Off Grid PV Systems Design Guidelines

OFF GRID
PV POWER SYSTEMS
SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES
FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
OFF GRID
PV POWER SYSTEMS
SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES
FOR THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
These guidelines have been developed by the Sustainable Energy Industry Association of the Pacific Islands in
Collaboration with the Pacific Power Association
They represent latest industry BEST PRACTICE for the design and installation of Off Grid PV Systems.
© Copyright 2012
While all care has been taken to ensure this guideline is free from omission and error, no responsibility can be taken
for the use of this information in the installation or design of any off-grid system.
GENERAL
The design of any off-grid system should consider, other than the electrical load, a number of criteria such as:
o Budget o Acceptable genset runtime
o Power quality o /PJTFMFWFMT
o Environmental impact o Site accessibility
o Aesthetics o -FWFMPGBVUPNBUJPO
Note: This guidelines are based on d.c. bus systems and do not include the new a.c. bus hybrid systems currently
available. Guidelines dedicated to hybrid Systems will be developed.
ENERGY SOURCE MATCHING

Heating and lighting should be supplied from the most appropriate source. For example -
o cooking - gas or wood burning stove
o water heating - solar water heating with gas or wood backup
o -JHIUJOHFMFDUSJDBMMJHIUJOHNPTUPGUFOVTFECVUOBUVSBMMJHIU EBZMJHIUJOH
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considered.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
All appliances should be chosen for the lowest possible energy consumption for each desired outcome, such
as
o High efficiency lighting
o Energy efficient refrigeration
STANDARDS for DESIGN

System designs should follow any standards that are typically applied in the country or region where the
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are listed because some Pacific island countries and territories do follow those standards. These standards are
often updated and amended so the latest version should always be applied.
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o &MFDUSJDBM $PEFT/BUJPOBM &MFDUSJDBM $PEF "SUJDMF 4PMBS 1IPUPWPMUBJD 4ZTUFNT BOE /'1"
6OJGPSN4PMBS&OFSHZ$PEF
o #VJMEJOH$PEFT*$$ "4$&
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Equipment for use with Distributed Energy Resources
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INTRODUCTION
Four major issues arise when designing a system:
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2. UIFEBJMZFOFSHZVTBHFWBSJFTPWFSUIFZFBS
3. UIFFOFSHZBWBJMBCMFGSPNUIF17BSSBZNBZWBSZGSPNUJNFUPUJNFEVSJOHUIFEBZ
4. the energy available from the PV array will vary from day to day during the year.
Since the system is based on photovoltaic modules, then a comparison should be undertaken between the
available energy from the sun and the actual energy demands The worst month is when the ratio between
solar energy available and energy demand is smallest.
The design of an off-grid power requires a number of steps. A basic design method follows:
1. Determination of the energy usage that the system must supply.
2. Determination of the battery storage required.
3. %FUFSNJOBUJPOPGUIFFOFSHZJOQVUSFRVJSFEGSPNUIF17BSSBZPSPUIFSTPVSDFT FHCBUUFSZDIBSHFS
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4. Selection of the remainder of system components.
LOAD (ENERGY) ASSESSMENT

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To determine the daily energy usage for an appliance, multiply the power of the appliance by the number of
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Appliances can either be DC or AC. An energy assessment should be undertaken for each type, examples of
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You need to calculate the electrical energy usage with the customer. Many systems have failed over the years
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because the customer was unaware of the power/energy limitations of the system.
The problem is that the customer may not want to spend the time determining their realistic power and energy
needs which is required to successfully complete a load assessment form. They just want to know: How much
for a system to power my lights and TV?
A system designer can only design a system to meet the power and energy needs of the customer. The system
designer must therefore use this process to understand the needs of the customer and at the same time
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during this process that you will discuss all the potential sources of energy that can meet their energy needs
and you can educate the customer on energy efficiency.
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Worked Example
Table 1 DC Load (energy) Assessment

B
B
C
C

Comments
dry season wet season Contribution
Power to maximum
Appliance Number Usage Energy Usage Energy demand
Time Time
W h Wh h Wh W
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%$B
%$C

