Middle East Developments: Comment and Chronology on Egypt-Syria Unity

Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology
Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter, 1958), pp. 57-88
Published by: Middle East Institute
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OF THE QUARTER:
DEVELOPMENTS
COMMENTAND CHRONOLOGY
The Background to Unity
Much of the comment in this country on were in Syria, and it is Syrianswho have been
the recent union of Egypt and Syriahas stressed in the forefront of the movement since.
the "suddenness"with which the unity was The relevant political point of departureis
effected. Occasionsare always particularbut, in probably the "Arab Revolt," initiated by the
this case, the occasionwas only the culmination Amir of Mecca, Sharif Husayn ibn 'Ali, on
of a series, very long indeed, of others which June 10, 1916. Since it is no longer profitable
led up to it. The comment here will not con- to go into the argumentof the extent to which
cern itself with a decision, or a prophesy, on the Western Allies reneged on their promises
whether this union is good for the Western to Husayn, in return for his servicesin World
world, but rather departs from the assumption War I, it is more useful to remember that
that the process of self-determinationstill has many of the ideason unity which Husayn pro-
conceptual validity. posed were not originally his own, but bor-
The indications are, by every criterion we rowed from Syrian sources more sophisticated
have, that the peopleof Syria and Egypt them- than his Meccan court. The fact that the sys-
selves are in favor of union. This should not be tem of Middle Eastern mandates which fol-
surprising. The words "union" (ittihad) and lowed World War I put a thirty-year mora-
"1unity" (wihdah) are so laden with emotional torium on any idea of unity added to the
significance to almost all who consider them- strength of the idea the hallowing of frustra-
selves to be Arab (and there is no other satis- tion.
factory definition of the term) that to be op- The long indifferenceto, and the recent adop-
posed to the concept which the words enshrine tion of, the Arab idea by Egyptians was the
would involve something like an American re- subject of an article by Dr. Anwar Chejne in
nouncing the Declaration of Independence.It the Summer 1957 issue of the JOURNAL,
is easy to denouncea "Hitlerian"unanimity on "Egyptianattitudes toward pan-Arabism."The
this subject if one has no understandingof the trend of Egyptian policy which had its climax
background. on February 1 of this year is set forth clearly
It is not necessaryto reach far back in order there.
to realize why this feeling is so strong. Egypt The statement that each country was an in-
and Syria have shared a common rule several tegral part of the "Arab nation" was contained
times, in history still meaningful to both of in the Syrian Constitution of 1950 and the
them; the most recent was in the nineteenth Egyptian Constitution of 1956. At the time,
century, little more than a hundred years ago, the professionswere taken by many to be mere
under the Egyptian dynasty deposed in 1953. formalistic repetitionsof an ideal without sub-
More important, it was during the last century stance. There is still a long way to go before all
that the Arab peoplesbegan to regain the con- Arabs constitute one nation, so long a way that
sciousnessof themselves,referredto above. The it is difficult to imagine such a consummation
center and point of disseminationof this idea in present political lifetimes.
57

Chronology
October 1 - December 31, 1957
Nov. 3: Arab oilmen met in Baghdad to consider a plan

General for a joint stock company with the Arab Governments
Oct. 2: The widow of Aga Khan III arrived in Cairo to as the only stockholdersto finance future Middle East-
sign contracts for building a mausoleum at Aswan. ern pipelines.
Oct. 5: A report from Beirut said that Arab leaders were Nov. 4: The USSR's second satellite launching dominated
trying to work out a possible meeting in Beirut or else- all other news in Mideast papers.
where with King Sa'ud in the role of mediator but that Nov. 10: It was announced in Cairo that 40 Asian and
President Nasir had so far refused to participate if African countries had been invited to participate in
countries which have accepted the Eisenhower Doctrine the Afro-Asian Solidarity Conference in Cairo on Dec.
are included. 26.
Oct. 14: The Eisenhower Doctrine was reported to have Eight Arab nations agreed at an information confer-
lost ground in the Middle East with Lebanese opposi- ence in Cairo to set up a world-wide propagandama-
tion groups demanding a disavowal of the US program chine to combat "misleading"Zionist propaganda.
and Iraq and Saudi Arabia evading all mention of their Nov. 14: King Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia and King Faysal
association with the program. of Iraq called upon the Egyptian and Syrian press and
Oct. 19: Mr. Hugh Gaitskell, leader of the Parliamentary radio to stop their attack on King Husayn of Jordan.
Labor Party, said in London that the great powers, Nov. 15: The Arab League Council met in Cairo and
including the USSR and the US, must assure the Arab approveda new budget of LE 699,352.
states that Israel will not be allowed to expand at their Nov. 18: The US formally presentedto the UN its pro-
expense and guarantee Israel protection against attacks posal for a new $100,000,000 fund to aid under-devel-
by her Arab neighbors. oped countries.
His Highness Shah Karim al-Husayni, the fourth Nov. 25: British and French leaders conferred in Paris
Aga Khan, was formally installed in Dar Es Salaam. inconclusively for eight hours on differences arising
Oct. 20: Diplomatic sources in Washington reported that from France's North African problems.
Secretary of State Dulles was believed to be preparing Nov. 26: The General Assembly approvedwithout oppo-
a new approach to US Middle Eastern problems to sition the establishment of an Economic Commission
correct misunderstandings that have arisen over the for Africa.
Eisenhower Doctrine. Nov. 28: Henry Cabot Lodge will visit India, Pakistan,
Oct. 21: Prime Minister Robert Gordon Menzies of Aus- Iran and Afghanistan in 1958, it was announcedat the
tralia proposed a new bid by the UN for lasting peace UN.
in the Middle East. He urged the establishment of an Nov. 30: Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold arrived
international advisory commission to advise Middle in Beirut en route to Jordan, Syria and Israel on a
Eastern governments on financial and economic prob- peace mission.
lems. Dec. 4: Adlai E. Stevenson urged the Administration to
Oct. 22: Emile M. Bustani, a member of the Lebanese enlist the cooperation of the other North Atlantic
Parliament and an oil pipeline builder, proposed that Treaty powers in a new effort to negotiate a general
funds from oil profits should be made available to political settlement in the Middle East. He suggested
Middle Eastern countries that do not produce oil. He that the Atlantic powers considerguaranteeingthe pres-
suggested the establishment of an Arab oil investment ent Arab-Israeliboundariesand give serious considera-
bank to which oil-producing countries and oil com- tion to the Soviet proposal to stop shipping arms from
panies would turn over 5 percent of their annual all quarters into the Middle East.
profits and from which non-oil producing countries Dec. 6: Italian Foreign Minister Giuseppe Pella in-
could borrow at 3 percent interest for development formed Secretaryof State Dulles of an Italian proposal
purposes. that the US and Western Europepool financial resources
Oct. 24: The General Assembly's Economic and Financial in a program of economic developmentfor the Middle
Committee adopted a resolution recommending the es- East. Under the proposal 20 percent of the European
tablishment of an Economic Commission for Africa. repaymentson MarshallPlan loans, scheduled to begin
Oct. 25: The new Aga Khan was formally installed in in 1958, would be contributed to a Middle Eastern
Kampala as leader of the Ismaili Muslims of Uganda. fund and European countries without Marshall Plan
Oct. 30: The Director General of Petroleum and Min- loans would make contributions within the limits of
erals for the Saudi Arabian Government said in Beirut the other allocations.
that all new oil pipelines in Arab countries should be Dec. 7: State Department criticism of the Italian Mid-
owned and operated by the Arab Governments. dle East plan centeredaround the belief that any pooled
58

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE QUARTER: COMMENT AND CHRONOLOGY 59
Western effort will be regardedin the Middle East as The State Department announced that Secretary of
an extension of NATO. Two other objections voiced State Dulles will attend the annual conference of the
at the State Department were that Marshall Plan re- BaghdadPact countries next month in Turkey.
payments will be made in local currencieswhich would Dec. 30: Delegates to the Asian-African conference
mean that the commodities and services the fund pur- drafted an appeal to the US and Britain to accept the
chases would come from Western Europe alone and USSR's proposal to ban nuclear weapon tests for the
that the US is not a member of the Organization for two years starting Jan. 1.
European Cooperation, the parent organization of the Norman Thomas, US Socialist leader, said that the
proposed fund. US should negotiate on what he termed "surprisingly
Secretary General Dag Hammarskj6ldreturned from decent" Soviet proposalsfor a Middle East Settlement.
a visit to the Middle East, confident that certain prob-
lems had been successfully negotiated.
The Arab League announced in Damascus it had
blacklisted the British tanker Stanpark for violating Aden
Arab boycott regulations by carrying strategic mate- (See also Yemen)
rials to Israel.
Oct. 2: An Aden Government guard was killed and two
Dec. 8: The Aga Khan said in London he planned a vast
others were wounded near the Yemeni border when
Muslim educational program to enable his followers
they came under fire from the village of Al-Husayn.
to catch up to Christian levels of learning.
Nov. 27: The British ForeignSecretary,reportingon talks
Dec. 12: Arab rulers were reported to have warned the
with the Crown Prince of Yemen, said it was made
West that they will not accept decisions affecting the
clear that Britain could not agree to any claim to for-
Middle East made without consulting them at the
eign sovereignty over Aden.
NATO conference next week.
Dec. 30: The Colonial Office in London said that Yemen
Dec. 15: Dr. Charles Malik, LebaneseForeign Minister,
has distributedbetween 2,000 and 3,000 rifles to tribes-
said in Beirut that a personalmessagehad been received
men of the British Aden Protectorate within the last
from President Eisenhower assuring Arab states that
six weeks. It was also reported that 200 protectorate
no decisions affecting their vital interests will be taken
tribesmenhad been detained as hostages "to insure that
at the NATO conferencewithout their being consulted.
these rifles will be used to cause disturbance in the
Dec. 20: PremierFelix Gaillard said that PresidentEisen-
protectorate."
hower had given him cause for satisfaction in discus-
A large group of Yemeni tribesmen and regular sol-
sion of France's North African problems during the
diers attacked government guards of Ghania, Aden
NATO conference.
Protectorate,on Christmasday, according to an official
Dec. 22: Delegations from the Communist bloc arrived
communiquL.
in Cairo for the Asian-African People'sSolidarity Con-
ference.
Dec. 24: James P. Richards, Ambassadorat large to the
Middle East, submitted his resignation in Washington. Afghanistan
Dec. 25: Delegates from 37 countries and colonies gath- (See also General,India)
ered in Cairo for the Asian-African Conference.
Dec. 26: The Asian-African People's Solidarity Confer- Oct. 20: PremierMohammedDa'ud left Kabul for a visit
ence opened in Cairo. to Communist China, the Moscow radio reported.
Dec. 27: The delegate of the USSR to the Asian-African Dec. 20: Andrei A. Gromyko, Soviet Foreign Minister,
Conference in Cairo offered economic and technical received an Afghan Government mission visiting Mos-
aid to all peoples of Asia and Africa "as brother helps cow to negotiate a new frontier agreement between
brother." He also suggested the nationalization of in- the two countries, the soviet news agency Tass re-
dustry as the quickest means to industrial expansion. ported.
Dec. 28: The USSR chief representativeto the Asian-
African Conference, Sharaf R. Rashidov, offered full
backing from the USSR to all "movements for inde- Algeria
pendence" from Algeria to Netherlands New Guinea
and expressedconcern for all those living under West- (See also General,Morocco, Tunisia)
ern colonial rule. Oct. 1: Algerian nationalist leadersissued a memorandum
UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjoldconferred at the UN calling for round-table talks with France,
at length with Foreign Minister Christian Pineau in Morocco and Tunisia to obtain a settlement of the
Paris in what was believed a briefing of French officials Algerian conflict.
on the Middle East. Due to the French Cabinet's defeat on September
Dec. 29: President Nasir was reported alarmed over the 30, there was general reluctance in Paris to say what
extreme pro-Communist line the Asian-African Con- future policy toward Algerian nationalist overtures
ference has taken. would be.

60 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Three Algerian nationalist leaders touring Latin been killed and three taken prisoner in an engagement
America were accused of being Communist agitators near the Moroccan frontier.
and expelled by the GuatemalanGovernment. Oct. 17: A company of ShaambaCamel Cavalry muti-
Oct. 2: It was reported in Morocco that general neglect nied, killed eight French soldiers and fled into the
for lack of information had been shown the 80,000 desert.
Algerian refugees living in Morocco. Oct. 18: Representativesof two French oil companies
Oct. 3: The head of the French delegation to the UN that are exploiting the Hassi Messaoudfield announced
reiterated the French stand that the question of Al- they will begin pumping 600 metric tons of crude pe-
geria was not the businessof the UN and implied that troleum to the rail head at Toggourt in January.
there were parties at the UN interested in taking ad- Oct. 20: French planes killed 10 nationalists who were
vantage of France's present political crisis. fleeing across the Sahara by camel after having slain
The office of Robert Lacoste, French Minister for eight French soldiers at a desert outpost on Oct. 17.
Algeria, brought out a booklet announcing the first Oct. 23: Former Premier Guy Mollet, named to head a
official total of losses in the Algerian conflict: 6,945 new French government,was reportedto be ready to es-
civilians killed, 401 schools burned, 6,352 farms de- tablish contact with Algerian nationalist leaders to
stroyed since the start of the fighting. obtain a cease-fire. M. Mollet told the Radicals and
Oct. 5: French sources announced about 150 nationalists other political groups he would resubmit to Parliament
were killed during the previous week. the Algerian Reform Bill which caused the fall of
Oct. 7: It was announced that, depending on whether Premier Bourges-Maunouryon Sept. 30.
Algeria's petroleum resourcesare sufficient to meet the Oct. 24: Nine executive chiefs of the Algerian National
requirements,a shift in the source of oil supplies for LiberationFront gathered in Tunis to determine their
the proposed European Economic Community might political position in the prospective UN debate on the
result. Algerian problem. A communiqu6 issued in their
Oct. 8: An explosion occurred in the Casbah when para- names announced that a new nationalist military of-
chutists on a raid accidentally detonated a nationalist fensive had been opened in Algeria on Oct. 20 to mark
cache of bombs, causing 17 deaths. the third anniversaryof the rebellion.
Oct. 11: French reports announced the capture of 108 The French military command in Algeria said that
nationalist guerrillas in the last three days of fighting there had been no unusual nationalist activity in Al-
and the killing of 80 more. The increase in sur- geria since Oct. 20, the day the new nationalist mili-
renders is viewed hopefully as a sign of nationalist tary offensive was supposedto begin.
fatigue by the French authorities. Oct. 25: The Algerian nationalist press service in Tunis
Oct. 12: Three engagements today cost the rebels 96 announced that 31 large and small clashes had taken
dead and at least a dozen captured, according to French place since Oct. 20 in frontier regions. The commu-
Army communiques. nique indicated that more than 400 French soldiers
The French Army announcedthat 30,000 land mines and 12 nationalistshad been killed.
had been planted in the barbed wire and in a strip of The headquartersof the French command in Al-
no-man's-landalong the Moroccan frontier. geria published a communique denying nationalist as-
Reliable sources in Algiers put the death toll re- sertions and indicating the offensive which was alleg-
sulting from the Casbah explosion on Oct. 8 at 24 edly launched on Oct. 20 was for all practical purposes
lives including 3 important nationalist activists. This strictly verbal.
source asserts the explosion was intentionally set off by Oct. 28: Algerian gunmen, apparently members of the
French paratroopersin an attempt to blow down a Algerian National Liberation Front, shot and killed a
wall behind which terrorists were hiding with bombs. former Deputy Mayor of Algiers in Paris. The victim
Oct. 13: The French Army reported having killed 19 belonged to the Algerian National Movement which
nationalists in two engagements.Unofficial sources re- favors moderationrather than independencein Algeria.
ported the nationalists had shot down a French plane It was announcedin Paris that the Sinclair Oil Com-
in one of the engagements. pany will direct oil exploration operations in the Sa-
Oct. 14: The Algerian nationalist students organization hara Desert for a group of French and American in-
in Paris withdrew its boycott order issued on May 26, vestment companies.
1956, which had barred about 4,000 Algerian students Oct. 29: It was reported from Tunis that Algerian na-
from attending French universities. tionalist leadersthere are optimistic about their fighting
Oct. 15: French Army sources reported the death of chances and claim a force of 100,000 combatants. The
1 1 nationalists and the capture of 10 others in a French officially estimate nationalist strength at a
series of minor actions. total force of 65,000. Colonel Lakhdar bin Tobbal,
Oct. 16: French Army sourcesreportedthat outlaws, pre- nationalist commanderof north Constantine attending
sumably guerrillas of the Algerian National Libera- the meeting in Tunis, assertedconfidently that his men
tion Army, had killed nine men from two Moslem in the mountains could go on fighting indefinitely.
communities near the Mediterraneancoast on Oct. 14. The newspaperLe Monde estimated that the Algerian
A French Army communiquesaid 25 nationalistshad war had cost almost 41,000 Europeanand Muslim lives

and the equivalent of $1,764,280,000 in the last three An unconfirmedreport said that nationalists had at-
years. tacked a French military post at Tarhit about 160
Oct. 30: The chiefs of the Algerian nationalist rebellion miles northwest of Timimoun.
meeting in Tunis appealed to the UN to settle the The war veterans organization in Algiers announced
three-year-oldguerrilla war in Algeria. The nationalists its refusal to participate in the Armistice Day celebra-
offered to negotiate "peace" with France only after tion on Nov. 11 because of the Government's an-
prior recognition of Algerian independence had been nounced intention of passing an Algerian reform law
granted by France. The communique disclosed the similar to that which caused the downfall of the Gov-
vote expressed for an early conference with Tunisia ernment on Sept. 30. The law would give Algerian
and Morocco to work out the hastening of Algerian Moslemsequal voting rights with Europeans.
independence. Nov. 8: French military and civilian authorities in Al-
Moderates among the Algerian leaders said unofli- geria announcedthat they are encouragedby what they
cially that the reaffirmationof the position demanding see as the failure of the Algerian military offensive.
the recognition by France of Algerian independence According to the most authoritative figures available
prior to negotiations was a tactical move to give the in Algiers French military losses in October were fewer
LiberationFront's representativesin the UN a stronger than they had been in Septemberand in August. These
bargaining position from which to arrive at a com- authorities further reportedthat 2,538 nationalists had
promise resolution. been killed during October and 300 wounded.
According to French authorities in Algeria the na-
Oct. 31: North African terrorists attempted to machine-
tionalist general staff meeting in Tunis was apparently
gun an influential French Senator from Algeria. This
deceived by its own guerrilla commanders in Algeria
was the first attack by Algerians on a major French
about the success of the offensive. These authorities
political figure in France.
believe that the nationalist leaders waited four days
Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba chided the Al-
to announce the offensive until they had news of mili-
gerian National Liberation Front. He said their posi-
tary victories from their commanders inside Algeria
tion could "neither increasethe number of partisansof
and that the commandershad invented the victories in
the Algerian cause nor favor the search for a solution
aa offensive that was not in fact taking place.
that would achieve Algerian independence."His disap-
President Habib Bourguibaof Tunisia sent a messen-
pointment was caused, he said, by the declaration is-
ger to King MuhammadV of Morocco with a message
sued by the Algerian leaders on Oct. 30 reaffirming
believed to contain a proposal for a North African
that they would not negotiate peace until France rec-
conferenceto pave the way to peace in Algeria.
ognized Algerian independence.He further stated that
Nov. 11: Europeansin Algeria celebratedArmistice Day.
the new Tunisian Ambassadorto Morocco would imme-
About 100 student demonstratorsmaligned Robert La-
diately approach the Moroccan Government to seek
coste, 50 of whom were arrested and their temporary
agreementon a conference to work out the hastening of
draft-exempt status was revoked.
Algerian independence.
Nov. 13: A Europeanprospectingteam on leave in Algiers
Nov. 1: North Africans opened fire on a group of other from Adrar, south of Timimoun, demanded arms and
North Africans in Lyons wounding seven people. This military protection before it returned to the desert.
was the third shooting in Lyons in 24 hours involving The French authoritiescited the large number of Al-
North Africans. gerian children who enrolled in schools this fall, the
A Muslim was killed in Paris and another Muslim growing tendency of Muslims to participate in local
died from wounds received in an attack on Oct. 31 in municipal government under a rural political reform
Versailles. programand the successof free military medical centers
Nov. 4: Robert Lacoste, French Minister for Algeria, de- in attracting Muslim patients among the indications of
clared in a telegram to the NY Times that the figure a change towards popular Muslim antipathy to the
given by the Algerian nationalist leaders meeting in rebellion.
Tunis of 700 French soldiers killed since the start of Nov. 15: A report from Paris stated that the appeal by
the nationalist offensive on Oct. 20, was "extravagant" the Communist-led General Confederation of Workers
and "erroneous." M. Lacoste asserted that French for demonstrationsand strikes against the war in Al-
losses in the week following Oct. 20 amounted to 38 geria went apparently unobserved throughout France.
killed and that 457 nationalists were killed. The na- French oil officials in Algiers indicated that further
tionalists had stated their losses had been negligible. All petroleum deposits might be found before the end of
French and nationalist reports of military figures have the year in the Algerian oil field of Hassi Messaoudbe-
been at wide variance. sides the three wells already equipped for production.
Nov. 7: Nationalist guerrillas twice attacked a convoy of They said initial findings at three or four other wells
oil prospectorsnear Timimoun in the Algerian Sahara. appearedquite promising.
The French Ministry of the Sahara in Paris confirmed Nov. 16: Nine French soldiers were killed and five
news of the attack but disclosed no details. Uncon- wounded when nationalistsambusheda motorized patrol
firmed reports say that nine Foreign Legionnaireswho in the Quarsenis Mountains. French officials said their
were in the convoy escort were killed. troops had killed 40 nationalists in a counterattack.

