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SOFTWARE
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THANK YOU!
I have been reading EFY for the last few
months. I learn something new from
every issue. EFY publishes a lot of valu-
able information about latest trends and
development in electronics. Thank you!
I also like DIY section, and would
like to try as many projects as possible.
Recently, I consnucted 'Wireless LCD
Display Via Bluetooth' DIY project pub-
lished in May issue. It is working well
Thank yo u for the project and the source
code!
MarukurthiSai
Rajahmundry (AP)
EFY. Thanks for the feedback!
MY SUGGESTIONS
I am a subscriber to EFY and an embed·
de-d engineer in the industrial Internet
of Things (IIoT) space. The magazine
carries very interesting and informative
articles. I suggest you cover topics related
to industrial Et he rnet protocols like Profi-
net, Modbus and Profibus.
Adarsh.S.R.
Through email
EFY. Thanks fo r the feedback! We will
try to publish these as soon as we receive
suitable articles from our contributors.
lOT PROJECTS
Please share a list of published projects
based on the loT, related to electronics
and communication systems.
Sarvani Tumuluri
Throughemail
EFY. The following are some JoT-based
projects published in EFY:
I. Getting Started With NodeMCU
Development Boa rd For The loT, Novem·
ber2017
2. loT-Smart Alert Notification Using
Android App, Marc h 2017
3. loT-Based Smartcamera Using
Android App And Raspberry Pi, Novem-
ber2016
4. loT Wi-Fi Temperature-Logging
0 SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
J. ~I
FEEDBACK
!Jelil;!§il§ij:iriil lfb
System, March 2016
5. Introduction To Smart Wi-Fi,
March2016
EFY magazines is available at vari·
ous online stores such as www.magzler.
com and www.amazon.com
SOURCE CODE
'Temperature Mo ni to ring On Smart -
phone' DIY article published in July
issue does not have source code for .apk
file. Please publish the entire source
code for the project.
Sreejith. B.K.
Through email
EFY. The source code including .aia file
for .apk file is available for free down-
load at !mp:;;e{ye{ymag.com/admin/
issuepd{!Temperalure%20monilor·
ins%2(km%20smarlphone.rar
LI-FIDONGLE
This is regarding 'Design Your Own
Li-Fi Dangle And Speaker' DIY article
published in July 2017 issue.
I. Which operational amplifier
(op-amp) or integrated circuit (IC)
is best suited for the construction of
trans-impeda nce (transfe r-impedance)
amplifier with two female USB ports:
one for solar panel photodetector and
one that feeds the computer system for
Li·Filnternet receiverdongle?
2. Is it possible to use two op·amps
one for initial voltage boost and the
other for final voltage boost to increase
the desired Internet speed?
3. Please describe the relationship of
byte/second between these parameters.
Does bit/second depend on data log-
ging of the computer motherboard on
receiving the incoming amplified signal?
Kindly explain.
Ololo ch ukwuemeka
Through email
The author Or .1. Ma nikmultm replies·
Thanks for showing interest in the arti -
cle! I believe yo u are trying to work on
Li·Fi Internet connectivity, whereas this
project is based on Li-Fi transmission of
audio signals. However, I have tried to
answer your queries as given below :
I. If you want to transmit data on
Li-Fi·based Internet, the entire test setup
will change. I recomme nd that you use
a high-speed photodetecto r with trans-
impedance amplifier that best suits
your Internet data rate. We focused on
transmission of audio signals using Li-Fi,
and the solar panel employed was able to
detect variations in light caused due to
audio signals
2. Use of op-amps will not help in
increasing the speed of the Internet. Also,
it is not clear why you want to do so
If you want to boost the voltage on the
receiver side, to receive Li-Fi transmi t-
ted data, I suggest you use a high-speed
photodetector and corresponding trans-
impedance amplifier.
3. A computer expert will be able to
answer this question better.
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
In '3W/ 6W Audio Ampl ifier Using
TDA2003' DIY article pu blished in June
2017 issue, I have the following queries
I. According to datasheet of TDA2003,
the IC can output IOW on a 2-ohm load
and about S.SW on a 4-ohm load. But, in
the circuit, an 8-ohm loudspeaker is used.
What is the actual output we can get from
TDA20031C?
2. Operating voltage is 6V or 12 V,
500 mA. If we use an unregulated 12V
adaptor, voltage may exceed to around
18V. Will it affect the circuit in any way?
3. What is the maximum output we
can get by varying the gain at any given
load, say, 4-ohm in this circuit?
AnirvanKule
Kolkata
The author Rllj K. Gorkhali replies:
Thank you for your interest in the article!
I. You can get 3W output on a 8-ohm,