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%$

Table 2 AC Load (energy) Assessment

B
B
C
C

B
C
dry season wet season Contribution Contribution to

Power to max surge demand
Appliance No. Power demand Surge Potential Design
Usage Energy Usage Energy Factor Factor Comments
Time Time
W h Wh h Wh VA VA VA
TV 100 3 300 3 300 0.8 125 4 500 125
Refrigerator 1200 0.8 125 4 500 500 Duty cycle of
0.5 included
Daily Load Energy A.C 1500
Loads (Wh) "$B
"$C
maximum demand (VA) (AC11) 250 1000

Surge demand (VA) (AC12) 625
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In the worked example on the previous page, the TV and refrigerator are using AC electricity so we have to take
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in many systems the inverter will sometimes be running when there is very little load on the inverter, so the
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the energy required to be supplied to the inverter from the battery bank.
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If there are no AC loads, then you only have to work out the load from the DC appliances, and not include the
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BATTERY SELECTION
DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM VOLTAGE
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system. For example, if the batteries and the inverter are a long way from the energy source then a higher
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but these are not typical household systems.
As a general rule, the recommended system voltage increases as the total load increases. For small daily loads,
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1 kWh 3-4 kWh
Use 12 Volt Use 24 Volt Use 48 Volt
system voltage system voltage system voltage
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the actual power profile.
One of the general limitations is that maximum continuous current being drawn from the battery should not
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BATTERY SIZING
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Volts.
This means that the daily Ah demand on the batteries will be:
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Battery capacity is determined by whichever is the greater of the following two requirements:
The ability of the battery to meet the energy demand of the system, often for a few days, sometimes
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OR
The ability of the battery to supply peak power demand.
The critical design parameters include:
Parameters relating to the energy requirements of the battery:

B
Daily energy demand
C
Daily and maximum depth of discharge
D
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B
Maximum power demand
C
Surge demand
Parameters relating to the charging of the battery:

B
Maximum Charging Current
Based on the these parameters there are a number of factors that will increase the battery capacity in order to
provide satisfactory performance. These correction factors must be considered.
Days of Autonomy

Extra capacity is necessary where the loads require power during periods of reduced input. The battery
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Where a generator is operating on a regular basis the autonomous period can be reduced.
In other cases, where there is no auxiliary charging source, the period of autonomy is often increased to
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Maximum Depth of Discharge
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Battery Discharge Rate
The actual discharge rate selected is highly dependent on the power usage rates of connected loads.
Many appliances operate for short periods only, drawing power for minutes rather than hours. This affects
the battery selected, as battery capacity varies with discharge rate. Information such as a power usage
profile over the course of an average day is required for an estimate of the appropriate discharge rate.
For small systems this is often impractical.
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For the worked example

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Battery Temperature derating

Battery capacity is affected by temperature.
As the temperature goes down, the battery
capacity reduces. The following graph gives a
battery correction factor for low temperature
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which battery capacity is specified.
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evenings so unless the system is located in a
mountainous region that does get cold then
ignore the temperature derating. If you want to
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for this factor.
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BATTERY SELECTION
Deep discharge type batteries / cells should be selected for the required system voltage and capacity in a
single series string of battery cells.
Parallel strings of batteries are not recommended.
Where this is necessary each string must be separately fused.
For the worked exampleBCBUUFSZPGBUMFBTU"I !$

should be used.
PV ARRAY SIZING- Standard

Switched Controllers
The calculation for determining the size of the PV array is dependent on the type of controller used. Historically
standard switched controllers were the most common controllers used. In recent years a number of maximum
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is a section on how to size a PV array using a MPPT.
The size of the PV array should be selected to take account of:

seasonal variation of solar irradiation
seasonal variation of the daily energy usage
battery efficiency
manufacturing tolerance of modules
dirt
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Solar irradiation data is available from various sources. Some countries have data available from their respective
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ground collection data in some countries. but if there is no other data available it is data that can be used.
Solar irradiation is typically provided as kWh/mIPXFWFSJUDBOCFTUBUFEBTEBJMZQFBL4VO)PVST 14)

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The variation of both the solar irradiation and the load energy requirement should be considered. If there is no
variation in daily load between the various times of the year then the system should be designed on the month
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Daily ENERGY REQUIREMENT from the PV Array

In order to determine the energy required from the PV array, it is necessary to increase the energy from the
battery bank to account for battery efficiency.
.
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the battery efficiency, the solar array then needs to produce…
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Therefore the required PV array output current is:
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OVERSIZE FACTOR
If the system does not include a fuel generator which can provide extra charging to the battery bank then the
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For the worked example the adjusted array output current is:
"Y"
DERATING MODULE PERFORMANCE

