Communication Systems (ELE4031)

 Prof. Dong-Joon Shin

 Engineering Building Annex (공업센터별관) 603-1
 Tel: 02-2220-0353; E-mail: djshin@hanyang.ac.kr
 Text: Introduction to Analog & Digital Communications,
2nd ed., S. Haykin and M. Moher
 Evaluation: Midterm exam 40%, Final exam 40%,
HW 10%, Attendance 10%
* If you cheat in an examination or homework, F will be given
* If you fail to take any exam, F will be given

 Prerequisite : Signals and systems, Random processes

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 Syllabus
Week 1: Ch. 1 Introduction to analog communications
Week 2: Ch. 2 Fourier representation of signals and systems – Review
Week 3: Ch. 2 Fourier representation of signals and systems – Review
Week 4: Ch. 3 Amplitude modulation: AM, DSB-SC
Week 5: Ch. 3 Amplitude modulation: Costas receiver, Quadrature-carrier multiplexing
Week 6: Ch. 3 Amplitude modulation: SSB, VSB
Week 7: Ch. 3 Amplitude modulation: Examples;
Ch. 4 Angle modulation : Basic definitions
Week 8: Ch. 4 Angle modulation: Properties of angle-modulated waves / Midterm exam.
Week 9: Ch. 4 Angle modulation: Relationship between PM and FM, NB-FM, WB-FM
Week 10: Ch. 4 Angle modulation: Generation and demodulation of FM,
FM Stereo Multiplexing
Week 11: Ch 8. Random signals and noise – Review
Week 12: Ch 8. Random signals and noise - Review
Week 13: Ch. 9 Noise in analog communications: SNR, Noise in coherent detection
Week 14: Ch. 9 Noise in analog communications: Noise in envelope detection, Noise in SSB
Week 15: Ch. 9 Noise in analog communications: Noise in FM
Week 16: Ch. 9 FM Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis / Final exam.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Applications
1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements
1.4 Understanding Theories of Communication Systems
1.5 Concluding Remarks
 1.1 Historical Background
 Areas related to “Communication Systems"
 Telegraph
 Radio
 Telephone
 Electronics
 Television
 Digital communications
 Computer networks
 Satellite communications
 Optical communications
 Mobile communications
 Radars
 …
 Roughly, systems related with sending/receiving or
storing/retrieving data can be regarded as communication
systems
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 1.1 Historical Background
 Telegraph
 1844, Samuel Morse
 “What hath God wrought” transmitted by Morse’s electric telegraph
• This is the message transmitted to officially open the Baltimore-Washington
telegraph line
 Morse code: variable-length code (a dot, a dash, a letter space, a word space)

 Radio
 1864, James Clerk Maxwell
 Formulated the electromagnetic theory of light
 Predicted the existence of radio waves
 1887, Heinrich Hertz
 The existence of radio waves was confirmed experimentally
 1894, Oliver Lodge
 Demo: wireless communication over a relatively short distance (150 yards
≈ 137m)

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 1.1 Historical Background
 1901, Guglielmo Marconi
 Demo: wireless communication over a long distance (1700 miles ≈ 2736 km)
 1906, Reginald Fessenden
 Conducting the first radio broadcast
 1918, Edwin H. Armstrong
 Invented the superheterodyne radio receiver
 1933, Edwin H. Armstrong
 Demonstrated another modulation scheme (Frequency modulation)

 Telephone
 1875, Alexander Graham Bell
 Invented the telephone
 1897, A. B. Strowger
 Devised the automatic step-by-step switch

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 1.1 Historical Background
 Electronics
 1904, John Ambrose Fleming
 Invented the vacuum-tube diode
 1906, Lee de Forest
 Invented the vacuum-tube triode
 1948, Walter H. Brattain, John Bardeen, & William Shockley (Bell Lab.)
 Invented the transistor
 1958, Robert Noyce
 Produced the first silicon integrated circuit (IC)

 Television
 1928, Philo T. Farnsworth
 First all-electronic television system
 1929, Vladimir K. Zworykin
 All-electronic television system
 1939, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
 Broadcasting television service on a commercial basis

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 1.1 Historical Background
 Digital Communications
 1928, Harry Nyquist
 The theory of signal transmission in telegraphy
 1937, Alex Reeves
 Invented pulse-code modulation
 1958, (Bell Lab.)
 First call through a stored-program system
 1960, (Morris, Illinois)
 The first commercial telephone service with digital switching began.
 1962, (Bell Lab.)
 The first T-1 carrier system transmission was installed
 1943, D. O. North
 Invented the matched filter : the optimum detector of signal in an additive white noise
 1948, Claude E. Shannon (Bell Lab.)
 “A mathematical theory of communication,” BSTJ, pp. 379~423, 1948
 renamed as “The mathematical theory of communication,” reprint version ,1949
 Invented the information theory: The theoretical foundation of digital communications

