REPORTER: AUSTRIA, AUDELEN P.
 Diversion Tunnel - Tunnel constructed to divert or
TOPIC: CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF
HYDRAULIC APPURTENANCES (LAYOUT)
Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures provides a
comprehensive and complete overview of all kinds of
dams and appurtenant structures. Appurtenant structures
are other structures around a dam that are necessary to the
operation of the dam project. Generally, these are smaller
structure than the dam, but they can be considerable
importance to the project because they control the flow of
water and power.
DAM
 A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed across a
river or a natural stream to store water on its upstream
side.
 It is an impervious or fairly impervious barrier put
across a river or a natural stream to create a reservoir
for impounding water.
 Also to diverse a water from river, or to retain debris
flowing in the river along with water.
DIFFERENT PARTS OF DAM
 Crest - The top of the Dam. These may in some cases
be used for providing a roadway or walkway over the
dam.
 Parapet walls - Low Protective walls on either side of
the roadway or walkway on the crest.
 Heel - Portion of Dam in contact with ground or river-
bed at upstream side.
 Toe - Portion of dam in contact with ground or river-
bed at downstream side.
 Spillway - It is the arrangement made (kind of
passage) near the top of dam for the passage of
surplus/excessive water from the reservoir.
 Abutments - The valley slopes on either side of the
dam wall to which the left & right end of dam are
fixed to.
 Gallery - Level or gently sloping tunnel like passage
(small room like space) at transverse or longitudinal
within the dam with drain on floor for seepage water.
 Sluice way - Opening in the dam near the base,
provided to clear the silt accumulation in the
reservoir.
 Free board - The space between the highest level of
water in the reservoir and the top of the dam.
 Dead Storage level - Level of permanent storage
below which the water will not be withdrawn.
change the direction of water to bypass the dam
construction site. The dam is built while the river
flows through the diversion tunnel.
SPILLWAYS
Spillways generally transport excess water that
cannot be contained behind a dam to the streambed below
it. This action prevents overtopping, which can be
particularly destructive in the case of earthfill and rockfill
dams, both of which can fail completely when
overtopped.
COMPONENTS OF SPILLWAYS
• Control Structure
• Discharge Channel
• Terminal Structure
• Entrance/Outlet Channels
 Control structures regulate the flows from the
reservoir into the spillway, ensuring that flow will not
enter the spillway until the water in the reservoir
reaches the designed level, and moderating flow into
the spillway once the design level has been reached.
Control structures can be sills, weirs, orifices, or
pipes.
 Discharge channels, also known as waterways,
convey flow that passes through the control structure
down to the streambed below the dam. Note that
conveyance structures are not always presenting a
spillway design; at times discharge may fall freely
after passing through the control structure.
 Terminal structures ensure that the flow, which
oftentimes acquires a high velocity while traveling
down a spillway, will not cause excessive erosion to
the toe of the dam, or any other nearby structures.
Plunge basins, flip buckets, and deflectors are all
examples of terminal structures.
 Entrance channels convey water from a reservoir to
the control structure. Outlet channels convey flow
that has reached the terminal structure to the river
channel that resides below the dam.
OUTLET WORKS
A combination of structures and equipment required
for the safe operation and control of water released from
a reservoir to serve various purposes (regulate stream
flow and quality; release floodwater; and provide
irrigation). Included in the outlet works are the intake
structure, conduit, control house-gates, regulating gate or
valve, gate chamber, and stilling basin.
POWERPLANT
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant
is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility,
typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store
river water in a reservoir. Water released from the
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in
turn activates a generator to produce electricity.

PENSTOCKS
Penstocks are pipes or long channels that carry water
down from the hydroelectric reservoir to the turbines
inside the actual power station. Generally, they are made
of steel and water under high pressure flows through the
penstock. They are a vital component of a hydroelectric
facility that allows water to move to the turbine. Grates or
filters can be attached to the ends of penstocks to trap
large debris such as branches. This ensures that debris
cannot enter the channel and block it.
GATES
The vertical lift gates used for controlling flow over
the crest of a hydraulic structure are usually equipped with
wheels. This type of gate is commonly used for barrages
but is nowadays rarely used for dam spillways.
VALVES
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls
the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or
slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing
various passageways.
TRASH ROCKS
A trash rack is a wooden or metal structure that
prevents debris from entering the intake of a water mill,
hydroelectric dam or storm water system. In many cases,
hydro dams pull in water from a lake, river or reservoir
through their intake to be used for power generation.
SWITCHYARDS
A switchyard is a junction connecting the
transmission & distribution system to the power plant. In
switchyard, a power transformer is used to step up or step
down the voltage. Current and Voltage transformers are
located at points within the switchyard to provide for
metering and relaying.