Nov. 18: French Foreign Minister Christian Pineau asked A Radical party congress in Strasbourg voted a mo-
UN officials to discuss the impending debate on the Al- tion backed by former Premier Pierre Mendes-France to
gerian problem. Asked whether he believed the US accept negotiations with Morocco and Tunisia to settle
would support France in the debate, he replied that the Algerian war. Premier Felix Gaillard rejected the
the decision will show whether there is Atlantic solidar- motion and showed hostility to the mediation offer.
ity or not. Nov. 25: Four Algerians were killed and eight wounded
It was reported from Paris that the new Algerian re- within an hour in Paris as rival Algerian groups clashed.
form bill was ready to be presented to the French Na- Robert Lacoste said that 53,000 Algerian Mus-
tional Assembly for debate. The new and slightly lims had joined the French forces as volunteers.
shorter text of the bill maintains as its basic proposal
the division of Algeria into semi-autonomous regions. Nov. 26: It was announced at the United Nations that
Each region according to the bill would have its own France has told UN delegates that she will be willing
elected assembly and a government responsible to it. to admit as many as 10,000 observers for the proposed
In addition the new text provides for a "council of Algerian elections.
communities," designed to give the Europeans a voice French authorities in Algeria imposed a travel ban
in affairs, especially in regions where they would be throughout the oil-rich areas of the Sahara "to insure
hieavily outnumbered. The central federative organs the security of oil exploitations."
were maintained in the new text; the manner in which Nov. 27: France urged the UN not to interfere with the
the executive council will operate is being left to a reforms the French planned to put into effect in Al-
bill to be put before the assembly after the election geria. French Foreign Minister Christian Pineau added
of the territorial assemblies. The proposed basic vot- that France would take the initiative of inviting Gov-
ing system in the territories calls for the institution ernments of democratic countries to observe the pro-
of the "single college" system whereby Muslims and posed elections in Algeria. He asserted that the freedom
Europeans would vote together with equality. of action of Morocco and Tunisia were jeopardized by
the large entrenchments of the National Liberation
Nov. 19: Unconfirmed reports from Algeria disclosed that
Front in these countries. He accused Egypt and Syria of
an important French military operation, involving heli-
inciting and supplying arms to the nationalists.
copters, observation and pursuit planes, has been carried
A Cabinet decision on the offer of Morocco and
on in the Sahara since nationalists attacked a convoy of
Tunisia to mediate in negotiations on Algeria concluded
oil prospectors on Nov. 7.
that France would consider the "good offices" of these
According to Algerian National Liberation Front re-
countries in stopping the shooting in Algeria but will
ports nationalist forces ambushed a French unit near
not tolerate outside interference in political affairs there.
Nemours in Western Algeria and killed 40 French
The French Secretary of State for Algeria escaped an
soldiers. The reports also said the nationalists had shot
attack on his life in Paris when a fusillade of revolver
down a helicopter and that their losses had been six
shots was fired at him from a car.
dead an-d six wounded.
Nov. 28: It was reported by French authorities that one
Nov. 21: French forces struck at Algerian nationalists in European woman was killed and another captured by
the Sahara, killing 42 and taking 10 prisoners. The French military forces on Nov. 26; both women were
French losses were six killed and 12 wounded. The na- reported to be Communists.
tionalist band included mutinous Muslim soldiers who President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia said that the
killed eight French soldiers on Nov. 7 supported by Algerian National Liberation Front was ready to start
about 20 Muslims said to have come from Morocco. negotiations with France "without requiring from her
King Muhammad V of Morocco and President Habib the previous recognition of Algerian independence."
Bourguiba of Tunisia addressed an urgent appeal to the
Nov. 29: Foreign Minister Christian Pineau of France met
French to begin negotiations for ending the war in Al-
with the heads of the Tunisian and Moroccan delega-
geria.
tions to work out the first steps toward a resolution on
Novt. 22: French Foreign Minister Christian Pineau an- Algeria.
nounced in the UN that France could not accept the The statement of President Habib Bourguiba of
offer of Morocco and Tunisia to use their "good offices" Tunisia on Nov. 28 that the Liberation Front no longer
to settle the Algerian question because these countries insists on independence before negotiating confused
were not neutrals in this conflict and because the offer rebel headquarters in Tunisia. Liberation Front sources
had excluded some of the nationalists now fighting in announced that President Bourguiba may have made
Algeria. "a slip of the tongue."
Nov. 23: A spokesman for an Algerian nationalist organ- Nov. 30: The National Assembly approved in Paris the
ization accused King Muhammad and President Bour- new reform bill for Algeria.
guiba of "injecting new seeds of dissension among the Syria charged at the UN that the North Atlantic
Algerians." He said this approach made for civil war in Treaty Organization "is being used to make a so-called
Algeria. This organization is a rival of the Algerian free world safe for oppression" by assisting France in
National Liberation Front. its Algerian policy.

Dec. 1: French Army headquarterssaid that French forces The top French parachute commander in the desert
had killed 26 Algerian nationalists in a surprise attack campaignreportedthat the Algerian nationalistnetwork
on a fortified village. in the Timimoun region of the western Saharahad been
Dec. 2: The Saudi Arabian, Lebanese and Iraqi envoys virtually destroyed.
announced their opposition to the French reform pro- Dec. 11: France was expected to consider again the possi-
gram at the United Nations. bilities of Tunisian and Moroccan mediation in the Al-
Dec. 3: The US representativeto the UN, Henry Cabot gerian issue.
Lodge, endorsedthe French Foreign Minister'sappealof French authorities said that at least 218 nationalists
last week against interference with the reforms that were killed in two big engagementslast night.
France plans to put into effect. He also gave high Dec. 12: French authorities reported that 78 Algerian
praise to the offer of Tunisia and Morocco to use their nationalists had been killed in a battle near Rokina,
"good offices" in reaching a solution thus adopting a eastern Algeria.
middle view on the Algerian issue. Algerians killed three North Africans and wounded
Dec. 4: The US and French representativesconferred at 11 in attacks in Paris, Lille, and Lyon.
the UN in an attempt to work out a compromisereso- Dec. 13: The Paris newspaper Le Monde published the
lution on the Algerian question.
long-delayedand hotly-disputed report on savagery and
Muhammad Beliounis, chief of a 3,000-man armed
brutality in the Algerian war preparedby 12 French-
band of the Algerian National Movement, formally men who constitute the official Commission for
allied himself to France in a declarationissued from his the Safeguard of Rights and Individual Liberties.
stronghold in the Ouled Nail Mountains.
Robert Lacoste,Minister for Algeria, issued a statement
The newspaperFrance-Soir announcedthat the pipe- from Algiers regretting the publication of the report
line to bring Sahara oil part of the way toward the
before the Governmenthad completed its comments on
Mediterraneanhad been completed a month ahead of rebel atrocities which were to accompany the criti-
schedule and that 600 tons of crude oil from the cisms of French actions.
Hassi Messaoud field would be arriving daily at the
port of Philippeville at the beginning of January. Dec. 17: A 15-year-oldAlgerian boy was shot to death in
Premier Felix Gaillard said that any failure of the Paris; the police said his father had refused several de-
Atlantic Alliance to defend its members' interests mands for money from Algerian nationalist organiza-
around the world could wreck the pact and lead Europe tions.
toward neutralism. Dec. 18: French military sources reported that 30 na-
Dec. 6: The Political Committee of the GeneralAssembly tionalists were killed and 17 taken prisoner in an en-
was unable to adopt either an Asian-African resolution gagement near Sebdou in western Algeria.
calling for negotiations between France and the Al-
Dec. 20: It was reported that nine French soldiers were
gerian nationalistsor a Western move designedbetter to
meet the French viewpoint. The results of the com- killed in an ambush near Boghari, south of Algiers.
mittee debate will therefore be forwarded to the Gen- French forces were reported to have killed 17 national-
ists and wounded 13 in a fight in the Sidi-bel-Abbes
eral Assembly without recommendation.
region in western Algeria.
Dec. 7: Six American and two British oil companieshave
made new applicationsto prospect for oil in the Sahara, Dec. 23: The Algerian National Liberation Front re-
French officialsannounced. ported that nationalist guerrillas had intensified their
French officialsannounced that 103 Algerian nation- military action in the Wilaya "command"of Oran near
alists were killed in an engagement near the Tunisian the Moroccan border. The report further assertedthat
border. The military spokesman said that the nation- 47 French were killed and numerous wounded in the
alist band had been on its way to Tunisia to acquire Sebdou engagement on December 18. The nationalists
arms. put their losses in this engagement at 8 dead and 3
A Frencli military tribunal in Algiers sentencedthree wounded in contradiction to the French figures given
Communists to death for participating in bombings in for the battle. The nationalist communique said that
the Algiers area last year. 25 Frenchmen and 2 nationalists had been killed in
Dec. 9: French officialsreported a toll of 270 nationalists two ambush attacks against the French forces in Oran
killed anid 70 taken prisoner over the weekend. This on Dec. 20.
figure includes 103 nationalists killed in fighting near French police have arrested445 Algerian "suspects"
the Tunisian border on Dec. 7. French losses were in a nation-wide drive against nationalist circles. The
given at five men killed and four wounded. French Police reported that the round-up was carried
Dec. 10: A compromiseresolution on the Algerian ques-
out on Dec. 21 and that $15,200 and weapons were
tion was adopted by the General Assembly. The vote seized.
was 80 to 0 with France not participating and South Dec. 24: The French police seized the Christmas Eve is-
Africa absent. The compromise calls for pourparlers sue of the Communist newspaperL'Humanite because
and other appropriatemeans towards the solution of of articles on soldiers imprisoned for refusing to fight
the Algerian issue. in Algeria.

The French Military Court of Oran imposed a death Nov. 22: Col. George Grivas, the chief of E.O.K.A., said
sentence on 'Abd al-Qadir Mokkademconvicted as the he would retire from the political scene as soon as Cy-
instigator of a nationalist bombing on Dec. 17. prus has won its freedom.
Dec. 26: The International Red Cross Committee said in Nov. 26: Thousands of Greek Cypriotes surged through
Geneva that the Algerian nationalists had broken all the streets in Cyprus' main cities as riots marked the
their promises to permit Red Cross visits to French second anniversary of emergency regulations imposed
prisonersin nationalist hands. on the British Crown Colony. There were strikes and
A nationalist grenadeexploded in a bar in Oran kill- acts of sabotagereported during the day.
ing one man and wounding six persons. Nov. 27: A British soldier was shot and wounded by as-
French military officials reported that French troops
sailants in Limassol.This marked the first shooting at-
had wiped out a band of nationalists that had broken
tack on a Briton in any Cyprus town since last Jan. 23.
through the barbed-wirebarrieron the Tunisian border.
They reported 30 nationalists killed and one captured Nov. 28: The formation of a new Turkish resistanceor-
in the clash. ganizationto defend the interestsof the Turkish minor-
Nationalist mortars shelled the town of Guelma scor- ity in Cyprus was announced in leaflets circulated in
ing a direct hit on the hospital, according to French the main towns.
authorities. Dec. 2: Tough security measureswere clamped on Cyprus
Dec. 27: French authorities announced that 54 victims on the eve of the arrival of the new Governor.
had been claimed in the past 24 hours, 53 guerrillas Dec. 3: French archaeologists digging on the site of
and one Arab railway man. The railway man was killed Alasia, capital city of Cyprus 4,000 years ago, an-
when nationalists derailed a thirty-car train between nounced that they had discovered a late bronze-age
Bone and Constantine. tomb containing 200 vases filled with jewelry.
Dec. 31: Three unofficial reports intimated that the first Sir Hugh Foot, new Governor of Cyprus, arrived
oil from the Saharais on its way north to France, that in Nicosia.
the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey is seriously The British Colonial Secretary rejected a Laborite
considering entering a deal with French companies on suggestion that Archbishop Makarios be permitted to
an equal partnershipbasis, and that French companies return to Cyprus.
have drilled in a sixth successful well which appearsto Dec. 7: A general strike spread as 2,000 students, cele-
be even larger than had been expected. brating the forthcoming UN debate on Cyprus, at-
tacked troops and police in Nicosia.
Cyprus Greece proposed in a draft resolution submitted to
the General Assembly's Political Committee that the
(See also Iraq) UN call for self-determinationby the people of Cyprus.
Oct. 6: Archbishop Makarios, exiled Cypriote leader, Dec. 8: In a surprisebroadcast,Sir Hugh Foot promised
in
pledged New York a guaranteeof Turkish minority the people of Cyprus a new year of hope and urged
rights "by international instrument" if freedom were them to refrain from violence while the Cyprus ques-
granted to the island. tion is before the UN.
Oct. 11: VanavasPapadopoulos,a leading E.O.K.A. mem- Dec. 9: UN debate on the Cyprus issue began.
ber, surrendered himself to police authorities in the Strikes and spontaneousriots occurred all over Cy-
village of Peristerona. prus as ethnic Greeks demonstrated their support for
The administration disclosed reports of rioting the principle of self-determination.Unofficial estimates
among prisoners at the Pyla detention camp. ranged from 150 to 200 wounded demonstrators.
Oct. 21: Sir Hugh Foot was appointed Governor of Cy- Greece accused Britain of holding Cyprus under
prus to replace Field Marshal Sir John Harding; the colonial suppressionin the opening debate on the Cy-
new Governor will take over on December 1. Colonial prus issue. The Greek Foreign Minister insisted that,
Office sources reported that the change of Governors contrary to British contentions, Cyprus had no stra-
did not constitute a change in British policy. tegic value. The British delegate declared that Britain
Greek Cypriotes welcomed the appointment of Sir is ready to renew discussion with Greece, Turkey and
Hugh Foot as a step towards an end to the military the peoples of Cyprus. The Turkish delegate sup-
regime. ported Britain and said the Turkish minority would
Nov. 3: Turkish Cypriote policemen clashed with Greek not accept a decision to join Cyprus to Greece.
Cypriotes in the village of Pano Arodhes. Dec. 10: A seriousclash between Greek and Turkish Cyp-
Nov. 7: A Greek Cypriote was shot dead in a Nicosia riotes in Nicosia caused a curfew to be imposed on the
suburb. old city area.
Nov. 9: A Turkish Cypriote policeman was killed by The US delegate to the UN, Mr. Lodge, urged that
gunmen in a car along the Nicosia-Morphouroad. a settlement of the Cyprus issue be sought through
Nov. 11: Volkan, the Turkish undergroundmovement in private mediation and expresseddoubts that a solution
Cyprus, warned that in the future five Greek Cypri- could be found in the UN without agreement among
otes would be killed for every Turk slain by E.O.K.A. the parties concerned.

