United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked

to promote international co-operation and to create and maintain
international order. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations,
the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War
II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its founding, the
UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the
UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality.
Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The
organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its
member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace
and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic
development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian
aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the
largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most
powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.
The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April and June
1945 in San Francisco, and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion
of the conference;[4][5] this charter took effect on 24 October 1945,
and the UN began operation. The UN's mission to preserve world peace
was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between
the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The
organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo, as
well as approving the creation of the Israeli state in 1947. The
organization's membership grew significantly following
widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for
economic and social development programmes far outstripped its
spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took
on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with
varying degrees of success.

The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main
deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain
resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC; for promoting international economic and social
co-operation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies,
information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of
Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the UN Trusteeship
Council (inactive since 1994). UN System agencies include the World
Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food
Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. The UN's most prominent officer is
the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese politician and
diplomat António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental

organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and

other agencies to participate in the UN's work.
The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of
its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other
evaluations of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some
commentators believe the organization to be an important force for
peace and human development, while others have called the
organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased.

Headquarters New York City(international territory)

Official languages  Arabic

 Chinese
 English
 French
 Russian
 Spanish[2]
Type Intergovernmental organization

Membership 193 member states

2 observer states
Leaders

• Secretary-Gener António Guterres

al

• Deputy Amina J. Mohammed

Secretary-Gener
al

• General Maria Fernanda Espinosa

Assembly
President

• Economic and Marie Chatardová

Social Council
President

• Security Council Olof Skoog

President

Establishment

• UN 26 June 1945 (73 years ago)

Chartersigned

• Charter entered 24 October 1945 (72 years ago)

into force
The Formation of the United
Nations, 1945
On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 nations at war with the Axis
powers met in Washington to sign the Declaration of the United Nations
endorsing the Atlantic Charter, pledging to use their full resources
against the Axis and agreeing not to make a separate peace.
The Founding of the UN in San Francisco
At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, Secretary of State Cordell
Hull and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden agreed to draft a
declaration that included a call for “a general international organization,
based on the principle sovereign equality of all nations.” An agreed
declaration was issued after a Foreign Ministers Conference in Moscow
in October 1943. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Soviet
Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran, in November 1943, he proposed
an international organization comprising an assembly of all member
states and a 10-member executive committee to discuss social and
economic issues. The United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and
China would enforce peace as “the four policemen.” Meanwhile Allied
representatives founded a set of task-oriented organizations: the Food
and Agricultural Organization (May 1943), the United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration (November 1943), the United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (April 1944), the
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (July 1944), and the
International Civil Aviation Organization (November 1944).
U.S., British, Soviet, and Chinese representatives met at Dumbarton
Oaks in Washington in August and September 1944 to draft the charter
of a postwar international organization based on the principle of
collective security. They recommended a General Assembly of all
member states and a Security Council consisting of the Big Four plus six
members chosen by the Assembly. Voting procedures and the veto
power of permanent members of the Security Council were finalized at
the Yalta Conference in 1945 when Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the
veto would not prevent discussions by the Security Council. Roosevelt
agreed to General Assembly membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia
while reserving the right, which was never exercised, to seek two more
votes for the United States.
Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April-June 1945 to
complete the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to the General
Assembly of all member states and a Security Council of 5 permanent
and 6 non-permanent members, the Charter provided for an 18-member
Economic and Social Council, an International Court of Justice, a
Trusteeship Council to oversee certain colonial territories, and a
Secretariat under a Secretary General. The Roosevelt administration
strove to avoid Woodrow Wilson’s mistakes in selling the League of
Nations to the Senate. It sought bipartisan support and in September
1943 the Republican Party endorsed U.S. participation in a postwar
international organization, after which both houses of Congress
overwhelmingly endorsed participation. Roosevelt also sought to
convince the public that an international organization was the best
means to prevent future wars. The Senate approved the UN Charter on
July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2. The United Nations came into
existence on October 24, 1945, after 29 nations had ratified the Charter.
 How the UN work?

