Journal of Advanced Research (2011) 2, 1–8

Cairo University

Journal of Advanced Research

REVIEW

Schiff bases: A short review of their antimicrobial activities

Cleiton M. da Silva a, Daniel L. da Silva a, Luzia V. Modolo b, Rosemeire B. Alves a,
Maria A. de Resende c, Cleide V.B. Martins c,d, Ângelo de Fátima a,*

a
Grupo de Estudos em Quı´mica Orgânica e Biológica (GEQOB), Departamento de Quı´mica, ICEx, UFMG, Av. Pres.
Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
b
Departamento de Botânica, ICB, UFMG, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
c
Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, UFMG, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
d
Centro de Engenharias e Cieˆncias Exatas, UNIOESTE, Rua da Faculdade, 450, Jardim La Salle, Toledo, PR 85903-000, Brazil

Available online 9 June 2010

KEYWORDS Abstract Schiff bases are aldehyde- or ketone-like compounds in which the carbonyl group is
replaced by an imine or azomethine group. They are widely used for industrial purposes and also
Schiff bases;
exhibit a broad range of biological activities. This short review compiles examples of the most
Antimalarial;
Antifungal; promising antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral Schiff bases. An overview of syn-
Antibacterial; thetic methodologies used for the preparation of Schiff bases is also described.
Antiviral; ª 2010 Cairo University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In vitro activity

Introduction
Schiff bases, named after Hugo Schiff [1], are formed when any
primary amine reacts with an aldehyde or a ketone under spe-
cific conditions. Structurally, a Schiff base (also known as
imine or azomethine) (Fig. 1) is a nitrogen analogue of an alde-
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 31 3409 6373; fax: +55 31 3409
5700.
E-mail address: adefatima@qui.ufmg.br (Â. de Fátima).
2090-1232 ª 2010 Cairo University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of Cairo University.
doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.004
Production and hosting by Elsevier
hyde or ketone in which the carbonyl group (C‚O) has been
replaced by an imine or azomethine group.
Schiff bases are some of the most widely used organic com-
pounds. They are used as pigments and dyes, catalysts, inter-
mediates in organic synthesis, and as polymer stabilisers [2].
Schiff bases have also been shown to exhibit a broad range
of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-
malarial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and
antipyretic properties [2,3]. Imine or azomethine groups are
present in various natural, natural-derived, and non-natural
compounds (see Fig. 2 for some examples). The imine group
present in such compounds has been shown to be critical to
their biological activities [4–6].
In this review we present the general approaches to the syn-
thesis of Schiff bases. We also highlight the most significant
examples of compounds belonging to this class, which exhibit
antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, and/or antiviral activi-
ties to have been reported in the literature. The relationship be-
tween Schiff bases and other pharmacological activities, such
as antiproliferative activities, are not included in this review.
 SGEM 2018 Conference Programme: POSTER, Day7, 08.07.2018