6W speaker using 6V DC (SOOmA) power
suppl y and 6W output using 12V DC
(SOOmA) power supply
2. Operating supply voltage for the
amplifier should not exceed 18V.
3. We can get maximum output power
between 6W and 12W o n a 4-ohm load.
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D iscov e r • D esign • D e v e lo p
Ques. WHICH POPULAR WIRE·
LESS MODULES OPERATE ON
2.4GHZ FREQUENCY AND
ARE EASILY AVAILABLE IN THE
MARKET?
Pamarthi Kanakaraja
Ans. There are several modules operat -
ing on 2.4Ghz frequency. Some popular
ones are given below.
Xbec module. XBee modules are
wireless communication modules based
on Zigbee standard . These utilise IEEE
802.15.4 protocol. Zigbee standards
range between Bluetoot.h and Wi-Fi.
These are basically radio frequency
(RF) modules that can communicate
up to 30.5m (lOO-feet) indoors or 91.4m
(300-feet) outdoors. XBee modules
allow reliable and basic communica-
tion between microcontrollers (MCUs),
personal computers and systems, and
support point-to-point and multi-point
networks.
uRF24LOl + module. This trans-
ceiver module uses the newest 2.4GHz
transceiver from Nordic Semiconduc-
tor, nRF24LOI +. The transceiver lC
operates in 2.4GHz band and has many
features. To design a radio system with
nRF24LOI + , you need an MCU and a
few external passive components. You
can operate and con figure nRF24LO l +
through a serial peripheral interface.
ESP8266 module. It is one of the
most popular Wi-Fi modules used in
Internet of Things (loT) projects. it
is a sel f-cont ained Wi-Fi networking
IF) SEPTEMBER 2018 ] ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
module with integrated TCP/ IP proto-
col stack that can give any MCU access
to your Wi-Fi network. it is a low·cost
Wi-Fi microchip produced by Espres·
sif Systems. it can host applications
or offload Wi-Fi networking functions
from another application processor. The
module integrates antenna switches,
RF baluns, power amplifiers, filters and electronics. The scope of spintronics is
power management modules, among
others.
ESP8266 -based ESP-01 module
operating on 2.4G Hz is shown in Fig. I. faster, cheaper electronics has prompted
HC-05 Bluetooth module. lt is
an easy-to-use Bluetooth
serial port protocol module,
designed for transparent
wireless serial con nection
setups. lt is a fully -quali-
fied Bluetooth V2.0 + EDR
(enhanced data rate) 3Mbps
modulation with complete
2.4GHz radio transceiver and
baseband
TiWi-BLE module. TiWi-
BLE module features high-
performance 2.4GHz IEEE
802.11 b / g/ n, Bl ue tooth
2. 1 + EDR and B!uetooth Fig. 2: Conceptolspintronics (Crodit: unit.aist.go.jp)
Low Energy 4.0 radio in a
cost-effective footpr int. The module
realises necessary PHY / MAC layers to
support WU.N applications in conjunc-
tion with a host processor over SDIO
interface. The module also provides a
Bluetooth platform through HCI trans-
port layer. Both WU.N and Bluetooth
share the same antenna port.
02. WHAT IS SPINTRONICS, AND
WHAT IS ITS SCOPE?
Ashish Mulajkar
A2. Spintronics is a new and exciting
field of research in solid-state physics. rent constantly.
11 is the study of the intrinsic spin of
electrons and its associated magnetic
moments, apart from the fundamental
electronic charge. Magnetic degree
of freedom of an electron or its spin
is studied and exploited for classical
and quantum information processing
One of the objectives is to understand
the fundamentals of electron spin and
develop new materials based on charge-
based electronics with spin-dependent
effects.
Spintronics holds promise for future
to build efficient and fa ster computers,
new materials and other devices. it has
several advantages over conven tional
given below.
Fastcrcomputiug. As the technolo -
gy advances, the desire to build smaller,
many researchers to use the spin of an
electron in transistors. Spin transistors
can be highly energy efficient and do
more computation than traditional
transistors in a smaller space
Increase data -carryiug capadt)'. In
optoelectronic applications, lasers and
LEDs that take adva ntage of the spin
of electrons could increase the data-
carrying capacity of light.
Less power. Unlike conventional
flow of electrical current, spin can be
maintained even if power is off. With
spintronics, the circuit uses less power
because there is no need to ap ply cur-
More storage capacit)•. Spintronics
may help increase information-storing
and transmitting capacities of electrons
Al15wers oomoiledby son1Theo.te-ctnccled ltCI.Letters
ondQUe<>tim<;fcrrobil:ctOnmcybe cdo:i"~sedtoEddcr.
tlectrCil(~ f'CI YOO, [}-871\0khlo n:IUStiiCI Areo. Ph:lse
1, New Deh T10020 (e·mad: edilsecoety.in) or-.:J stJJUid
includef"llmeondoddreY>of tre'iell:Jer.
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ELECTRONICS Bulk Registration: iew @efy.in