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 and

committed to maintaining international peace and security; developing
friendly relations among nations; promoting social progress, better living
standards and human rights.
The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the Organization. The
Security Council nominates its leader, the Secretary-General. ...
All U.N. members must comply with Security Council decisions. The
Council sends peace-keeping forces to restore order when needed.

What is the UN the purpose?

Maintaining worldwide peace and security. Developing relations among
nations. Fostering cooperation between nations in order to solve
economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian international problems.
Providing a forum for bringing countries together to meet the UN's
purposes and goals.

Why is the UN important?

The UN day is approaching. On October 24th the United

Nations celebrates its 70th Anniversary, a milestone in history after
World War II. Conceived as a unifier of states and populations, its central
mission was to restore international peace and ensure security.

How does the UN help?

The UN does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in

conflict make peace; peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow
peace to hold and flourish. ... The UN Security Council has the primary
responsibility for international peace and security.
 World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the

United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was
established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered
in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations
Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an
agency of the League of Nations.
The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by
63 countries on 7 April 1948, with the first meeting of the World Health
Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office
International d'Hygiène Publique and the League of Nations Health
Organization. Since its establishment, it has played a leading role in
the eradication of smallpox. Its current priorities
include communicable diseases, in
particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of
the effects of non-communicable diseases such as sexual
and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food
security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse; and
driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking.

The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, the worldwide
World Health Survey, and World Health Day. The current
Director-General of the WHO is Tedros Adhanom, who started his
five-year term on 1 July 2017

What is the role of WHO?

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the body of the United Nations
(UN) responsible for directing and coordinating health. As such WHO has
come to play a vital role as an actor in the field of international public
health and international public health policy.

Why is the World Health

Organization so important?

It also makes an important contribution to economic progress, as

healthy populations live longer, are more productive, and save more.
Many factors influencehealth status and a country's ability to provide
quality health services for its people.
What is WHO data?

WHO's portal providing access to data and analyses for monitoring the
global health situation. ... The GHE provide a comprehensive and
comparable assessment of mortality and loss of health due to diseases,
injuries and risk factors.
Bilateral relationships

Country Formal Relations Began

Albania

Armenia 1992-03-10

Australia
Azerbaijan 1992-06-17

Bulgaria 1879

Burundi

Canada

Colombia 1973

Cuba

Czech Republic 1993-01-01

Democratic Republic of the

June 1960
Congo

Denmark

Estonia 1921-01-26

Finland 1919-06-10

France 1830

Germany

Greece 1874

Hungary

Ireland

Israel
Italy

Japan 1866

Kazakhstan 1992-08-25

Kosovo 2008-02-14

Malaysia

Mexico 1838

Moldova

Netherlands

North Korea

Pakistan

Qatar

Russia

Rwanda

Serbia 1886-03-15

Slovenia 1991

South Korea 23 March 1901[62]

Turkey

Ukraine 1992
 United Kingdom

United States

Belgium maintains significant bilateral relations with several countries.

Global Health Issues

Emerging Issues in Global Health. Globally, the rate of deaths from

noncommunicable causes, such as heart disease, stroke, and injuries, is
growing. At the same time, the number of deaths from infectious
diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and vaccine-preventable diseases,
is decreasing.

What are the biggest health problems in the

world?

Top 10 Most Common Health Issues

 Physical Activity and Nutrition.
 Overweight and Obesity.
 Tobacco.
 Substance Abuse.
 HIV/AIDS.
 Mental Health.
 Injury and Violence.
 Environmental Quality.
 Immunization
 Access to Health Care

Physical Activity and Nutrition

Research indicates that staying physically active can help prevent or
delay certain diseases, including some cancers, heart disease and
diabetes, and also relieve depression and improve mood. Inactivity often
accompanies advancing age, but it doesn't have to. Check with your local
churches or synagogues, senior centers, and shopping malls for exercise
and walking programs. Like exercise, your eating habits are often not
good if you live and eat alone. It's important for successful aging to eat
foods rich in nutrients and avoid the empty calories in candy and sweets.