The PV array will be de-rated due to:
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de-rated by the manufacturer’s tolerance.
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the output. The output of the module should therefore be derated to reflect this soiling. The actual
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the glass on the front of the module and the fact that the module absorbs some heat from the sun.
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The output power and/or current of the module must be based on the effective temperature of the
cell. This is determined by the following formula:
Tcell-eff5a.day¡$
Where
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at the effective cell temperature should be used in calculations. If curves are unavailable to determine the
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manufacturers.
Therefore the derated module output current is calculated as follows:
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multiplied by derating due to manufacturers tolerance

multiplied by derating due to dirt
I /0$5
x fman x fdirt
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Table 3: 80 W module data

Rated Power 8
Power Tolerance
/PNJOBM7PMUBHF 7
Maximum Power Voltage, Vmp 7
Maximum Power Current, Imp "
Open Circuit Voltage, Voc 7
Short Circuit Current, Isc "
/0$5 ¡$
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Assuming a 5% dirt derating then the adjusted output current of the above module is:
ADJUSTED
Module current = I (NOCT) x 0.95 ( NJOVTGPSNBOVGBDUVSFTUPM
Y NJOVTGPSEJSU
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NUMBER OF MODULES REQUIRED IN ARRAY
First determine number of modules in series, To do this divide the system voltage by the nominal operating
voltage of each module. In our example:
For the worked example/VNCFSPGNPEVMFTJOTFSJFT7 7
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Do we round up or down? If you want to be conservative you would round up. However in this example we
suggest you round down since this calculation was based on the worst month and we allowed an oversize of
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INVERTER SELECTION
The type of inverter selected for the installation depends on factors such as cost, surge requirements, power
quality and for inverter/chargers, a reduction of the number of system components necessary. Inverters are
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There are few square wave inverters used today.
Modified square wave inverters generally have good surge and continuous capability and are usually cheaper
than sine wave types. However, some appliances, such as audio equipment, television and fans can suffer
because of the output wave shape.
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INVERTER SIZING
The selected inverter should be capable of supplying continuous power to all AC loads
"/%
providing sufficient surge capability to start any loads that may surge when turned on and particularly if they
turn on at the same time.
Where an inverter cannot meet the above requirements attention needs to be given to load control and
prioritisation strategies.

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CONTROLLERS- Standard Switched
Controller
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of connected batteries to microprocessor based units that incorporate many additional features such as …
o PWM and equalisation charge modes

o %$-PBEDPOUSPM
o Voltage and current metering
o Amp-hour logging
o Generator start/stop control
6OMFTT UIF DPOUSPMMFS JT B NPEFM UIBU JT DVSSFOUMZ MJNJUFE UIFTF TIPVME CF TJ[FE TP UIBU UIFZ BSF DBQBCMF PG
DBSSZJOHPGUIFBSSBZTIPSUDJSDVJUDVSSFOUBOEXJUITUBOEJOHUIFPQFODJSDVJUWPMUBHFPGUIFBSSBZ*GUIFSF
is a possibility that the array could be increased in the future then the controller should be oversized to cater
for the future growth.
/PUFTPNFUJNFTUIFDPOUSPMMFSJTDBMMFEBSFHVMBUPS

The controller chosen must have a current rating
YY""BUBTZTUFNWPMUBHFPG7
GENERATORS & BATTERY CHARGING

To reduce system costs, it is common for some form of auxiliary charging to be used to provide energy when
daily energy requirements are greater than the daily PV input into the system. This is usually a diesel/petrol/
HBTQPXFSFEHFOFSBUPS8IFSFUIFFMFDUSJDBMPVUQVUJT7"$ PS7PS7
BCBUUFSZDIBSHFSJTSFRVJSFE
"OJOWFSUFSDIBSHFSDBOCFVTFEPUIFSXJTFBTFQBSBUFDIBSHFSVOJUJTOFFEFE
Factors that must be considered when using internal combustion generators are
o Fuel storage and spillage precautions
o /PJTFFNJTTJPODPOUSPM
o Ventilation
o Generator loading
8JUISFHBSETUPHFOFSBUPSMPBEJOH BHFOFSBUPSTIPVMETVQQMZHSFBUFSUIBOPGJUTNBYJNVNSBUJOHXIJMF
SVOOJOH-PBEJOHPGMFTTUIBOJODSFBTFTSVOOJOHBOENBJOUFOBODFDPTUTBOESFEVDFTHFOFSBUPSMJGF
SFGFSUPHFOTFUNBOVGBDUVSFSTJOGPSNBUJPO
BATTERY CHARGER SIZING