---> MORNING POSTER SESSION 1

22.Education and Accreditation

MODELLING OF DATA LIFE CYCLE IN AUTOID SYSTEMS USING WITNESS ENVIRONMENT
1 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(15204, L): Assist. Prof. Libor Kavka, College of Logistics, Czech Republic
A BIOLOGY LEARNING THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTALITY OF THE “FLIPPED CLASSROOM”
METHOD WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY IN KAZAKHSTAN
2 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(17196, L): Prof. Bakhyt Mynbayeva, Kazakh National Pedagogical University named
after Abay, Kazakhstan
FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION TECHNIQUES FOR ADOPTING AN ECOLOGICAL
CITIZENSHIP
3 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18631, S): PhD Cristina Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Politehnica University Timisoara,
Romania
GEOSCIENCE AS A CONNECTOR IN INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS
4 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18708, S): Assist. Prof. Ludmila Flokova, College of Logistics, Czech Republic
TRENDS TO FOLLOW IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
5 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18830, L): Dilara Gumerova, Almetyevsk State Oil University, Russia
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN GEOLOGICAL EDUCATION
6 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(19273, L): Prof. Dr. Anatoly Borisov, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
INCREASING THE COOPERATION EFECTIVENESS AMONG THE RESCUE COMPONENTS OF THE
7 09:30 - 11:00 SLOVAK IRS IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATION
Speaker(19370, L): PhD Lucia Kovacova, University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia
EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CIVIL PROTECTION WORKERS IN
8 09:30 - 11:00 THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC
Speaker(19370, L): PhD Lucia Kovacova, University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia
24.Micro and Nano Technologies
INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NANOCOMPOZITE NI-P-
9 09:30 - 11:00 AL2O3 LAYERS
Speaker(10184, L): Assoc.Prof. Lucica Balint, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
ON DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGE OF CU-9.51AL-3.81NI
10 09:30 - 11:00 ALLOY
Speaker(13831, L): Assoc.Prof. Carmela Gurau, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
COMPOSITION EFFECTS AND THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON MECHANICAL AND
11 09:30 - 11:00 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF S420NL STEEL
Speaker(13831, L): Assoc.Prof. Carmela Gurau, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW MODIFIED-RELEASE TOPICAL
ANTINEOPLASTIC PRODUCTS
12 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(13891, L): Assoc.Prof. Lacramioara Ochiuz, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and
Pharmacy, Romania
STATISTICAL MODELING OF PHYSIC-CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
VARIOUS SMOOTHIE TYPES
13 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(14318, L): Assist.Prof. Sofia Popescu, Banat University of Agronomical Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine, Romania
FUNCTIONALISED MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLES AS DRUG CARRIER
14 09:30 - 11:00 Speaker(15521, L): Assoc. Prof. Alina Stefanache, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and
Pharmacy, Romania
 OPTIMIZATION OF SOLUBILITY OF AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE THROUGH COMPLEXATION
WITH HYDROXYPROPYL-BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN
15 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(15521, L): Assoc. Prof. Alina Stefanache, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and
Pharmacy, Romania
FUNCTIONAL MEDICAL MATERIALS BASED ON BIOPOLYMERS: PREPARATION AND
16 09:30 - 11:00 INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Speaker(15748, L): Andrey Uspenskii, ITMO University, Russia
MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN LAYERS OF TIN COATED ON
17 09:30 - 11:00 THE SILICON SUBSTRATE
Speaker(16117, L): Assoc. Prof. Stela Constantinescu, University "Dunarea de Jos", Romania
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR CHOOSING ROBOTS IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
18 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(16769, V): Assoc. Prof. Paul Patic, Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania
SUPERCRITICAL EQUIPMENT OF DIFFERENT VOLUME TO PRODUCE AEROGELS IN FORM OF
PARTICLES - PROSPECTS OF SCALE-UP
19 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(17429, L): Prof. Natalia Menshutina, D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical technology
of Russia, Russia
CELLULAR AUTOMATA APPROACH FOR AEROGELS STRUCTURE MODELING AND PROPERTIES
PREDICTION AS A BASE FOR MULTISCALE NUMERICAL SIMULATION
20 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(17429, L): Prof. Natalia Menshutina, D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical technology
of Russia, Russia
INVESTIGATION AND MODELING OF STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF SILICA-RESORCINOL-
FORMALDEHYDE AND SILICA-CARBON AEROGELS
21 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(17473, L): Assist. Prof. Mariia Gordienko, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical
Technology of Russia, Russia
ANTIBACTERIAL POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON PVC AND FUNCTIONALIZED TIO2
NANOPARTICLES WITH APPLICATION IN THE MEDICAL AND FOOD INDUSTRIES
22 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18157, L): Mihai Georgescu, INCDTP-Div.Leather and Footwear Research Institute ICPI,
Romania
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES OF POLYAMIDE/POLYETHYLENE/ FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON
FIBRES
23 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18157, L): Mihai Georgescu, INCDTP-Div.Leather and Footwear Research Institute ICPI,
Romania
COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING TRIETHANOLAMINE AS FUEL
24 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18590, L): Assoc. Prof. Robert Ianos, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON RUBBER AND NANOCLAY
25 09:30 - 11:00 Speaker(18597, L): PhD Mario Stelescu, National Research And Development Institute For
Textiles And Leather - Division The Leather And Footwear Institute, Romania
MINIATURIZATION OF MICROSTRIP DEVICES FOR SMALL SPACE SATELLITES AND AIRCRAFT
26 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(18857, L): Assist. Prof. Denis Letavin, Ural Federal University, Russia
MINIATURIZATION AS A WAY TO PRESERVE MATERIAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF MICROSTRIP
27 09:30 - 11:00 DEVICES
Speaker(18857, L): Assist. Prof. Denis Letavin, Ural Federal University, Russia
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS CRYSTALLISED IN THE CENTRIFUGE
28 09:30 - 11:00 Speaker(18923, V): PhD Assel Telesheva, Kazakh National Research Technical University named
after K. Satpayev, Kazakhstan
 COPPER-CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITES: METAL VAPOR SYNTHESIS, SPECTROSCOPIC
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
29 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(19038, L): PhD Alexander Vasil'kov, Nesmeyanov Institute of Organo-Element
Compounds, Russia
COMPARING PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED CATALYSTS IN DRY
REFORMING OF METHANE
30 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(19109, S): Anna Shaneva, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia,
Russia
RESEARCH AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING A
NANOCOMPOSITE OF SIC-CNT
31 09:30 - 11:00
Speaker(19109, S): Anna Shaneva, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia,
Russia
ORGANIC-MINERAL MODIFIER FOR PETRIFICATION OF WOOD
32 09:30 - 11:00 Speaker(19237, V): PhD Natalia Kiliusheva, Northern Arctic Federal University named after M.V.
Lomonosov Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Russia
MARINE STRUCTURES CORROSION AND IMPROVED POLYMERIC COATINGS BY ADDING TIO2
33 09:30 - 11:00 NANOPARTICLES
Speaker(19268, S) PhD Laurentiu Mardare, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
METABOLIC ALBUMIN AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. THEIR SYNERGETIC EFFECT ON
34 09:30 - 11:00 ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF TITANIUM IMPLANT ALLOY
Speaker(19337, S): PhD Ravoiu Anca, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania
THE NONLLINEAR MATHEMATICAL 2D MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE REGIMES
35 09:30 - 11:00 IN THERMOSENSITIVE LAYERED MEDIUM WITH INCLUSIONS
Speaker(19380, L): Prof. DSc. Roman Kochan, University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
END MORNING POSTER SESSION 1
11:00 - 12:30 ---> MORNING POSTER SESSION 2
25.Advances in Biotechnology
EFFECT OF SOME PROBIOTIC BACTERIA ON THE REDUCTION OF AFLATOXIN B1 PRODUCTION
IN STORED ARABICA COFFEE BEANS
1 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker (14961, L): Assoc.Prof. Florina Radu, Banat University of Agronomical Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine, Romania
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE GRAINS FLOUR OF SOME MUTANT/RECOMBINANT
2 11:00 - 12:30 WINTER WHEAT DH LINES
Speaker (15550, L): PhD Paula Iancu, University Of Craiova, Romania
IR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF POLYMERIC COMPOSITES FILLED WITH ZNO HAVING
3 11:00 - 12:30 ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES
Speaker (15747, L): Prof. DSc. Mayya Uspenskaya, ITMO University, Russia
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF S. CEREVISIAE GROWTH ON DEPROTEINIZED PLANT RAW
MATERIAL HYDROLYSATES
4 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker (16033, L): Prof Victor Panfilov, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia,
Russia
FUNGI CELLULASES FOR CRUDE FIBRE REDUCTION IN PLANT RAW MATERIALS
5 11:00 - 12:30 Speaker (16033, L): Prof Victor Panfilov, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia,
Russia
THE STUDY OF BIOSTIMULATING EFFECT OF POROUS CERAMICS FUNCTIONALIZED WITH
6 11:00 - 12:30 POLYOXOMETALATES
Speaker (16185, L): PhD Ioana Pistea, Babes Bolyai University, Romania
EVALUATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FIVE SORGHUM
7 11:00 - 12:30 (SORGHUM BICOLOR) VARIETIES
Speaker (17825, L): Prof. Cristina Babeanu, University Of Craiova, Romania
 THE EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITIES IN TWO SWEET
8 11:00 - 12:30 SORGHUM HYBRIDS SEEDLINGS
Speaker(17825, L): Prof. Cristina Babeanu, University Of Craiova, Romania
SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION: P-SOLUBILIZING BIOFERTILIZERS
9 11:00 - 12:30 Speaker(18137, L): PhD Maria Vassileva, University of Granada, Spain

