ED&C – Speed

control methods of
DC Motor
BY
PK/AP/EEE/KEC
 Speed control methods of DC Motor
• The speed of a DC motor is given by:

• Three main methods of

• controlling the speed of a D.C. motor
• By varying the flux per pole (f) - flux control method
• By varying the resistance in the armature circuit -
armature control method.
• By varying the applied voltage - voltage control method.
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Flux control method
• NαEb/Φ
• Φ α Ish
• If Ish decrease then
Φ also decrease
• N increase when
Φ decrease
• Speed above rated speed is possible
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Flux control method
Advantages
(i) An easy and convenient method
(ii) It is an inexpensive method since very little power is wasted in the shunt
field rheostat due to relatively small value of Ish.
(iii) The speed control exercised by this method is independent of load on the
machine.
Disadvantages
(i) Only speeds higher than the normal speed can be obtained since the total
field circuit resistance cannot be reduced below Rsh—the shunt field
winding resistance.
(ii) There is a limit to the maximum speed obtainable by this method.
The
4 field of a shunt motor in operation should never be opened because its
speed will increase to an extremely high value.
 Armature control method
• NαEb/Φ
• Nα(V-IaRa-IaRc)/Φ
• If Ia reduce then
Eb also Reduce hence
Speed also reduced
• Below rated speed only
possible in this method

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 Armature control method
Disadvantages
• (i) A large amount of power is wasted in the controller
resistance since it carries full armature current Ia.
• (ii) The speed varies widely with load since the speed depends
upon the voltage drop in the controller resistance and hence
on the armature current demanded by the load.
• (iii) The output and efficiency of the motor are reduced.
• (iv) poor speed regulation
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Voltage control method

When the supply is AC

1. Ward-Leonard system
2. Transformer with taps and an
uncontrolled rectifier bridges
3. Static ward leonard scheme or controlled
rectifier

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Voltage control method

When the supply is DC

1. Chopper Control

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Three phase supply
Ward Leonard Drive

Uncontrolled
Controlled
/Controlled
Rectifier
Rectifier

Ia

VG >Eb VM

9 DC Motor
ac motor Generator
Three phase supply
Ward Leonard Drive

Uncontrolled
Controlled
/Controlled
Rectifier
Rectifier

Ia

VG < Eb VM

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Generator Motor
 Ward Leonard Drive
• when low rating and closed loop control is not
desired Control of generator filed is obtained by
rheostats
• For high power application or closed loop control,
the field is supplied by a power amplifier
• Power amplifier Consists of
controlled rectifier
Chopper
Transistor amplifier
Magnetic amplifier
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 Ward Leonard Drive
• For reversible drives
• Power amplifier capable of supplying
controlled field current in either
direction
• In such case Power amplifier may be
Single phase or three phase fully
controlled dual converter
Four quadrant chopper
Four quadrant transistor amplifier
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 Ward Leonard Drive
• When drives operates only in one direction
• power amplifier may be
Half controlled rectifier
Step down chopper
One quadrant transistor amplifier

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 Ward Leonard Drive
Applications:
• Rolling Mills
• Mine winders
• Paper mills
• Elevators
• Machines tools etc

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 Ward Leonard Drive
Advantages:
• Inherent regenerative braking
capability
• Employed for PF improvement etc

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 Ward Leonard Drive
Disadvantages:
• High initial cost
• Low efficiency
• Requires frequent maintenance
• Produces more noise
• Large weight and size, needs large
floors area and foundation
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 Static ward Leonard Drive
• Controlled rectifier – Variable DC voltage
• Also known as Controlled rectifier fed dc drive
• 1Φ and 3Φ fully controlled rectifier provide DC voltage in
either direction, so it allows motor control in quadrant I and
IV
• 1Φ and 3Φ half controlled rectifier provide DC voltage in oe
direction, so it allows motor control in quadrant I
• Low power application - 1Φ fully controlled rectifier
• High power application - 3Φ fully controlled rectifier
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Single phase fully controlled converter fed DC Motor

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Single phase fully controlled converter fed DC
Motor

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Single phase fully controlled converter fed DC
Motor

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Single phase fully controlled converter fed DC
Motor

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 Discontinuous conduction mode

Vs 
     t
TT
1 2

TT

t
3 4
 
t
VI
a a
 E

     t
Discontinuous conduction mode

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Discontinuous conduction mode

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Two Quadrant operation of Speed torque
the drive characteristics
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Single phase Half controlled converter fed DC Motor

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Single phase Half controlled converter fed DC Motor

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Single phase Half controlled converter fed DC Motor

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 Discontinuous conduction mode

Vs 
     t
TT
1 2

TT

t
3 4
 
t
VI
a a
 E

    t

Discontinuous conduction mode

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Discontinuous conduction mode

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One Quadrant operation Speed torque
of the drive characteristics
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Three phase fully controlled converter fed DC Motor

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34
Continuous conduction mode

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Speed torque
characteristics
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 Dual Converter
L1

Three phase supply Three phase supply

VA VB

A B

L2

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Closed Loop Speed Control Scheme

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Chopper control of separately excited DC motor

va va
Ia Ia
ia2

VA ia1
ton T ωt

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