A charger must be capable of supplying voltage greater than the nominal system voltage.
The maximum charging current must not be greater than that recommended by the battery manufacturer but
BVTBCMFFTUJNBUFJTBNBYJNVNDIBSHFDVSSFOUPGBSPVOEPGUIF$ rate.
0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4]
PV ARRAY SIZING- MPPT
Daily ENERGY REQUIREMENT from the PV Array
The size of the PV array should be selected to take account of:

seasonal variation of solar irradiation
seasonal variation of the daily energy usage
CBUUFSZFóDJFODZ XI
Cable losses
MPPT efficiency
manufacturing tolerance of modules
dirt
UFNQFSBUVSFPGBSSBZ UIFFòFDUJWFDFMMUFNQFSBUVSF
With the standard controller the only sub-system losses was the battery efficiency and the calculations are
undertaken using Ah. When using a MPPT the calculations are in Wh and the sub-system losses in the system
include:
#BUUFSZFóDJFODZ XBUUIS
Cable losses
MPPT efficiency
In order to determine the energy required from the PV array, it is necessary to increase the energy from the
battery bank to account for all the sub-system losses.
For the worked exampleBTTVNFDBCMFMPTTFTJT USBOTNJTTJPOFóDJFODZPG

.115FóDJFODZPG
BOECBUUFSZFóDJFODZPG
4VCTZTUFNFóDJFODZYY
&OFSHZSFRVJSFEGSPNUIF17BSSBZ8I 8I
"TTVNFUIFXPSTUNPOUIT14)JT
Therefore the required peak PV array output power is:
8I14)8P
OVERSIZE FACTOR
If the system does not include a fuel generator which can provide extra charging to the battery bank then the
TPMBSBSSBZTIPVMECFPWFSTJ[FEUPQSPWJEFUIFFRVBMJTBUJPODIBSHJOHPGUIFCBUUFSZCBOL*O"VTUSBMJBBOE/FX
;FBMBOEUIJTJTCFUXFFOBOE*UJTSFDPNNFOEFEJOUIF1BDJöDUIBUUIJTJT
For the worked example Therefore the adjusted array output current is:
8PY8P
]0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4
DERATING MODULE PERFORMANCE
The PV array will be de-rated due to:
.BOVGBDUVSFST5PMFSBODF.PTUNBOVGBDUVSFSTSBUFUIFJSNPEVMFTBQFSDFOUBHF FH
PSXBUUBHF
FH8
6OMFTTFWFSZNPEVMFJTUFTUFEBOEJUTBDUVBMSBUJOHJTLOPXOUIFOUIFNPEVMFTTIPVMECF
de-rated by the manufacturer’s tolerance.
%JSU0WFSBQFSJPEPGUJNFEJSUPSTBMU JGMPDBUFEOFBSUIFDPBTU
DBOCVJMEVQPOUIFBSSBZBOESFEVDF
the output. The output of the module should therefore be derated to reflect this soiling. The actual
WBMVFXJMMCFEFQFOEFOUPOUIFTJUFCVUUIJTDBOWBSZGSPNUP JFVQUPMPTTEVFUPEJSU

5FNQFSBUVSF .PEVMFT PVUQVU QPXFS EFDSFBTFT XJUI UFNQFSBUVSF BCPWF ¡$ BOE JODSFBTFT XJUI
UFNQFSBUVSFTCFMPX¡$5IFBWFSBHFDFMMUFNQFSBUVSFXJMMCFIJHIFSUIBOUIFBNCJFOUUFNQFSBUVSF
because of the glass on the front of the module and the fact that the module absorbs some heat from
the sun. The output power and/or current of the module must be based on the effective temperature
of the cell. This is determined by the following formula:
Tcell-eff5a.day¡$
Where
Tcell-effUIFBWFSBHFEBJMZFòFDUJWFDFMMUFNQFSBUVSFJOEFHSFFT$FMTJVT ¡$
Ta.dayUIFEBZUJNFBWFSBHFBNCJFOUUFNQFSBUVSFGPSUIFNPOUIUIBUUIFTJ[JOHJTCFJOHVOEFSUBLFO
With switched controllers the temperature effect was used to determine the operating current of the module/
array. With MPPT’s the derating power factor must be calculated.
The three main types solar modules available on the market each have different temperature coefficients.
These are:
.POPDSZTUBMMJOF .PEVMFT UZQJDBMMZ IBWF B UFNQFSBUVSF DPFóDJFOU PG ooC. That is for every
EFHSFFBCPWFo$UIFPVUQVUQPXFSJTEFSBUFECZ
1PMZDSZTUBMMJOF.PEVMFTUZQJDBMMZIBWFBUFNQFSBUVSFDPFóDJFOUPGooC.
Thin Film: Modules have a different temperature characteristic resulting in a lower co-efficient typically
BSPVOE¡$UP¡$ CVUSFNFNCFSUPDIFDLXJUIUIFNBOVGBDUVSFS
5IFUZQJDBMBNCJFOUEBZUJNFUFNQFSBUVSFJONBOZQBSUTPGUIF1BDJöDJTCFUXFFOBOEoC during some