Overweight and Obesity

Being overweight or obese increases your chances of dying from
hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke,
gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems,
dyslipidemia and endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers.
In-depth guides and practical advice about obesity are available from
the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of
Health.

Tobacco
Tobacco is the single greatest preventable cause of illness and
premature death in the U.S. Tobacco use is now called "Tobacco
dependence disease." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) says that smokers who try to quit are more successful when they
have the support of their physician.

Substance Abuse
Substance abuse usually means drugs and alcohol. These are two areas
we don't often associate with seniors, but seniors, like young people,
may self-medicate using legal and illegal drugs and alcohol, which can
lead to serious health consequences. In addition, seniors may
deliberately or unknowingly mix medications and use alcohol. Because
of our stereotypes about senior citizens, many medical people fail to ask
seniors about possible substance abuse.

HIV/AIDS
Between 11 and 15% of U.S. AIDS cases occur in seniors over age 50.
Between 1991 and 1996, AIDS in adults over 50 rose more than twice as
fast as in younger adults. Seniors are unlikely to use condoms, have
immune systems that naturally weaken with age, and HIV symptoms
(fatigue, weight loss, dementia, skin rashes, swollen lymph nodes) are
similar to symptoms that can accompany old age. Again, stereotypes
about aging in terms of sexual activity and drug use keep this problem
largely unrecognized. That's why seniors are not well represented in
research, clinical drug trials, prevention programs and efforts at
intervention.

Mental Health
Dementia is not part of aging. Dementia can be caused by disease,
reactions to medications, vision and hearing problems, infections,
nutritional imbalances, diabetes, and renal failure. There are many
forms of dementia (including Alzheimer's Disease) and some can be
temporary. With accurate diagnosis comes management and help. The
most common late-in-life mental health condition is depression. If left
untreated, depression in the elderly can lead to suicide. Here's a
surprising fact: The rate of suicide is higher for elderly white men than
for any other age group, including adolescents.

Injury and Violence

Among seniors, falls are the leading cause of injuries, hospital
admissions for trauma, and deaths due to injury. One in every three
seniors (age 65 and older) will fall each year. Strategies to reduce injury
include exercises to improve balance and strength and medication
review. Home modifications can help reduce injury. Home security is
needed to prevent intrusion. Home-based fire prevention devices should
be in place and easy to use. People aged 65 and older are twice as likely
to die in a home fire as the general population.

Environmental Quality
Even though pollution affects all of us, government studies have
indicated that low-income, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to
live in areas where they face environmental risks. Compared to the
general population, a higher proportion of elderly are living just over the
poverty threshold.

Immunization
Influenza and pneumonia and are among the top 10 causes of death for
older adults. Emphasis on Influenza vaccination for seniors has helped.
Pneumonia remains one of the most serious infections, especially among
women and the very old.

Access to Health Care

Seniors frequently don't monitor their health as seriously as they should.
While a shortage of geriatricians has been noted nationwide, URMC has
one of the largest groups of geriatricians and geriatric specialists of any
medical community in the country. Your access to health care is as close
as URMC, offering a menu of services at several hospital settings,
including the VA Hospital in Canandaigua, in senior housing, and
in your community.

What are the global health issues concerns

and trends?

Now here are 10 more that will shape the coming year for IntraHealth
International, and for all seven billion of us.

1. The growing role of frontline

health workers
2. The need for more community
health workers
3. The rebirth of family planning
4. Helping even more children to
live longer
5. AIDS: Getting to zero

The continuing fight against malaria

 7. Eradicating polio
8. The global burden of noncommunicable
diseases
9. Safety for health workers during
conflicts
10. Mobile health and new technologies

What is a major in global health?