EFFECT OF PRUNING SYSTEMS ON LEAF PHYSIOLOGY AND GRAPEVINE PERFORMANCE

10 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(18307, L): Assoc. Prof. Cristian Popescu, University of Pitesti, Romania
RECYCLING OF CO-CR POWDERS USED FOR MANUFACTURING BY DIRECT METAL LASER
11 11:00 - 12:30 SINTERING TECHNOLOGY
Speaker(18426, V): PhD BAILA Diana-Irinel, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS IN GRAPES GRINDING BY IN VITRO METHOD
12 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(18506, L): Prof. Abdulmalik Batukaev, Chechen State University, Russia
INFLUENCE OF PRETREATMENT CONDITIONS ON THE CONTENT OF ANTIOXIDANT
13 11:00 - 12:30 COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM CUCURBITA MAXIMA
Speaker(18747, S): PhD Andreea-Cristina Stroe, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania
ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS - AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FOR FOOD
INDUSTRY
14 11:00 - 12:30 Speaker(18937, S): Jurca-Paven Claudia-Paven, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and
Veterinary Medicine King Mihai I of Romania from Timisoara - Faculty of Food Processing,
Romania
EVALUATION OF FOENICULUM VULGARE AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT IN WHEY CHEESES
Speaker(18937, S): Jurca-Paven Claudia-Paven, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and
15 11:00 - 12:30
Veterinary Medicine King Mihai I of Romania from Timisoara - Faculty of Food Processing,
Romania
STUDIES REGARDING THE QUALITY OF CHARDONNAY AND CABERNET SAUVIGNON WINES
16 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19259, L): Assist. Prof. Lupu Mirabela, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRASOUND AND PASTEURISATION PROCESS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL
17 11:00 - 12:30 PROPERTIES OF GRAPE JUICE
Speaker(19259, L): Assist. Prof. Lupu Mirabela, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND ON RED WINE PHYSICOCHEMICAL
18 11:00 - 12:30 CHARACTERISTICS
Speaker(19282, L): Ress. Assit. Alina Margean, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
RESEARCHES ON REDUCING ALCOHOL CONTENT OF WINE USING VACUUM DISTILLATION
19 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19282, L): Ress. Assit. Alina Margean, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
STUDY OF BIOSENSOR RECEPTOR LAYER COMPONENT STABILITY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
20 11:00 - 12:30 VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT ACIDITY
Speaker(19300, L): Prof. DSc. Vasyl Martsenyuk, University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.
21 11:00 - 12:30 THROUGH MICROSATELLITES SSR MARKERS
Speaker(19354, L): Assist. Prof. KARA Karima, University Brother Mentouri Constantine1, Algeria
THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM LACTATE FORTIFICATON ON THE RHEOLOGICAL, TEXTURAL, CRUMB
MICROSTRUCTURE AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BREAD FROM 1250 WHEAT FLOUR TYPE
22 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19410, L): Assist. Prof. Codina Georgiana, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava,
Romania
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BREAD FROM WHEAT FLOUR OF A HIGH EXTRACTION RATE
WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MAGNESIUM IONS FROM LACTATE SALT ADDITION
23 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19410, L): Assist. Prof. Codina Georgiana, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava,
Romania
THE INFLUENCE OF FROZEN STORAGE ON BREAD PRODUCTS WITH LENTIL FLOUR
24 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19411, S): PhD Boeriu Adriana, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
 COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO THE BASIC METHODS OF DOUGH OBTAINING IMPROVED WITH
25 11:00 - 12:30 LENTIL FLOUR
Speaker(19411, S): PhD Boeriu Adriana, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
INFLUENCE OF PUMPKIN SEEDS ADDITION ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF YOGURT
26 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19419, L): Assoc. Prof. Adriana Dabija, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF YOGURT WITH SEABUCKTHORN POWDER,
27 11:00 - 12:30 ROSEHIP POWDER AND GRAPE SEED EXTRACT DURING STORAGE
Speaker(19419, L): Assoc. Prof. Adriana Dabija, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
ASSESSMENT OF THE NORMAL MICROBIOTA AND SOIL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH
28 11:00 - 12:30 ROMANIAN RARE PLANTS FROM NATURAL HABITATE
Speaker(19452, L): Assist. Prof. Lia-Mara Ditu, University of Bucharest, Romania
VALORIZATION OF MANGO BY-PRODUCTS: BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITES
29 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19624, L): PhD Cristina Damian, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CITRUS PEEL AND SEEDS EXTRACTS
30 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19624, L): PhD Cristina Damian, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
STABILITY AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME FAT-REDUCED MAYONNAISE WITH
31 11:00 - 12:30 DIFFERENT FAT MIMETICS
Speaker(19626, L): PhD Sorina Ropciuc, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POLYPHENOLS CONTENT IN
32 11:00 - 12:30 CHESTNUT HONEY SAMPLES
Speaker(19626, L): PhD Sorina Ropciuc, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania
THE STUDY OF WOUND-HEALING ACTIONS OF COLLAGEN MEMBRANES WITH PROBIOTICS FOR
TOPICAL APPLICATION
33 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19649, VL): PhD Moldir Koilybayeva, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University,
Kazakhstan
MANAGEMENT OF A NEW SOLUTION TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRY
FRACTIONING OPERATION
34 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19676, S): PhD Jonel Martin, Banats University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine King Mihai I of Romania from Timisoara, Romania
INTEGRATION OF PCA INTO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DRY
FRACTIONING OPERATION IN CENTRIFUGAL FIELD OF FORCES ON A NATURAL LIPID MIXTURE
35 11:00 - 12:30
Speaker(19676, S): PhD Jonel Martin, Banats University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary
Medicine King Mihai I of Romania from Timisoara, Romania
END MORNING POSTER SESSION 2
14:30 – 16:00 ---> AFTERNOON POSTER SESSION 1

26.Green Buildings Technologies and Materials

COMMON THERMAL INSULATIONS VS NANO INSULATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
1 14:30 - 16:00 REGARDING THE NZEB TARGETS FULFILMENT
Speaker(15162, L): Assoc. Prof. Ligia Moga, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
A STUDY ON THE POSSIBLE USE OF SANDSTONE DUST AS FINE AGGREGATE IN MORTAR MIX
DESIGN
2 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(15852, L): Prof. Zbysek Pavlik, CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech
Republic
PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT WITH WASTE EXPANDED
POLYPROPYLENE BASED AGGREGATE
3 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(15852, L): Prof. Zbysek Pavlik, CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech
Republic
 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR MAINTAINING THERMAL COMFORT:
4 14:30 - 16:00 STUDY CASE FOR HISTORICAL BUILDING
Speaker(16303, VL): Assist.Prof. Paula Tudor, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
FIBER BRAGG TECHNOLOGY FOR STRUCTURAL MONITORING A CONCRETE PILLAR WITH
5 14:30 - 16:00 PREFABRICATED WALLS
Speaker(17126, L): Prof. DSc. Janusz Juraszek, University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF SELECTED MATERIALS FOR FLAT ROOF DETAILS
6 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(17896, S): Ondrej Necas, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
INFLUENCE OF THE FLAT ROOF PROCESS ON THE SITE OF DETAIL OF THE ATICS USING THE
7 14:30 - 16:00 MAIN WATERPROOFING LAYER MADE OF PLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Speaker(17896, S): Ondrej Necas, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETITE CONCENTRATE ON WEAR RESISTANCE OF CEMENT MORTARS
AND CONCRETES
8 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(18320, S): Mateusz Techman, West Pommeranian University of Technology in Szczecin,
Poland
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN LIGHT CLAY AND TRADITIONAL
9 14:30 - 16:00 TECHNOLOGY ON A SELECTED EXAMPLE
Speaker(18673, S): Anna Miszkowska, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
EFFECTS OF PYROLYSIS CONDITIONS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHICKEN MANURE DERIVED
10 14:30 - 16:00 BIOCHAR
Speaker(18684, S): PhD Maya Rudakova, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
THE RESEARCH OF PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON PLASTER WITH
11 14:30 - 16:00 REINFORCEMENT OF NATURAL FIBRES
Speaker(18793, S): Marketa Hostalkova, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
ANTIFUNGAL EFFICIENCY OF SLAG BASED CEMENT COMPOSITES
12 14:30 - 16:00 Speaker(19132, S): Michaela Smolakova, Technical University of Kosice - Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Slovakia
COMPARISON OF RADIOACTIVITY IN CEMENTS WITH REGULATORY LIMITS FOR NATURAL
RADIOACTIVITY IN BUILDING MATERIALS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
13 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(19132, S): Michaela Smolakova, Technical University of Kosice - Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Slovakia
LIVING, WORKING AND RELAXING UNDER BRIDGES AND FLYOVERS? OVERVIEW OF THE
DESIGN SOLLUTIONS IMPROVING THE OUTPUT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN SPACES
UNDER ELEVATED INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE EUROPEAN CITIES AT THE TURN OF THE
14 14:30 - 16:00
20TH AND 21ST CENTURY
Speaker(19283, VL): PhD Elzbieta Komarzynska-Swiesciak, Wroclaw University of Technology,
Poland
INCORPORATION OF SILICA FUME INTO CEMENT BASED COMPOSITES CURED UNDER SPECIFIC
HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS
15 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(19322, L): PhD Pavel Reiterman, CTU in Prague-Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech
Republic
ECO-FRIENDLY CLAY-BASE MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE IMPROVING PAINT RESISTANCE
16 14:30 - 16:00 TOWARDS DEGRADATION PROCESSES INCLUDING UV RADIATION
Speaker(19338, S): Julia Karasa, University of Latvia, Latvia
THE EFFECT OF RECYCLED BLAST FURNACE SLAG WASTE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
CEMENT-BASED MORTARS
17 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(19495, S): Nicula Liliana, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