UJNFTPGUIFZFBS4PJUXPVMEOPUCFVODPNNPOUPIBWFNPEVMFDFMMUFNQFSBUVSFTPGoC or higher.
For the worked example"TTVNFUIFBNCJFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJToC..
Therefore the effective cell temperature is
o$o$oC
5IFSFGPSFUIJTJTo$BCPWFUIF45$UFNQFSBUVSFPGoC.
5IF8PNPEVMFVTFEJOUIJTFYBNQMFJTBQPMZDSZTUBMMJOFNPEVMFXJUIBEFSBUJOHPGoC
Therefore the losses due to temperature would be:
5FNQFSBUVSFMPTTo$Yo$MPTT
5IJTJTBUFNQFSBUVSFEFSBUJOHGBDUPSPG
0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4]
"TTVNJOHBEJSUEFSBUJOHUIFOUIFBEKVTUFEPVUQVUQPXFSPGUIF8NPEVMFJT
"EKVTUFENPEVMFQPXFSYYY8
NUMBER OF MODULES REQUIRED IN ARRAY
To calculate the required number of modules in the array, divide the required array power by the adjusted
module power.

/VNCFSPGNPEVMFTJOBSSBZ
/PUFGPSUIFTXJUDISFHVMBUPSXFIBEQBSBMMFMTUSJOHTPGNPEVMFTJOTFSJFT
5IFBDUVBMOVNCFSPGNPEVMFTXJMMCFEFQFOEFOUPOUIF.115TFMFDUFE*GJUXBTUIFOUIFSBUJOHPGUIFBSSBZ
JTY8P8P
SELECTING MPPT
The following table gives some examples of MPPT’s currently available on the market:
Table 4: MPPT Data

Model d.c. battery Input voltage Max d.c. Battery .BY 8
4PMBS .BY-PBE
7PMUBHF 7
SBOHF 7
$VSSFOU "
Array $VSSFOU "
STECA Solarix UP

..1
Phocos MMPT .BY

Morningstar SS- .BY
.115-
Outback Flex .BY
.BY

Outback Flex .BY
.BY


"MMPXJOHGPSPWFSTJ[JOHUIFOUIFSFRVJSFESBUJOHPGUIF.115JT
Y8Q8
'SPNUIFUBCMFXFXPVMETFMFDUUIF0VUCBDL'MFYNBYXIJDIIBTBOBSSBZSBUJOHPG8!7
We could possibly use two of the others e.g. Phocos or Steca.
]0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4
."5$)*/(5)&17"33":505)&."9*.6.70-5"(&41&$*'*$"5*0/40'5)&.115
The MPPT typically have a recommended minimum nominal array voltage and a maximum voltage. In the case
where a maximum input voltage is specified and the array voltage is above the maximum specified, the MPPT
could be damaged.
Some MPPT controllers might allow that the minimum array nominal voltage is that of the battery bank.
However the MPPT will work better when the minimum nominal array voltage is higher than the nominal
voltage of the battery. The Outback range of MPPT’s requires that the minimum nominal array voltage is
HSFBUFSBTTIPXOJO5BCMF1MFBTFDIFDLXJUIUIF.115NBOVGBDUVSFSCFDBVTFUIFTFDPVMEWBSZ
Table 5 Minimum Nominal Array Voltages (Outback MPPT’s)