WEEK Tel: +91-981 11 55335

 Jl ~ ~~~
TECH NEWS TECHNOLOGY UPDATES
Ordinary Wi-Fi can detect weapons,
bombs, explosive chemicals
The di=oeryCO!lldhiJFe a greatimpact in.protectillgthepubUc(rom
dollgerous objer.n (Credit: Rutgers Unillfl'Sity-New Bnmswick)
Scientists develop world's most
efficient semiconductor material for
thermal management
Researchers at UCLA Samueli School of Engineering have
developed a new semiconductor material-defect-free boron
arsenide. lt is more effective at drawing and dissipating waste
heat than any other known s!i'miconductor or met.1l material.
This could potentially revolutionise thermal management
designs for computer processors and other electronics, or fo r
light-based devices like LEDs.
Managing heat in e"lectronics has increasingly become one
of the biggest challenges in optimising performance. This is
because, as tra nsistors s hrink in size, more heat is generated
within the same footprint. And, a lot of energy is used to keep
those processors cool.
m SEPTEMBER 20t8 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
According to a study led by Rutge rs University-
New Brunswick, common Wi-Fi can easily detect
weapons, bombs and explosive chemicals in bags
at museums, stadiums, theme parks, schools and
other public venues. The suspicious object detection
system is easy to set up, reduces secur ity screening
costs and avoids invading privacy such as when
screeners open and inspect bags, backpacks and
luggage. Whereas, traditional screening typically
requires high staffing levels and costly specialised
equtpment
Wi-Fi, or wireless, signals in most public places
can penetrate bags to get thedimensionsof dangerous
metal objects and identify these, including weapons,
aluminium cans, laptops and batteries for bombs
Wi-Fi can also be used to estimate the vol ume of liq-
uids such as water, acid, alcohol and other chemicals
for explosives, according to researchers.
This low-cost system requires a Wi-Fi device with
two to three antennae, and can be integrated into
existing Wi ·Fi networks. The system ana lyses what
happens when wireless signals penetrate and bounce
off objects and materials.
Experiments with IS types of objects and six types
of bags demonstrated detection accuracy rates of 99
per cent for dangerous objects, 98 per cent for metal
and 95 per cent for liquid. For typical backpacks, accu-
racy rate exceeded 95 per cent and d ropped to about
90 per cent when objects inside bags were wrapped
1/lustmtion showing a sdlemntic of a romp!Uer chip with a hotspol (bottom).
anelecriV!lmicrosropeimngeofdefer:tfrreboronarsenide(midtlle)andan
image showing e/er:troll ilitJmctiOI! pat/ems in boronarseaide
(Crerlit: Hu Research l.ab!UCI.A Samueli)
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
www .picotech.com
 Jj
TECH NEWS
The defect-free boron arsenide has a re-cord-high thermal
conductivity, more than three- times faster at conducting heat
than currently used materials, such as silicon-carbide and
copper, so that heat that would otherwise concentrate in hot-
spots is quickly fl ushed away.
Yongjie Hu , assistant professor of mechanical and
aerospace engineering at UCLA, says, 'This material could
improve perfor mance and reduce energy demand in all kinds
of electronics, from small devict>s to the most a dvanced
computer data centre equipment. it can be integrated into
current man ufacturing procli'sses b!i'c.:Juse of its semicon -
ductor properties and the demonstrated capability to scale
this technology. It could replace current state-of-the-art
semiconductor materials for computers and revolutionise the
electronics industry."'
Soft contact lenses for monitoring
glucose, medical conditions,
delivering medications
Researche rs from Purdue University have developed soft
contact lenses that not only correct vision, but also monitor
glucose and medical conditions. These be used for ocular pain
relief or drug delivery.
Until recently, sensors or other technology could not be
used for soft contact lenses, because the technology required a
rigid, planar surface incompatible with the soft, curved shape
of a contact lens. The team, led by Chi Hwan Lee, assistant
professor of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineer-
ing, created a novel method for attaching sensors and other
smalldevicestosoftcontact lenses.
Lee says, "We developed a unique technology that ena-
bles the integration of thin-film sensors with commercially-
available soft contact lenses. These current hydrogel-based
contacts serve as the perfect platform for smart lens systems
due to their high degree of comfortability, bio-compatibility,
breath ability and long-term wearability. Before our discovery,
it was challenging to fabricate high-performance electronics
on commercially-available soft contact lenses .,
111e terlmoiogrwill(orm a basistofurtherextendthefwu:tionillit)'o{srmm
so{trorUactlenses5)•stem(ormanyotherl!ltFisionedapplicalions. including
CO//Irolledreleaseo{ocu/ardmgs. ey-e-wearablenfshtPisUmrmdaugmented
reality (Credit: Pmdue Ul!i!'f!rsit)')
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
b ~~
Sensors embedded on the soft contact lenses detect levels
of glucose, lactate and pH value in a continuous manner,
providing information associated with diabetes, hypoxia and
underlying ocular tissue health. With the ability to combine
soft, silicon-based contact lenses with a variety of different
semiconductor devices, numerous advanced eye care applica-
tions are now possible.
Wearable device that can detect
stress levels through sweat
Hormone cortisol rises and falls naturally th roughout the
day and can spike in response to stress. Current methods
for measuring cortisol levels require waiting several days for
results from a lab.
Now, a group of scientists led by Alberta Salleo, a materials
scientist at Stanford University, has created a stretchy patch
that, when applied directly to the skin, wicks up sweat and
assesses how much cortisol a person is producing.
Dmr~~ng slwwillg derails of the la}'ers comailled in the corlisoi biose11wr
alld 1100 dose-up images of the holes in the bottom of the sensor thm wick in
sweat(Credii: OtrUTI'urlak. Stan{onlUnillf!tsit)')
Onur Parlak, a post-doctoral scholar in Salleo Lab (part of
5.:1\leo Research Group, Stanford University) and lead author of
the paper, says, "We are interested in sweat sensing, because
it offers non -invasive and continuous monitoring of various
biom.ukers for a range of physiological conditions. This offers
a novel approach for the early detection of various diseases
and evaluation of sports performance."
Parlak built this stretchable, rectangular sensor around a
membrane that specifically binds only to cortisol. Stuck to the
skin, it sucks in sweat passively through holes in the bottom
of the patch. Sweat pools in a reservoir, which is covered by
the cortisol-sensitive membrane. Charged ions like sodium or
potassium- also found in sweat- pass through the membrane
unless these are blocked by cortisol. lt is those backed up
charged ions the sensor detects, not the cortisol itself. To top
it all, this is a waterproof layer that protects the patch from
comammat1on.
All a user needs to see cortisol levels is to sweat (enough to
glisten), apply the patch and connect it to a device for analysis,
which gives results in seconds
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 P~~~~T~) ~)