THE INFLUENCE OF TIO2 NANOPARTICLES ON THE PROPERTIES OF SELF-CLEANING CEMENT

MORTAR
18 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(19584, L): Prof. DSc. Maria Kaszynska, West Pommeranian University of Technology in
Szczecin, Poland
 COMPOSITE MATERIAL FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF WIND TURBINE BLADE
19 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker (17142, L): PhD Brahim Safi, Boumerdes University, Algeria

27.Green Design and Sustainable Architecture

HERITAGE BUILDINGS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUCHAREST
20 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(16303, VL): Assist.Prof. Paula Tudor, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
INNOVATIVE USE IN ADAPTATION OF POST MILITARY BARRACK COMPLEXES
21 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(16347, V): PhD Marta Rudnicka-Bogusz, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
PLACEMENT OF A WATER HARBOR AND SUSTAINABLE BUILDING CONSULTING
22 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(17126, L): Prof. DSc. Janusz Juraszek, University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland
RELATION BETWEEN DYNAMIC RESPONSE AND THE TRAFFIC COMFORT OF SOME
23 14:30 - 16:00 FOOTBRIDGES ON PLATE GIRDERS
Speaker(17258, V): Assist. Prof. Raluca Nerisanu, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
ADVANCED METHODS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS IN ASSESSING NOISE ANNOYANCE IN
24 14:30 - 16:00 AN URBANIZED ENVIRONMENT
Speaker(17770, L): PhD Waldemar Paskowski, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
RECONSIDERING SPACES LEFT-OVER AFTER PLANNING WITHIN THE EUROPEAN CITIES AT THE
TURN OF THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURY. OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND
25 14:30 - 16:00 DIVERSIFICATION OF PUBLIC DOMAIN UTILISING SPACES UNDER ELEVATED INFRASTRUCTURE
Speaker(19283, VL): PhD Elzbieta Komarzynska-Swiesciak, Wroclaw University of Technology,
Poland
28.Space Technologies and Planetary Science
STUDY ON THE HIGH-INTENSITY GEOMAGNETIC STORM FROM MARCH 2015, BASED ON
26 14:30 - 16:00 TERRESTRIAL AND SATELLITE DATA
Speaker(10120, L): PhD Natalia-Silvia Asimopolos, Geological Institute of Romania, Romania
ANALYSIS MHD SOLAR ACTIVITY USING ROBUST METHODS
27 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(17481, L): Prof. Yury Nefedyev, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
COMPUTER DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL PARAMETERS FOR THE TELESCOPE PLACED ON THE
38 14:30 - 16:00 LUNAR SURFACE
Speaker(17516, L): Assoc. Prof. Natalia Petrova, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHODS OF AUTO- AND CROSS-CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF QUASI-
29 14:30 - 16:00 STAR OBJECTS’ X-RAYS INTENSITY
Speaker(17572, L): Assoc. Prof. Natalya Demina, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
THE METHOD OF REDUCING DISSIMILAR SPACE IMAGES TO THE SINGLE REFERENCE SYSTEM
30 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(17721, S): Alexey Andreev, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
THE STUDY OF FULL FLOW STATISTICAL FEATURES OF THE X-RAYS CYGNUS X–1 BINARY
31 14:30 - 16:00 SYSTEM
Speaker(17762, L): Assoc. Prof. Sergey Demin, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
ANALYSIS LUNAR MAPS USING MULTIFRACTAL METHOD
32 14:30 - 16:00
Speaker(18115, L): Assoc. Prof. Zoya Andreeva, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia
ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS FOR SPACE APPLICATION
33 14:30 - 16:00 Speaker(18597, L): PhD Mario Stelescu, National Research And Development Institute For
Textiles And Leather - Division The Leather And Footwear Institute, Romania
END AFTERNOON POSTER SESSION

END SGEM 2018 Conference Programme: POSTER, Day7, 08.07.2018

2 C.M. da Silva et al.
R1 R3
C N
R2
R1, R2, and/or R3 = alkyl or aryl
Fig. 1 General structure of a Schiff base.
Synthesis of Schiff bases
The first preparation of imines was reported in the 19th cen-
tury by Schiff (1864). Since then a variety of methods for the
synthesis of imines have been described [7]. The classical syn-
thesis reported by Schiff involves the condensation of a car-
bonyl compound with an amine under azeotropic distillation
[8]. Molecular sieves are then used to completely remove water
formed in the system [9]. In the 1990s an in situ method for
water elimination was developed, using dehydrating solvents
such as tetramethyl orthosilicate or trimethyl orthoformate
[10,11]. In 2004, Chakraborti et al. [12] demonstrated that
the efficiency of these methods is dependent on the use of
highly electrophilic carbonyl compounds and strongly nucleo-
philic amines. They proposed as an alternative the use of sub-
stances that function as Brönsted-Lowry or Lewis acids to
activate the carbonyl group of aldehydes, catalyze the nucleo-
philic attack by amines, and dehydrate the system, eliminating
water as the final step [12]. Examples of Brönsted-Lowry or le-
wis acids used for the synthesis of Schiff bases include ZnCl2,
TiCl4, MgSO4-PPTS, Ti(OR)4, alumina, H2SO4, NaHCO3,
MgSO4, Mg(ClO4)2, H3CCOOH, Er(OTf)3, P2O5/Al2O3, HCl
[12–24].
In the past 12 years a number of innovations and new tech-
niques have been reported, including solvent-free/clay/micro-
wave irradiation, solid-state synthesis, K-10/microwave,
water suspension medium, [bmim]BF4/molecular sieves, infra-
red irradiation/no solvent, NaHSO4ÆSiO2/microwave/solvent-
free, solvent-free/CaO/microwave, and silica/ultrasound irra-
diation [25–33]. Among these innovations, microwave irradia-
tion has been extensively used due to its operational simplicity,
enhanced reaction rates, and great selectivity [32]. The use of
microwave irradiation commenced with the independent stud-
ies of Rousell and Majetich groups [34,35]. Microwave irradi-
ation is less environmentally problematic than other methods
because it abolishes the excessive use of aromatic solvents
and the Dean-Stark apparatus for azeotropic removal of
water. Another feature of this technique is that the reactions
achieve high efficiency in a shorter period of time.
Biological activities of schiff bases
Antimalarial activity
Malaria is a neglected disease that still causes serious public
health problems. Every year, approximately 500 million people
are afflicted by the disease, of whom around 1–3 million die,
90% of who in sub-Sahara Africa are primarily children [36].
Malaria is currently found in more than 100 countries
throughout Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Oceania. Human
malaria is mainly caused by four species of Plasmodium (P. fal-
ciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae). The female mos-
quito of the Anopheles genus is the vector of Plasmodium [37].
The search for new drugs, vaccines, and insecticides to prevent
or treat this disease is clearly a priority.
Schiff bases have been shown to be interesting moieties for
the design of antimalarial agents. Ancistrocladidine (1; Fig. 2)
is a secondary metabolite produced by plants from the families
Ancistrocladaceae and Dioncophyllaceae that present an imine
group in its molecular scaffold. Compound 1 has been shown
to be active against P. falciparum K1 and 3D7. The minimum
inhibitory concentrations (MIC values) of ancistrocladidine
necessary to completely abolish P. falciparum K1 and 3D7
growth were 0.3 and 1.9 lg/mL, respectively. Interestingly,
compound 1 was 90- and 10-fold more selective to P. falcipa-
rum K1 and 3D7,respectively than to rat skeletal myoblast
L-6 cells [4]. Rathelot et al. [38] described the synthesis of
Schiff base-functionalised 5-nitroisoquinolines and investi-
gated the in vitro activity of these compounds against an
ACC Niger chloroquine resistant P. falciparum strain. Schiff
base 5 (Fig. 3) was the most effective antimalarial agent among
the synthesised 5-nitroisoquinoline derivatives. The concentra-
tion of compound 5 necessary to inhibit P. falciparum growth
by 50% (IC50) was 0.7 lg/mL. Under the same experimental
conditions the IC50 value for chloroquine was 0.1 lg/mL [38].
Antibacterial activity
The increase in the mortality rate associated with infectious
diseases is directly related to bacteria that exhibit multiple
resistance to antibiotics. The lack of effective treatments is
the main cause of this problem [39,40]. The development of
new antibacterial agents with novel and more efficient mecha-
nisms of action is definitely an urgent medical need [41].
Schiff bases have been pointed to as promising antibacterial
agents. For example, N-(salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline (4;
Fig. 2) is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv, exhibiting an MIC value of 8 lg/mL [5]. The selectiv-
ity of compound 4 was checked by performing experiments
with J774 macrophages. No cytotoxic effect on J774 macro-
phages was observed for compound 4, even when it was tested
at concentrations as high as 1000 lg/mL. More than 80% of
macrophage cells were viable at such experimental conditions,
demonstrating the high selectivity of compound 4.
The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a series of Schiff
bases derived from the condensation of 5-chloro-salicylalde-
hyde and primary amines has recently been reported [42].
The 5-chloro-salicylaldehyde-Shiff base derivatives 6–15
(Fig. 3) were most active against at least one of the evaluated
bacterial species. Pseudomonas fluorescence was the strain most
sensitive to compounds 6–11 and 13–15, with MIC values
ranging from 2.5 to 5.2 lg/mL. The MIC value for the refer-
ence drug kanamycin against the same bacterial strain was
3.9 lg/mL. The Schiff bases 6, 7, 9–11, 14, and 15 presented
MIC values in the range of 1.6–5.7 lg/mL against Escherichia
coli, while the MIC value for kanamycin was 3.9 lg/mL. Bacil-
lus subtilis was sensitive to the Schiff base 14 only
(MIC = 1.8 lg/mL). The MIC values for compounds 6 and
7 against Staphylococcus aureus were, respectively, 3.1 and
1.6 lg/mL [42].
Isatin-derived Schiff bases have also been reported to pos-
sess antibacterial activity [43]. Twenty-eight bacteria of clinical
interest were used in the studies performed by Pandeya and
colleagues. The authors disclosed the isatin-derived Schiff base
16 (Fig. 3) as the most potent compound amongst those syn-
Biological activities of Schiff bases 3