Dec. 11: The British delegate told the UN her pledges Dec. 25: Cypriotes were joyful over the Christmas am-
for Cyprus self-government remain unaltered. nesty granted by the new Governor to 100 political
A messagefrom the Turkish Foreign Ministry urged prisoners.
Britain to take steps to prevent the murder of Turkish Dec. 31: Sir Hugh Foot arrived in London for discussions
Cypriotes. with the Prime Minister, the Colonial Secretary and
Dec. 12: The Political Committee advised the General other officials. He said that progress had been made
Assembly to consider a Greek resolution calling for towards solving problems on the island and that he
further negotiations towards self-determinationfor the would discuss the question of Archbishop Makarios
people of Cyprus. The resolution was approvedby the with the Colonial Secretary.
Political Committee in a vote of 33 to 29 with 25
abstentions.
Sir Hugh Foot walked through the streets of the Egypt
old city unguarded,exchanging greetings with onlook-
(See also General, Algeria, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Pal-
ers.
estine Problem, Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria,
Dec. 13: Greek Cypriotes hailed as a victory the vote in
Syrian Crisis)
the Political Committee.
Sir Hugh Foot visited the central prison in Nicosia Oct. 1: Lieut. Gen. MuhammadHaidar, former Egyptian
and ordered the release of two of 12 Greek Cypri- Defense Minister, died.
ote women prisonerson grounds of poor health. Oct. 5: Egypt's clandestineCommunist party accused the
Bomb explosions,thought to be related to US absten- Government of persecuting Communists to please the
tion in the Political Committee vote on the Cyprus is- US.
sue, caused serious damage to the US Information Oct. 7: The new Assiut University in Upper Egypt was
Service library in Athens. The Greek Government con- opened.
veyed its "distress" to the State Department. Oct. 8: An Egyptian delegation left for Rome to resume
Dec. 14: The Greek resolution calling for self-determina- talks with British representativesregarding restoration
tion for the people of Cyprus was rejected by the UN of trade relations.
GeneralAssembly in a vote of 31 to 23 with -24 mem- Oct. 9: President Nasir ordered all branches of the Gov-
bers including the US abstaining. ernment and the press to present Egypt as a strictly
Dec. 15: Two clashes broke out in the port of Famagusta neutral country and to make every effort to bring
and the village of Akanthou. about a more equitable balance between Eastern and
Dec. 16: Archbishop Makarios declared in New York Western trade.
that the Greek Cypriotes had won a great moral vic- The Egyptian Minister of Finance said that officials
tory when the General Assembly's Political Committee of the International Bank for Reconstruction and De-
adopted the Greek resolution. velopment had expressedwillingness to help finance a
Dec. 17: Sir Hugh Foot held a meeting at Government huge project for widening the Suez Canal to permit
House with the Greek Cypriote mayors of the 12 two-way traffic.
largest communities to discuss local problems. Oct. 11: The managing director of the Egyptian Suez
Dec. 18: The Foreign Ministers of Britain, Greece and Canal Authority said in Zurich that Egypt had asked
Turkey met with Paul-Henri Spaak, Secretary of the the UN Secretary General to mediate the settlement of
Atlantic alliance, in Paris to discuss a basis for ending Suez Canal stockholders'claims.
the Cyprus dispute. The UN Secretariatsaid that the Secretary General
The Greek and Iraqi consulates in Istanbul were put had been holding private talks with Egyptian and canal
under police guard owing to tension over the UN action company officialsfor several months.
on Cyprus. Iraq voted for the resolution in the Politi- Egypt told the Security Council that she seized the
cal Committee but abstainedin the Assembly vote. Israeli trawler Doron last month because the boat had
A Greek-Cyprioteblacksmith, identified by the Brit- violated Egyptian territorial waters.
ish as a local undergroundleader, was killed by troops Oct. 12: The trial of 18 Egyptians on charges of Com-
in a village near Famagusta. munist activities was postponed until Oct. 19.
Dec. 23: Archbishop Makarios arrived in Athens from Oct. 13: A supplementarytrade agreementwas signed in
New York; he said the Cypriotes did not recognize any Cairo between Hungary and Egypt.
rights of Turkey over Cyprus and would reject any President Nasir announced he had sent "basic ele-
proposalsfor tripartite talks. ments" of the armed forces to Syria; naval units carry-
Iraq's Ambassadorpresented his Government's apol- ing troops arrived in the port of Latakia, Syria.
ogies to Premier Adnan Menderesin Ankara for Iraq's Oct. 14: Authoritative sourcesin London said that Egyp-
vote against Turkey on the Cyprus issue in the UN tian troops sent to Syria amount to less than one
Political Committee. battalion.
Dec. 24: Premier Menderessaid in Ankara that Turkey Oct. 18: An Egyptian military spokesmansaid that Egyp-
expects a "useful and sincere friendship" with Greece tian naval units visiting Latakia had been instructed
to develop despite the differencesbetween them. to stay until "further notice."

Oct. 19: Egypt signed cultural cooperation agreements Mr. Hammarskjoldproposedthat the GeneralAssem-
with the USSR, Czechoslovakiaand Bulgaria. bly authorize a voluntary surchargeof three percent on
A sharp recessionin the Nile River may have serious Suez Canal tolls to repay more than $8,000,000 spent
consequencesfor Egypt's winter rice crop, it was re- by the UN in clearing the canal.
ported in Cairo. Nov. 6: The World Bank announced that its President,
Oct. 20: Former Foreign Minister Salah al-Din and ten Eugene R. Black, had accepted an Egyptian invitation
other defendents were convicted on charges of having to visit Cairo to advise Egypt on possiblecompensation
conspired to assassinatePresident Nasir and overthrow of stockholders of the old Suez Canal Company.
the regime. Nov. 7: The Governmentsof Ghana and Egypt agreed to
-ThreeEgyptian naval vessels that escorted Egyptian exchange diplomatic missions.
troops to Syria returned to Alexandria.
Nov. 8: Egypt's Government-controlledradio and news-
Oct. 21: It was announced in Cairo that an 1lth cen- papers launched a violent propagandacampaign aimed
tury Islamic gate had been unearthed and that the at destroying King Husayn of Jordan and bringing
newly-discovered sarcophagusof a Pharaoh would be pro-Nasir nationalists back to power in Amman.
unsealed soon.
Nov. 9: Eugene R. Black proposedin Cairo that Egypt sit
Oct. 23: Two Gaza Strip Arabs convicted of spying for
down with olficialsof the former Suez Canal Company
Israel were hanged in Tanta prison near Cairo, Egyp-
within a month to negotiate a settlement of compensa-
tian authoritiesannounced;three others were hanged on
tion and other problems.
Oct. 21.
Oct. 25: Maj. Gen. 'Abd al-Hakim Amir, commanderof Nov. 10: Eugene R. Black was reported to have told
Egypt that the World Bank would consider helping
joint Egyptian-Syrian Forces, made a hurried trip to
finance the Aswan High Dam project if Cairo settled
Damascus to investigate a series of flights by unidenti-
its dispute with the Suez Canal Company.
fied planes over the Syrian capital.
It was unofficially stated in Cairo that Egyptian fi- Nov. 11: Eugene R. Black said in Geneva that the World
nancial talks with Britain will not be resumed unless Bank has offered to act as mediator in any future ne-
Britain agrees to release ?27,800,000 from Egypt's gotiations on the compensationof stockholders of the
sterling assets in London. Both delegations to Rome Suez Canal Company. He denied reports that he had
have been recalled. discusseda world bank loan to Egypt for financing the
Oct. 26: A trade agreementwas signed in Cairo between Aswan High Dam.
East Germany and Egypt. The Egyptian Government announced that the head
of the Egyptian delegation to the Franco-Egyptian
Oct. 27: Two Arabs, convicted of spying for Israel, were
economic talks will proceed to Geneva.
hanged in Zahazahprison north of Cairo.
Nov. 13: An agreement was signed in Cairo amending
Oct. 29: On the anniversaryof the beginning of the Brit-
the existing payments agreement between Syria and
ish-French and Israeliattacks on Egypt, PresidentNasir
Egypt.
said that Egypt felt no rancor against those who had
attacked her. Nov. 14: Eugene R. Black called on the SecretaryGeneral
Oct. 30: An Egyptian ship, the Siinai,was launched at at the UN to report on his talks with President Nasir
the Polish port of Szezecin, the second of six ships be- in Cairo.
ing built by Poland for Egypt. Nov. 17: President Nasir was reported to have called an
A contract for the Egyptian-Italian-Syrian wheat abrupt halt to Egypt's violent propaganda campaign
deal was signed in Cairo. against King Husayn of Jordan.
Oct. 31: An Egyptian military court sentenced 13 mem- Nov. 19: The Soviet Union agreedto give Egypt economic
bers of the outlawed Communist party to prison terms assistance.It was also announcedin Moscow that agree-
for anti-state activities. ment had been reachedon military matters.
Nov. 1: Maj. Gen. 'Abd al-Hakim Amir arrived at Mos- Nov. 20: State Department officialsconfirmedreportsthat
cow airport. the US has releasedabout a fourth of the $40,000,000
Nov. 2: President Nasir issued a decree calling for the in Egyptian assets frozen since Cairo's seizure of the
final organization of the National Union to realize the Suez Canal.
objectives of the Revolution. Egypt was reportedto have agreedin principle to an
Al Ferdan Bridge over the Suez Canal, damaged offer of Soviet aid which would not bar dealings in
during the attack last year, went back into service. assistanceand trade from the West. The official Middle
Nov. 4: President Nasir abruptly dismissed the head of East News Agency said the aid would be in the form of
his huge desert reclamation project "Liberation Prov- a loan in which the USSR would make available to
ince." Egypt up to 700,000,000 rubles.
Nov. 5: Egyptian financial circles in Cairo stated that It was reported in Cairo that rich deposits of alum-
Egypt will pay compensationto British and French na- inum and phosphateshad been discoveredby an Egyp-
tionals whose property has been nationalized if the tian geological mission in Sinai.
present negotiations between Egypt and Britain prove GeneralAmir returned to Cairo from Moscow.
successful. Nov. 22: Egyptian authoritiesrefused a Jordanianairliner

permission to land at Cairo airport. A Cairo airport Dec. 15: Egypt and the Sudan opened talks on regulating
spokesmansaid that the airliner had been turned away the flow of the Nile River for the projected irrigation
because it exceeded the number of weekly flights stip- and hydroelectric dam at Aswan.
ulated in the Egyptian-Jordanianair agreement. The Minister of Education withdrew his resignation.
Nov. 23: The Technical Education Conference of Arab Dec. 19: A tentative agreementwas reached under which
countries was opened in Cairo. France would present the compensation claims against
The Jordanian airliner, turned back on Nov. 22, Egypt by the old Suez Canal Company.
landed without incident in Cairo. Dec. 21: The Egyptian Canal Authority announced that
Two Communists were arrested and charged with 69 ships had passedthrough the Suez Canal, the largest
having joined the outlawed Egyptian Communistparty. number for a single day since the canal opened.
Nov. 25: Czechoslovakiahas agreed to give Egypt indus- Dec. 22: The New China News Agency announced that
trial credits worth about LE 20 million, it was an-
Egypt and Communist China had signed a trade agree-
nounced in Cairo. ment for the exchange of $72,000,000 worth of goods
Egyptian officials disclosed that a shipload of Egyp-
in 1958.
tian arms had been delivered to Tunisia.
A 10-man Egyptian trade mission began talks with Dec. 23: PresidentNasir paid a visit to Port Said to cele-
the LiberianGovernment in Monrovia. brate the first anniversaryof the departureof British
President Nasir announced that he is sending his and French troops and was nearly mobbed by welcom-
Foreign Minister on a mission to the US. ing citizens.
Nov. 28: A press dispatch from Cairo quoted the Egyp- Dec. 24: Prince Muhammad 'Abd al-Mun'im, a second
tian Finance Minister as having said that US aid to cousin of former King Farouk, was arrested in Cairo.
Egypt had been resumedon the pre-Suez scale. Dec. 25: Secretary General Dag Hammarskjoldconferred
Nov. 29: State Department officials denied that the US with Dr. Mahmud Fawzi, Egyptian Foreign Minister,
had resumed economic aid to Egypt on the pre-Suez in Cairo.
scale. Dec. 26: The Criminal Court in Alexandria imposed a
Dec. 1: Secretary of State Dulles said that he will be one-year prison sentence and a LE 50 fine on a man
happy to talk with Foreign Minister Mahmud Fawzi charged with Communist activities.
of Egypt. Dag Hammarskjoldconferred with President Nasir.
Dec. 2: A member of the British Parliament said that Dec. 27: Egyptian authorities opened an inquiry into
PresidentNasir had offered to arbitratethe financial as- an allegedplot to overthrow PresidentNasir and restore
pects of the Suez dispute with Britain. the Egyptian monarchy.
Dec. 5: The Egyptian manager of the Suez Canal, Mah- Dec. 29: The Egyptian Finance Ministry Under Secretary
mud Yunis, said in Washington that Egypt was run- announced that Egypt and France have agreed on a
ning the canal more efficiently than did the old Suez new trade agreement.
Company. He conferred with Eugene R. Black on a
loan for improvement and widening of the Canal.
President Nasir, in his first public addressin several Ethiopia
months, reiterated his determination to keep Egypt
free of all foreign influences. Nov. 24: Britain accused Ethiopian raidersof killing 104
Dec. 8: The Egyptian Minister of Industry announced Kenya tribesmen recently, in a protest sent to Addis
that coal deposits had been discovered in the Sinai Ababa countering the Ethiopian protest that Kenya
Peninsula. police and tribesmen had slain 23 Ethiopians.
Dec. 9: The Egyptian Foreign Minister and Secretary of
State Dulles conferred in Washington. India
Dec. 10: Egypt decided to release the South African
freighter which has been held since Nov. 23 on sus- (See also General,Kashmir)
picion that she belonged to Israel. Oct. 2: An angry crowd of about 1,000 persons raided
Dec. 11: The Minister of Education, Kamal al-din Hu- the police station in the Punjab town of Jindh and re-
sayn, resigned in protest to a decision by the National leased 200 students arrestedin recent demonstrations.
Assembly to permit all high school graduates to take
Oct. 3: Prime Minister Nehru left for a nine-day official
correspondencecourses at Egypt's three major univer-
visit to Japan.
sities.
Dec. 12: It was announced in a joint communique that Oct. 4: Prime Minister Nehru was greeted at Tokyo air-
the British-Egyptianfinancial talks in Rome have been port by Premier Nobusuke Kishi.
adjournedtemporarily to permit the two delegationsto Oct. 5: India'sCommunistparty opened a full-scale polit-
report to their Governments. ical war against Finance Minister T. T. Krishnamachari
Dec. 14: The UN General Assembly passed a measurefor for his statement, in a recent interview, that India's
a three percent surcharge to be applied to Suez Canal battle was also a battle against communism.
traffic by a vote of 54 to 0. Oct. 7: Border troops opened fire on each other at the

Karwar-Goaborder; one Portuguese soldier was killed consisting of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon and Af-
and an Indian policeman wounded. ghanistan.
Judges of the International Court of Justice started Oct. 27: Government sources said India was negotiating
the third week of hearing Portugal's applicationfor the with three countries for food shipments: US and Can-
right of passagebetween her Goan territories. ada for increasedwheat shipments and Burma for in-
The launching of the Soviet satellite was received creased rice imports.
with excitement and surprise in scientific circles in Oct. 28: The InternationalRed Cross Conference opened
New Delhi. in New Delhi.
Mr. Krishnamachari,India's Finance Minister, said in Finance Minister Krishnamachariissued his regrets
Washington where he is seeking US loans that India's over his statement warning of the danger of commu-
nion-alignmentpolicy was the result of economic neces- nism to India.
sity. Oct. 31: The Indian Government, in a special ordinance,
Oct. 8: The Chairman of Tata Iron and Steel Company gave itself the power to use up all $630,000,000 of its
said in Bombay that he had obtained loans totaling sterling assets in Britain.
$32,000,000 from the World Bank and private US Nov. 1: India proposed at the UN two amendmentsto
commercialbanks to finance his company'sdevelopment the disarmament resolution sponsored by 24 powers.
program. The amendments place additional stress on immediate
An armed band from India attacked the frontier cessation of the testing of nuclear weapons and the
customs station at Suponogudiin PortugueseGoa. idea of a big-power agreementagainst using such weap-
Oct. 13: The Premiersof India and Japan jointly declared ons.
that suspensionof weapons tests must be the first step One of India's best-known journalists,Frank Moraes,
toward prohibition of nuclear weapons and disarma- was dropped as editor of The Times of India.
ment.
Nov. 3: CanadianPrime Minister John Diefenbaker'sof-
Oct. 16: The Indian Finance Minister, Mr. Krishnama-
fice announced that arrangementshad been made to
chari, gave a pessimistic report in London on his mis-
supply India with $7,000,000 worth of wheat under
sion to the US and Britain for financial aid. He said
the Colombo Plan.
that India would certainly accept aid from Communist
Nov. 4: PresidentNgo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam ar-
countries if it were offered without strings.
rived for a four-day state visit to India.
Oct. 17: Prime Minister Nehru returned to India from
Japan. Nov. 6: Mr. Eugene R. Black, President of the World
Oct. 18: The Calcutta bank strike ended after 31 days. Bank, said in London that the Bank was studying the
Oct. 19: An agreement providing for supply of textile possibility of making new loans for the developmentof
machinery from Japan to India on deferred payment Indian ports and railways.
basis was signed in New Delhi. Nov. 9: The Cabinet secretariatannouncedthat the USSR
Oct. 20: A mass rally was held in Bombay to condemn and India have concluded an agreement under which
the continued Portuguese occupation of its Indian en- the USSR will construct four major projects connected
claves. with the developmentof heavy industries in India un-
A South Indian leader, E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker, der the Second Five-Year Plan.
was reported to have been urging his followers to Authorities in Madrasreported that at least 53 per-
kill Brahmins. sons in the Nellore district of Andhra State had been
Oct. 21: Prime Minister Nehru told the nation that killed by floods.
drought in Central and Eastern India had been burning Nov. 13: India will ask the Asian conference of the In-
out crops and that food production in some areaswould ternational Labor Organization to seat Communist
be cut as much as 50 per cent. China in place of Nationalist China at future sessions.
The Department of Buddhist Studies of Delhi Uni- Mr. Krishnamacharisaid that he expected India to
versity was inaugurated. get "sizableassistance"from the US and West Germany
Prime Minister Nehru declared in New Delhi that in a report to membersof the Indian Parliament.
international communism no longer existed in a real Nov. 14: One hundred thousand people jammed the Na-
sense. tional Stadium to celebrate Prime Minister Nehru's
Oct. 23: A joint communiqueissued at the end of India's 68th birthday.
Finance Minister's visit to Bonn said that West Ger- Nov. 16. The Indian Governmentannouncedthat a Com-
many has agreed in principle to an aid program for munist Chinese delegation will arrive soon for discus-
India and that negotiations between the two Govern- sion on defining the frontier between India and Tibet.
ments would begin shortly. Nov. 17: Addressing Indian religious leaders at the
Oct. 2 5: The USSR named Panteleimon K. Ponomar- World Conference of Religions in New Delhi, Mr.
enko Ambassadorto India; he will replace Ambassador Nehru called for ending the "cold war."
Menshikov. Nov. 20: Prime MinisterNehru stressedthe importanceof
Oct. 26: Prime Minister Nehru was urged by Ashoka developing closer cooperation between India and the
Mehta, one of India's leading Socialists, to issue a call US in a speech addressedto American technicianswork-
for a common international community of South Asia ing in India under the Technical CooperationProgram.