-_......
Yau r Net
Period Issues Yau Pay S avings ~)

1'!ear 12 720 540 D 180

3Years 36 2160 14000 760
5Years 60 3600 19800 1620

1'!ear 12 1200 soo D 300 "'

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 Jj
TECH NEWS
Solar supercapacitor could power
future wearable sensors
Currently, wearable systemsgE"nerally rely on relalivt>ly heavy,
inflexible batteries, which can be uncomfortable for long-term
users. Researchers from University of Glasgow's Bendable
Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) group have
developed a gra phene supercapacitor, which could be used in
the next generation of wearable health sensors.
Led by Prof. Ravinder Dahiya, the team built on its previ-
ous success in developing flli'xibl!i' sensors by developing a
supercapacitor that could powt>r health sensors capable of
conforming to wearer's bodies, offering more comfort and a
more consistent comact with skin to better collect health data.
The new supercapacitor uses layers of flexible, three-
dimensional porous foam formed fromgraphene and silver to
produce a device capable of storing and releasing around three
times more power than any similar flexible supercapacitor. The
team demo nstrated the durability of the supercapacitor, show-
ing that it provided power consistently across .25,000 charging
and discharging cycles
The researchers also found a way to charge the system
by integrating it with flexible solar-powered skin alread y
developed by the BEST group, effectively creating an entirely
self-charging system, as well as a pH sensor that uses wearers'
sweat to monitor their health
Prof. Dahiya says, '"This research could take wearable sys-
tems for health monitoring to remote parts of the world where
solar power is often the most reliable source of energy. lt could
also increase the efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles. We
are looking at furt her integrating the technology into flexible
synthetic skin, which we are developing for use in advanced
prosthetics.""
Cell-sized robots that can sense
their environment
Resea rchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology {M In
have created what may be the sma llest robots yet that c an
Mruleofelectroniccin:uilsCOllp/l?lltominwepmticles.thedel•icn:oould{low
through imestiiiRS or pipelines to detect problems (Credit: Mussaclwsetts
/rwilweof'TI:d!nology)
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
b ~~
putational tasks. These devices are about the size of a human
egg cell and consist of tiny ele-ctronic circuits made of two-
dimensional materials, piggybacking on minuscule particles
called colloids.
Colloids~insoluble particles or molecules measuring any-
where from a billionth to a millionth of a metre across ~are so
tiny that these can stay suspended indefinitely in a liquid or
even in air. By coupling these tiny objects to complex circuitry,
researchers hope to lay the groundwork for devices that could
be dispersed to carry out diagnostic journeys through anything
from the human digestive system to oil and gas pipelines, or
pe rhaps to waft through air to measure compounds inside a
chemical processor or refinery.
Michae-1 Strano, Carbon C. Dubbs Professor of Chemical
Engine-e-ring at MIT and senior author of the- s!Udy explains,
""We- wante-d to figure out methods to graft comple-te, intact
e-lectronic circuits onto colloidal panicle-s ...
These tiny robots are self-powe-re-d and re-quire no e-xte-rnal
power source or even internal batteries. A simple photodiode
provides the trickle of electricity that the robots' circuits need
to power their computation and memory circuits. This is
enough to let them sense information about their environment,
store that data in their memory and then later ha ve the data
read out afte-r accomplishing the-ir missio n.
3D printing of body parts to
commercialise medical training
3D-printed human body parts with life-like bone, skin and
muscle densities are being developed in South Australia as
te-aching aids for surgical training. Me-dical d e-vices can also
be designe-d with built-in pathoge-ns, such as tumours, bone-
fra cture-s or de-fe-ctive he-arts, to allow surge-ons and stude-nts
topractisespecificproce-dure-s.
According to Mark Roe, founde-r - Fuse-te-e 3D, the- main
bene-fit with this machine is that, human tissue de-ns ity can be-
replicate-d. Students can ope-rate on it, sew it and drill bones, so
it simulates a human cadaver. Density from bone-like to skin -
like to muscle-like can all be changed in the same print job
Roe says that although similar technologies a re being used
for research and patient-specific mode-lling at universities and
me-dical centres in North America and Europe-, his system is
the only purely commercial operation of its ki nd in th e- world
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
 -
IOKOOnQ" vono" '""'""''"