OH
O O O
O HO OH
N
O N
N OH
O
OH
R
Ancistrocladidine (1) N-(Salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline (4)

(Antimalarial activity) (Antibacterial activity)

Chitosan-derived Schiff base

Natural Product [R = H (2) or OH (3)]

Non-natural Compound

(Antifungal activity)

Natural Product-derived
Compound

Fig. 2 Examples of bioactive Schiff bases. The imine or azomethine group present in each molecular structure is shaded.

thesised against all the pathogenic bacteria studied. The MIC
values for compound 16 against E. coli NCTC 10418, Vibrio
cholerae non-01, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus shigelloides
were 2.4, 0.3, 1.2, and 4.9 lg/mL, respectively, while the
MIC values for sulfamethoxazole (reference drug) against the
same bacterial strains were in the range of 312–5000 lg/mL.
Thus compound 16 was notably 1040-, 1040-, 4160-, and
1020-fold more potent than sulphamethoxazole. Other isatin-
derived Schiff bases have been described in the literature, but
with no expressive antibacterial activities [44,45].
The isoniazid-derived Schiff base 17 (Fig. 3) was active
against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, exhibiting an MIC value of
0.03 mg/L [46]. In this respect, compound 17 was slightly more
potent than isoniazid, its immediate synthetic precursor. Addi-
tionally, the isoniazid-derived Schiff base 17 was not toxic
against the cell line VERO (epithelial cells from healthy mon-
key kidney). The IC50 for compound 17 against VERO cells
was as high as 1 g/mL, indicating that this isoniazid-derived
Schiff base is selective for bacterial cells. The therapeutic safety
and effectiveness for compound 17 is higher than 40,000, mak-
ing this Schiff base an excellent lead for the development of
antitubercular agents [46].
In 2005, Panneerselvam et al. [21] described the synthesis
and in vitro antibacterial activity of eleven morpholine-derived
Schiff bases. Fig. 3 shows the chemical structure of three of
them (compounds 18–20). The authors found that S. aureus
and Micrococcus luteus were the bacteria most sensitive to
the morpholine-derived Schiff base 18 (MIC = 20 and 32 lg/
mL, respectively). Streptococcus epidermidis was more sensitive
to the morpholine-derived Schiff base 19 (MIC = 17 lg/mL)
and Bacillus cereus and E. coli were more sensitive to com-
pound 20 (MIC = 21 and 16 lg/mL, respectively).
Schiff bases with a 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl moiety are
also effective in the inhibition of bacterial growth. Schiff bases
from this class (compounds 21–24 in Fig. 3) completely inhib-
ited the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
and Klebsiella pneumoniae [47]. MIC values for these com-
pounds varied from 6.3 to 12.5 lg/mL, which are comparable
to those obtained for the reference drug ciprofloxacin [47].
Madurahydroxylactone Schiff bases are imines derived
from natural products. Madurahydroxylactones are secondary
metabolites produced by the plant Actinomadura rubra [48].
The imines 25–30 (Fig. 4) are examples of Schiff bases belong-
ing to this class. With the exception of compounds 25 and 30,
all madurahydroxylactone-derived compounds were effective
in the in vitro inhibition of B. subtilis, Micrococcus flavus, Sar-
cina lutea, and S. aureus growth, with MIC values varying
from 0.2 to 3.1 lg/mL [49]. These same compounds (26–29)
presented very low activity against Mycobacterium phlei or
Proteus vulgaris (MIC values higher than >50.0 lg/mL) [49].
Other molecules of natural or non-natural origin that are
platforms for the synthesis of Schiff bases for antibacterial
activities include amino acids, coumarins, sulfonamides, or res-
acetophenones, aminothiazolyl bromocoumarins, crown
ethers, O-phthaldehyde, or 2-aminophenol and 1,2,4-triazoles
[24,50–56]. The antibacterial property of compounds represen-
tative of these classes was examined. However, they did not ex-
hibit any notable activity.
Antifungal activity
Fungal infections are not usually limited to the superficial tis-
sues; indeed, a significant increase in life threatening systemic
fungal infections has been reported [57]. The fundamental rea-
son for this is the increasing number of patients at risk, including
those with advanced age, major surgery, immunosuppressive
therapy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer
treatment, and solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell trans-
plantation [58]. The search and development of more effective
antifungal agents are mandatory [59,60] and some Schiff bases
are known to be promising antifungal agents.
Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola are phyto-
pathogenic fungi that severely affect the production of most
cruciferous crops (broccoli, cauliflower, mustard, turnip, cab-
bage, rape, and radish). N-(Salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline 4
(Fig. 2) at the concentration of 500 ppm inhibited the growth
of these fungi by 67–68% [61]. Compounds 2 and 3 (Fig. 2)
are examples of chitosan-derived Schiff bases with antifungal
activity. They inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Col-
letotrichum lagenarium by 26–33% and 35–38% when used at
1000 ppm, respectively [6]. Overall, studies evaluating the ef-
fect of Schiff bases on phytopathogenic fungal growth have
been modest and deserve more investigation.
Schiff bases with a 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl moiety, such
as compounds 21 (Fig. 3) and 31–34 (Fig. 5) have been demon-
strated to inhibit the growth of fungi of clinical interest, such as
4 C.M. da Silva et al.