Nominal Battery Voltage Recommended Minimum Nominal Array voltage
7 7
7 7
7 7
It is important that the output voltage of the string is matched to the operating voltages of the MPPT and that
the maximum voltage of the MPPT is never reached.
The output voltage of a module is affected by cell temperature changes in a similar way to the output power.
The manufacturers will provide a voltage temperature coefficient*UJTHFOFSBMMZTQFDJöFEJO7¡$ PSN7¡$
CVU
JUDBOBMTPCFFYQSFTTFEBTB
To ensure that the Voc of the array does not reach the maximum allowable voltage of the MPPT the minimum
day time temperatures for that specific site are required.
In early morning at first light the cell temperature will be very similar to the ambient temperature because the
TVOIBTOPUIBEUJNFUPIFBUVQUIFNPEVMF*OUIF1BDJöD*TMBOETUIFBWFSBHFNJOJNVNUFNQFSBUVSFJTC
UIJTDPVMECFMPXFSJOTPNFNPVOUBJOBSFBT
BOEJUJTSFDPNNFOEFEUIBUUIJTUFNQFSBUVSFJTVTFEUPEFUFSNJOF
the maximum Voc. /PUF*GJOTUBMMJOHJOUIFNPVOUBJOTUIFOVTFUIFBQQSPQSJBUFNJOJNVNUFNQFSBUVSF Many
QFPQMFBMTPVTF¡$ JGBQQSPQSJBUFGPSUIFBSFB
5IFNBYJNVNPQFODJSDVJUWPMUBHFJTEFUFSNJOFETJNJMBSUPUIF
temperature derating factor for the power.
For the worked example"TTVNFUIFWPMUBHFDPFóDJFOUJT7oC.
*GUIFNJOJNVNUFNQFSBUVSFJTo$UIJTJTo$CFMPXUIF45$UFNQFSBUVSFPGoC. Therefore the effective

variation in voltage is:
Y7
4PUIFNBYJNVNPQFODJSDVJUWPMUBHFPGUIFNPEVMF777
.BYJNVNOVNCFSPGNPEVMFTUIBUZPVDBOIBWFJOTFSJFT77UIJTJTSPVOEFEEPXOUP
4PUIF.115XJMMBMMPXCFUXFFOBOENPEVMFTJOBTUSJOH
5IFBDUVBMOVNCFSPGNPEVMFTSFRVJSFEXBT*GXFSPVOEEPXOUP TJODFBOPWFSTJ[FGBDUPSPGBOE
BMTPXPSTUNPOUIGPS14)XBTVTFE
UIFOUIFBSSBZXPVMECFQBSBMMFMTUSJOHTPGNPEVMFTJOTFSJFT*GXF
SPVOEVQUPUIFOUIFTPMVUJPODPVMECFQBSBMMFMTUSJOHTXJUINPEVMFTJOTFSJFT
0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4]
ATTACHMENT 1: : Table showing Peak Sunhrs for various sites and tilt angles.
Longitude: 134°28’ East ¡5JMU²
¡5JMU²
Annual
Ponape, Pohnpei FSM Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
Latitude: 6°54’ North ¡5JMU¹
¡5JMU²
Annual
Majuro, Marshall Islands Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
¡5JMU²
]0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4
Annual
Alofi, Niue Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
Latitude: 19°04’ South ¡5JMU¹
Longitude: 169°55’ West ¡5JMU²
¡5JMU²
Annual
Nauru Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
Annual
Vaiaku, Tuvalu Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
¡5JMU²
Annual
Hagåtña, Guam Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
¡5JMU²
Annual
Noumea, New Caledonia Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
Longitude: 166°27’w East ¡5JMU²
¡5JMU²
Annual
Pago Pago, American Samoa Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct /PW Dec Average
Latitude: 14°16 South ¡5JMU¹
Longitude: 170°42 West ¡5JMU²
¡5JMU²
¹ Monthly Averaged Insolation Incident On A Horizontal Surface (kWh/m²/day)

² Monthly Averaged Irradiation Incident On An Equator-Pointed Tilted Surface (kWh/m²/day)
Source: NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy
(http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov)
0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4]
Appendix 1 – Table of Abbreviations and Acronyms
d.c. Direct current

a.c. Alternating current
"4/;4 "VTUSBMJB4UBOEBSE/FX;FBMBOE4UBOEBSE
6- 6OEFSXSJUFST-BCPSBUPSZ
ICC International Code Council
/'1" /BUJPOBMöSF1SPUFDUJPO"TTPDJBUJPO
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Wh Watt hours
kWh Kilowatt hours
W Watts
WP Watts peak
H hours
V Volts
A Amps
VA Volt amps
Ah Amp hours
DOD Depth of discharge
C #BUUFSZDBQBDJUZXIFOCBUUFSZJTEJTDIBSHFEPWFSIPVST
PV Photovoltaic
MPPT Maximum power point tracker
PSH 1FBLTVOIPVST L8IN
kWh/m Kilowatt hours/metres squared