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I<KO!!O>> <><»"&<- Ytl!o<Ao({IO<IIOI""I>
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OOQO +971 4 308 6566/ YJ22/ 4(fi(J/ 6282/6077
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 Jj ~ ~~
AGRICULTURE

SMART AGRICULTURE And

AGRICULTURAL AUTOMATION

Vilayok
RamochandraAdkoll
is BE in industrial
proWctioo. He
was lecturer
inmechonic,j
dE!IIortmeot
fortoveorsin
three different
poj ytedmic;. Now,
heisofreelonce
writerondronoonist

griculture is an important sector in they can understand their micro-scale, con-

A a country's economy. !t fulfils the

Precisionogrkulture
ollowsfotml!rsto
cal/edondflllJ(tsS
dutainreoltime
andmabthl!best
dt!cislimswithll'flords
toplanting,fertili!iing
ondhon-estingcrops
demand for food of a nation. Sen-
sors play an important role in this sector.
These make agricultural work easier and
increase agricultural productivity
Agriculture is harnessing computer
hardware, software, electronic instru -
ments and control systems. Some related
areas are agronomy, horticulture, vet-
erinary medicine and food processing
Integrating sensors, electronics, control
and power systems, and ICf engineer-
ing for agriculture is a key enabler for
delivering improved food suppl y and
sustainable energy production without
increased burden on the limiled fertile land
bank. This exploration of non-trad ilional
technologies 10 improve global farming is
exuemely time critical.
Smart agriculture, also known as pre-
cision agriculture, allows farmers 10 max-
imise yields using minimum resources,
such as wa1er, fertilisers and seeds. By
deploying sensors and mapping fields,
serve resources and reduce impact on the
environment.
Smart agricul!Ure has ils roo1s going
back to 1980s when global positioning
system (GPS) capability became accessible
for civilian use. Once farmers were able to
accura1ely map their crop yields, they could
monilor and apply fertiliser and weed lreat-
ments only 10 the areas that required il.
During 1990s, early precision agricullure
users .:~dopted crop yield monitoring to gener-
.Jte fertiliser and pH correction recommenda-
tions. As more vari.:~bles could be measured
and entered the crop model, more accurate
recommendations for fertil iser application,
watering and even peak yield harvesting
could be made.
Agricultural sensors
Several sensing technologies are used in pre-
cision agricul!Ure. These provide data that
assist farmers to monitor and optimise crops
as well as adapt to changing environmental
factors. Some sensing technologies used in