R1 = R1 = R1 = R1 = O
1
Cl R F
N OH
(6) (7) (8) (9)
OH
(6-12)
OH
R1 =
O R1 = R1 =
N

(10) (11) (12)

NO2

Cl R2
N N

OH HO Cl N
N CF3 N
(13-15) Br N
(5) *
2 O
R = ou ou N
Cl
(13) N (16)
(14) (15)

R3 O

N NH
N 4 S
O N N R F
O NH N
N
(17) R3 = o-Cl and R4 = H (18) Cl Cl

N R3 = o-OH and R4 = H (19) (21)

OCH3
R3 = p-OH and R4 = H (20)

N X

N N
F S
N R5 = 4-N(CH3)2 and X = CH2 (22)
N
Cl Cl
R5 = Cl and X = NCH3 (23)

R5 = Cl and X = CH2 (24)

R5

Fig. 3 Chemical structure of some synthetic antibacterial Schiff bases. *Compound 5 is an antimalarial agent.

Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton ment-
agrophytes, and Penicillium marneffei. The MIC values for
these compounds were in the range of 6.3–12.5 lg/mL, indicat-
ing that they are as potent as the reference fluconazole [47].
Piperonyl-derived Schiff bases (35–40, Fig. 5) were active
against some fungi at micromolar concentrations. They inhib-
ited the growth of Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 820–980 lM)
and Epidermophyton floccosum (MIC = 200–930 lM) [62].
The isatin-derived Schiff bases 16 (Fig. 3) and 41–51 (Fig. 5)
were considerably active against Microsporum audouinii
(MIC values ranging from 2.4 to 9.7 lg/mL) and Microsporum
gypseum (MIC values ranging from 1.2 to 9.7 lg/mL) [43].
Compounds 16 and 41–51 also inhibited the growth of Can-
dida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Cryptococcus neoformans, T.
mentagrophytes, E. floccosum, and Histoplasma capsulatum at
MIC values higher than 10 lg/mL and lower than 79 lg/mL
[43]. In another study, Panneerselvam et al. [21] showed that
the growth of both C. albicans and A. niger was compromised
by treatment with compound 20 (Fig. 3) at 20 lg/mL or com-
pound 52 (Fig. 5) at 30 lg/mL.
As for antibacterial activity, natural product-derived Schiff
bases are also promising for the design of new antifungal
agents. Domb and colleagues have described an interesting ap-
proach to synthesize a nystatin-dextran-derived Schiff base
(53, Fig. 5). This approach dramatically improved nystatin sol-
ubility in water [63]. Compound 53 completely inhibited the
growth of C. albicans and C. neoformans at 20 lg/mL, while
a concentration of 10 lg/mL was required for free nystatin
to have a similar effect. Although the nystatin-dextran-derived
Schiff base 53 was less active than nystatin itself, the former
was shown to be much less toxic to normal cells [63].
Antiviral activity
The use of vaccines may lead to the eradication of viral patho-
gens, such as smallpox, polio, and rubella. However, virus-re-
Biological activities of Schiff bases 5

H
N
R1 = and R2 = H (25)
O
H
R1 N
HO O R1 = S and R2 = H (26)
N
2 O O OH
R O
O R2O
R2O H
N
R1 = and R2 = H (27)
O
OR2 O O H
N O
R1 = and R2 = H (28)
O
R1 = OCH3 and R2 = H (29)

R1 = OCH3 and R2 = CH3 (30)

Fig. 4 Examples of antibacterial Schiff bases derived from plant natural products.

H
N
R2
N N R3 = OCH3 (35)
F S
N
R3 = OC2H5 (36)
N
Cl Cl R3
R1
R3 = C2H5 (37)
O
R1 = 4-F-C6H4 and R2 = 4-Cl-C6H4 (31) N
O R3 = Cl (38)
R1 = 3-Cl-4-F-C6H4 and R2 = 4-Cl-C6H4 (32)
R3 = Br (39)
R1 = 4-F-C6H4 and R2 = Piperonyl (33)
R3 = I (40)
1 2
R = 3-Cl-4-F-C6H4 and R = Piperonyl (34)

R4 = H and R5 = H (41) R4 = Cl and R5 = N O (47)

N
R4 = H and R5 = (42) R4 = Br and R5 = H (48)

N
R4 = H and R5 = N O (43) R4 = Br and R5 = CH2-N(CH3)2 (49)
N
R4 N
R4 = Cl and R5 = H (44) R4 = Br and R5 = N (50)
O
N
R5 Cl R4 = Cl and R5 = CH2-N(CH3)2 (45)
(41-51) N O
R4 = Br and R5 = (51)
4 5 N
R = Cl and R = (46)
OCH3

OH
O N N
O O
(52)
OH O O

OH
HO R6 =
O N O 6
R OH
HO2C HO HO HO HO O
O O
HO
O
HO
OH
Nystatin-dextran-derived Schiff base (53) OH