Now. 23: It was reportedin New Delhi that India is taking against governmental slighting of their native lan-
ing emergency steps to improve the working of her guage.
ports. Dec. 28: The chief controller of imports and exports,
At least 50 persons were killed and many injured in S. N. Bilgrami, warned that India's continuing short-
a wreck of the Bombay-Calcuttamail train. age of foreign exchange will mean further restrictions
Nov. 26: The International Court of Justice dismissed on imports.
four of six Indian objections to consideration of the Dec. 30: The 8,000-ton cruiser Mysore, acquired from
Goan dispute: that Portugal has not complied with Britain to be the Indian Navy's new flagship, arrived
certain provisions of the Court's statutes, that diplo- in Bombay.
matic negotiations between the two governments have
not been exhausted, and that India has not had time Iran
to avail herself of certain conditions Portugal laid
(See also General,Iraq, Lebanon,Persian Gulf, Saudi
down in a declaration of acceptance of the court's
Arabia,Syria)
jurisdiction.
Nov. 27: The Indian Government was disturbed by the Oct. 2: Iranian Airways Company of Teheran was ad-
decision of the InternationalCourt of Justice that it is mitted to active membershipin the International Air
competent to hear the dispute. TransportAssociation.
Nov. 28: West Germany and India began talks in Bonn Oct. 6: The Shah opened the Eighth Session of the Sen-
on the financing of West German deliveries to India ate. He said that the Government would soon submit
for the construction of a steel plant at Rourkela. a bill seeking permission to sign an agreement with
Prime Minister Nehru appealed to the US and the an American oil company for extension of the oil pipe-
USSR to bring about effective disarmament through line from the Qum oil fields to the Turkish port of
"direct approachesand agreements." Iskenderun.
Dec. 2: The Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference Oct. 8: The Iranian Government's Plan Organization
opened in New Delhi. authorized a private US company to undertake a vast
Dec. 6: Kalinga Airlines said that the Indian Government developmentprogramin the Khuzestanregion of south-
western Iran. The project will include one of the high-
had given them a six-year license to operate an air
est multi-purpose dams in the Middle East.
service between Calcutta and Lhasa, Tibet.
Oct. 17: Iran threatenedto break off diplomatic relations
Dec. 10: Marshal Bulganin was quoted by the Moscow
with Syria after the Syrian Foreign Minister's state-
radio as having informed Prime Minister Nehru that
ment charging that the United States had engineered
the Soviet Government is ready to end nuclear ex-
the overthrow of PremierMuhammadMusaddiq.
plosions as of Jan 1, 1958, if the US and Britain will
Oct. 26: The international consortium which took over
do the same.
from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company plans to spend
Dec. 15: In reply to Prime Minister Nehru's public ap-
$140,000,000 on developmentand improvementsin the
peal, President Eisenhower asserted that a world-wide oil centers of southern Iran, it was announced in Lon-
ban on future nuclear weapons testing, without other don.
measuresinsuring control of production of such weap- Oct. 28: In a joint communiqu6issued in Teheran at the
ons, might increase rather than diminish the threat end of King Faysal's state visit, the Shah and King
of aggression and war. Faysal announced that the two governments have de-
Dec. 17: Prime Minister Nehru indicated that he did not cided to continue efforts to strengthen the Baghdad
agree with the US contention that suspensionof nu- Pact organization and to implement joint economic
clear tests should be linked with other disarmament projects.
questions. Oct. 29: Iran announced that she had arrested 70 fol-
Dec. 22: The Education Ministry announced that it had lowers of onetime Premier Muhammad Musaddiq on
accepted recommendationsto make English the second charges of subversion.
language in Indian universities. Nov. 5: The Soviet Governmentmade public a note from
Dec. 26: The Governmentof Ceylon sent a plea to Prime the Shah of Iran expressingconfidencethat Turkey had
Minister Nehru for help in fighting floods. "no aggressiveintention whatsoever"towards Syria.
Mr. Feroze Gandhi, a member of the ruling Congress Nov. 23: Iran offered to pay travel expenses of German
party and son-in-law of Prime Minister Nehru, faced scientists to Teheran to aid scientific advancement in
the Indian Governmentwith charges of a conspiracyto Iran.
misuse funds of the nationalized Life Insurance Cor- Nov. 27: The Moscow radio announced that the Soviet
poration. Union has ratified a frontier treaty with Iran.
An Indian Governmentspokesmansaid that President Dec. 13: Reports indicated that 600 persons had been
Sukarno of Indonesia would come to India the first killed and countless injured in an earthquakein western
week in January. Iran.
Dec. 27: The Governmentof the State of Punjab said that Dec. 14: A Government Ministry put the death toll in
as a gesture of goodwill it would releaseall but one of Iran's disastrousearthquakeat 1,287. One village, Far-
7,000 Hindus jailed in the last seven months for agitat- san, was reportedto have been virtually buried.

Dec. 16: Brig. Gen. Charles E. Hoy was designated as Dec. 15: 'Abd al-WahhabMarjan,Iraq's new Premierand
chief of the US Military Assistance Advisory Group Defense Minister, was sworn in with members of his
in Iran. cabinet. The new cabinet is as follows:
The Shah of Iran and Queen Sorayaarrivedin Beirut Ministers
for a five-day state visit to Lebanon.
Foreign Affairs-Burhan al-din Basha'yan
Dec. 20: Eleven new earth tremors were felt in western Interior-Major-Gen. Sami Fattah
Iran causing more damage to the area. Finance-Dr. Nadim al-Pachachi
Dec. 24: Severe earthquakesjolted western Iran again. Economy-Muhammad Mishhin al-Hardan
Dec. 28: The Iranian Government is reported to be pre- Justice-'Abd al-Rasul al-Khalisi
paring to try seven persons for conspiracy against the Development-Lieut.-Gen. Saheh al-Jabburi
regime. The accused are believed to be membersof the Education-Dr. 'Abd al-Hamid Qazim
Iran party, a nationalist group. Health-Mahmud Baban
Dec. 29: The Shah criticized Iranian landowners for in- Public Works and
difference toward their tenants in the recent earth- Communications-Dr. 'Abd-al-Amir Allawi
quakes. The Shah, who had just returned from a quick Agriculture-Jamil al-Urfali
inspection of the area, said that any landlords who had Social Affairs-Arkan al-Abbadi
refused to grant land for housing the homeless should State-Muhammad Jawwad al-Khatib, 'Ali al-Sharqi,
be listed. 'Izz al-din al-Mullah.
Dec. 30: The director of the US aid mission to Iran said Dec. 17: Premier 'Abd al-Wahhab Marjan said that his
that technical aid would be needed in Iran for some Government would follow Arab national policy and
time. would work within the BaghdadPact.
Dec. 31: Iranian official circles were pleased at the news Dec. 22: The Government prohibited all banks from in-
that Secretaryof State Dulles would visit Iran en route vesting more than 30 percent of their capital and de-
to the Baghdad Pact meeting in Ankara, Turkey in posits outside Iraq.
January.
Dec. 25: Iraq recalled her permanentrepresentativeto the
UN for voting against Turkey in the recent Cyprus
debate. The Governmentdeploredthe action of its rep-
Iraq resentativebecausehe had violated clear instructions.
(See also General,Algeria, Cyprus, Iran, Jordan, Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia, Syria)
Oct. 5: The Minister of the Interior banned the Baghdad
Israel
newspaperAl Yaqdha for a year for "publishing what (See also General,Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine
the law forbids." Problem,Saudi Arabia)
Oct. 13: King Husayn and King Faysal met near the
Oct. 1: Israel renewed her complaint to the UN against
Jordanian-Iraqiborder. Egypt's seizureof an Israelifishing trawler.
Oct. 14: Security police arrestedseven Communists south The Israeli Ambassador,Mr. Abba Eban, discussed
of Baghdad. with the State Department a request for a loan of $75
Oct. 18: King Faysal flew to Teheran for a 10-day visit. million from the Export-Import Bank of Washington.
Oct. 20: The Iraqi Governmentexpressedconfidence that Oct. 3: About 500 Israelijournalistsagreedto return their
Turkey had no aggressiveintentions against Syria. Government press cards to Premier Ben-Gurion'soffice
Oct. 21: Iraq accused the Soviet Union of "intriguing in protest to new regulations designed to control the
to create unrest" in an effort to win the entire Middle action of reporters in the Foreign Ministry offices in
East to Communism. Jerusalem.
Nov. 10: Premier 'Ali Jawdat announced the establish- Oct. 8: Israel protested to the Security Council and de-
ment of a $40,000,000 five-year social developmentpro- manded the immediate releaseof a fishing trawler and
gram in Iraq. crew seized by Egypt.
Nov. 18: The Arab Cultural and Antiquities Conference Oct. 14: Israel accused the Arab nations at the UN of
was opened in Baghdad.
carrying out an economic war against her by boycotting
Nov. 20: FormerIraqi PremierNuri al-Sa'idleft Baghdad goods producedin Israel and blacklisting ships going to
for a tour of the Middle East, Western Europe, and and from Israel.
North America to discuss a solution of the Palestine
Oct. 15: A Soviet newspaperpublishedalleged letters from
refugee problem and BaghdadPact support.
Soviet Jews who had gone to Israel complainingof hun-
Dec. 2: King Faysal left by plane for Riyadh, Saudi ger and heat.
Arabia on his first state visit to that country.
Oct. 17: Premier Ben-Gurion called on the West to sup-
Dec. 8: Nuri al-Sa'id arrived in Washington. ply Israel with defensive air power and anti-submarine
Dec. 11: Premier 'Ali Jawdat was reliably reported to weapons to match the Soviet arms shipments to Egypt
have resigned. and Syria.

Oct. 18: Premier Ben-Gurion said Israel faced more dan- Nov. 9: Israel's delegate to the UN denied Saudi Arabian
ger from lack of development in her southern desert reports that an Israeli aircraft flew over Saudi Arabian
than from the military forces of the Arab states. territory on Oct. 28.
An Israeli newspaper said that the Royal Dutch- Nov. 18: Premier Ben-Gurion rejected suggestions that
Shell Group in Israel have sold their marketing hold- Israel loosen her ties with the West as a means of im-
ings to the French oil company Petrofrance and a Brit- proving her relations with the Soviet Union.
ish chain store magnate. Nov. 19: Informed sources in Jerusalemsaid that about
Oct. 19: Israel and France signed a new trade agreement 1,200 Jews from various Moroccanvillages are stranded
under which Israel will export goods worth $10 million in Tangier, without passportsto migrate to Israel.
to France and French exports to Israel will be un- The US began distribution of $3,500,000 for Israeli
limited. scientific, educational and cultural projects.
Oct. 20: The Foreign Ministry announced that the Hun- Nov. 24: A report from London said that East European
garian Government had demanded the recall of three countries have raised restrictions on the emigration of
members of Israel's legation in Budapest in retaliation Jews to Israel and will allow 29,000 to emigrate in the
for the arrest and trial in Israel of a Hungarian cit- first six months of 1958.
izen. Dec. 4: Representatives of two Israeli oil corporations
Oct. 22: The British Embassy in Jerusalemsaid four of appearedin a Moscow court to seek $2,396,440 in dam-
five British warships, scheduled to pay a courtesy call ages from Soyuzneftexport for unfulfilled contracts.
to Israel this week, would not make the trip because The Soviet oil export corporation stopped deliveries
of the "international situation." and cancelled contracts after the attack on Egypt.
Oct. 23: One hundred business and philanthropic leaders A bequest estimated at several million dollars was
of AmericanJewish communities assembledin Tel Aviv left by Gerard Swope, former president of General
for an eight-day study of Israel'sneeds for the integra- Electric, for the benefit of the Technion-Israel Insti-
tion of refugees. tute of Technology in Haifa.
Oct. 24: The Israeli Ambassador to Canada predicted Dec. 6: The Zionist Organization of America called on
that peace would not come to the Middle East until the the US Government to fulfill its "moral commitments
Arab world was convinced Israel was an "immutable to assure Israel's security against aggression."
factor"; he warned the West not to join the race with Dec. 8: A resolution was adopted by the world organiza-
the USSR to supply arms to the Arab League countries. tion of Agudath Israel advocating rigid religious ob-
Oct. 25: Hadassab, the women's Zionist organization of servance of Judaism and warning that Conservative
America, announced that it will begin construction of Judaism is a greater danger to traditional Judaism than
a new town near Jerusalemin January. the Reform Movement.
Oct. 28: President Yitzhaq Ben Zvi was reelected by the
Dec. 13: Poland sent a Minister to Israel after an inter-
Knesset.
ruption of three years.
Oct. 29: Premier Ben-Gurion and Foreign Minister Meir
Dec. 14: Foreign Secretary Meir said that any attempt
were slightly wounded and two other Cabinet members
by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization conference
seriously wounded when a hand grenade was thrown
to ease Middle Eastern tension by rolling Israel bor-
inside the Knesset building by a young Israeli.
ders back to comply with the 1947 partition agreement
Israeli policemen clashed with Communist demon-
would create greatertension in the area.
stratorsin the Arab town of Nazareth in Galilee.
Oct. 31: Premier Ben-Gurion outlined the major goals Dec. 17: Premier Ben-Gurion canceled a secret military
Israel must accomplish in her second ten years as a mission to West Germany.
nation in a message sent to the United Jewish Appeal Dec. 18: Premier Ben-Gurion moved to organize a new
from the hospital where he is confined; he said Israel approach to West Germany for security ties.
must absorbadditionalhundredsof thousandsof immi- Dec. 19: A decision was taken in Jerusalemto ask for the
grants, must complete the Jordan River project, must resignationof two Ministersof the Ahdut Avoda party
populate the Negev, and must establish peaceful rela- for wrecking a project to send a secret mission to West
tions with the Arabs. Germanyby informing the press.
Nov. 1: Premier Ben-Gurion underwent a minor leg op- The Ahdut Avoda party secretariatrejected Premier
eration for the removal of a steel splinter. Ben-Gurion'srequest that two of its Ministers resign.
The Negev Research Institute was formally opened Israeli officialswere relieved by the NATO statement
in Bethsheeba. on the Middle East.
Nov. 3: Col. Nehemia Argov, military secretary to Pre- Dec. 21: Senator Jacob K. Javits urged a new Middle
mier Ben-Gurion, committed suicide. Eastern policy that would make the US North At-
Nov. 4: The US Secretaryof Agriculture conferred with lantic allies a party to its commitments to Israel.
Premier Ben-Gurion in HadassahHospital. Dec. 22: The Communist party leader, Shmuel Mikunis,
Nov. 8: The US Agriculture Department announcedthat introduced a motion of no confidence in an attempt
it had entered into an agreement with Israel calling to unseat Premier Ben-Gurion in the Knesset. He
for the sale of $35,000,000 in surplus farm commod- charged that Mr. Ben-Gurion was trying to establish
ities. military and political ties with West Germany and

NATO. The Communist motion was defeated and the due to the failure of Egypt and Syria to pay subsidies
coalition held together in a vote of 65 to 6. pledged under an Arab solidarity agreement.
Dec. 24: Premier Ben-Gurion disclosed that Israel was Oct. 14: A military court in Amman sentenced Khalid
seeking weapons from West Germany to cope with an Himshawi to 18 years hard labor for Communist ac-
Arab threat to Israeli refugee ships. tivity.
Dec. 25: The neutralist parties in the coalition Cabinet Oct. 16: The lower house of Parliament approveda con-
said they did not oppose Israeli arms purchases from fidence motion on the Government's policy to avoid
West Germany but that they still wanted to be con- foreign pacts and alliances.
vinced that an arms deal would not imply political and Jordan declared full support for Syria in the event
military ties with Bonn or NATO. of an attack.
Dec. 26: Governmentsources said in Bonn that Israel had Oct. 17: Five membersof the JordanianChamberof Dep-
made no approach to the West German Government uties resigned; four were members of the Nationalist
about the purchaseof arms; they said it would be pos- Socialist party and one of the pro-CommunistNational
sible for an Israeli mission to buy arms from private Front.
concerns.
Oct. 18: Ten Jordanian Deputies were reported under ar-
Informed Western diplomats said that West Ger-
rest for having opposed King Husayn's Cabinet, ac-
many will consult its North Atlantic allies before agree-
cording to a Jordanian source arriving in Beirut.
ing to supply arms to Israel.
Dec. 27: The West German Government said that its Oct. 20: A military court sentenced two Arabs to prison
practice was to bar arms shipments to areas that are terms for spying for Israel.
centers of acute conflict. Oct. 24: An Israeli Army intelligence corps lieutenant
Mr. Shimon Peres, Director Generalof the Israel De- was sentenced to death in Amman for spying for Is-
fense Ministry, arrived in Bonn to discuss arms pur- rael.
chases from West Germany. Oct. 27: Jordan declared the entire Syrian border region
Dec. 29: Mr. Shimon Peres returned from West Germany. a restricted and closed area.
The Governmentdispute shifted to the issue of Cab- The US paid Jordan $3,000,000 of the $20,000,000
inet discipline and procedure. in economic aid promised last June, according to an
Dec. 30: The Israeli Government fell after a split over announcement from the Jordanian Foreign Ministry and
arms purchases and Cabinet discipline. the US Embassy.
Dec. 31: Premier Ben-Gurion handed his resignation to The US Secretary of Agriculture, Ezra Taft Ben-
President Ben-Zvi. Negotiations for a new coalition son, will visit Jordan for three days from Nov. 3, it
Government headed by Mr. Ben-Gurion began. was announced in Amman.
Nov. 4: The Jordanian Government accused Egyptian
leaders of "treason to the Arab cause" saying it had
Jordan evidence of secret Egyptian-Israeli contacts.
A Government spokesman denied Egyptian allega-
(See also General,Egypt, Lebanon,Morocco, Palestine
tions of Jordanian-Israeli Government contacts.
Problem,Saudi Arabia)
Nov. 9: A Government spokesman said that the Jordan-
Oct. 1: King Husayn of Jordan personally faced down ian Development Board plans to ask eight UN finan-
his anti-Western Parliament with a slashing attack on cial experts to draw up a five-year plan aimed at mak-
the Leftist Cabinet he ousted last April. ing Jordan economically independent.
Oct. 6: A second consignment of US military aid for King Husayn accused Egypt of trying to cause
Jordan, including tanks and other heavy equipment, mutiny in Jordan through its vicious propaganda at-
was unloaded from a US ship. tacks.
Oct. 11: The security police arrestedan undisclosednum- A reliable Jordanian source said it had been proved
ber of persons and seized a quantity of arms at refugee that Transjordanian elements in the Jordanian Army
camps. had been involved in recent terrorist activities.
Oct. 12: It was announced in Amman that repairs will Nov. 10: King Husayn charged Egyptian rulers had sold
start in six months on a 523-mile stretch of the Hijaz themselves to communism and exploit Arab nationalism
Railroad that has been derelict since World War I. to divert Egyptian public opinion away from the de-
Oct. 13: RepresentativeFrances P. Bolton, who is on a teriorating situation at home in his reply to an offer of
fact-finding mission in Jordan, met the Minister of religious leaders in Iraq to mediate between Jordan and
Development and Reconstruction who told her Amer- Egypt.
ica was responsiblefor the odd situation in the Middle Foreign Minister Samir al-Rifa'i received the Egyptian
East. Charg6 d'Affaires to discuss the mounting radio and
King Husayn had a five-hour meeting with Iraq's press "war" between the two countries.
King Faysal at an oil pumping station on the Iraqi-Jor- Egyptian newspapers labeled King Husayn a traitor
danian border. They were reported to have discussed for alleged secret negotiations with Israel over the Pal-
the $20,000,000 deficit in the Jordanian army budget estine issue.