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM

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precision agriculture are given below.
I. Location sensors use signals
from GPS satellites to determine lati-
tude, longitude and altitude within the
required are.:~. A minimum oi three
s.:~tellites are required to triangulate
a position. NJRNJG\IS?PCDTEI GPS
integr.:lled circuit (I C) is a good ex.:un-
ple oi location sensors.
2. Optical sensors use light to
measure soil properties. These measure
different frequencies of light reflec-
tance in near-infrared (IR), mid-IR and
polarised light spectra. Sensors can be
placed on vehicles or aerial platforms,
such as drones or satellites, to deter-
mine d ay, organic matter and moisture
content of the soil.
3. Electro-chemical sensors pro-
vide key information in the form of
pH .:111d soil nu trient levels. Sensor
electrodes work by detecting specific
ions in the soiL Currently, sensors
mounted on specially-designed sleds
are helping gather, process and map
soil'schemicaldata
4. Mechanical sensors me.1sure
soil compact ion or meclt.Jnic.Jl resist-
5. Dielectric soil moisture sensors
assess moisture levels by measuring
dielectric constant of the soil
6. Air flow sensors measure soil
air permeability. Me.1surements
can be m.1de at a single location or
dyna mically while in motion. Desired
output is the pressure required to
push a predetermined amount of air
into ground at prescribed depth. Vari-
ous types oi soil properties, including
compaction structure, soil type and
moisture level, produce unique iden-
tifying signatures.
Agricultural 1vcatll cr s tatio11 s.
These are sel f-contained units placed
at various locations throughout the
agricultural fie ld. These stations have
several sensors that are appropriate for
local crops and climate. Information
such as air temperature, soil tempera-
ture at various depths, rainfall, leaf
wetness, chlorophyll, wind speed,
dew point temperature, wind direc-
tion, relative humidity, solar radiation
and atmospheric pressure are meas-
ured and recorded at predetermined
levels. This da ta is analysed and sent
wirelessly to a central data server at
programmed in tervals. The st.Jtions
m SEPTEMBER 20t8 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ~ ~~
AGRICULTURE
are portable and less expensive, and
available a t anractive prices for farms
of all sizes
Smartpllone cools. A number of
smartphone tools can be adapted to
farming applications. For instance,
crop and soil observations can be
logged in the form of pictures, pin-
pointing locations, soi l colours, water,
pl.Jnt leaves and light properties.
Tools such as cameras, CPSes,
microphones, accelerometers, gyro-
scopes and smartphone applications
can greatly help farme rs. Using these,
they can identify crop diseases and
make diagnoses. They can even calcu-
late the amount of fertiliser required,
and study the soil and water.
In the developing world, roughly
500 million sma ll f.1rms produce
more tha n 80 per cent of the total
food consumed. Agricultural sensors
are becoming more widely accessible
around the globe. According to UN
projection, worldwide demand for
food will increase by SO per cent by
2050, and as such, precision agricul-
tural technologies for farmers will be
in dem.111d.
Crop breeders, researchers and
representatives from universities and
industries are discussing new and
improved ways oi breeding resistant
and highly productive crops
Harvests will have to exp.1nd to
feed a growing world population over
the next decades. To achieve the goal
without expanding cultivated are.1s
at the expense of the environment,
agricultural economists agree th.Jt
agricultural sensors can greatly assist
in this direction
Uses of agricultural sensors
in India
Several agricultural sensor-b.1sed
equipment have been developed by
agro-based electronic industries. For
example, Waspmote Agriculture Board
developed in India allows monitoring
of multiple environmental par.Jmeters
involving a wide range of applications.
For this, it has been provided with
sensors for measuring air and soil tem-
perature, humidity, solar radiation,
wind speed and direction, rainfall,
atmospheric pressure, leaf wetness,
and fruit or trunk diameter.
Up to 14 sensors can be con -
nected at the same time to a dendrom-
eter (device used to measure trees)
To extend durability of the device
aiter deployment, the equipment is
endowed with a solid-state switch,
which facilitates precise regulation of
its power, prolonging the life of the
ballel)'.
Agricuttur.Jl senso rs are slowly
taking foot in India. Vertical farming
is becoming popular in smart cities.
Drones are being used in large-scale
farming for insecticide and pesti -
cide spraying purposes. However,
these sensor-based devices are yet to
become popular in Ind ia. These need
government assistance and large sub-
sidies in prices.
lndi.1n Space Rese.1rch Organiza-
tion (ISRO) has developed an Android-
based application tha t collects real-
time information to assess the damage
caused to agricultural crops due to
hail storms. This application allows
the fanners to process faster insur-
ance claims. 11 is cu rren tly used for
rice and conon crops in the states of
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana
and Maharashtra
India faces various challenges
in applying smart farming and the
Internet of Things (JoT) in agriculture
Internet connectivity and avail.:~bit ­
ity is a major challenge. Then, there
are aspects like presumption .1mong