Bachelor of Arts in Global Health (B.A.) Global health is at once an

increasingly popular new field of study, an urgent social concern, and a
powerful interdisciplinary intellectual synthesis aimed at understanding
and productively intervening in processes of health, illness, and healing
across the globe.
Why is global health important?

Rapid identification and control of emerging infectious diseases helps:

Promote health abroad. Prevent the international spread of disease.
Protect the health of the U.S. population.

What is the Global Health Security Agenda?

The Global Health Security Agenda. The Global Health Security

Agenda(GHSA) is a unified effort to accelerate progress toward a world
safe and secure from infectious disease threats and to promote global
health security as an international priority.
 Global health

Global health is the health of populations in the global context;[1] it

has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places
a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for
all people worldwide".[2] Problems that transcend national borders or
have a global political and economic impact are often
emphasized.[3] Thus, global health is about worldwide health
improvement (including mental health), reduction of disparities, and
protection against global threats that disregard national
borders.[4] Global health is not to be confused with international health,
which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on developing
nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized countries.[5] Global
health can be measured as a function of various global diseases and
their prevalence in the world and threat to decrease life in the present
day.
The predominant agency associated with global health (and
international health) is the World Health Organization (WHO). Other
important agencies impacting global health include UNICEF and World
Food Programme. The United Nations system has also played a part with
cross-sectoral actions to address global health and its underlying
socioeconomic determinants with the declaration of the Millennium
Development Goals[6] and the more recent Sustainable Development
Goals.

Belgium

Belgium[A] officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western

Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
It covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi) and has a
population of more than 11 million. The capital and largest city
is Brussels; other major cities
are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi and Liège.

The sovereign state of Belgium is a federal constitutional

monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. Its institutional
organisation is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic
grounds. It is divided into three
highly autonomous regions:[8]Flanders in the north, Wallonia in the
south, and the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels is both the smallest and
richest region in terms of GDP per capita. It is also the most densely
populated area in Belgium.

Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or Communities: the

Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish Community, which constitutes about 59
percent of the population, and the French-speaking Community, which
comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians. Additionally, a
small German-speaking Community, numbering around one percent,
exists in the East Cantons. The Brussels-Capital Region is officially
bilingual (French and Dutch), although French is the dominant language
of the population.[9] Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political
conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of
governance, made up of six different governments.

Historically, Belgium was part of an area known as the Low Countries, a

somewhat larger region than the current Benelux group of states that
also included parts of northern France and western Germany. Its name is
derived from the Latin word Belgica, after the Roman
province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the
17th century, the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan
centre of commerce and culture. Between the 16th and early 19th
centuries, Belgium served as the battleground between many European
powers, earning the moniker the "Battlefield of Europe",[10] a
reputation strengthened by both world wars. The country emerged in
1830 following the Belgian Revolution when it seceded from
the Netherlands.

Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution[11][12] and, during

the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in
Africa.[13] The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising
tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens
fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal
economic development of Flanders and Wallonia. This continuing
antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a
transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period
from 1970 to 1993. Despite the reforms, tensions between the groups
have remained, if not increased; there is significant separatism
particularly among the Flemish; controversial language laws exist such
as the municipalities with language facilities;[14] and the formation of a
coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal
election, a world record.[15] Unemployment in Wallonia is more than
double that of Flanders, which boomed after the war.[16]
Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and
hosts the official seats of the European Commission, the Council of the
European Union, and the European Council, as well as a seat of
the European Parliament in the country's capital, Brussels. Belgium is
also a founding member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD, and WTO, and
a part of the trilateral Benelux Union and the Schengen Area. Brussels
hosts several of the EU's official seats as well as the headquarters of
many major international organizations such as NATO.[B]

Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income

economy. The country achieves very high standards of living, life
quality,[17] healthcare,[18] education,[19] and is categorized as "very
high" in the Human Development Index.[20] It also ranks as one of
the safest or most peaceful countries in the world