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Rock properties, explosive properties, and design variables are combined using five underlying
equations in this modern version of the Kuz-Ram fragmentation model.
Breakage theory (Kuznetsov, 1973): The amount of breakage that occurs with a known amount
of explosive energy can be estimated using Kuznetsov's equation.
Size distribution theory (Rosin & Rammler, 1933): The particle size distribution of the broken
rock can be determined from the average size if the mode of breakage is known.
Blast design correlation (Cunningham) A correlation exists between the many different blast
configurations and the mode of breakage.
Rock type correlation (Lilly): The properties of a rock will modify the amount of breakage that will
occur.
Kuznetsov Equation
The original equation, developed by Kuznetsov, was modified by Cunningham for ANFO based
explosives.
Where:
Where:
Y Percentage of material less than the size X (%)
X size of material (m)
Xc characteristic size (m)
n = uniformity
Characteristic Size
The characteristic size is calculated from the average size for use in the Rosin-Rammler
equation.
Xc = Xav / ( 0.693 )
Where:
Uniformity
0.5 0.1
Where:
n uniformity exponent
B burden (m)
D hole diameter (mm)
S spacing (m)
Z standard deviation of drilling error (m)
Lb bottom charge length (m)
Lt top charge length (m)
H bench height (m)
P blast pattern factor
Tidman Equation
The explosive strength is calculated from a modified equation originally developed by Tidman:
Where:
Blastability Index
The Blastability Index (or 'Rock Factor') is calculated from an equation originally developed by
Lilly. It is used to modify the average fragmentation based on the rock type and blast direction.
RMD =10 + 10 Xi
JF = JFs + JFo
JFs = 10 spacing < 0.1
20 0.1 < spacing < oversize
50 oversize < spacing
JFo = 10 dip < 10
20 dr < 30
30 60< dr
40 30< dr < 60
dr = | JDD - FFDD |
UCS/5
Where:
Powder Factor
K = Qe /(B)(S)(H)
Where
K =powder factor (kg / cubic m)
B= burden (m)
S =spacing (m)
H =bench height (m)
Qe = charge weight (kg)
Charge Weight
Qe = 1000 r² L e
Where:
Qe = charge weight (kg)
r = hole radius (m)
L = charge length (m)
e = explosive specific gravity