The Moscow Radio accused King Husayn of being Dec. 17: A Jordanian Communist leader was sentenced
- tool of the West and an enemy of the Arab states. to 15 years imprisonment by a Jerusalem military
A JordanianGovernment spokesmansaid at the UN court.
that his country was pressing for an early debate in the Dec. 20: A curfew on roads in Jordan was lifted for
Security Council of its complaint against Israeli soil- Christmas to afford pilgrims in the Holy Land unre-
digging operationsin a neutral zone near Jerusalem. stricted travel.
Nov. 13: King Husayn condemned his defense agreement Dec. 22: An economic delegation left for Saudi Arabia
with Egypt and Syria as "not worth the paper it is to negotiate a trade and economic agreement.
written on." Dec. 24: Eleven Jordanian supporters of the outlawed
Nov. 14: King Husayn celebrated his twenty-second Communist and Socialist Ba'th parties were sentenced
birthday. to prison terms for participation in the April coup
Nov. 16: The Minister of Economy signed an agreement against King Husayn.
with a private company for the construction of an oil Premier Ibrahim Hashim won a vote of confidence
refinery in Jordan by the end of 1959. in the Lower House of Parliament on the 1957-58
Nov. 19: A friendship treaty between Jordan and Na- budget.
tionalist China was signed in Amman. Dec. 25: Bethlehem was jammed with thousands of pil-
Nov. 26: Jordan announced that all leaves for Jordanian grims as the birth of Christ was marked by worshipers.
Army and Saudi Arabian supporting troops had been
Dec. 28: King Husayn criticized Egypt and Syria for
cancelled in the face of mounting tension along the
not supporting Jordan in a speech praising Saudi Arabia
Israeli-Jordanianborder.
addressed to Saudi troops in the Jordan River valley.
Nov. 27: Jordan received pledges of military aid from
Dec. 31: Foreign Minister Samir al-Rifa'i said that Jor-
Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Egypt to repel any at-
dan would need an average of $50,000,000 a year in US
tack from Israel.
aid for the next five to 10 years to help finance her
A military court in Amman sentenced five Jordan-
ians to prison terms for belonging to the illegal Com- economy and armed forces. The Foreign Minister also
said that martial law will be lifted when there is a halt
munist party and taking part in disturbanceslast April.
in Syrian and Egyptian intrigues to incite revolt.
Nov. 28: Jordan announced an agreement with George
Zimiri, an Arab financier living in Guatemala, to drill
for oil in a 13,000-square-milearea. Kashmir
King Husayn approved the formation of a military
court to try all persons in concentration camps so that Oct. 2: A former major general of the Pakistani Army
those who prove they did not take part in the April announced the formation of a new political party called
conspiracy can be released. "Nation." He said its sole purpose was to "liberate the
Nov. 30: The JordanianGovernment announced that the people of Kashmir from Indian domination."
US was granting $10,000,000 for economic develop- Oct. 9: India charged that Pakistan was waging a "new
ment projects in Jordan. war" in Kashmir. V. K. Krishna Menon, head of the
A Jordanian Army delegation arrived in London; Indian delegation, reported 23 bomb explosions in
unofficialreports said it was planning to sound out the Kashmir. The Pakistani delegate denied knowledge of or
British Government on a renewal of military and eco- responsibility for the bombings and called them acts
nomic assistance. of local discontent.
Dec. 1: The UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold Oct. 25: Britain suggested that Dr. Frank P. Graham,
arrived in Amman for talks with Jordanianofficialson the UN official negotiator in the Kashmir dispute,
the operationsof the truce with Israel. should be allowed to try again to achieve an agree-
Dec. 2: A Jordanian Military Court 'sentenced a local ment between India and Pakistan.
Communist to 16 years imprisonment for subversive Nov. 5: The Soviet Russian delegate to the UN said the
activities. Western powers "are trying to apply diplomatic pres-
Dec. 10: Foreign Ministry sources said Jordan has ex- sure against India." He said the situation in Kashmir
pelled two Syrian political attaches and the secretary is actually one of stability now that it has become
of the Syrian Embassy for reasonsnot disclosed. a part of India.
Dec. 11: The JordanianMinister of Justice, Construction Nov. 11: Jammu and Kashmir State members took their
and Development Walid Salah, resigned. seats amidst cheering in the six-week winter session of
Dec. 15: Jordan announcedthat she had granted political the Lok Sabha, House of the People, in New Delhi.
asylum to Air Vice-Marshal 'Abd al-Ra'uf of Egypt India's Defense Minister and chief UN delegate was
who is under sentence of death in his homeland. compelled by physical exhaustion to break off his speech
Dec. 16: US AmbassadorLester D. Mallory is leaving his in defense of India's position in the Kashmir dispute.
post in Jordan, it was announced by the US Embassy Nov. 13: Sweden's chief delegate Gunnar V. Jarring sug-
in Amman. gested to the Security Council that it might be well
A Government spokesmanannounced that Jordanian to have the International Court of Justice rule on the
security forces had seized a large cache of arms and ar- original accession by the Maharajah of Jammu and
rested two Communistsin a raid at Nablus. Kashmir to India in 1947.

Nov. 16: Five nations proposedat the UN that Dr. Frank Oct. 5: Lebanon's Security Department announced the
P. Graham, UN representativeto India and Pakistan, arrest of seven persons charged with bombing news-
be sent out again to try to pave the way toward a paper plants under order of Syria's Army Intelligence
solution of the Kashmir dispute. The proposed resolu- Bureau.
tion, which ignores India's contentions that there is Oct. 6: The Beirut press announcedthat the men arrested
no question about Kashmir'sbeing part of India, was for bombingsof anti-Soviet targets in Lebanonhad con-
endorsed by Australia, Britain, Colombia, the Philip- fessed that they were working for the Syrian Second
pines, and the United States. It calls on India and Pak- Bureau.
istan to withdraw forces as a preliminary step before Oct. 8: In a speech at the UN Dr. Charles Malik, Leb-
a plebiscite. anese Foreign Minister, advised the Arab states that
Nov. 17: A spokesman of the Pakistani delegation said conflicts in the Middle East could not be solved by an
at the UN that his country would support the five- alliance with communism; he also said that Lebanon
nation proposal on Kashmir. would side with the Arabs in any conflict with the
Nov. 18: India told the Security Council that she was West involving the legitimate rights and aspirations
"totally opposed" to the proposed five-power resolu- of the Arabs.
tion for another try at settling the Kashmir dispute. Oct. 10: King Sa'ud arrived in Beirut for a five-day visit.
Nov. 20: Pakistan officially agreed to the provisions of Oct. 11: Acting Foreign Minister of Lebanon, Jamil
the five-power draft resolution aimed at solving the Makkawi, said that Lebanon will consider any aggres-
Kashmir dispute. sion against Syria as an aggression against herself.
Nov. 28: Gunnar V. Jarring, head of the Swedish delega- King Sa'ud and President Sham'un of Lebanon are
tion, offered a set of amendments to the five-power reported to have agreed that a conference of all Arab
resolution on Kashmir which the Soviet Union has leaders on the Turkish-Syrian crisis should be called.
threatened to veto. The amended resolution probably Oct. 18: Lebanon is reported to have given up hope of
would be acceptable to India, according to informed general Arab talks owing to the opposition of Egypt's
sources, due to the elimination of any references to PresidentNasir.
demilitarization.
Oct. 28: President Camille Sham'un arrived in Madrid
Prime Minister Nehru said that if the UN decided
for talks with GeneralissimoFranciscoFranco.
to send Dr. Frank P. Graham to discuss the Kashmir
dispute, he would be welcome, but that he was not Nov. 3: Spain and Lebanon have agreed to strengthen
preparedto discuss any of the old issues concerning the their collaboration for peace among the Arab nations
size of forces. and in the Mediterraneanarea.
A procession of 2,000 persons organized by the Nov. 6: Terrorists tried to dynamite Lebanon's Parlia-
Muslim Leaguemarched through the streets of Karachi ment Building and Government House; the Internal
in protest to the USSR's threatened veto of the pro- Security Council voted to let security forces use broad
posed resolution in the UN on Kashmir. powers of arrest to curb terrorist activities.
Dec. 2: The Security Council adopted a resolution ask- Nov. 7: The LebaneseGovernment confiscated all copies
ing Dr. Frank P. Graham to visit India and Pakistan of Tuesday's issue of the Manchester Guardian owing
and make recommendationsto their Governments for to a dispatch commenting critically on the inefficiency
further action. of city administrationin Lebanon.
The Soviet Union abstained from voting on the President Camille Sham'un arrived in Athens for a
modified resolution and repeated charges that the US four-day official visit.
military shipments to Pakistan had caused the real ten- Nov. 9: An official source said about 500 Syrians, Jor-
sion in the area. danians, and Palestinian refugees had been deported
Dec. 16: The Kashmiri Government decided to end the from Lebanon in the last 24 hours.
detention of former Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah. Nov. 13: Dr. Charles Malik denied a report that he had
informed his government that the US was about to
Dec. 25: Sheikh Abdullah, the deposed and imprisoned
scrap the EisenhowerDoctrine.
former Prime Minister of Kashmir, agreed to be re-
Nov. 19: Rigid controls were announced over all Pales-
leased only if guaranteed that he will not be arrested
tinian refugees living in Lebanonto halt subversiveac-
again and that he will be allowed to hold public meet-
ings in Kashmir. tivity. The entry of refugees was also prohibited.
Nov. 23: A report that the US would give unlimited
additional financial aid to Lebanon under the Eisen-
Lebanon hower Doctrine circulated in Beirut and was denied by
the local ICA director.
(See also General, Algeria, Iran, Morocco, Saudi Arabia,
Nov. 25: The State Security Council decided to reinforce
Syria, Syrian Crisis)
guards on the Lebanese-Syrianborder.
Oct. 3: A Lebanese International Airlines plane flying Nov. 26: Dr. Charles Malik confirmed reports that he
from Beirut to Kuwayt crashed, killing all 23 passen- had received a promise from the US of unlimited mil-
gers and the crew. itary and economic aid. Tke LebaneseGovernmenttook

a firm pro-Western stand as it went before Parliament
for a vote of confidence.
Morocco
Dec. 5: A Lebanesegendarmeriepost was raided by ban- (See also Algeria, Israel,Tunisia)
dits operating from Syria, the Lebanesepress reported.
Oct. 1: The new road linking Fez with the port of Al-
Dag Hammarskj6ld and Dr. Charles Malik met for
a talk in Beirut at the end of the UN Secretary Gen- hucemas was completed.
eral's Middle East visit. Oct. 19: The Moroccan Minister of Interior said that
Dec. 8: The LebaneseArmy was reported to have taken passportrequestsfrom 2,000 Moroccan Jews waiting at
over the border zone of the northeast where raiders Marseilles for permission to re-enter Morocco would
from Syria attacked a post last night. receive "sympathetic attention."
Dec. 19: The British Council Building in Beirut was Oct. 23: Morocco'snew SupremeCourt was inaugurated.
bombed. Oct. 24: The new political organization, the People's
Dec. 21: Dr. Charles Malik made a vigorous defense of Movement, was outlawed by the Government for the
Lebanon'spolicy of cooperationwith the US which had purpose of maintaining law and order.
been denounced by the opposition. Oct. 30: A typewriter embodying a new system of print-
Dec. 23: Robert McClintock was named American Am- ing the Arabic language was displayed by the Minister
bassadorto Lebanon to replace Donald R. Heath; the of Education.
appointmentis subject to Senate confirmation. The Governor of Rabat was suspendedfor opposing
Iran and Lebanon announced that they plan con- the Government ban on the political organizationPeo-
sultations on a permanent basis to strengthen coopera- ple's Movement.
tion. This communique was issued after talks between Nov. 4: The faculties of law, letters and science of Mo-
President Sham'un and the Shah of Iran in Beirut. rocco's new university were opened.
Dec. 24: It was announced in Beirut that a band of 150 Nov. 6: Moroccan authorities denied an emigration
mountaineersattacked a police post in north Lebanon freeze on Moroccan Jews stating that 5000 Jews left
on Dec. 21 resulting in the deaths of at least 18 per- Morocco with regularpassportsfrom July through Sep-
sons and 50 wounded. This attack has increased pres- tember 1957.
sure on the Government to put the area under martial
Nov. 9: The Moroccan Foreign Minister, Ahmad Bala-
law.
frej, declaredthat Morocco supportsthe Algerian cause
Dec. 25: The Government of Lebanon was reported to
and favors diplomatic attempts to find a solution to
have sent a note to Cairo suggesting talks to settle any
this conflict. He also said that Moroccan foreign policy
outstanding differences; it is believed that Lebanon
dictated an independent position between East and
hopes her Foreign Minister Dr. Charles Malik might
West and that, while Morocco favored the idea of an
serve as an intermediary to smooth out US-Egyptian
Arab League, she could not join until the Arab coun-
relations.
tries had settled their disputes.
Dec. 27: LebaneseDeputies were reported to have com-
Nov. 17: An authoritative member of the Moroccan Ad-
plained of what they called miserly US economic tech-
nical aid to Lebanon. ministration said that French excitability over the
Tunisian arms question appearedto be an attempt to
pressurizethe US into supporting the French position
Libya on Algeria in the UN.
Nov. 22: Foreign Minister Ahmad Balafre; indicated that
Nov. 1: Thirteen oil companiesprospecting in Libya are Morocco was consideringa "temporarysolution" of the
expected to spend $43,000,000 in 1958, company question of US air bases in Morocco.
spokesmen in Tripoli said. Morocco agreed to postpone a re-evaluation of the
Nov. 8: Turkey gave $5,500,000 worth of arms to the franc, by which 100 Moroccan francs would be worth
Libyan Government. 110 to 1S5 French francs; Moroccanofficialsconfirmed
Nov. 28: The US officially handed over the second con- that the French Government had promised to hand
signment of American arms to arrive in Libya under over 5,000,000,000 francs to counteract the 20 per-
a military pact. cent devaluationof the French franc.
The Ministry of Defense reported that Libya is ex-
Nov. 24: King Muhammad V left Rabat on a trip to
pecting a valuable consignment of arms from Arab
states. the US. He announced that a solution of the question
Dec. 13: The US Army is completing a mapping survey of maintenanceof US air bases in Morocco would be
of Libya vital to the conduct of missile warfare from the subject of talks with President Eisenhower.
North African bases. Nov. 25: King Muhammad V arrived in Washington.
Dec. 31: An Esso Standard Oil prospecting team has Spain disclosed that 1,200 armed Moroccans under
struck oil in Western Libya, the Libyan Petroleum the leadershipof Ben Hammun, a Moroccan chieftain,
Commission announced. The oil deposits were found attacked Spanish armed forces in the enclave of Ifni
in the Atshan area near the Algerian border. This is on the northwest African coast on Nov. 23.
the first of thirteen oil companiesprospecting in Libya Nov. 26: King Muhammad V conferred for two hours
to have found oil. with Secretaryof State Dulles.

Nov. 27: In a joint statement issued at the White House Spanish Army communiquessaid that the communi-
King MuhammadV and Secretary of State Dulles de- cations point of Telata de Esbuia had been liberatedand
clared a desire to work out a "provisionalsolution" of that a lighthouse at Cape Bojador in the Spanish Sat-
the problem of US bases in Morocco. The Secretary of hara had been attacked by armed bands.
State, according to the joint statement, assured the Dec. 4: The Moroccan newspaperAl 'Alam reported that
King of US readiness to assist Morocco's efforts "to nationalist guerrillas had pushed Spanish troops back
stabilize and expand its economy." 12 miles toward the sea in Ifni.
Spanish casualties following the Ifni attack were of- Dec. 5: The Moroccan Crown Prince announced that
ficially set at four killed and 34 wounded, it was an- Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Tunisia had
nounced in Madrid. Moroccan casualtieswere estimated expressed their solidarity with Morocco on the Ifni
at approximately 100. The Arabic press in Rabat said question.
50 Spaniardshad been killed, 75 wounded and 45 cap- The Moroccan newspaper Al 'Alam said that only
tured. The Spanish Governmentwas reported to be re- the capital of Ifni remained in Spanish hands.
inforcing its ground, naval and air strength in Ifni and Spanish forces, reported to number 12,000 men, ad-
the Canary Islands. vanced through the central and southern areas of Ifni
Crown Prince Mawlay Hasan ordered the armed in an attempt to sweep Moroccan troops back into Mo-
forces to fire on all foreign planes flying over Mo- rocco, according to a Spanish Army communique.
rocco's southern border territory. The Prince, who
Dec. 6: The Spanish Embassy in Rabat said that Madrid
is regent while King MuhammadV is in the US, de-
was willing to renew negotiations on Ifni. The Em-
clared that foreign planes had bombed Moroccan ter-
bassy further announced that Spain had offered to sub-
ritory and that the disorder in Ifni had spread into
mit the Ifni question to an international court in the
southern Morocco.
event the negotiations between the two countries did
Nov. 28: Crown Prince Mawlay Hasan charged Spanish
not produce agreement.
forces with having attacked Moroccan territory from
Nationalist guerrillas captured Taliouine fortress, a
Ifni. He indicated that Morocco intended to put up a
Spanish military post in Ifni, on Dec. 5, according to
struggle for Southern Morocco, which is under Spanish
a dispatch telephoned to Al 'Alam.
rule, and called this territory Morocco's "door on the
Sahara." Dec. 7: The Moroccan Government protested against
The Spanish Government rejected as "totally false" "violation of our territorial waters" as a Spanish flotilla
Prince Mawlay Hasan's accusation that Spanish forces of six and possibly eight warships arrived off the Mo-
had attacked Moroccan territory. roccan port of Agadir. Moroccan sources said there
Moroccanofficialsin Tiznit accused Spanishbombers were 17 Spanish warships in Moroccan coastal waters
of having dropped bombs inside Morocco for the third including naval units reported off the Moroccan town
consecutive day. of Mirlaft just north of Ifni.
Nov. 29: According to the MoroccannewspaperAl 'Alamn, Al 'Alam reported that the post of Tiliouin had
the fighting between Moroccan nationalist and Span- fallen to the guerrillas with 50 Spanish dead and 19
ish colonial forces has moved south to the Spanish prisoners.
Sahara. Spanish forces relieved the garrisons at Tiliouin and
Spanish parachute troops were dropped in the Ifni Souk el Teleta de Syouia, according to Spanish mili-
area and drove the Moroccans back across the border, tary dispatches. Both of these outposts were reported
Spanishmilitary sourcesannounced. to have fallen to the guerrillas according to Al 'Alam.
Dec. 1: Military sources in Madrid indicated that Spanish Dec. 8: A Spanish communique confirmed that Spanish
forces were in command of the situation in Ifni. troops had withdrawn from the army posts of Tiugsa,
The Ait Ba Amrane, a major tribe living in southern Zoco del Tenin and Tiliouin. The communique reflected
Morocco and Ifni, accused Spain of using US aircraft a new strategy to draw back to the enclave's capital
to bomb Ifni. of Sidi Ifni and strike out from there with reinforce-
Dec. 2: The Spanish Government confirmedthat fighting ments from Spain.
with Moroccan irregulars had spread from Ifni to The US Ambassador to Morocco informed the Mo-
Spanish West Africa. The Spanish announcement said roccan acting Foreign Minister that the US hoped re-
that an armed band, believed to be part of the Mo- straint would be exercised by both countries in the
roccan Liberation Army, had attacked an armed con- Ifni dispute.
voy en route from the coast to Aiun in Spanish West Reports from Agadir said the Spanish fleet was mov-
Africa. ing south in the direction of Ifni, that Moroccan Army
Dec. 3: King MuhammadV appealedfor a peaceful set- troops had taken up positions in the port and five
tlement of the Ifni dispute. Crown Prince Mawlay 105-mm. cannon had been installed.
Hasan, speaking on behalf of his father, described as Dec. 9: Reports from Madrid said that Spanish armed
"fantastic" the Spanish charge that Moroccan irreg- forces are building a defensive perimeter five miles
ulars had attacked Ifni from outside of the enclave. in depth around Sidi Ifni on the personal order of
Spanish Iberia airlines reopened civil air traffic to Generalissimo Francisco Franco, to lure the attackers
Ifni for the first time since the fighting began. deeper into Spanish territory.