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 1.1 Historical Background
 Computer Networks
 1943~1946, (Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the Univ. of
Pennsylvania)
 ENIAC : first electronic digital computer
 1950s
 Computers and terminals started communicating with each other
 1965, Robert Lucky
 Idea of adaptive equalization
 1982, G. Ungerboeck
 Efficient modulation techniques
 1950~1970
 Various studies were made on computer networks
 1971
 Advanced Research Project Agency Network(APRANET) first put into service
 1985
 APRANET was renamed the Internet
 1990, Tim Berners-Lee
 Proposed a hypermedia software interface to internet (World Wide Web)

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 1.2 Applications
 Radio
 Point-to-point communication
 In which the communication process takes place over a link between a
single transmitter and a single receiver
 Broadcasting
 Which involves the use of a single powerful (and expensive) transmitter and
numerous receivers that are relatively inexpensive to build
 AM and FM radio
• The voices are transmitted from broadcasting stations that operate in our
neighborhood
 Television
• Transmits visual images and voice
 Multiple-access communication (MAC)
 Which involves the use of multiple transmitters and a single receiver
 This model is usually considered in analyzing communication networks

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1.2 Applications

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 1.2 Applications
 Satellite communications
 Built around a satellite in (usually) geostationary orbit, relies on line-of-
sight radio propagation for the operation of an uplink and a downlink

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 1.2 Applications
 Communication Networks
 Consists of the interconnection of a number of routers that are made up
of intelligent processors
 Circuit switching
 Is usually controlled by a centralized hierarchical control mechanism with
knowledge of the network’s entire organization
 Packet switching
 Store and forward
• Any message longer than a specified size is subdivided into segments (packets)
prior to transmission
• The original message is reassembled at the destination on a packet-by-packet
basis
 Advantage
• When a link has traffic to sent, the link tends to be more fully utilized.

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1.2 Applications

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 1.2 Applications
 Data Networks
 Layer: A process or device inside a computer system that is designed to
perform a specific function
 Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model
 The communications and related-connection functions are organized as a
series of layers with well-defined interfaces.
 Composed of 7 layers

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 1.2 Applications
 Integration of Telephone and Internet
 VoIP’s Quality of service (QoS)
 Packet loss ratio
• the number of packets lost in transport across the network to the total number of
packets pumped into the network
 Connection delay
• The time taken for a packet of a particular host-to-host connection to transmit
across the network
 Even if the strict requirements for VoIP, nowadays it is quite common
and shows good QoS

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 1.2 Applications
 Data Storage
 The digital domain is preferred over the analog one
1) The quality of a digitized (audio/video) signal, measured in terms of
frequency response, linearity, and noise, is determined by the analog-to-
digital conversion (ADC) process, the parameterization of which is under
the designer’s control.
2) Once the signal is digitized, we can make use of well-developed and
powerful encoding techniques for data compression to reduce bandwidth,
and error-control coding to provide protection against the possibility of
making errors in the course of storage.
3) For most practical applications, the digital storage of audio and video
signals does not degrade with time.  Is it true?

 As the requirements for data storage are getting stronger and the storage
media becomes physically worse, data storage technology should be
developed into much more complicated one!!

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 1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements
 The communication systems are designed for efficient
utilization of two primary communication resources
 Transmit power
 The average power of the transmitted signal
 Channel bandwidth
 The width of the passband of the channel

 Classification of communication channels

 Power-limited channel  Band-limited channel
 Wireless channels  Telephone channels
 Satellite channels  Television channels
 Deep-space links

 Design of communication system boils down to a tradeoff

between signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and channel bandwidth

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 1.4 Understanding Theories of Communication Systems
 Modulation Theory
 Sinusoidal carrier wave
 Whose amplitude, phase, or frequency is the parameter chosen for
modification according to the information-bearing signal
 Periodic sequence of pulses
 Whose amplitude, width, or position is the parameter chosen for
modification according to the information-bearing signal

 The issues in modulation theory

 Time-domain description of the modulation signal
 Frequency-domain description of the modulated signal
 Detection of the original information-bearing signal and evaluation of
the effect of noise on the receiver.

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 1.4 Understanding Theories of Communication Systems
 Fourier Analysis
 Fourier analysis provides a mathematical basis for evaluating the
following issues
 Frequency-domain description of a modulated signal and its transmission
bandwidth
 Transmission of a signal through a linear system exemplified by a
communication channel or filter

 Detection Theory
 Signal-detection problem in the presence of noise

 Probability Theory and Random Processes

 Probability theory for describing the behavior of randomly occurring
events in mathematical terms
 Statistical characterization of random signals and noise

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