Grammar: connectors of addition/cause-effect A Language in context Read the text. Why do you think this vehicle is called a “roadable aircraft” and not a “flying car"? eve ©) DD wm motoraway comearplane Transition® Roadable Aircraft from Terratugia mph, and its algo a car suitable for in-town cr highway driving; therefore, the Transition could be considered the parfact vehiclo-—fly ft from fone town to another and drive it to your hotel! f course, the Transition is not perfect for everyone. It can hold only the driver/pllot and one passenger because of iis small size, furthermore, due to the vehice’s abity to fly owners must be Certified light aireratt plots. In addition, a new Transition costs almost $200,000, As a result of these factors, you are not likely to see Transition vehicles in many driveways any time soon! B Notice Write the words in bold in Exercise A in the table according to their purpose. Purpose Connector Comma: In adeition to/Because of/ue to/As a result Addition . _— (to of the cost... the cars Because it costs a fot to make the cars, they The cars are expensive, and/so Cause-effect (result) §-—————_—. — (of) a (of) Semicolon or period + comma: The cars are expensive; furthermore,/as a result/ ¢ Practice Complete the paragraph with the connectors —_n adsition,/therefore,/also, in the box. Use each word only once. Two of the items ‘No punctuation: have interchangeable answers. The cars are expensive because/because of/due r ~ . to/as a result of. in addition to. due to therefore because of | furthermore and because also ) Hybrid cars have low hydrocarbon emissions (1) —___ their combination electric-gasoline engines. (2) —_________, they are energy-efficient, @ _________ they have an appealing design. (4) _____ hybrids, __— the pressure to find a automakers are developing other eco-cars (5) ternatives, to fossil fuels. One alternative is the hydrogen engine, which does not use gasoline. And the French are © experimenting with a gas-freecar. Itrunson ai; CIT 7) —_______ it needs no fuel at all! Governments should ‘¥ Cars are dit because support these efforts (8) ________ we need cleaner cars! oe ‘cars are dirty because of gasoline 1% Cars are dity because easoline 5 D FJ Now you do it Work in groups. Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Share your ideas with the class. 2 In addition to causing pollution, gasoline ears 3. Asa result of the international dependency on petroleum, 4 Governments should require all auto manufacturers to ... ; furthermore, dealers should have to 5 In the US. and Europe, it is very expensive to manufacture cars. Therefore, 6 I think the Terrafugia is ... I's alsoSees Grammar: connectors of contrast A Language in context Read this postcard. Which city is Rachel visiting? Rachel B Notice Look back at the postcard in Exercise A and the information in the table below. We use connectors of contrast to join two contrasting ideas. Which ones can go at the beginning of the first or the second clause or phrase? Which ones have to go at the beginning of the second clause or phrase? | Connector Form Hi but The food is great, but its pretty expensive. The food Is expensive, However, we've found a great café | nevertheless/however ® It's very expensive here; nevertheless, we are enjoying ourselves. Today we visited Red Square and took pictures even though it was freezing! 1 even though/(aithough Although | enjoy traveling, | dislike fying. ts been fantastic despite the weather. despite/in spite of Berund/the fact that/noun phrase) In spite of having little money, I've had a great time. Despite the fact that its cold, we love Russia! Ir the connector is in the fst clause, use @ comma: Although we vent ¢o Braz, we did't go to Rio. It the connectors in the second clause, don't use a comma: We decided to go to London inspite of the cot However, use a comma for but in the second clause: !/oved Pari, but it was expensive, Use @ period or a semicolon before nevertheless /however and a comma after: LA. Is an interesting city; however, | wouldn't ve there. © Practice Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences. 1 In spite of/ Flowever the tourist crowds, Rio is an amazing city | 2 San Francisco is one of the world’s top cities even though / despite itcan be very windy! 1} 3 But .gh Diane lives in Sydney, she’s never been to the Opera House. Foreign travel is expensive, Nevertheless, / Despite, you can find some bargains online. 4 5 Personally, I couldn't live in a city however / though I know it must be exciting, 6 My favorite city has to be Delhi, in spite of /but it can be really chaotic! 7 Despite / Nevertheless hating the cold, [loved Stockholm. 8 But /Even though Alberto speaks Catalan, he’s never visited Barcelona,Language Wrap-up Vocabulary Complete the descriptions with the words in the box. kind of that goes square round chrome Then match the descriptions with the car parts on the right. (10 points) 1 Isa wide piece of glass across the car a) grill feels in front of the driver. by tires and parts of cars 2 These are and made of rubber and ©) windshield sometimes get a puncture ene This is a rectangular space at the back (0-7 correct: ©) trunk Took again at car that you can keep things in Sections Land 3. on pages 108 and 110 4 Thisisa part on the front of older cars. 5 These connect to the electrical system at the back of the car: They are usually rectangular or A Complete this extract from an online newspaper editorial with the words in the box. (5 points) because as aresult of therefore furthermore and No one wants to grow up thi days. People get married e=30 eoiisety a _____ have children, but they still want to do the things: pina ten tone they did when they were teenagers. (2) — this attitude meaning when many people take unnecessary safety risks. They want to do things like extreme sports; followed by gerunds or peep i infnitives and I can use ° they want to compete at the highest levels! This is unfair connectorsof addition 9 ther families (8) —_—_____ there isa danger that they willbe killed ean or permanently injured. It is the parents’ duty to be there for their children. estes o , parents should try to avoiel exposing themselves Sections 2 and 6 on to danger. Parents, act your age! pages 109 and 112, * B Complete this response to the editorial with correct forms of the verbs SCORE: 70 in parentheses. (5 points) I disagree with the opinion that people with kids shouldn’t do extreme sports. [remember (1) — (watch) off-road mountain biking competitions on TV when I was young, and Lalways wanted to try it. Now I'm finally doing it, but my husband wants me to stop (2) (compete) because he says it’s too dangerous. I have tried (3) (convince) him that it isn’t that dangerous, but he says I should forget (4) (compete) now that we have kids. He doesn’t stop (5) think) about how I feel. He only thinks about what he wants! as