Crown Prince Mawlay Hasan read a message to the
Moroccan people from King Muhammad V congratu-
Pakistan
lating them on their "wisdom and restraint" in the (See also General,India, Kashmir)
Ifni dispute.
Oct. 5: An air agreement was signed between Italy and
Al 'Alam reported that Spanish warships had bom-
Pakistan.
barded a small village in Moroccan territory.
King MuhammadV was joined in New York by his Oct. 11: Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
four daughters. resigned at the request of President Iskander Mirza.
King Muhammad V charged that the Spanish Gov- The Cabinet crisis was caused by Republican demands
ernment had rejected peaceful means of settling the that the Province of West Pakistan be broken up into
Ifni dispute and blamed Spain for the fighting. the old linguistic divisions.
Dec. 12: Al 'Alam reportedthat tension was mounting in Oct. 17: President Mirza asked the Moslem League to
the Spanishpossessionsof Ceuta and Melilla in northern form a coalition government. The league selected Is-
Morocco. mail Ibrahim Chundrigar as its choice for sixth Prime
Al 'Alam identified four posts in SpanishWest Africa Minister.
reported captured by Moroccan irregulars as Tantan, Pakistan signed the anti-genocide convention at the
Mesid, Smara and Guelta Zemmur. UN.
Dec. 13: King MuhammadV left New York for Rabat. Oct. 18: The new Cabinet of Pakistan was sworn in.
Dec. 15: King Muhammad V praised US statesmen for Prime Minister Chundrigar announced that foreign
the "good intentions and comprehension" they had policy would consist of close adherence to the UN
shown toward the problems facing Morocco and Al- Charter, to the Baghdad and SEATO Pacts, unity
geria. He said the "ties of friendship which unite Mo- among Muslim nations, abhorrenceof colonialism and
rocco and the US have been strengthened and the co- vindication of the rights of the people of Jammu and
operation broadened"by his trip to the US. Kashmir.
Dec. 20: Secretary of State Dulles conferred with Gen- The InternationalBank for Reconstruction and De-
eralissimoFrancisco Franco on the attack on Ifni and velopment announced that it had loaned Pakistan the
the state of military alert in Spain'sother areas in Mo- equivalent of $31 million in various currencies to meet
rocco and West Africa. part of the cost of improving the country's railways.
Dec. 21: The Spanish Government publicly stressed the Oct. 19: The following portfolios in Pakistan'snew Cab-
potential importanceto the North Atlantic Treaty Or- inet were announced in Karachi:
ganization of the Canary Islands and Spanish bases on Ministers
the northwest African coast. The Spanish Minister of PrinmeMiniisterand Minister of Economic Affairs-Is-
War told a full session of the Spanish Parliament that mail I. Chundrigar
Left-wing elements of Morocco's Istiqlal party had Foreign-Malik Firoz Khan Noon, Republican
organized the Moroccan liberation army with the aim Commerce and Law-Fazlur Rahman, Muslim League
of subverting King MuhammadV's power and driving Finance-Amjad Ali, Republican
all Europeansfrom North Africa and the Sahara. Defense-M. M. Daultana, Muslim League
Dec. 22: A Moroccan source said that the General Tire Industries-M. A. Qisilbash,Republican
and Rubber Company of Ohio will build a subsidiary Food and Agriculture-A. L. Biswas, Peasants and
plant in Casablanca. Workers Party
Dec. 23: Twenty members of a Moroccan armed band Interior-Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur, Republican
were killed in the Spanish Saharaterritory on Dec. 1I Communications-Meshabuddin Hussain, Peasants and
according to a Spanish Army Ministry communique Workers
which further stated that no important activity had Rehabilitation-Abdul Aleem, Republican
taken place on the Western coast of Africa since States and Frontier Regions
Dec. 12. Information and Broadcasting-Mir Jaffer Shah, Re-
Dec. 27: Generalissimo Francisco Franco's Moorish publican
Guard of Honor was disbanded because of anti-Mo- KashmirAffairs, ParliamentaryAffairs-Yusaf A. Ha-
roccan sentiment. roon, Moslem League
Health and Education-Lutfur Rahman Khan, Peas-
Dec. 30: GeneralissimoFranco declared that Spain was
ants and Workers
fighting in the vanguard of the West's struggle against
State-A. K. Das, Scheduled Castes Federation
Communist penetration of Africa through her holding
Monla Baksh Soomra, Republican
operationin Ifni.
A palace spokesman announced that Princess Lalla Oct. 24: Pakistan called at the UN for an immediate
Aisha of Morocco has written a personal letter to agreement on reduction of conventional armed forces
President Coty of France asking him to spare the as a first step toward international disarmament.
life of a young Algerian woman condemned to death Oct. 27: The Export-Import Bank of Washington an-
by a French military court in Algiers for terrorist ac- nounced a $3,300,000 loan to Pakistan International
tivity. Airlines to help buy Lockheed Constellation airplanes.

Oct. 30: His Royal Highness Amir 'Abd al-Ilah, Crown Dec. 13: Mr. Chundrigar reported to the President he
Prince of Iraq, arrived in Karachi on a short visit. was unable to form a new government.PresidentMirza
Nov. 6: The Ministry of Economic Affairs announced a asked ForeignMinister Malik Firoz Khan Noon to form
rearrangementof the distributionof $10,000,000 worth a new government.
of US aid to Pakistan on which payment had been Dec. 16: The new Cabinet of Prime Minister Malik Firoz
withheld during an investigation into a charge of cor- Khan Noon was sworn in.
ruption in the previous Pakistan Government. Dec. 17: The following temporary distribution of port-
Nov. 11: President Mirza arrived in Lisbon, Portugal. folios was announced in Karachi:
Nov. 13: Talks were opened between representativesof Ministers
the World Bank and the Government of Pakistan on Prime Minister, Foreign Affairs-Malik Firoz Khan
the canal waters dispute. Noon
Nov. 20: The Export-Import Bank of Washington an- Finance-Syed Amjad Ali
riounced that a commodity sales agreement, providing Indutstriesand Commerce-Mozaffar Ali Khan Qizil-
funds for lending in Pakistan, had been completed by bash
the US and Pakistan. Initerior-Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur
Prime Minister Chundrigar's Government was seri- Food and Agriculture-Mian Jaffer Shah
ously threatened by the Republicans'refusal to support Works, Labor, Minority Affairs-Abdul Aleem
a communal line or separate electorate voting law by Communiications-RamizuddinAhmed
which each religious community would vote for its Health, Education-K. K. Dutta
own representatives.A Moslem League spokesmansaid Defense, Economic Affairs-Haji Moulabuksh
that separatevoters' lists were vital for the safeguard- State-A. K. Das
ing of Pakistan'sIslamic ideology. Dec. 23: The Cabinet banned the serving of wine and
Shujaat Ali Hasnie, secretary of the Pakistani Min- liquor at officialparties or ceremonialoccasions to save
istry of Economic Affairs, was unanimously re-elected money.
chairman of the 24-nation executive council of the Dec. 25: President Mirza asked politicians and legislators
UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
not to shift their political loyalties.
Nov. 23: The Pakistani Foreign Minister said in Wash- Dec. 31: The Pakistani Government announced that the
ington that Pakistan had received the assurances of
US and Pakistan had agreed to release about $27,-
Secretary of State Dulles that the US would come to 300,000 of counterpart funds to finance seven major
her aid if she were ever attacked.
Pakistani developmentprojects and other industrial ex-
Nov. 25: President Mirza began talks with political lead- pansion.
ers to find a solution to the crisis that threatens the
coalition government over a move to amend the elec-
toral law.
Nov. 28: The crisis over the proposedamendmentto the
Palestine Problem
electoral law was resolved; the Republican party agreed (See also Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,
not to press for common voters' lists until public opin- Syria, Turkey)
ion could be gauged.
Oct. 4: The US pledged $21 million and Great Britain
Nov. 29: Former Prime Minister Suhrawardy was in-
almost $3 million towards UN aid for Palestine refu-
jured when a crowd mobbed him outside the National gees.
Assembly Building. The crowd was demonstrating in
support of Prime Minister Chundrigar'sproposal that Oct. 6: Official sources in Cairo said that landownersin
elections be held under a separate polls system. the Gaza Strip had demandedthat the UN Emergency
Force pay rent for their camp sites and buildings. Of-
Dec. 6: A commoditiesaid agreementwas signed between ficials of the UN Emergency Force are reported to
Pakistan and the US under which Pakistan will im- have rejected the demand on the ground that they
port US iron, steel, sugar, coal, fertilizers, vehicles, are guests of the Egyptian Government.
and spare parts worth $10,000,000.
Oct. 12: The Secretary General of the UN, Mr. Ham-
Dec. 7: Former Prime Minister Suhrawardyand members marskjold, announced in a 47 page report that the
of his Awami League party were stoned during a state UN Emergency Force in Egypt is $12,800,000 in ar-
election at Rangpur, East Pakistan. rears and suggested that the General Assembly vote
Dec. 11: Prime Minister Chundrigar resigned after the $20,000,000 more to carry the force on for ten months
Republican party backed out of a coalition agreement into 1958 and $6,000,000 above that if the Assembly
to amend the electoral law. President Mirza asked Mr. decides to reimburseparticipating nations for the spe-
Chundrigar to form a new government. cial overseaspay they are giving their troops.
Forty-five of the 80 membersof the National Assem- Oct. 19: An Air Jordan passenger plane reported in
bly told President Mirza they objected to Mr. Chun- Cairo that it was fired upon by an Israeli jet fighter
drigar as Prime Minister. over Jordan territory near Aqaba.

Oct. 20: A UN subcommittee left for Aqaba to investi- Nov. 14: Representativesof Syria and Israel agreed that
gate a Jordanian complaint that an Israeli jet fighter there would be no more interference with legitimate
attacked a Jordan Airways liner on Oct. 19. civilian work in the demilitarized zones along their
Oct. 30: Syria complained that Israeli forces at Tall borders at a meeting of the Mixed Armistice Com-
al-Qadi opened fire on Arab farmers. mission.
Oct. 31: Israel'sLake Hula land reclamation project was General Burns, commander of the UN Emergency
completed. Force, said he believed an international force must
The Mixed Armistice Commissionin Jerusalemcon- remain between Egypt and Israel for the foreseeable
demned Israel for an act of aggressionagainst Jordan future.
when an Israeli jet fighter intercepted a Jordan ci- Not. 18: The head of the UN aid program for Palestine
vilian air liner. refugees made another appeal at the UN for contri-
Nov. 3: The Arab League's Political Affairs Committee butions to the aid program.
decided that member states should not contribute to- Nov. 20: Jordan announcedthat it had stopped a routine
ward the expensesof the UN Emergency Force in the Israeli truck convoy to the Israeli settlement on Mount
Gaza-Sinairegion. Scopus becauseit was carrying 100 gallons of gasoline.
Nov. 4: The head of the UN aid program for Arab ref- An Israeli Army spokesman said four shots were
ugees said at the UN that a curtailment of interna- fired at Israeli demolition experts fencing a minefield
tional assistance could have dangerous political reper- near the Syrian border.
cussion in the Middle East. Mr. Labouisse emphasized A Syrian military spokesman charged armed Is-
in his report the urgency of getting additional finan- raelis had crossed into Syria and opened fire on Arab
cial contributions for the agency in the amount of peasants.
$40,700,000. The Saudi Arabian chief delegate to the UN said
Nov. 6: Egypt demanded that the UN Emergency Force that the Western powers must adopt a new policy on
pay rent to Gaza residentsfor property it is occupying the Palestine dispute if they want to regain the good-
in the Gaza Strip in a note to Major General Burns. will of the Arabs.
The US agreed to make a special contribution of Israel offered a traditional Arab feast of forgive-
more than $5 million to prevent the withdrawal of ness to Kafr Qasim in atonement for the 1956 massa-
the Emergency Force from Egypt for lack of funds. cre; the feast symbolized the acceptance by survivors
It was reported from Israel that an Israeli policeman of more than $224,000 from Israel in compensation.
was killed and a worker injured by fire from Syrian Nov. 22: The UN General Assembly adopted a 21-nation
outposts. resolution authorizing the expenditure of up to $3,-
Nov. 7: Israeli work crews were withdrawn from the 500,000 to the end of 1957 and up to $25 million
area along the Syrian border where a policeman was in 1958 for the UN Emergency Force in the Middle
killed on Nov. 6. The Israelis filed a protest with the East. Communist delegations said that the expense
UN truce supervision organization. should be borne by the countries which invaded Egypt.
Nov. 8: It was reported that Secretary of State Dulles A Jordanian military spokesman said that two Is-
had written to Premier Ben-Gurion of Israel, urging raelis were shot by a Jordanian patrol inside Jordan
him to allow UN officialsto help solve a recent series and that hand grenades had been found on their
of border incidents with Jordan. In answer to Mr. bodies.
Dulles's letter Mr. Ben-Gurion gave no assurancethat Jordan complained to the UN Security Council
Israel would return to the Mixed Armistice Commis- about Israel's planting of olive trees in a neutral area
sions. near Jerusalem. Israel replied that this complaint was
Nov. 9: The Israeli Embassy in Washington protested part of an anti-Israeli campaign being carried out by
that no answer had been given to Mr. Dulles's letter Jordan to show Egypt that Jordan harborsno friendly
to Mr. Ben-Gurion. feelings toward Israel.
Nov. 10: A committee appointed to deal with the idem- The alleged kidnapping of a Jordanian citizen was
nification claim has decided to offer $2,775 in com- investigated by UN military observers and officers of
pensation to be paid to each family of the victims of the Jordanianand Israeli armies.
the Kafr Qasim shooting last year when 43 Arab vil- Nov. 24: Jordanianswere reported to have made a third
lagers were killed by Israeli border police. attempt in two days to capture Israeli hostages.
It was reported in Jerusalemthat Israel has stopped Jordan asked the UN Secretary General to remove
work on her tree-planting project in the demilitarized Colonel Byron Leary from his post of Acting Chief
zone between two sectors of Jerusalem. Truce Supervisor in Palestine because of his alleged
Not. 13: Israel announced that her representativeswould bias in favor of Israel.
attend an emergency meeting of the Israeli-Syrian The UN Secretary General appealed to Jordan to
Mixed Armistice Commission to be held on Nov. 14 continue cooperationwith Colonel Leary and expressed
because the matter under discussion is a purely mili- his personal confidence in him.
tary one involving attacks by Syrian and Israeli troops Israel requested an emergency meeting of the Is-
in the demilitarized zones. raeli-Syrian Mixed Armistice Commission to discuss

the killing of an Israeli farm worker near the Syrian Dec. 4: A US representativetold the UN that Israel and
border. the Arab states must assumethe primary responsibility
Syria complained that an Israeli armored car had for the fate of Arab refugees from Palestine.
fired at Arab farmers in the demilitarizedzone. The UN Secretary General engineered a settlement
Nov. 25: A spokesmanfor the UN SecretaryGeneral an- of the Mount Scopus issue. Israel was reported to
nounced that Mr. Hammarskjo5ldwill leave for Am- have agreed to discuss the possibility of an inspection
man to discuss Jordan's charge that the acting head of Mount Scopus.
of the Palestine Truce Supervision Organization is Dec. 5: The Mount Scopus convoy, complete with sup-
biased. plies of gasoline, went through without incident.
Britain renewed a pledge to contribute $2,900,000 It was announced in New York that a personal rep-
for aid to Palestinerefugees during six months of 1958. resentative of Secretary Hammarskj6ld would be as-
Colonel Leary was summoned to an emergency con- signed to discuss a broader settlement of the Mount
ference with Israeli Government leaders to discuss Scopus issue.
the rising tension along Israel's borders and the delay Dec. 6: A resolution containing an urgent appeal for
in the departure of the Mount Scopus convoy. funds for Palestine refugees was approved 49 to 0 by
Israel charged that Syria had fired on Israeli civilians the Special Political Committee of the UN General
three times in the course of the day. Assembly.
Israel charged Jordan offered monetary prizes for The UN General Assembly's Administrative and
the capture of Israeli hostages. Budgetary Committee recommendedthat expenditures
Nov. 26: Israel accused Jordan of three new border ag- for the UN Emergency Force be held to less than
gressions. $10,000,000 for the first half of 1958.
A UN report based on the Mixed Armistice Com- Dec.
9: Syria announced that she would no longer co-
mission meeting was issued contending that the Jor-
operatewith Col. Christian Moe of Norway, the chair-
danian farmer, kidnapped by an Israeli border patrol,
man of the Israeli-SyrianMixed Armistice Commission.
was forced across the demarcation line. An Israeli
spokesmansaid the report was "in open contradiction Dec. 10: Jordan informed Israel that she will again bar
to any objective examination of the facts." the consular Christmas procession to Bethlehem from
A Syrian military spokesman told the UN Truce using the traditional road from Southern Jerusalem.
Supervision Organization that Israel was deliberately Dec. 11: The UN announced that Col. Christian Moe
causing border provocations as a pretext for aggression of Norway will be succeeded by Col. J. G. Bertran of
against Syria. Canada.
Nov. 28: Israeli Army sources said six Syrian soldiers Dec. 12: The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution
crossed the border and attacked two Israelis with rifles appealing to member States to meet the critical need
and machine guns. for funds for Palestine refugees.
Nov. 29: Secretary General Hammarskjold left for the Jordan lodged a complaint with the UN mixed Ar-
Middle East to discuss Jordan's complaint that Colonel mistice Commission over a border incident which oc-
Leary has been unwilling to investigate Israeli activity curred on Dec. 11.
on Mount Scopus where Jordan alleges Israel is build- The Australian delegate to the UN announced his
ing military fortifications. nation will increase its contributions to the Arab
refugee fund from $112,000 to $200,000.
Dec. 1: Mr. Hammarskjold arrived in Amman. After a
two-hour meeting, a joint communique was issued to Dec. 16: Dr. Francisco Urrutia, Colombian diplomat,
the effect that discussions had been started of the was appointed to negotiate the Mount Scopus dispute
problems relating to the strengthening of UN Truce with Jordan and Israel.
SupervisoryOrganization authority particularly in the Dec. 17: Maj. Gen. Burns, commanderof the UN Emer-
Mount Scopus area. gency Force, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant
Israeliofficialsourcesreportedthat guards at Adulam general by the CanadianDefense Department.
in the Jerusalem corridor fought off a band of Jor- Dec. 19: A meeting of the Security Council on the Is-
danian raiders. raeli-Jordanian dispute over an Israeli tree-planting
Dec. 2: Egypt announced her support of Jordan in the program near Jerusalem was postponed for at least
Mount Scopus issue. two weeks.
In a joint communique issued at the conclusion of Dec. 22: Syria charged that a number of Israeli troops
talks with the UN Secretary General, the Jordanian crossed the truce line in the demilitarized zone and
Government affirmedits desire to maintain the "fullest opened fire on a Syrian post.
cooperation"with the UN Truce Supervision Organi- Dec. 23: The US contributed an additional $12,000,000
zation. to the cost of maintaining the UN Emergency Force
Dec. 3: Mr. Hammarskj6ld arrived in Israel and con- in the Middle East.
ferred with Premier Ben-Gurion in a three-hour meet- The UN SecretaryGeneral left for a Christmasvisit
ing which failed to yield a solution of Israel's border to the UN Emergency Force and Arab refugee camps
dispute with Jordan. in the Gaza Strip.

