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A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within
the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the
spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that a spectrum analyzer
measures is electrical; however, spectral compositions of other signals, such
as acousticpressure waves and optical light waves, can be considered through the use of an
appropriate transducer. Optical spectrum analyzers also exist, which use direct optical
techniques such as a monochromator to make measurements.
By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals,
dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and
other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable in time
domain waveforms. These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic
devices, such as wireless transmitters.
The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and the amplitude
displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer looks like
an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as an oscilloscope or a
spectrum analyzer.
Contents
1History
2Types
3Form factor
o 3.1Benchtop
o 3.2Portable
o 3.3Handheld
o 3.4Networked
4Theory of operation
o 4.1Swept-tuned
o 4.2FFT-based
o 4.3Hybrid superheterodyne-FFT
o 4.4Realtime FFT
4.4.1Online realtime and offline realtime
4.4.2FFT overlapping
4.4.3Minimum signal detection time
4.4.3.1Persistence
4.4.3.2Hidden signals
5Typical functionality
o 5.1Center frequency and span
o 5.2Resolution bandwidth
o 5.3Video bandwidth
o 5.4Detector
o 5.5Displayed average noise level
6Radio-frequency uses
7Audio-frequency uses
8Optical spectrum analyzer
9Vibration spectrum analyzer
10See also
11References
o 11.1Footnotes
12External links
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You
can help by adding to it. (December
2012)
The main PCB from a 20 GHzspectrum analyser. Showing the stripline PCB filters, and modular block
construction.
Spectrum analyzer types are distinguished by the methods used to obtain the spectrum of a
signal. There are swept-tuned and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based spectrum analyzers: