Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Definitions
1. The physical manipulation of soil with tools and implements to result in good
tilth for better germination and subsequent growth of crop (Reddy and Reddi,
1992).
2. Tillage refers to mechanical manipulations of the soil that provide necessary
conditions favourable for the growth of crops. It includes operations and
practices that are used for the purpose of modifying the physical character of
the soil ( Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappan, 2004)
3. Those mechanical, soil-stirring actions carried on the soil for the purpose of
nurturing crops
4. Manual or mechanical soil-stirring actions necessary for the proper
establishment and growth of crops.
C. Weed control Weed control operations can be done before planting; between
planting and crop emergence and after crop emergence. .
Weeds are buried in the soil with tillage operations (deep tillage)
D. Erosion control
Tillage operations employed differ with situation: e.g leave residue on the soil
surface to prevent water and wind erosion, or provide rough soil surfaces which
help prevent wind and water erosion
(To improve the physical condition of the soil so that rainwater could be absorbed
easily and erosion minimized ).
Some of tillage e.g tied ridging and other conservation tillage techniques guard
soil against erosion
Other objectives
- Insect pest control: Most pests in their different developmental stages cannot
survive if buried beyond 20cm.
Eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places are destroyed
- Management of crop residues; The residues are inco-orperated into the soil to
allow them an optimum environment for decomposition
- Moisture management ( under both drought and flood situations ) e.g tied
ridging, pot-holing etc)
Types of tillage
Primary and Secondary tillage are the two general catergories of tillage
referring to/based on depth of tillage, type of implement and goals in
preparing a seedbed.
Two types of tillage can also be identified, based on time (with respect to
crop) at which they carried out viz;
A. Primary tillage:
It is tillage which cuts, inverts and /or shatters the soil to a depth 15-36 cm. It
may bury trash by the inversion and it usually leaves the surface rough.
Ploughs:
Disc or mould board ploughs are used according to the required tilth (soil
inversion, uniformity, water conservation and growing conditions are the 4
aspects to be considered ), the existing field conditions ( two aspects are
considered namely obstacles and soil moisture)and the draft and maintenance
requirements ( these are related to the type of operations of the disc and
mouldboard ploughs).
1.Plough bottom: contacts with the soil and contains main working parts which are:
a) the share – has a sharp cutting edge which sinks into the soil
making passage for the plough bottom. It is made up of steel or
cast iron; the former preferred since it is less liable to damage and
can be repaired /builtup and hard surfaced when worn.
b) Mouldboard ( also called “breast” or “wing” )
– helps in inverting the furrow slice
– has atwisting and inverting action which causes breaking
and pulverization of the soil depending on curvature of the
mouldboard. ( gentle curvature leaves furrow slice
unbroken, while short, broad board with abrupt curvature
causes much pulverization).
3. Beam – fixed to the plough bottom and extends forward. It is connected to the
yoke by means of chains or ropes.
4. Clevis or bridle or hake - these are provisions for horizontal or vertical
adjustments for regulating the width and depth of the furrow. A number of
holes are provided to facilitatate hitching at the correct/desired point
E.g. if hitching is done to the hole nearest to the mould board, widest furrow is
formed and opposite true.. In vertical bridle, if the draft chain is fixed at the
top-most holes, furrow will be deeper.
Action is similar to that of the mould board plough and the soil inversion is only
partial. It can be used in situations where the mouldboard may not function well
properly/satisfactorily e.g.
i ) hard and dry soil ii ) sticky soils iii) highly abrasive soils
iv) hardpan soils v) new ground with remaining stumps, roots etc.
Chisel plough:
- It does not plough. The desired action of the chisel plough is to break and
shutter the soil while leaving enough residue on the surface to help control
soil erosion.
- It is a heavy cultivating implement
- It is also used to breakdown plough pans or plough soles caused by
mouldboard ploughing at the same depth for years
- Useful in hard conditions and in reclaiming rough lands and orchards
- It is heavy structured
- Require engine power to rotate the blades for cutting/lifting and loosening
the soil. Depth of cut is up to 12-15 cm.
- Effective in chopping and incorporating trash and preparing a fine tilth
bed. They are often used for secondary tillage at shallower depths
Note: excessive use may lead to soil pulverization- limiting water
B. Secondary tillage
It refers to tillage operations that follow primary tillage and are for the purpose of
preparing a final seedbed suitable for planting, seed germination seedling
estabilishment and weed control
It works the soil to shallower depths -5-15 cm
Aims include:
Note: excessive secondary tillage may increase the evaporation of water from the
surface layers of soil resulting in sub-optimum moisture levels for proper
germination.
1) Disk harrow
5) Row-crop cultivators
Conventional tillage includes both primary tillage and secondary tillage. A number of
operations are performed systematically depending on the requirements of the crop
and area for example:
a) shredding or disking crop residues (preliminary operation)
b) primary tillage(ploughing)
c) secondary tillage –may inolve disc harrowing followed by spike-, spring- or
tine-tooth harrowing, one or two times
d) planting
e) cultivating/weeding
Several passes of different operations leave the soil with a fine tilth that is ideal for
planting. It also eliminates the risk of trash interfering with the planting opration, but
may have the disadvantage of rendering the soil highly erodible.
Mulch tillage: Soil tillage that employs plant residues or other material to
cover the ground surface.
Combined tillage:
Reduces number of secondary tillage operations by combining secondary
tillage and planting into one operation. Several secondary tillage implements
may be hooked together and used in conjunction with a planter
Ten (10%) crop stand can be destroyed , but loss in stand is usually less
severe than loss of stand resulting from soil crusting. Can use rotary hoe
soon after crop emergence.
b) Pest control;
Weeds accumulate near soil surface in reduced tillage systems. Crop residues
also interfere with weed control equipment. Need for chemical weed control at
increased herbicide rates, but limiting the use of pre-plant, soil-incorporated
herbicides. Surface residues may harbour pest organisms which can become
major problems compared to clean tillage systems.
c) Soil conservation.
Crop residues save loss of top soil.
Field efficiency
With tillage the farmer is striving for more field operation capacity and
efficiency. The weather can prevent tillage from being completed in time for
optimum planting dates.
EFC is the actual amount of work done while TFC is the amount of work
which would be done if no time was lost.
Compaction