Dec. 26: The UN Mixed Armistice Commission an- Oct. 3: President Eisenhowerannounced that he had re-
nounced that it was investigating a Syrian complaint ceived a warm messagefrom King Sa'ud.
that Israelisfired at a Syrian border post. Senior officials of the Saudi Ministry of Agriculture
Dec. 28: Jordan complained to the Mixed Armistice left for Moscow to study agricultural progress in the
Commission that Israeli soldiers were digging trenches USSR.
in the Mount Scopus demilitarized zone. Oct. 5: The Secretary General of the Saudi National
Commercial Bank arrived in Hamburg for economic
Dec. 29: Dr. Francisco Urrutia, representative of the
talks.
UN Secretary General to negotiate the Mount Scopus
issue, arrived in Jerusalem. Oct. 9: Crown Prince Faysal's operation in New York
was reported successful.
Oct. 10: King Sa'ud arrived in Beirut for talks on the
situation in Syria.
Persian Gulf Oct. 12: It was announced in Amman that Jordan had
(See also Saudi Arabia, Syria) received the second installment of Saudi economic aid
amounting to $1,500,000.
Oct. 1: The Omani bureau in Cairo said that Omani Oct. 13: King Sa'ud announced in Beirut that
Saudi
nationalists had killed 86 British soldiers in a battle contributions to Palestine refugees would be increased
in the mountains of Oman. The British Foreign Office from $40,000 to $100,000.
denied the report. The Ministry of Defe.nse and Aviation announced
Muhammad al-Harithi, the representative of the the opening of the first Saudi Naval Academy in
Imam in New York, asked President Eisenhowerto in- Dammam.
tercede in the British dispute with the Imam of Oman King Sa'ud was reported to be laying the ground-
over control of the desert territory. The State Depart- work for a conference of all Arab chiefs of state dur-
ment denied that any such communication had been ing his visit in Beirut.
received.
Oct. 15: The Foreign Affairs Committee of the Lebanese
Oct. 5: The Oman bureau in Cairo said that a British Parliament approved a trade agreement with Saudi
force in the Buraimi Oasis and the Fahud Mountains Arabia.
had moved to northern Oman to quell a "revolution." Oct. 20: The Saudi Arabian radio
announced that King
Oct. 31: A report from Oman stated that an American Sa'ud had offered to mediate the Syrian crisis and that
company had found oil in Zaffar. both Syria and Turkey had accepted the offer.
Nov. 13: The British Foreign Office, prompted by reports Oct. 21: The Minister of Defense and Aviation Amir
from Tehran that the Shah has moved to make Bah- Fahad Al-Sa'ud left for Cairo.
rayn a province of Iran, again stated that Iran's claim Oct. 22: President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia thanked
to Bahrayn is completely unfounded. King Sa'ud for his donation to disaster victims of
Nov. 20: The Kuwayt Government confirmed reports KerkennaIsland.
that Russia is planning to send technicians to help Oct. 23: A Turkish delegationarrivedin Dhahran to dis-
start a large factory in Egypt with branches in Bah- cuss King Sa'ud'soffer of mediation.
rayn and Kuwayt. Oct. 25: There was a meeting in Tokyo of shareholders
Dec. 5: A Department of Rural Affairs was established of the Arabian-JapaneseOil Company where it was
by Bahrayn'sCouncil of Administration. announced that Saudi Arabia has requested that the
Dec. 9: The shaykhdom of Bahrayn announced that it proposed agreement be kept secret until it is signed.
had black-listed the Lilly International Corporationof Oct. 26: It was officially confirmed in Beirut that King
the US as part of an Arab boycott of firms doing Sa'ud has asked to marry the niece of the Lebanese
business with Israel. Premier.
Oct. 28: Saudi Arabia charged that air space was violated
by an Israelimilitary aircraft.
Saudi Arabia Nov. 5: A Royal Order, acting on recommendationsfrom
various committees, stated that the Government will
(See also General, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,Morocco,
await the result of imports for the first quarter before
Palestine Problem, Syrian Crisis)
setting price controls.
Oct. 1: King Sa'ud sent a memorandumto the Shah of Nov. 6: King Sa'ud attended the opening of King Sa'ud
Iran concerning measuresto prevent oil reaching Israel University in Riyadh.
and efforts to stop Israel from free navigation of the Nov. 7: The Nationalist Chinese Foreign Minister and
Gulf of Aqaba. other leading officials arrived in Riyadh.
King Husayn of Jordan expressed his gratitude to Saudi Arabia launched a complaint to the UN Secu-
Saudi Arabia as the only country which had made its rity Council over an Israeli violation of Saudi airspace
payments under the Arab Solidarity Agreement. on Oct. 28.
Saudi Arabia and Thailand agreed to establish diplo- Nov. 11: The Japanese non-Government Federation of
matic relations. Economic Organizations, Keidanrex, announced that

negotiations for an oil agreement with Saudi Arabia The Saudi Arabian Government and Aramco agreed
have been successfully completed. to arbitrate their five-year old dispute on the alloca-
Nov. 12: The anniversary of the accession of King Sa'ud tion of more than $100,000,000in royalties.
was celebrated. In his address King Sa'ud stated that Dcc. 16: Saudi Arabia's oil administratorsaid his coun-
Saudi Arabia will not rest until the Arabs of Palestine tr) would not seek revision of an American oil con-
regain their homeland. cession on the basis of a more advantageousdeal made
Nov. 14: Shaykh Muhammad al-Hamad al-Shubaili was uwitha Japanesegroup. He also said that the conces-
appointed Saudi Ambassador to Pakistan. sion to the Japanesefor off-shore rights off the Neutral
Nov. 18: King Sa'ud expressed to Jordan his regret over Zone between Kuwayt and Saudi Arabia was valid even
the dispute among the Arab states in answer to a re- if Kuwayt did not enter into an agreement with the
quest that he use his good offices to end the Egyptian Japanese.
propaganda campaign against Jordan. He expressed his
readiness to mediate the dispute.
Nov. 19: It was reliably reported that Saudi-Egyptian Sudan
negotiations were under way to renew the agreement
Oct. 3: The Sudanese Prime Minister, Sayyid 'Abdallah
for Saudi export of oil to Egypt which expired in
Khalil, said in Cairo that his government is studying a
August.
Russian proposalfor an economic and trade agreement.
Nov. 20: The new Syrian Ambassador to Saudi Arabia,
Dr. Zaki al-Jabi, presented his credentials to King Oct. 5: The SudanesePremier and the SudaneseMinister
Sa'ud. of the Interior, 'Ali 'Abd al-Rahman, held a two-hour
Ahmad al-Shuqayri delivered a speech to the Special conference with President Nasir in Cairo covering the
Political Committee of the UN General Assembly re- Nile water talks and general Arab questions.
garding the Arab refugee problem. He called for a ban Oct. 20: Sudan and Saudi Arabia signed a payments
on Zionist propaganda and the return of Jewish immi- agreementin Khartoum.
grants in Israel to their homelands. Otc. 24: The Sudanese Charg6 d'Affaires in Czechoslo-
Saudi Arabia sent representatives to the Arab Cul- vakia presentedhis credentials.
tural Conference in Baghdad. Oct. 29: An International Cooperation Administration
Nov. 21: The Jordanian Deputy Prime Minister and
survey mission arrived in Khartoum to discuss the
Foreign Minister was received by King Sa'ud.
possibilitiesof American assistance to the Sudan.
NTov. 24: The Ministry of Finance announced a new
Sa'udi gold sovereign to be issued next month.
Nov. 25: Saudi troops stationed in Jordan received orders Syria
to be ready for emergency; King Sa'ud sent a letter
to King Husayn stating that Saudi Arabia is ready to (See also General, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Mo-
assist Jordan. rocco, PalestineProblem,Saudi Arabia, Syrian
Nov. 26: Saudi Arabia protested to the UN Security Crisis, Turkey)
Council violation of Saudi airspace over the Gulf of
Oct. 1: Iraq's National Economy Minister arrived in
Aqaba by Israeli military planes on Nov. 14.
Damascus to negotiate a trade and payment agreement
N'OV. 27: President Eisenhower appointed Donald R.
with Syria.
Heath as US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia.
The Soviet cruiser Zhdanov and the destroyer Svo-
Nov. 28: Ahmad al-Shuqayri submitted a memorandum
bodny left Latakia after a ten-day visit to Syria.
to the Chairman of the UN Security Council replying
Oct. 3: The USSR has guaranteedthe purchaseof all of
to Israeli criticism of King Sa'ud's Accession Day
Syria's surplus agricultural produce, the Syrian Minis-
speech.
ter of Agriculture announced.
The Jordanian Minister of Economy received a note
The Syrian Government decided to cancel the pub-
from the Saudi Legation in Amman requesting that a
lication licenses of 40 Syrian newspapersfor failure to
Jordanian delegation come to Riyadh to discuss Saudi-
comply with press regulations.
Jordanian economic relations and fishing rights in the
Oct. 7: Syrian authorities canceled the visa of a US
Gulf of Aqaba.
Foreign Service courier without explanation.
iNov. 30: King Sa'ud gave 50,000 rupees to Indonesian Oct. 10: An arms cache was seized near Latakia said
flood victims. by the Syrian press to be "part of an American plot to
I)D'c. 3: King Faysal of Iraq arrived in Riyadh on a overthrow the current regime."
six-day state visit to Saudi Arabia. Oct. 23: A shooting fray occurred on the Turkish-Syrian
Iec. 4: Instruments of ratification for cultural, economic border involving Turkish tobacco smugglers.
and trade agreements drawn up between Iraq and Oct. 27: The Syrian Government signed an economic
Sa'udi Arabia were exchanged. cooperationagreementwith the USSR.
Dec. 7: King Sa'ud and King Faysal issued a joint com- Oct. 28: The Syrian Foreign Ministry disclosed the text
muniqu6 declaring their determination to support Arab of the economic agreementwith the USSR. An annex
solidarity and the Algerian nationalist fight for inde- to the agreementlisted 19 projects on which the USSR
pendence. will aid Syria in planning and construction.

The US Embassy in Damascus sent a formal note Syrian Crisis
of protest to the Syrian Government over the disap-
pearance of a Syrian employee of the US consulate in (See also Syria, Turkey)
Aleppo.
Oct. 2: The Saudi Arabian delegate to the UN, Ahmad
Nov. 1: The chairman of the Syrian National Economic
Shuqayri, denounced Secretary of State Dulles' sug-
Development Council said that the total cost of the
gestion that the UN discuss the Syrian situation and
19 projects to be undertaken with the USSR would be
said that the UN has no right to interfere with Sovict
at least $570,000,000.
arms shipmentsto Syria.
Nov. 4: The Arabic press in Damascus hailed the launch-
Oct. 3: Egyptian Foreign Minister, Mahmud Fawzi, told
ing of the second Soviet satellite.
the UN General Assembly that Egypt would not tol-
Nov. 6: The Syrian Parliament unanimously approved erate any form of aggressionagainst Syria.
the economic and technical assistance agreement with
Oct. 4: Syrian Foreign Minister Salah al-Bitar told a
the USSR.
meetinigof UN correspondentsthat Syria lacks suffici-
Nov. 7: The Syrian Foreign Minister Salah al-Bitar told ent arms for its own defense.
reporters at the UN that he was trying to improve
Oct. 5: A note from Premier Menderes of Turkey to
Syria's relations with the US.
Premier Bulganin, denying that Turkey has aggressive
William M. Rountree, Assistant Secretary of State
aims and calling on the USSR to abandon its present
for Middle Eastern Affairs, held lengthy discussions
Middle Eastern policy, was received in Moscow.
with the Syrian Foreign Minister in New York.
Oct. 7: The Syrian Foreign Minister accused the US
Nov. 8: Syrian authorities releaseda Syrian employee of
of using economic, political and military pressure in
the US consulate in Aleppo.
an attempt to bring Syria under its domination in a
Nov. 9: The Syrian Foreign Minister returned to Damas- speech before the UN General Assembly.
cus having presented the Syrian charges at the UN. Nikita S. Khrushchev, Soviet Communist Party
Nov. 11: Thousands of Palestinian refugees demonstrated leader, said in Moscow that the Turks had massed so
in Damascus calling for the death of King Husayn of many forces against Syria that they had left their
Jordan for alleged dealings with Israel. frontiers with the USSR almost bare.
Nov. 16: Syria denounced the Iranian move to proclaim Gunfire was exchanged by Turkish gendarmes and
sovereignty over the British-protected island of Bah- Syrian border guards for 45 minutes between Nizip and
rayn. Jerablus in a disagreement involving a search of
Turkish railroad workers in a "free zone" area at the
Nov. 17: The acting Defense Minister, Khalid al-'Azm,
became Finance Minister as well. point where the Istanbul-Baghdad railroad crosses the
border.
Nov. 18: An Egyptian Parliamentary delegation, in a
Oct. 8: The Syrian Foreign Minister complained to the
joint session with the Syrian Parliament,voted for the
federal union of Syria and Egypt. UN Secretary General that Turkey's massing of troops
along its southern border was a threat to the peace of
Nov. 20: Syria's Minister of National Economy an-
Syria.
nounced that he would go to Cairo next week at the
Oct. 9: A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman rejected
head of a delegation to negotiate economic union with
mounting charges that Turkey was threatening peace
Egypt.
in the Middle East.
Nov. 22: Syrian deputies were detained at the Lebanese The text of an interview between Nikita S. Krush-
border on their way to congratulate the Maronite chev and an American correspondent which took place
Patriarch and returned to Damascus. on Oct. 7 was released. Mr. Krushchev accused Secre-
Nov. 29: The police placed a heavy guard around the tary of State Dulles of inciting Turkey to start a war
US Embassy and the Turkish Legation in Damascus by attacking Syria; he warned Turkey that she would
as a crowd demonstrated denouncing the Palestine not last a single day in a Middle Eastern war and that
Partition and calling for the return of the Alexan- the USSR was prepared to use military force if neces-
dretta district from Turkey. sary to defend its interests in the area.
Dec. 9: A Syrian economic delegation left for Moscow to Oct. 10: Secretary of State Dulles announced that the US
work out the details of the Syrian-Soviet economic will honor its obligations under the North Atlantic
agreement. Treaty and the Eisenhower Doctrine to come to the
Dec. 11: The military trial of ten Syrians, accused of defense of Turkey in case of an attack.
conspiring with the US to overthrow the regime, Oct. 11: Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty expressed
opened in Damascus. confidence that his country would support the US in
The economic agreementwas formally signed in Mos- assurances of defending Turkey in the event of ag-
cow by the Syrian and Soviet Deputy Premiers. gression.
Dec. 20: The Syrian delegation left Moscow. Oct. 13: Egypt announced the arrival of Egyptian forces
Dec. 24: President Eisenhower nominated Charles W. in the port of Latakia, Syria under escort of Egyptian
Yost US Ambassadorto Syria. naval units. The announcement, which came from the

headquartersof the joint command of Egyptian and Oct. 22: The UN General Assembly suspended its de-
Syrian armed forces in Cairo, said that Egypt had been bate on the Syrian-Turkish dispute pending the out-
sending "basic elements" of her armed forces to Syria come of mediation efforts by King Sa'ud. Syria's dele-
since Sept. 11. gate continued to insist that there was nothing to
Oct. 16: King Sa'ud began talks in Beirut with Lebanese mediate and only a "so-called offer." He charged the
leaders on the critical situation in Syria. US was attempting to bypass the UN in its attempt
Secretary of State Dulles reiterated at a news con- to suspendthe debate.
ference that a Soviet attack on Turkey would bring Oct. 23: An Air Force spokesman in Washington said
American retaliation against the territory of the USSR. that Soviet charges that US jet bombershad been sent
In a letter to the UN Secretary General, the Syrian to Turkey were false.
Foreign Minister urged that a commission be set up Maj. Gen Afif Bizri, Syrian Army Chief of Staff,
by the General Assembly to "make an impartial and accused the US Sixth Fleet of sending planes deep over
international investigation" of the situation on the Syrian territory.
Syrian-Turkishborder. The Syrian Foreign Ministry stated that there was
The Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei A. Gromyko, no need for mediation and that the withdrawal of
charged in a letter to the Presidentof the UN General Turkish troops is all that is required for a solution of
Assembly that Turkey, under "prodding" from the the present crisis.
US, planned to attack Syria at the end of October. A Turkish delegation headed by Minister of State
Oct. 17: At a meeting of the Syrian Cabinet it was de- Fatin Rii?til Zorlu arrived in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,
cided to put the Syrian Army on the alert and give to discuss King Sa'ud's mediation offer.
arms to civilian groups; national mobilization was Syrian sources at the UN said that their Govern-
held unnecessary. ment would press for immediate appointment of a
Oct. 18: The UN GeneralAssembly'sSteering Committee commission to inquire into Syria's charges against
recommendedUN debate of the Syrian situation. Turkey.
In an official statement issued by the Soviet news Delegates from 21 Asian and African countries meet-
agency Tass, the USSR said that it had learned of a ing in Cairo expressed their support of Syria in its
"top-secret plan" drawn up by the US for aggression crisis with Turkey.
against Syria by Turkey and other Middle Eastern Oct. 24: Diplomatic sources in Moscow reported that
countries. the Syrian and Egyptian Ambassadorsto Moscow had
Oct. 19: A Turkish Government spokesmanaccused the been called home.
USSR of voicing "nonsensicallies" in charging that the The Turkish Minister of State conferred with King
US had drawn up a plan for a joint attack on Syria Sa'ud on his mediation offer.
by Turkey, Iran and Jordan. The Arab News Agency stated that the Syrian
A joint Saudi-Lebanesecommunique issued in Beirut President had requestedthat King Sa'ud withdraw his
at the end of talks between King Satud and Lebanese mediation offer so that the UN can resume discussion.
leaders stated that recent events in the Middle East Arab countries at the UN urged Syria to accept
had been reviewed and that it was felt that an attack mediation by King Sa'ud. Egypt was reported to be
on Syria would constitute an attack on all Arab states. the only Arab country to support Syria in her refusal.
Oct. 20: The Lebanesepress and the Saudi Arabian radio Oct. 26: The commander of the US Sixth Fleet denied
announced an offer from King Sa'ud to mediate the charges that American planes had flown over Syria.
dispute between Syria and Turkey. The Saudi Arabian A Syrian Government statement said that King
report said that both countries had accepted the media- Sa'ud had withdrawn his offer to mediate the Turkish-
tion offer. Syrian border crisis in a message relayed to Syrian
The Syrian radio said that Syria had not accepted President al-Quwwatli by the Saudi Arabian Ambas-
any offer of mediation. sador to Damascus.
PremierMenderesof Turkey charged that the Soviet Oct. 28: King Sa'ud reaffirmedhis offer to mediate des-
radio is telling the Turkish people to vote for Repub- pite Syria's formal announcement that he had with-
lican candidates in the forthcoming elections in the drawn the offer.
hope of strengtheningthe Republican party in order to The Turkish delegate to the UN, Selim Sarper, de-
divide the country. clared that the Russians and the Syrians had brought
Oct. 21: State Department officials said in Washington "unfounded and inconceivable"charges against Turkey
that the US welcomes King Sa'ud's offer of mediation. and the US in an attempt to dissolve NATO and the
Turkey announcedat the UN that she had accepted Baghdad Pact.
King Sa'ud's offer of mediation in the Syrian-Turkish The Syrian Foreign Ministry expressed belief that
crisis. Turkey might attack Syria during exercises of US,
Syrian diplomats issued a statement at the UN that British and Turkish forces scheduled to begin on Oct.
Syria did not reject the offer of King Sa'ud but that 31.
reports of a mediation move were "not in conformity Oct. 30: The Western powers proposed that the UN
with the facts." General Assembly endorse efforts by Secretary General