Fig. 5 Chemical structure of some antifungal Schiff bases derived from natural or non-natural compounds.
6 C.M. da Silva et al.
OH
NH
HN . CH3C6H4SO3H
HO N NH
N N
(54)
N N
3
R
OH
NH
N R3 = H (63)
N R1 = CH3 and R2 = 4-OH-C6H4 (61)
NH
N N N R3 = F (64)
O R1 = C6H6 and R2 = 4-Br-C6H4 (62)
R3 = CH3 (65)
OH
Fig. 6 Examples of antiviral synthetic Schiff bases.
lated and hepatitis C human immunodeficiency diseases have
been the drawback of vaccine approaches [64]. Viral diseases
are life-threatening for immunocompromised patients and a
prompt treatment is required to overcome this problem.
Although there are many therapeutic options for viral infec-
tions, currently available antiviral agents are not yet fully
effective, probably due to the high rate of virus mutation. They
may also present any of a number of side effects.
Salicylaldehyde Schiff bases of 1-amino-3-hydroxyguani-
dine tosylate are a good platform for the design of new antivi-
ral agents [65,66]. In fact, from a set of different 1-amino-3-
hydroxyguanidine tosylate-derived Schiff bases, compound
54 (Fig. 6) was shown to be very effective against mouse hep-
atitis virus (MHV), inhibiting its growth by 50% when em-
ployed at concentrations as low as 3.2 lM [66].
Recently, Sriram and colleagues [66] reported the synthesis
and antiviral activity of the abacavir-derived Schiff bases 55–
65 (Fig. 6). These compounds are a new series of abacavir pro-
drugs. Abacavir is a nucleoside analogue capable of inhibiting
the activity of reverse transcriptase. It is used to treat human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS, and is available un-
der the trade name Ziagen (GlaxoSmithKline). Compounds
55–65 were significantly effective against the human immunode-
ficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1). The effective concentration
(EC50) of these abacavir-derived Schiff bases necessary to
achieve 50% protection of human leukemic cells (CEM) against
the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 was lower than 6 lM [66]. Nota-
bly, compound 57 was the most potent Schiff base, being effec-
tive at 50 nM. This compound is only toxic to CEM cells at
concentrations higher than 100 lM, indicating its potential as
a lead compound for the design of new anti-HIV-1 [66].
Concluding remarks
Schiff bases have been widely explored for industrial applica-
tions. However, the biological activity of this class of com-
pounds deserves further investigation. This becomes clear
when plant pathogens are considered. Although the research
on this subject is incipient, a number of reports disclosing
the effects of the Schiff bases on the pathogens of clinical inter-
est have recently been increasing. Schiff base compounds have
been shown to be promising leads for the design of more effi-
R1 = H and R2 = 2-NO2-C6H4 (55)
R1 = H and R2 = 4-NO2-C6H4 (56)
NH
R1 = H and R2 = 4-CH3-C6H4 (57)
R1
N R2 R1 = H and R2 = 4-OCH3-C6H4 (58)
R1 = H and R2 = 4-(CH3)2N-C6H4 (59)
R1 = H and R2 = 4-OCH3-2-OH-C6H3 (60)
cient antimicrobial agents. Advances in this field will require
analyses of the structure–activity relationships of the Schiff
bases as well as the mechanism of action of these compounds.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pes-
quisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and Conselho
Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Cientı́fico e Tecnológico
(CNPq).
References
[1] Schiff H. Mittheilungen aus dem universitätslaboratorium in
Pisa: Eine neue reihe organischer basen. Justus Liebigs Ann
Chem 1864;131(1):118–9.
[2] Dhar DN, Taploo CL. Schiff bases and their applications. J Sci
Ind Res 1982;41(8):501–6.
[3] Przybylski P, Huczynski A, Pyta K, Brzezinski B, Bartl F.
Biological properties of schiff bases and azo derivatives of
phenols. Curr Org Chem 2009;13(2):124–48.
[4] Bringmann G, Dreyer M, Faber JH, Dalsgaard PW, Staerk D,
Jaroszewski JW, et al. Ancistrotanzanine C and related 5,10 -
and 7,30 -coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from
Ancistrocladus tanzaniensis. J Nat Prod 2004;67(5):743–8.
[5] de Souza AO, Galetti FCS, Silva CL, Bicalho B, Parma MM,
Fonseca SF, et al. Antimycobacterial and cytotoxicity activity
of synthetic and natural compounds. Quim Nova
2007;30(7):1563–6.
[6] Guo Z, Xing R, Liu S, Zhong Z, Ji X, Wang L, et al. Antifungal
properties of Schiff bases of chitosan, N -substituted chitosan
and quaternized chitosan. Carbohydr Res
2007;342(10):1329–32.
[7] Zheng Y, Ma K, Li H, Li J, He J, Sun X, et al. One pot
synthesis of imines from aromatic nitro compounds with a novel
Ni/SiO2 magnetic catalyst. Catal Lett 2009;128(3-4):465–74.
[8] Moffett RB. In: Rabjohn N, editor. Organic syntheses, vol.
4. New York (USA): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1963. p. 605–8.
[9] Taguchi K, Westheimer FH. Catalysis by molecular sieves in the
preparation of ketimines and enamines. J Org Chem
1971;36(11):1570–2.
[10] Love BE, Ren J. Synthesis of sterically hindered imines. J Org
Chem 1993;58(20):5556–7.
Biological activities of Schiff bases
[11] Look GC, Murphy MM, Campbell DA, Gallop MA.
Trimethylorthoformate: a mild and effective dehydrating
reagent for solution and solid phase imine formation.
Tetrahedron Lett 1995;36(17):2937–40.
[12] Chakraborti AK, Bhagat S, Rudrawar S. Magnesium
perchlorate as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of imines
and phenylhydrazones. Tetrahedron Lett 2004;45(41):7641–4.
[13] Billman JH, Tai KM. Reduction of Schiff bases. II.
Benzhydrylamines and structurally related compounds. J Org
Chem 1958;23(4):535–9.
[14] White WA, Weingarten H. A versatile new enamine synthesis. J
Org Chem 1967;32(1):213–4.
[15] Branchaud BP. Studies on the preparation and reactions of
tritylsulfenimines. J Org Chem 1983;48(20):3531–8.
[16] Armstrong III JD, Wolfe CN, Keller JL, Lynch J, Bhupathy M,
Volante RP, et al. A novel synthesis of disubstituted ureas using
titanium(IV) isopropoxide and sodium borohydride.
Tetrahedron Lett 1997;38(9):1531–2.
[17] Liu G, Cogan DA, Owens TD, Tang TP, Ellman JA. Synthesis
of enantiomerically pure N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines (tert-
butanesulfinimines) by the direct condensation of tert-
butanesulfinamide with aldehydes and ketones. J Org Chem
1999;64(4):1278–84.
[18] Roman G, Andrei M. New Schiff bases from ortho-hydroxyaryl
aldehydes. Bull Chem Technol Macedonia 2001;20(2):131–6.
[19] Samec JSM, Backvall JE. Ruthenium-catalyzed transfer
hydrogenation of imines by propan-2-ol in benzene. Chem Eur
J 2002;8(13):2955–61.
[20] Baricordi N, Benetti S, Biondini G, de Risi C, Pollini GP. A new
‘one-pot’ synthesis of 2-substituted 3-nitropyrrolidines through
a multicomponent domino reaction. Tetrahedron Lett
2004;45(7):1373–5.
[21] Panneerselvam P, Nair RR, Vijayalakshmi G, Subramanian
EH, Sridhar SK. Synthesis of Schiff bases of 4-(4-aminophenyl)-
morpholine as potential antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem
2005;40(2):225–9.
[22] Dalpozzo R, de Nino A, Nardi M, Russo B, Procopio A.
Erbium(III) triflate: a valuable catalyst for the synthesis of
aldimines, ketimines and enaminones. Synthesis 2006;7:1127–32.
[23] Naeimi H, Salimi F, Rabiei K. Mild and convenient one pot
synthesis of Schiff bases in the presence of P2O5/Al2O3 as new
catalyst under solvent-free conditions. J Mol Catal A Chem
2006;260(1–2):100–4.
[24] Kulkarni A, Patil SA, Badami PS. Synthesis, characterization,
DNA cleavage and in vitro antimicrobial studies of La(III),
Th(IV) and VO(IV) complexes with Schiff bases of coumarin
derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2009;44(7):2904–12.
[25] Varma RS, Dahiya R, Kumar S. Clay catalyzed synthesis of
imines and enamines under solvent-free conditions
using microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 1997;38(12):
2039–42.
