NPN

Definition

Urea- end product of protein

Uric Acid- Product of Purine metab

Creatine- Muscle

Creatinine- Blood/Circulation

Ammonia- Deamination of amino acid metab

Urea azotemia

Prerenal- lahat expt tungkol sa kidney at uto

Renal- lahat ng sa kidney

Postrenal- urinary tract obstruction

DSE. Assoc.

Urea- Azotemia

Uric acid- Gout,Lesch-nyhan syndrome

Creatine- Muscle dystrophy etc

Creatinine- renal function esp. glomerular function

Ammonia- Hepatic failure, Reye’s syndrome, Inherited of urea cycle enzy,enzymes

Methods

Urea- mga enzymatic methods (GLDH)

Uric Acid- Caraway method, Uricase

Creatinine- Jaffe, FolinWu, Fuller’s Earth/Lloyd’s reagent

Ammonia- GLDH

IDMS- Reference Method ng lahat

PROTEINS
AMINOACIDOPATHIES

Phenylketonuria- absence of phenylaline hydrolase, mousy odor

Tyrosemia- Familial metab disorder of tyrosine catab, type 1(fumaryl)(Most severe) type 2(tyrosine
aminotrans) type 3( 4-hydroxy)

Alkaptonuria- absence of homogentisate oxidase, turns to brownish black to air

MSUD- reduc. Of a-ketoacid decarbox. Blocking leucine isoleu val, burnt sugar

Isovaleric acidemia- isovaleryl-coa dehydro, sweaty feet

Homocystinuria- Absence of cystathionone-b-synthetase

Cystinuria- Defect in AA trans system, formation of stones

Structure

Fibrous- structural (fibrinogen,troponin)

Globular- Compact (hemoglobin,enzymes)

Structure 4 levels

Primary- no of AA

Secondary- repeating structures

Tertiary-overall shape

Quaternary- shape and structure from interactions of proteins

Handerson-Hasselbach eq:

pH=PKA+LOG (con. Base)/ (Con. Acid)

Types of lipids

Fatty acids- simplest

Phospholipid- 2 fatty acids

Triglycerides- 3 fatty acids with glycerol

Cholesterol- unsaturated steroid alcohol

Cholesterol esters- center of lipoprotein

Lipoproteins ( sama sama na to na kinds ng lipids imagining mo nalang na yung mga kinds ng lipids
bumuo ng isang malaking bilog or bola parang ganun)

A. Chylomicron- trig to circulatory system, creamy sample

B. VLDL- trigs to cell, turbid sample
C. HDL- excess cholesterol return them in liver
D. LDL- deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells

HDL- helpful (kasi nilalagay nya sa liver yung excess)

LDL- lethal (kasi nilalagay nya sa circulation or sa tissues yung excess)

Apolipoproteins (Eto yung parang receptors yung parang nag didikit sa lipoprotein tsaka sa cells)

Apo a-1= HDL

Apo B= 100(LDL, VLDL),48 (CM)

Apo C= Activates LPL

APO E= Combination of LDL, VLDL

Apo E2= type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

Apo E4= Alzheimers dse

Pathway

Endogenous- liver

Exogenous- intestine