Volumetric Analysis (Titrimetry)

Concentration: is a general measurement unit stating the amount of solute present

in a known amount of solution

amount of solute
Concentration =
amount of solution

Concentration Units:

1. Strength (S):
 No. of gram of solute per liter of solution

No.of gm of solute
 Strength (S) =
Liters of solution
 Unit: gm/L

2. Molarity (M):
 The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

no.of moles of solute 𝑛

 Molarity (M) = =
Liters of solution 𝑉𝐿

Wt
 No. of moles (n) =
M Wt (or F Wt)
 Unit : Molar (M)
 Formula weight (Molecular weight): The mass of a compound
containing one mole (FW).
 Molarity can express the concentration of ions or salts

3. Formality (F):
 The number of moles of solute, regardless of chemical form, per
liter of solution.
no.of moles of solute 𝑛
 Formality = =
Liters of solution 𝑉𝐿
 Unit : Formal (F)

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  Formality can express the concentration of the entire salt
(solution) irrespective of ionization, and cannot express
concentration of individual ion

 Difference between molarity and formality:

 There is no difference between a substance’s molarity and

formality if it dissolves without dissociating into ions. For
example the molar concentration of a solution of glucose,
for example, is the same as its formality.

 For substances that ionize in solution, such as NaCl,

molarity and formality are different. For example, dissolving
0.1 mol of NaCl in 1 L of water gives a solution containing
0.1 mol of Na+ and 0.1 mol of Cl–. The molarity of NaCl,
therefore, is zero since there is essentially no undissociated
NaCl in solution. The solution, instead, is 0.1 M in Na+ and
0.1 M in Cl–. The formality of NaCl, however, is 0.1 F
because it represents the total amount of NaCl in solution.

4. Normality (N):

 The number of gm equivalents of solute per liter of solution (N).

no. of gm equivalents 𝑛𝑒𝑞
 Normality (N) = =
Liters of solution 𝑉𝐿
Wt
 No. of gm equivalents (neq) =
Eq.Wt
F Wt (or M Wt)
 Equivalent Weight (Eq. Wt.)=
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 Equivalent weight : The mass of a compound containing one
equivalent (EW).

5. Molality (m):

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  The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
no. of moles of solute 𝑛
 Molality (m) = =
Kg of solvent 𝐾𝑔

 Molality is independent of physical conditions like temperature and

pressure, providing advantages over molarity and normality.
 Unit : Molal (m)

6. Mole fraction

 It is the number of moles of solute as a proportion of the total number of

moles in a solution.
 Ex: 1 mole of solute dissolved in 9 moles of solvent has a mole fraction of
1/10 or 0.1.
 Mole fractions are dimensionless quantities.
 Not temperature dependent
 It is easy to convert between mole fractions and molality.

7. Weight percent:
 No of grams of solute per 100 g of solution. (% w/w).

No.of gm of solute
 Weight percent(Wt%) =
100g of solution

8. Volume percent:
 No. of milliliters of solute per 100 mL of solution (% v/v).

No.of mL of solute
 Volume percent (v%) =
100 mL of solution

9. Weight-to-volume percent:
 No. of grams of solute per 100 mL of solution (% w/v).

No.of gm of solute
 Weight-to-volume percent (Wt/v %) =
100 mL of solution

10.parts per million:

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  Micrograms of solute per gram of solution; for aqueous
solutions the units are often expressed as milligrams of solute
per liter of solution (ppm).

mg of solute µg of solute mg of solute

 Ppm= = =
Liters of solution mL of solution Kg of solution
µg of solute
=
grams of solution

 Unit : ppm or mg/L

Relationships between concentration units:

1. Relationship between molarity and normality:

no.of moles wt
M= = wt = M. Mwt . VL
VL Mwt . VL

no.of gm equivalents wt
N= = wt = N . eq wt . VL
VL eq wt . VL

M. Mwt . VL = N . eq wt . VL
𝑀 𝑤𝑡
M. Mwt . VL = N . . VL where (n) is the valence
𝑛

𝑁
M=
𝑛

2. Relationship between molarity and strength:

no.of moles wt
M= =
VL Mwt . VL

no.of grams of solute wt

S= =
VL VL

S
M=
Mwt

3. Relationship between normality and strength:

no.of gm equivalents wt
N= =
VL eq wt . VL

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 no.of grams of solute wt
S= =
VL VL

S
N=
eq wt

4. Relationship between strength and ppm:

wt(g) wt(mg)
S= =
VL VL x 1000

S = ppm/1000

5. Relationship between molarity and ppm:

S = ppm/1000
S
M=
Mwt

PPM =M x M wt x 1000

Titration:

It is the process of determining the volume of standard solution which is required

to react quantitatively with a measured volume of a solution of the substance to be
determined.

The standard solution: is the solution of accurately known strength or

concentration.

Types of standard solution:

1. Primary standard solution

2. Secondary standard solution

1. Primary standard solution

A primary standard should satisfy the following requirements:

1) It must be easy to obtain, to purify, to dry and to preserve in a pure state.

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 2) The substance should be unaltered in air during weighing; it should not be
hygroscopic, oxidised by air, or affected by carbon dioxide.
3) It should have a high relative molecular mass so that the weighing errors
may be negligible.
4) The substance should be readily soluble under the conditions in which it is
employed.
5) The reaction with the standard solution should be stoichiometric and
practically instantaneous.

Examples of primary standard solution sodium carbonate Na2CO3 (base),

potassium hydrogenphthalate KH(C8 H4O4) (acid)

2. Secondary standard solution

A Secondary standard does not satisfy one or more of the above mentioned
requirements of the primary standard solution

Equivalence point:
The point in a titration where stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of analyte and
titrant react.

End point:
The point in a titration where we stop adding titrant. Or the point at which the
indicator changes its color