[26] Schmeyers J, Toda F, Boy J, Kaupp G. Quantitative solid–solid
synthesis of azomethines. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2
1998:989–93.
[27] Vass A, Dudás J, Varma RS. Solvent-free synthesis of N-
sulfonylimines using microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett
1999;40(27):4951–4.
[28] Tanaka K, Shiraishi R. Clean and efficient condensation
reactions of aldehydes and amines in a water suspension
medium. Green Chem 2000;2(6):272–3.
[29] Andrade CKZ, Takada SCS, Alves LM, Rodrigues JP, Suarez
PAZ, Brandão RF, et al. Molecular sieves in ionic liquids as an
efficient and recyclable medium for the synthesis of imines.
Synlett 2004;12:2135–8.
[30] Vázquez MÁ, Landa M, Reyes L, Miranda R, Tamariz J,
Delgado F. Infrared irradiation: effective promoter in the
formation of N-benzylideneanilines in the absence of solvent.
Synth Commun 2004;34(15):2705–18.
7
[31] Gopalakrishnan M, Sureshkumar P, Kanagarajan V, Thanusu
J, Govindaraju R. Silica gel supported sodium hydrogen sulfate
as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the
synthesis of imines in solvent-free conditions under microwave
irradiation. J Chem Res 2005;5:299–303.
[32] Gopalakrishnan M, Sureshkumar P, Kanagarajan V, Thanusu
J. New environmentally-friendly solvent-free synthesis of imines
using calcium oxide under microwave irradiation. Res Chem
Intermed 2007;33(6):541–8.
[33] Guzen KP, Guarezemini AS, Órfão ATG, Cella R, Pereira
CMP, Stefani HA. Eco-friendly synthesis of imines by
ultrasound irradiation. Tetrahedron Lett 2007;48(10):1845–8.
[34] Gedye R, Smith F, Westaway K, Ali H, Baldisera L, Laberge L,
et al. The use of microwave ovens for rapid organic synthesis.
Tetrahedron Lett 1986;27(3):279–82.
[35] Giguere RJ, Bray TL, Duncan SM, Majetich G. Application of
commercial microwave ovens to organic synthesis. Tetrahedron
Lett 1986;27(41):4945–8.
[36] Bohach GA, Fast DJ, Nelson RD, Schlievert PM. Malaria. In:
Rodes J, Benhamou JP, Blei A, Reichen J, Rizzetto M, editors.
The textbook of hepatology: from basic science to clinical
practice. Oxford (UK): Wiley Blackwell; 2007. p. 1029–34.
[37] Kayser O, Kiderlen AF, Croft SL. Natural products as potential
antiparasitic drugs. Parasitol Res 2003;90(Suppl 2):S55–62.
[38] Rathelot P, Vanelle P, Gasquet M, Delmas F, Crozet MP,
Timon-David P, et al. Synthesis of novel functionalized 5-
nitroisoquinolines and evaluation of in vitro antimalarial
activity. Eur J Med Chem 1995;30(6):503–8.
[39] Baquero F. Gram-positive resistance: challenge for the
development of new antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother
1997;39(Suppl.A):1–6.
[40] Alekshun MN, Levy SB. Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial
multidrug resistance. Cell 2007;128(6):1037–50.
[41] Rice LB. Unmet medical needs in antibacterial therapy.
Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71(7):991–5.
[42] Shi L, Ge HM, Tan SH, Li HQ, Song YC, Zhu HL, et al.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of Schiff bases derived
from 5-chloro-salicylaldehyde. Eur J Med Chem
2007;42(4):558–64.
[43] Pandeya SN, Sriram D, Nath G, de Clercq E. Synthesis and
antimicrobial activity of Schiff and Mannich bases of isatin and
its derivatives with pyrimidine. IL Farmaco 1999;54(9):624–8.
[44] Pandeya SN, Sriram D, Nath G, de Clercq E. Synthesis,
antibacterial, antifungal and anti-HIV activities of Schiff and
Mannich bases derived from isatin derivatives and N-[4-(40 -
chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl] thiosemicarbazide. Eur J Pharm Sci
1999;9(1):25–31.
[45] Jarrahpour A, Khalili D, de Clercq E, Salmi C, Brunel JM.
Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity
evaluation of some new bis-Schiff bases of isatin and their
derivatives. Molecules 2007;12(8):1720–30.
[46] Hearn MJ, Cynamon MH. Design and synthesis of
antituberculars: preparation and evaluation against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis of an isoniazid Schiff base. J
Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53(2):185–91.
[47] Karthikeyan MS, Prasad DJ, Poojary B, Bhat KS, Holla BS,
Kumari NS. Synthesis and biological activity of Schiff and
Mannich bases bearing 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl moiety.
Bioorg Med Chem 2006;14(22):7482–9.
[48] Paulus EF, Dornberger K, Werner W, Fenske D.
Madurahydroxylactone. Acta Crystallogr 1994;50(12):2064–7.
[49] Heinisch L, Roemer E, Jutten P, Haas W, Werner W, Mollmann
U. Semisynthetic derivatives of madurahydroxylactone and their
antibacterial activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1999;52(11):1029–41.
[50] Chohan ZH, Arif M, Sarfraz M. Metal-based antibacterial and
antifungal amino acid derived Schiff bases: their synthesis,
characterization and in vitro biological activity. Appl
Organomet Chem 2007;21(4):294–302.
8 C.M. da Silva et al.
[51] Baluja S, Solanki A, Kachhadia N. Evaluation of biological
activities of some Schiff bases and metal complexes. J Iran Chem
Soc 2006;3(4):312–7.
[52] Venugopala KN, Jayashree BS. Microwave-induced synthesis of
Schiff bases of aminothiazolyl bromocoumarins as antibacte-
rials. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008;70(1):88–91.
[53] Yildiz M, Kiraz A, Dülger B. Synthesis and antimicrobial
activity of new crown ethers of Schiff base type. J Serb Chem
Soc 2007;72(3):215–24.
[54] Abdallah SM, Mohamed GG, Zayed MA, El-Ela MSA. Spectro-
scopic study of molecular structures of novel Schiff base derived
from O-phthaldehyde and 2-aminophenol and its coordination
compounds together with their biological activity. Spectrochim
Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2009;73(5):833–40.
[55] T’ang A, Lien EJ, Lai MMC. Optimization of the Schiff bases of
N-hydroxy-N0 -aminoguanidine as anticancer and antiviral
agents. J Med Chem 1985;28(8):1103–6.
[56] Bayrak H, Demirbas A, Karaoglu SA, Demirbas N. Synthesis of
some new 1,2,4-triazoles, their Mannich and Schiff bases and
evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Eur J Med Chem
2009;44(3):1057–66.
[57] Sundriyal S, Sharma RK, Jain R. Current advances in
antifungal targets and drug development. Curr Med Chem
2006;13(11):1321–35.
[58] Nucci M, Marr KA. Emerging fungal diseases. Clin Infect Dis
2005;41(4):521–6.
[59] Martins CVB, da Silva DL, Neres ATM, Magalhães TFF,
Watanabe GA, Modolo LV, et al. Curcumin as a promising
antifungal of clinical interest. J Antimicrob Chemother
2009;63(2):337–9.
[60] Martins CVB, de Resende MA, da Silva DL, Magalhães TFF,
Modolo LV, Pilli RA, et al. In vitro studies of anticandidal
activity of goniothalamin enantiomers. J Appl Microbiol
2009;107(4):1279–86.
[61] Rehman W, Baloch MK, Muhammad B, Badshah A, Khan
KM. Characteristic spectral studies and in vitro antifungal
activity of some Schiff bases and their organotin (IV) complexes.
Chin Sci Bull 2004;49(2):119–22.
[62] Echevarria A, Nascimento MG, Gerônimo V, Miller J,
Giesbrecht A. NMR spectroscopy, hammett correlations and
biological activity of some Schiff bases derived from piperonal. J
Braz Chem Soc 1999;10(1):60–4.
[63] Domb AJ, Linden G, Polacheck I, Benita S. Nystatin-dextran
conjugates: synthesis and characterization. J Polym Sci Part A:
Polym Chem 1996;34(7):1229–36.
[64] de Clercq E. Strategies in the design of antiviral drugs. Nat Rev
Drug Discov 2002;1:13–25.
[65] Wang PH, Keck JG, Lien EJ, Lai MMC. Design, synthesis,
testing and quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis
of substituted salicylaldehyde Schiff bases of 1-amino-3-
hydroxyguanidine tosylate as new antiviral agents against
coronavirus. J Med Chem 1990;33(2):608–14.
[66] Sriram D, Yogeeswari P, Myneedu NS, Saraswat V. Abacavir
prodrugs: microwave-assisted synthesis and their evaluation
of anti-HIV activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006;16(8):
2127–9.