¡$ Degrees Celsius
/0$5 /PNJOBMPQFSBUJOHDFMMUFNQFSBUVSF
Tcell-eff UIFBWFSBHFEBJMZFòFDUJWFDFMMUFNQFSBUVSF EFHSFFT$FMTJVT
Ta.day the daytime average ambient temperature for the month that the
TJ[JOHJTCFJOHVOEFSUBLFO EFHSFFT$FMTJVT
fman %FSBUJOHEVFUPNBOVGBDUVSFSTUPMFSBODF EJNFOTJPOMFTT
fdirt %FSBUJOHEVFUPEJSU EJNFOTJPOMFTT
PWM Pulse Width Modulation

Voc 0QFODJSDVJUWPMUBHF WPMUT
Vmp .BYJNVNQPXFSQPJOUWPMUBHF WPMUT
Isc 4IPSUDJSDVJUDVSSFOU BNQT
Imp .BYJNVNQPXFSQPJOUDVSSFOU BNQT
STC Standard test conditions
]0''(3*%17108&34:45&.4t4:45&.%&4*(/(6*%&-*/&4

Off Grid PV Systems Design Guidelines

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OFF GRID

ENERGY SOURCE MATCHING

STANDARDS for DESIGN

4. Selection of the remainder of system components.

LOAD (ENERGY) ASSESSMENT

Table 2 AC Load (energy) Assessment

dry season wet season Contribution Contribution to

maximum demand (VA) (AC11) 250 1000

For the worked exampleBTTVNFUIFFóDJFODZPGUIFDIPTFOJOWFSUFSJT

1 kWh 3-4 kWh

Use 12 Volt Use 24 Volt Use 48 Volt

system voltage system voltage system voltage

For the worked exampleUIFEBJMZFOFSHZVTBHFXBT8I TPXFTFMFDUBCBUUFSZTZTUFNWPMUBHFPG

The critical design parameters include:

Parameters relating to the energy requirements of the battery:

Parameters relating to the charging of the battery:

 Days of Autonomy

For the worked exampleBTTVNFEBZTBVUPOPNZ

For the worked example"TTVNFBNBYJNVN%0%PG

 Battery Discharge Rate

For small systems this is often impractical.

For the worked example

 Battery Temperature derating

Parallel strings of batteries are not recommended.

Where this is necessary each string must be separately fused.

For the worked exampleBCBUUFSZPGBUMFBTU"I !$

PV ARRAY SIZING- Standard

The size of the PV array should be selected to take account of:

Solar irradiation is typically provided as kWh/mIPXFWFSJUDBOCFTUBUFEBTEBJMZQFBL4VO)PVST 14)

"QJB 4BNPB -BUJUVEFP4-POHJUVEFP8

1PSU7JMB 7BOVBUV -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡&

5BSBXB ,JSJCBUJ -BUJUVEF¡/ -POHJUVEF¡&

3BSBUPOHB $PPLJTMBOET -BUJUVEF¡4 -POHJUVEF¡8

/VLVBMPGB 5POHB -BUJUVEF4-POHJUVEF8

)POJBSB 4PMPNPO*TMBOET -BUJUVEF¡4 -POHJUVEF¡&

,PSPS 1BMBV -BUJUVEF¡/-POHJUVEF¡&

1POBQFJ 1PIOQFJ'4. -BUJUVEF¡/ -POHJUVEF¡&

"MPö /JVF -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡8

/BVSV -BUJUVEF4 -POHJUVEF&

5VWBMV -BUJUVEF¡4 -POHJUVEF¡&

)BHÌU×B (VBN -BUJUVEF¡/-POHJUVEF¡&

/PVNFB /FX$BMFEPOJB -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡&

1BHP1BHP "NFSJDBO4BNPB -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡8

Daily ENERGY REQUIREMENT from the PV Array

For the worked exampleUIFEBJMZFOFSHZSFRVJSFNFOUFYQSFTTFEJO"IGSPNUIFCBUUFSZJT"I"MMPXJOHGPS

Therefore the required PV array output current is:

DERATING MODULE PERFORMANCE

Therefore the derated module output current is calculated as follows:

multiplied by derating due to manufacturers tolerance

For the worked exampleUIFTFMFDUFENPEVMFIBTBQFBLSBUJOHPG8P.