vendors about Indian customers
not being ready for advanced prod-
ucts. This results in drastically tow
aw.:~reness regarding loT devices and
systems among consumers. Also, the
infrastructure required for the smooth
functioning of loT devices, such as
smart grids and traffic systems, are
far from ready. This further hinders
the growth.
Among the technologies invented
in the p.:~st few decades, smart phones
have gained the largest market share
in the Indian agricultural industry
This is due to their usefulness, ease
of use and afiordability. Rural farm-
ers in India are constrained by .1 tow
level of literacy and lack of exposure
to software interfaces. Therefore it is
necessal)' for smart phone application
developers to target farme rs white
developing agricultural applications
Mobile -operated solar -based
pumps reduce the cost of electricity
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for farmers. e-Fences- slowly becom -
ing popular in rurallndia - help them
save their crops from animals like
elephants
Vertica l farming gaining
popularity in smart cities
Vertical farms have the potential to
generate more yield than traditional
ones in smaller spaces, using trays of
crops stacked on top of each other
These also reduce C01 emissions and
eliminate the need for vehicles to
transport food over long distances
Verticil! farms rely on sensor data
to establish and maintain ideal grow-
ing conditio ns. Moisture, pH and
temperature sensors and more provide
thousands of da ta points that help
farmers improve the quality of crops
and grow larger quantities
Food inflat ion is a persistent
problem in Indian economy. While
demand patterns are predictable,
estimating supply is a challenge. The
cause of sudden, unpredictable and
sharp rise in food infl.Jtion is usually
due to lack of requisite and timely
supply.
We often see higher price volatil-
ity in perishable crops like potatoes,
tomatoes, coriander .Jnd onions. In
recent times, even staples like oil
seeds and pulses have shown sharp
price fluctuations. The solution to this
problem is timely availability of data
for sowing, harvesting and producing
loT-based devices can provide such
data accurately.
Use of drones and robots
Smart agriculture can be revolution-
ised by the use of drones and robot-
ics. According to a recent report, the
market for agricultural robots and
drones is expected to reach US$ 35
billion in the next five years
Rese<Hchers are experimenting
with different w.Jys of using drones in
agricultu re. For growers, one exciting
application area is crop imaging. Using
drones equipped wi th multispectral
sensors, farmers can survey their land,
take images that reveal information
like fertility of specific patches of soil,
determine the a mount of water the
crops need and more
In the past, fa rmers had to rely on
satellite imaging to get detailed maps
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
AgBor 11. a solar-pow8t1)d micro robot (Credit IVWW.youtube.com)
of their land. This process oiten took
14 days. With drones, the same can
be carried out as and when the farm-
erswant
Agricultural drones can be used
for:
• Monitoring plant health
• Counting plants
• Spraying insecticide and pesti-
cides on crops
• Scheduling seeding/harvesting
• Classifying management zones
• Reducing usage of scarce
resources
• Recording data forfutureanaly-
sis
• Increasing yield s by using
resources effectively
Some rea l-life applications of
robots for sman farming are given
bel%: rsery planting. There is a
rising need ior nursery automation
Companies like HETO Agrotechnics
and Harvest Automation provide
automation sol ut ions for seeding,
potting and warehousing for plants in
greenhouses
Crop seeding. Autonomous preci-
sion seeding combines robotics with
gee-mapping. A map is gener.Jted th.Jt
shows different properties (qu.Jlity,
density, etc) at every point in the field .
A tractor with robotic seeding attach-
ment places the seeds at precise loca-
tions and depths, so that each seed has
the best chance of grow ing.
Crop monitoring aud analysis.
Drone-making companies like Preci-
sion Hawk offer farmers packages that
include robotic hardware and analysis
software.
Ground-based robots, like Boni
Rob, provide detailed monitoring as
these can get closer to the crops. Some
robots can also be used for tasks like
weeding and fertilising
AgBot 11 is a solar-powered micro
robot. This spraying robot uses com-
puter vision technologies to detect
weeds and to spray targeted drops of
herbicide onto these
Lettuce Bot is a thinning robot that
uses computer vision to detect lettuce
plants as it drives over these. lt decides
at that moment which plants to keep
and which to remove.
Wall-Ye, an autonomous vineyard
robot, can prune grapevines. The com-
pany behind Wall-Ye has developed a
blueberry pruning robot, too
Researchers are also developing
robots for picking, harvesting, shep-
herding, herding and milking
Conclusion
Agricultural sensors have been invent-
ed to meet the increasing worldwide
demand for food. These are simple
to use, cheap and help collect and
apply data, so that resources c.Jn be
used most efficiently. The sensors are
contributing to solutions that extend
beyond farms, including pollution,
global warming and conservation.
Autonomous farm vehicles can use
improved wireless data transmission
and acquisition from smarter, smaller
unmanned aerial and unmanned
ground vehicles. OD
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
 LIVE WIRE
Electronics
ISO 9001:2015 COMPANY

