -0.452 -0.759 -0.8 -0.469 -0.848 -0.8 -0.469 -0.835
-0.6 -0.446 -0.750 -0.6 -0.464 -0.839 -0.6 -0.466 -0.833
-0.4 -0.435 -0.735 -0.4 -0.454 -0.823 -0.4 -0.469 -0.835
-0.2 -0.414 -0.712 -0.2 -0.438 -0.796 -0.2 -0.488 -0.894
0.0 -0.378 -0.678 0.0 -0.405 -0.758 0.0 -0.414 -0.900
0.2 -0.319 -0.629 0.2 -0.358 -0.715 0.2 -0.286 -0.756
0.4 -0.233 -0.550 0.4 -0.260 -0.640 0.4 -0.175 -0.615
0.6 -0.120 -0.453 0.6 -0.151 -0.553 0.6 -0.066 -0.471
0.8 0.020 -0.331 0.8 -0.018 -0.448 0.8 +0.061 -0.311
1.0 0.188 -0.172 1.0 0.135 -0.303 1.0 +0.209 -0.139
1.2 0.375 0.008 1.2 0.315 -0.135 1.2 +0.378 +0.044
1.4 0.578 0.212 1.4 0.528 +0.045 1.4 +0.577 +0.250
used with caution since differing approach conditions can cause signif-
icant variation.
Water Surface Profiles.—Water surface profile data were taken for crests
with P/Hd of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 and are shown in Table 2. Water surface
profile data for high crests can be found in HDC (COE 1977). These
elevations are used in designing walls, determining clearances, etc. Dif-
ferent upstream face slopes had little measurable effect on the water sur-
face elevations.
DESIGN APPLICATION
F - - & .. (7)
s
dx
487
Solving for X and Y, respectively, and substituting into Eq. 6 yields the
required upstream tangent points:
X n r ™ (9)
<P
B2
and YUT = B (10)
<>|
where $ = (A2F2 + B 2 ) 1/2 . Eq. 1 gives the downstream coordinates. The
downstream tangent can be found in a similar way as
/ K Y" 76
Mi^J * • w
and YDT = - (j^j Hd (12)
0.262K 1176
or Ym = n ^ H , (13)
a'
where a = 1/downstream slope = H/V; and subscripts UT and DT =
upstream and downstream tangents, respectively.
For design purposes, Figs. 2, 4, 5, and 9-12 and Table 2 can be used
directly. Depending on available data and design constraints, Figs. 4 or
5, 9 or 10, and 11 will be used iteratively to determine crest height and
amount of underdesign allowable. The dashed curves in Fig. 11, for a
maximum negative pressure of -15 ft, can be approximated as
Hd = 0.33HJ22 (14)
Hd = 0.30Hf126 (15)
for the uncontrolled (no piers) and controlled (along piers) cases, re-
spectively.
Example.—For a controlled crest at —15 ft pressure minimum, with
Qmax = 410,000 cfs at maximum reservoir elevation at the crest of 1,000-
ft NGVD and an approach channel elevation = 920-ft NGVD, then as-
sume a head, He, of 45 ft at the maximum discharge. Then from Fig. 11
or Eq. 15, Hd = 36.3 ft and He/Hd = 1.24. Dam height, P, then equals
35 ft and P/Hd = 0.96. From Fig. 4 (assuming a vertical upstream face),
C = 4.04 at He/Hd = 1.24.
From Eq. 3, the effective spillway length must be equal to 336.2 ft.
Use six gates and five piers with Kp = -0.02 for HJHd = 1.24 (Fig. 12).
Assuming adjacent embankment sections, K„ = 0.19 (see COE 1977, Chart
111-3/2). For a pier width of 0.267 Hd (see COE 1977, Chart 111-5), the
total physical crest length between abutments is about 393 ft. This is
calculated by solving Eq. 4 for L' and adding pier widths.
488
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The tests described and the resulting data presented herein, unless
otherwise noted, were obtained from research conducted u n d e r the
General Spillway Tests of the United States Army Corps of Engineers
by the Waterways Experiment Station, at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Per-
mission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this infor-
mation.
APPENDIX I.—REFERENCES
Abecasis, F. M. (1944). "Letter no. 3281," Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers.
Abecasis, F. M. (1961). "Spillways—some special problems," Memorandum No.
175, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
Abecasis, F. M. (1970). Discussion of "Designing spillway crests for high-head
operation," by J. J. Cassidy, /. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 96(12), 2655-2658.
Ball, J. W. (1976). "Cavitation from surface irregularities in high velocity flow,"
/. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 102(9), 1283-1297.
Bauer, W. J., and Beck, E. J. (1969). "Spillways and stream-bed protection works,"
Section 20, Handbook of Applied Hydraulics, 3rd ed., C. V. Davis and K. E. So-
rensen, Eds., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
Cassidy, J. J. (1970). "Designing spillway crests for high-head operation," /. Hydr.
Engrg., ASCE, 96(3), 745-753.
"Design of small dams" (1977). U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation,
Washington, D.C.
"Hydraulic design of spillways" (1965). Engineer manual 1110-2-1603, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
"Hydraulic design criteria, revision 17" (1977). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Vicksburg, Miss.
"Hydraulic design of spillways, draft" (1986). Engineer manual 1110-2-1603, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
Johnson, J. W. (1944). discussion of "Spillway coefficients," by G. H. Hickox and
"Meter measurements of discharge, University dam," by E. Soucek. Trans.,
ASCE, 109, 120-123.
Maynord, S. T. (1985). "General spillway investigation," Technical Report HL 85-
1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Miss.
McNown, J. S., Hsi, E.-Y., and Yih, C.-S. (1955). "Applications of the relaxation
technique in fluid mechanics," Trans., ASCE, 120, 650-686.
Melsheimer, E. S., and Murphy, T. E. (1970). "Investigations of various shapes
of the upstream quadrant of the crest of a high spillway," Research Report H-
70-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
Murphy, T. E. (1973). "Spillway crest design," Misc. Paper H-73-5, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
489
APPENDIX II.—NOTATION