Table 3: 80 W module data

For the worked example/VNCFSPGNPEVMFTJOTFSJFT7 7

5PEFUFSNJOFUIFOVNCFSPGTUSJOHTJOQBSBMMFM UIF17BSSBZPVUQVUDVSSFOUSFRVJSFE JO"

For the worked example/VNCFSPGTUSJOHTJOQBSBMMFM" "

For the worked example5IFOVNCFSPGNPEVMFTJOUIFBSSBZY

For the worked example

o PWM and equalisation charge modes

For the worked example

GENERATORS & BATTERY CHARGING

BATTERY CHARGER SIZING

The size of the PV array should be selected to take account of:

For the worked exampleBTTVNFDBCMFMPTTFTJT USBOTNJTTJPOFóDJFODZPG

Therefore the required peak PV array output power is:

For the worked exampleBTTVNFUIFFóDJFODZPGUIFDIPTFOJOWFSUFSJT

For the worked exampleUIFEBJMZFOFSHZVTBHFXBT8I TPXFTFMFDUBCBUUFSZTZTUFNWPMUBHFPG

Days of Autonomy

For the worked exampleBTTVNFEBZTBVUPOPNZ

For the worked example"TTVNFBNBYJNVN%0%PG

Battery Discharge Rate

Battery Temperature derating

For the worked exampleBCBUUFSZPGBUMFBTU"I !$

Solar irradiation is typically provided as kWh/mIPXFWFSJUDBOCFTUBUFEBTEBJMZQFBL4VO)PVST 14)

"QJB 4BNPB -BUJUVEFP4-POHJUVEFP8

1PSU7JMB 7BOVBUV -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡&

5BSBXB ,JSJCBUJ -BUJUVEF¡/ -POHJUVEF¡&

3BSBUPOHB $PPLJTMBOET -BUJUVEF¡4 -POHJUVEF¡8

/VLVBMPGB 5POHB -BUJUVEF4-POHJUVEF8

)POJBSB 4PMPNPO*TMBOET -BUJUVEF¡4 -POHJUVEF¡&

,PSPS 1BMBV -BUJUVEF¡/-POHJUVEF¡&

1POBQFJ 1PIOQFJ'4. -BUJUVEF¡/ -POHJUVEF¡&

"MPö /JVF -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡8

/BVSV -BUJUVEF4 -POHJUVEF&

5VWBMV -BUJUVEF¡4 -POHJUVEF¡&

)BHÌU×B (VBN -BUJUVEF¡/-POHJUVEF¡&

/PVNFB /FX$BMFEPOJB -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡&

1BHP1BHP "NFSJDBO4BNPB -BUJUVEF¡4-POHJUVEF¡8

For the worked exampleUIFEBJMZFOFSHZSFRVJSFNFOUFYQSFTTFEJO"IGSPNUIFCBUUFSZJT"I"MMPXJOHGPS

For the worked exampleUIFTFMFDUFENPEVMFIBTBQFBLSBUJOHPG8P.

For the worked example/VNCFSPGNPEVMFTJOTFSJFT7 7

For the worked example/VNCFSPGTUSJOHTJOQBSBMMFM" "

For the worked example5IFOVNCFSPGNPEVMFTJOUIFBSSBZY

For the worked exampleBTTVNFDBCMFMPTTFTJT USBOTNJTTJPOFóDJFODZPG

5IFUZQJDBMBNCJFOUEBZUJNFUFNQFSBUVSFJONBOZQBSUTPGUIF1BDJöDJTCFUXFFOBOEoC during some

For the worked example"TTVNFUIFBNCJFOUUFNQFSBUVSFJToC..

STECA Solarix UP

Outback Flex .BY

For the worked example"TTVNFUIFWPMUBHFDPFóDJFOUJT7oC.

*GUIFNJOJNVNUFNQFSBUVSFJTo$UIJTJTo$CFMPXUIF45$UFNQFSBUVSFPGoC. Therefore the effective

kWh/m Kilowatt hours/metres squared