Unit 1.

A Universe of matter and energy

All matter is merely energy condensed to a slow vibration

1. The Universe
2. Matter: its properties, measurement and states
3. Matter: composition, substances and mixtures
IES FRAY LUIS DE LEÓN
4. Energy: changes in material systems Dpto. Ciencias Naturales
Prof. Ángel Viñas San Narciso
 1. The Universe
a) What is the Universe made of?
 The Universe is made of matter and energy.
 Matter can be presented as two forms:
• Body: it is any kind of matter whose limits are clearly defined.
• Material system: with undefined limits.
 Matter is everything that has or causes:
• Properties: mass, volume, density, size, shape…
• Dimensions: due to its volume.
• Inertia: this property keeps the body still or in motion and it is
directly related to mass (the larger the mass, the greater the
inertia).
• Gravitational attraction: bodies attract each other because of
gravity, and it is directly related to mass.
 Energy is the capacity of bodies / material systems to
cause change in the Universe; in their selves or in
their environment.
Material system Material body

Material body

Material system
Material bodies Material system

Material system
Material body

Material system
Material system Material system
Gravitational attraction
b) The study of the Universe
 Scales of observation:
• Macroscopic scale: to measure things that can be perceived
by our senses.
• Microscopic scale: to measure things too small to be
perceived by our senses.
 Scientific notation: (vocabulary) Powers

• It is a way of writing numbers to avoid writing too many

zeros.
• It consists of writing down the number using powers of ten:
– 300 = 3 x 10 x 10 = 3 x 102
– 100 000 000 000 m = (1,0 x) 1011 m
– 303 000 000 000 m = 303 x 109 = 3,03 x 1011
– 0,000 000 1 = (1 x) 10-7
– 0,000 000 000 01 m = (1 x) 10-11 m
– 0, 000 001 010 = 1010 x 10-9 = 1,010 x 10-6
Homework: practise maths language
Write operations and numbers in full
• 2+55-23∙33 = 1122: two plus fifty-five minus
twenty-three, times thirty-three equals one
thousand one hundred twenty-two.
• 2 ∙ 3/3+10-5 = 7
• 2,4 ∙102 + 4 ∙10-2 = 240,04
• 5,2 / 3 ∙10-4 =17333,33
• 6 ∙ 10-2 + 3 ∙ 102 = 300,06. Ten to the second
power
• 2 ∙ 3/3+10-5 = 7
• Two times three divided by three plus ten minus five
equals to seven
• 2,4 ∙102 + 4 ∙10-2 = 240,04
• Two point four times ten to the power two plus four
times ten to the power minus two equals to two
hundred and fourty point zero four
• 5,2 / 3 ∙10-4 =17333,33
• Five point two divided by three times ten to the power
minus four equals to seventeen thousand three
hundred thirty-three point thirty-three
• 6 ∙ 10-2 + 3 ∙ 102 = 300,06
• Six times ten to the power minus two plus three times
ten to the power two equals to three hundred point
zero six.
 Measuring matter:
• Magnitudes: are properties that can be measured. For
example (e.g.): Weight, length, time…
• Measurement: is a process that uses numbers to describe
properties. This is done to be able to compare them to
each other. (e.g. Time = 2 s > 1 s)
• Units of measurement: provide standards for our
comparisons, so that the numbers from our measurements
refer to the same thing. (e.g. the metre is a standard unit to
measure length). 2 m = 2 x 1 m
• The International System of units (S.I.): it was created by
scientists to be used by all countries. (e.g. metre for
length…)
2. Matter: properties, measurement, states
a) Properties of matter and units of measurement
− There are two types of properties of matter:
• General properties: common to all matter. will change if
the amount of matter changes.E.g. mass, volume, weight, density…
• Specific properties: differentiate one kind of matter to
another. E.g. colour, shape, size…
− To express a measurement correctly we must indicate a
number followed by its unit. E.g. Length= 2 cm
MAGNITUDE
of S.I. PROPERTY MEASURED UNIT of S.I. SYMBOL INSTRUMENT

TIME Second s Clock

1h = 3600 s

TEMPERATURE Kelvin K Thermometer

K = ºC + 273
MAGNITUDE
PROPERTY MEASURED UNIT of S.I. SYMBOL INSTRUMENT
of S.I.

LENGTH Distance between two points Metre m Tape measure

Extension of a body in two m2 Tape measure

SURFACE Square metre
dimensions

Amount of space an Cubic metre m3 Tape measure

VOLUME object occupies
1. Measuring
CAPACITY Amount of liquid a container L or l cylinder
can hold Litre 2. Flask
1 L = 1 dm3 3. Pipette
4. Beaker
Amount of matter and inertia a Kg
MASS Kilogram Balance
body has 1 Kg = 1000 g
Force of gravitational attraction Newton N Scale
WEIGTH
between 2 objects with a mass 1 N = 1Kg ∙ m/s2
Relationship between the mass
DENSITY of an object and kg/m3
the volume it occupies. g/cm3
Density = Mass/Volume
b) The states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
 Structure of matter: according to the
Kinetic Theory of Matter, it is made up of
tiny particles which are in continual
random motion, and the higher the
temperature, the faster they move or
vibrate.
Matter expands when its particles move
faster and compress when move slower,
because its particles increase or decrease
the distances between them.
 Solids:
• Particles: are tightly packed (in a regular
pattern), vibrating about a fixed position
but they don’t move from place to place.
 • Properties: solids have a definite shape, a
definite volume (but they can expand = dilate if
heated) and a high density.
‒ Liquids:
• Particles: are tightly packed, but are far enough
apart to flow.
• Properties: liquids have an indefinite shape
(because they can flow and adapt to the
receptacle that holds them) and a definite
volume.
 Gases:
• Particles: are very far apart and move freely and
very fast (colliding with each other and with the
walls of their container).
• Properties: gases have an indefinite shape, an
indefinite volume and a low density. Gases can
expand, compress and diffuse into each other
when two different gases mix.
 STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
c) Changes of state in matter.
 Temperature: is the state of agitation of the
particles of an object.
 Changes of state:
• When matter changes state its mass doesn’t vary.
• When matter changes state, all the heat used is
used to separate and disperse its particles.
• When we heat an object, its particles move faster
and faster until the forces of attraction among
them are weak enough to produce a change of
state: from solid to liquid and gas.
• When we cold an object, its particles move slower
and slower so its attraction forces are strong
enough to produce a change of state: from gas to
liquid and solid.
• The temperatures of changes of state are a specific
property characteristic of each substance.
Change Name Energy Temperature Reverse Energy Name
of involved process involved
state

Solid Fusion Increase heat Fusion or Liquid Decrease heat Solidification

to or and melting point to /temperature
Liquid Melting temperature solid
Liquid Vaporization Increase heat Boiling point Gas Decrease heat Condensation
to or and to /temperature
Gas boiling temperature liquid

Solid Sublimation Increase heat Gas Decrease heat Inverse

to and to /temperature sublimation
Gas temperature solid