Dag Hammarskj6ld, at his discretion, to settle the Nov. 29: A Saudi Arabian spokesman stated that the
Turkish-Syriandispute. Turkish Government has decided to withdraw an im-
Syria proposed that a fact-finding commission be portant part of its defense forces from southern
set up for the purpose of investigating the situation on frontiers.
the spot in the area of the Syrian-Turkish border.
Syrian and Turkish officials met at the southeast
Turkish frontier town of Assibin to discuss cattle Tunisia
rustling and kidnappingsacross the border. (See also Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia)
Oct. 31: The Arab League unanimously pledged support
for Syria in a resolution denouncing alleged threats Oct. 1: Tunisia protested to France that a French plane
and troop concentrations on Syria's borders. had flown over Tunisian territory and fired on a
Nov. 1: Fortification Week began in Damascus with Tunisian military post and a customs station wounding
trenchdigging and a simulated air raid. three Tunisians.
After a decision not to press for a vote on either Oct. 2: The French National Defense Ministry issued a
the Syrian or the Western proposals, the UN General communique to the effect that French planes flying
Assembly debate on the Syrian complaint was ended, over Algeria near the Tunisian border had been fired
at least temporarily. upon on 13 occasions with automatic weapons from
Nov. 4: Syria charged that eight unidentified aircraft Tunisian territory. The communiqu6 asserted that the
had violated Syrian air space. French planes had used "the right of retaliation" on
The USSR abruptly resumed propaganda attacks Oct. 1 when they returned Tunisian fire.
against Turkey with a charge that she was starting to Tunisia protested that two French aircraft bombed
move "hundredsof tanks" toward the Syrian border. and machine-gunned the Tunisian border village of
Nov. 5: The Syrian Minister of National Economy and Sakiet Sidi-Youssef and a mortar attack was launched
Acting Foreign Minister, Khalil Qallas, said that un- on the village from Algeria.
less Turkey withdraws her troops from the Syrian All French nationals living in Sakiet and in Kef, the
border, Syria will ask the UN General Assembly to principal town of the area, were expelled by Tunisian
reconsider her complaint. authorities.
Nov. 6: The Syrian armed forces have been ordered to Oct. 3: France asked Tunisia to delay the expulsion of
fire on aircraft or military patrols violating Syrian 12 French nationals from Kef.
territory, a Foreign Ministry spokesmansaid. Tunisia recalled her Ambassadorto Paris. President
Nov. 7: Well-informed sources in Beirut said that many Habib Bourguibaof Tunisia accused France of author-
Western reports on Soviet arms deliveries to Syria were izing French planes to bomb Tunisian territory. Presi-
exaggeratedto the point of fantasy. dent Bourguiba said he had authorized mass demon-
Nov. 8: The Chief of Staff of Syria's Northern District strations throughout Tunisia on Oct. 4.
estimated that Turkey had 50,000 to 60,000 troops Oct. 4: More than 25,000 Tunisians participated in ord-
concentrated on the border to the north and west of erly demonstrations.
Aleppo. Tunisia charged that two French aircraft machine-
Nov. 9: The Syrian Government charged that a Turkish gunned a coal caravan inside Tunisian territory, killing
patrol had openedfire on the Syrian villages of Tal Afar three muleteers and nine mules.
and Tal Akka on Nov. 8 and that public resistance Oct. 5: President Bourguiba canceled an order recalling
army elements had returned the fire causing a 30- the Tunisian Ambassadorfrom Paris "in view of the
minute gun battle across the border. friendly disposition"and conciliatory intentions shown
Nov. 11: Government officials in Ankara said that they by the French leaders.
had received no reports about an alleged incident on A French communique acknowledged that two
the Syrian border in which a Turkish soldier was ar- French planes which had been lost over Tunisian terri-
rested on Syrian territory. tory during a storm on O't. 4 had returned the fire
Nov. 14: Syria accused Turkish troops of having opened of a mule caravan.
fire on Syrian Army engineersremoving Turkish mines Oct. 7: The Tunisian Secretaryof State for Coordination
planted inside Syrian territory on Nov. 13. and National Defense, Bahi Ladgham,told the UN that
Nov. 19: Turkey started a general withdrawal of troops French military commanders in North Africa were
from the southern section of the country adjoining the seeking a pretext to invade Tunisia.
Syrian border. Oct. 8: The Tunisian Government charged that the
Nov. 25: Premier Bulganin sent another note to the French Army had shelled Tunisian territory in the
Turkish Government charging that Turkey has be- al-Hammam border area.
come an arsenal and warning against continued par'- The Tunisian delegation to the UN announced that
cipation in plans to attack Syria. it would present the Algerian nationalist viewpoint
Nov. 26: Foreign Minister Salah al-Bitar said that Syria during the debate on Algeria scheduledfor next month.
would ask the UN General Assembly to take up her Mr. Ladghamsaid that Tunisia had concluded through
complaint anew against Turkey if Turkish troop con- investigation of the political situation in Algeria that
centrations were not reduced by next month. the National Liberation Front was in control of Al-

gerian nationalist activity and that the Algerian Na- Britain in the dispute over arms sent to Tunisia: it
tionalist Movement no longer represented active ele- will insist that the two powers limit their arms ship-
ments within Algeria. ments to amounts that the existing Tunisian forces can
Oct. 17: President Bourguiba announced the formation use; that they prevent the arms from being diverted
of a company with American and Tunisian capital to to other uses; and that they will not take such action
prospect for minerals. again without consulting France.
Oct. 19: President Bourguiba opened Tunisia's fifth in- Robert Lacoste, French Minister for Algeria, sharply
ternational fair in Tunis. criticized the delivery of US and British arms to
Oct. 23: The American oil company, Conorada,obtained Tunisia.
a five-year prospecting concession on 10,700 square Nov. 18: AmbassadorHabib Bourguiba,Jr. said in Rome
miles of the Saharain southern Tunisia. that his country had received and rejected an offer of
Oct. 28: It was reportedfrom Tunis that an arrangement arms from the Soviet Union. He said that Tunisia had
by which Britain and the US may join in providing kept the French Government advised of every step in
arms to Tunisia is under consideration. the negotiations for British arms.
Nov. 19: Secretary of State Dulles and Foreign Minister
Nov. 12: An unofficial source in Tunisia reported that
Christian Pineau agreed in Washington to seek means
the French arms offer to Tunisia precluded Tunisia's
by which Western arms could be delivered to Tunisia
acceptanceof arms from any other source.
without reaching the Algerian nationalists.
Nov. 14: The US and Britain announcedthat they would Mr. Dulles disclosed that Tunisia had asked the US
proceed with shipments of small arms to Tunisia on for arms in September and had been assured that it
the grounds that Tunisia has "freely chosen to identi- would receive arms from the West by the end of Octo-
fy itself with the West" and therefore the West should ber. He said that, in view of the fall of the French
reciprocateby giving Tunisia the opportunity "to pro- Government, the Tunisians had agreed to postpone the
vide for its internal security and self-defense." date until Nov. 12. Mr. Dulles said that it had looked
The French were reported deeply resentful of the as if the French would make the delivery, but a last
US-British action. Foreign Minister Christian Pineau minute change of mind on the part of the French had
told the National Assembly that the US-British de- left the US responsiblefor the fulfillment of "a firr
cision to send light arms to Tunisia was "contrary to and definite commitment."
conceptionsof Atlantic solidarity."
Nov. 20: President Bourguiba flew to Rabat for a con-
Nov. 15: France protested to Britain about the delivery ference with MuhammadV of Morocco to try to find
of British arms to Tunisia. a solution to ending the war in Algeria.
The French delegationwalked out of the Paris meet- Nov. 21: Tunisia recalled her Ambassadorto Syria be-
ing of the North Atlantic Treaty Organizationparlia- fore his credentialshad been presented.This action was
mentarianson the grounds that the pursuit of Atlantic taken because President al-Quwwatli of Syria had re-
unity "has no further purpose." ceived Salah ibn Yusuf, a Tunisian leader condemned
PremierFelix Gaillard said in the National Assembly to death for anti-government activity.
that France had sought guaranteesthat the arms France
Nov. 27: A Tunisian communique said French troops
was willing to give Tunisia would not be given in turn
penetratedabout 220 yards into Tunisia and kidnapped
to the Algerian rebels in order to protect the lives of
four Tunisians and an Algerian; the four Tunisians
Frenchmen fighting in Algeria. He said President
were releasedthree hours later, according to the com-
Bourguiba had refused to give these guarantees when
munique.
approachedby the French Ambassadoron Nov. 13 be-
cause he had already received assurancesof British and Nov. 28: PresidentBourguibacalled for a fresh shipment
American arms. Premier Gaillard further stated that of arms from France; he said neither the US-British
unless "a clear and unequivocal solution" were forth- arms deliveries nor those expected from Egypt would
coming, the NATO conference next month would be be enough.
seriously affected. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan disclosed to Par-
liament a British pledge to send no more arms to
Nov. 16: US and British popularity was reportedto have
Tunisia without consulting France.
soared in Tunisia.
Dec. 5: PresidentBourguibaannounced the evacuation of
Reliable sources reported that West Germany sym-
French troops from six posts in southern Tunisia.
pathizes with France in the dispute of US-British arms
to Tunisia. Dec. 9: The Tunisian Ambassador to Yugoslavia pre-
James P. Richards, Ambassadorat large to the Mid- sented his credentials.
dle East, said that it was France's last minute shift in Dec. 10: A Tunisian delegation left for Bonn to negotiate
policy which caused the present rift; he said that a trade agreement with West Germany.
Secretary of State Dulles "thought until the last min- Dec. 12: President Bourguiba confirmed the arrival of a
ute that the French would not require the conditions shipment of Egyptian arms for the Tunisian Army.
objected to by Tunisia" in their arms offer. Dec. 16: A leading Tunisian newspaper accused France
An authoritative source in Paris said that the French of giving planes to Spain for use in the Ifni fighting.
Government will seek three promises from the US and Dec. 22: It was reported in Tunis that passage of a

16-inch oil pipeline from eastern Algeria through protest the recent governmental measures to freeze
Tunisian territory to the port of La Skirrahad been ap- cotton prices on the grounds that they will have dis-
proved in principle by the Tunisian Government. astrouseffects on the Adana area.
Dec. 23: West Germany and Tunisia concluded a 15- Nov. 25: Turkey's newspapers and magazines were in-
month trade agreement. formed that the Government will initial all advertis-
Dec. 26: President Bourguiba said that French military ing after Jan. 1 under a decree issued by Premier
forces in Tunisia must be evacuated before March 20, Menderes.
according to a report from the French News Agency. Premier Menderes announced the formation of his
Dec. 29: A three-day Congress of the Tunisian Com- new Cabinet as follows:
munist Party opened in Tunis; delegations from the Ministers
French, Italian, Moroccan, and Albanian Communist State-Tevfik Ileri, Muzaffer Kurbanoglu and Emin
Parties attended. Kalafat
Pressand Tourism-Sitki Yircali
Justice-Esat Budakoglu
Turkey Defense-Semi Ergin
(See also General,Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Interior-Namik Gedik
Syria, Syrian Crisis) ForeignAffairs-Fatin Rii?ti Zorlu
Finance-Hasan Polatkan
Oct. 1: The exchange rate given by the US Embassy in Education-Celal Yardimci
Ankara to government employees was reduced by S0 Public Works-Ethem Menderes
percent. Economy and Trade-Abdullah Akaer
Oct. 6: Turkish police hunted ten gunmen following an Health-Lutfi Kirdar
assassination attempt on two Cabinet Ministers on Monopolies-Hadi Husmen
Oct. 5. Agriculture-Nedim Okmen
Oct. 8: Turkey's largest ammunition factory, built with Communications-Fevzi Uchaner
US help as part of the military aid program, went Labor-Hayrettin Erkmen
into operation.
Industry-Samet Agaoglu
Oct. 20: A train collision near Catalca caused 89 deaths. Building Improvement-Medeni Berk
Oct. 27: National elections for the Grand National As- Nov. 26: The Government called for a nation-wide
sembly were held. freeze and inventory on all newsprint supplies; it
Oct. 28: On the basis of incomplete returns the Demo- notified dealers that hereafter distribution of all news-
cratic party was reported to have retained control of print will be handled by a Government agency.
Turkey's Administration in the national elections. Nov. 27: The Turkish Parliament held a meeting to
Oct. 29: Post-election rioting broke out in six places in greet members of Premier Menderes'new Cabinet.
Turkey causing three deaths and at least nine criti- Nov. 29: Five Royal Canadian Navy coastal escort ves-
cally wounded. sels were transferred to Turkey as part of Canada's
Oct. 30: The Ministry of Justice announced that the contribution to the NATO mutual aid program.
Democratic party had won completely in 44 provinces Dec. 2: Minister of Finance Polatkan presented a budget
and partly in 3 provinces and obtained a total of 424 of $1,640,000,000 for 1958 to Parliament.
seats. The Republican People's party won completely A 90-minute gun battle was reportedbetween Syrians
in 18 provinces and partly in 3 and obtained 178 and Turkish border troops in the Ein el Arab district
seats. The Liberal party and the Republican National over alleged Turkish cattle rustling.
party each won 4 seats. Dec. 4: The Premier delivered his Administration'sdec-
Oct. 31: Atlantic alliance and Turkish forces launched laration of policy to Parliament. He emphasizedTur-
their mock atomic battle in the eastern Mediterranean key's determination to remain a free country in the
and southern and western Turkey. community of free nations and the importance of
Nov. 1: The Grand National Assembly reelected Celal eliminating all remnants of the internal struggle evi-
Bayar as President of Turkey. dent during the national elections. He stressed the im-
Nov. 19: An American was awarded a contract to de- portance of freedom of the press for democracy but
sign a $50,000,000 bridge across the Bosphorus at added that gaps in the application of the press law
Istanbul. had been observed; he advocated strong measures
The Ministry of Economy announced an order ban- against Communists. He said the thought behind the
ning the purchase, sale or transfer of all cotton stocks budget was to economize wherever possible.
except those owned by Governmentagencies. Dec. 5: The new Government of Premier Menderes re-
Nov. 23: In an effort to fix prices at lower levels, the ceived a vote of confidence from Parliament.
Ministry of Economy announced that the Government Dec. 6: Robert College of Istanbul announcedthe receipt
had stopped paying a premium for oranges and other of a grant of $500,000 from the Ford Foundation.
citrus fruits for export. Dec. 8: The director of the UN Children's Fund an-
Premier Adnan Menderes declined to see a group nounced in Ankara that Turkey will establish 30
of cotton industry leaders who arrived in Ankara to rural health centers in 1958.

It was announced in Ankara that Turkey's Hall of Yemen
Parliament will be the meeting-place for the Baghdad
Pact organization in January. (See also Aden)
Dec. 11: The Government announced the appointments
Oct. 16: The Yemeni representativeto the UN said that
of Gen. Necati Tacan, Vice Admiral Fahri Koruturk,
British attacks against Yemen from the Protectorate
and Air Force Gen. Handullah Suphi Goker as the new
of Aden have increasedin violence and frequency since
chiefs of Turkey's Army, Navy and Air Force.
Publishers were asked by the Government'sDepart- the first of the year.
ment of Press, Radio, and Tourism for the names of Nov. 5: Britain announced that the Crown Prince of
employees who might be Communists. Yemen had accepted an invitation to visit London to
Dec. 16: Turkey was reported to be seeking NATO sup- discuss the British-Yemeni border dispute and other
port for a settlement of the Arab-Israelidispute along problems.
pro-Arab lines at the NATO conference in Paris. Nov. 10: The Crown Prince of Yemen arrived in Lon-
At the request of the Premier'soffice a Government don for talks on British-Yemeni relations.
bill for the sale or grant to Lebanon of 18 field Nov. 20: Negotiations between Britain and Yemen ended
artillery pieces and 30,000 rounds of ammunition was without a formal communiqu6.
withdrawn. Nov. 28: The Foreign Office reported from London that,
Dec. 17: Premier Menderes in a speech at the NATO two months ago, France refused a Yemeni request for
meeting said that Soviet penetration of Syria was the arms on the grounds that these arms might be used
great threat in the Middle East. against British forces in the Aden protectorate.
Dec. 18: A high Turkish source reported in Paris that
Dec. 8: The Crown Prince of Yemen arrived in Bucha-
President Eisenhower gave Turkey assurancesthat the
rest at the invitation of the Rumanian Government.
Baghdad Pact would be strengthened militarily, po-
litically and economically. Dec. 23: Poland and Yemen agreed to exchange diplo-
Dec. 20: Premier Mendereswas attacked in Middle East matic representatives and signed an agreement on
newspapers for not discussing Palestine in his speech economic and technical cooperationin Warsaw.
at the NATO meeting on Dec. 17. The Crown Prince of Yemen arrived in Belgradeon
Dec. 23: Health authorities reported that an epidemic of a six-day official visit to Yugoslavia.
measles had resulted in the death of 52 children in a Dec. 28: Yugoslavia and Yemen established diplomatic
village in Kayseri Province. relations and signed a friendship treaty and scientific,
Dec. 28: Turkey's Grand National Assembly approved a technical cooperationpacts.
measure prohibiting newspapers from publishing cov- Dec. 30: Britain accused Yemen of distributing arms to
erage of "subjects of an offensive nature" and chang- tribesmen of the British Aden Protectorate.
ing parliamentary procedures by limiting the time The Crown Prince of Yemen arrived in Moscow on
allotted for parliamentaryquestions. an official visit.


Middle East Developments: Comment and Chronology on Egypt-Syria Unity

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Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology

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Nov. 3: Arab oilmen met in Baghdad to consider a plan

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