LWI Electronics Inc.

62, 14th Cross, I Block, R.T. Nagar, Bangalore 560032, India
TeVFax: +9 1-80-23530578, 23540578,23633578,23541578,23541579
Branch Office Fax: +91-80-23539578
Cell: +91 -9844048366, 9901499900, 984400361 1. 9901 199900
Email: sales@livewireinfo.com
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For jobs/career contact: hrOiivewireinfo.com

• I:: !!D·

FLEX And RIGID-FLEX PCBs
RigUH ieMclrroib
combine the best of
both-rigid boards
ondflexlblecircu/U-
integroted together
ilttoonec/rcult
Slandardbuildupforrigid-flexPCBs
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj @~~
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
eliability is important for electronic
R devices. Hence, .1 substantial number
of electronics' manufac1urers focus on
the reputatlon of their brand. For example,
connectors often come with deficient perfor-
mance and can aiiect overall performance of
cable assemblies.
One solution for avoiding quality and
reliability issues arising due to connec-
tors and cables is to use flexible solutions,
especially for printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Rigid-flex PCBs are ideal for connecting two
or more PCBs.
Benefits of using rigid-Hex PCBs
Various benefits of rigid-flex PCBs are given
below.
Repeatable installation and tvirc rout-
iug. Flex PCBs can be compared to discre!e
wiring, or ribbon cables. These eliminate wire
routing errors, and reduce text time, reworks,
rejects and service calls
L.oug duty cycles. Depend ing on the
buildup, flex circuits can be thi n, robust and
enough for a few million bending flexion
cycles without causing a ny da mages.
Hig/1 vibration and robust connections.
Under vibration and/ or high acceleration,
low mass and ductility of flex PCBs reduce
soldering joints failures.
Space and weight reduction . Flex circuits
c.Jn replace several wires, cables, hand bo.:~rds
"ii
·-··,·
"R" '""':'ril!us
:: :~::
Aexible
material PI
Rigid baSe
materiaiFR4
:: 1
and connectors in a minimum space area.
Flex PCBs save up to 60 per cent weight and
space, compared to rigid PCBs
Fast assembly. Flex PCBs eliminate the
need for colour codes and wrap bundles of
wires, reducing the chances of assembly
failures . These enable lower mounting times
for safely in production, especially for large
volumes.
Flexible. A combination of design free-
dom, space, weight and components saving
can reduce packaging requirements signifi-
cantly when using flex circui ts
Cost e ffective. Flex PCBs require a
smaller area and fewer parts for the final
assembled product.
Reliability and durabilit y. Flex circuits
can be built with materials that are suitable
to use in harsh operating environments.
Reliability can be increased by eliminating
interface connections (solder joints, con-
nectors, etc) . Flex boards cover
the conductors wi th polyimide
This dielectric protection is good
against ambient conditions and
envnonments.
Different Hex PCB
structures
There are two structures lhat
can be followed for flex PCB
development: symmetrical and
unsymmetrica l.
S y mmetrical st ructure.
Buildup is symmetrical in z
axis. Several flex parts can be
laminated with or without air
gap. This is the most common
structure used for rigid -flex
boards.
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Smart Factory
INNOVATOR IN ELECTRONICS

~ electronica India
Hall4, Booth EA11
Bangalore, BIEC
26-28 September 2018

• Learn more about our

· event by visiting:
1!1 · https://go.murata.com/elndia2018
Mu rata Cheerleaders
return to India this
Mu rata Electronics (India) Private Limited September!
www.murata.com
 Jj @~~

........
Usual PI
thickness
Intermediate
PllhK:kness
Unusual PI
thickness
"';m
TABLE 11
THICKNESS RANGE

'"'""
l2Jlm'7~ml
IIX\>m
~m/1 25!Jml
15<\;m
Standard

2to3times
the cost
Standard

2to4
months
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Un symmetricaf structure.
Buildup is not symmetrical in
zaxis
Designing rigid-flex PCBs
Raw material. Polyimide must
be used for flex parts. Standard
FR4 or high Tg material can be
mixed with polyimide l.1yers
for rigid parts. Fully-polyimide
material can be also considered
Uniflow prepreg is possible on other
layers.
Rigid-flex PCB. Rigid-flex PCB
must useadhesive·less foi ls. Adhesive-
less foils are 30 to 50 per cent more
expensive than adhesive foils. How-
ever, it is mandatory fo r the plating
process. Using adhesive-less fo ils is
expressly recommended by lP 2223 C.
Rigid PCB. As for rigid-flex PCBs,
two kinds of copper layers exist. One,
ior high tem perature. rolled anodised copper, which is more
otusual
thickness Prepreg is recommended to ductile and bel!er fo r dynam ic ftexion .
be no -!low around flex area. Second, electro·deposited copper that
has beuer resistance and is beuer for
fine lines.
TABLE Ill Rolled anodised copper is manu-
PROPERTIES OF COPPER factured by lamina tion between rolls.
Whereas, electro·de posited cop per
Elettrollepos1ted
is manufactured by copper electro-
deposition .
& sic design mles. There can be
Tensile strength 33 22 many possible designs and stackups
(KPSI)
15 40 40
'" 28
of rigid-flex PCBs, just as there can be
many possible errors while designing
Eklngatioo(%) 13 27
these. Material is costly and, hence,
Vat resistivity 1.66 1.62 1.62 1.78 1.74 1.74 design must help save costs by achiev-
(MOHM CM) ing the highest possible yield. PI mate-
rial provides the best thermal protec-
tion, but it has the worst mechanical
TABLE IV properties
TYPICAL DESIGN GUIDELINES Given below are basic guidelines
for designing rigid-flex PCBs.
Gu1dehne Good Bad Baking befo re so lderi ng . The
Conductorsootlex.yeasshOutdbestaggered,
main issue is moisture absorption.
alternating their locations. Complete baking is required before
soldering.
Flexibilirya nd bending radius.
Toincreaseoopperstrell;lth, designpadslargerthan • Single side: Six times flex thick-
access holes
ness
• Double side: 12 times flex thick-
Aculea~lesattheinterlacebetweenconduclorsand ness
padscof(;efllratestress.Avoidlhisusi~1illels. • Multi -layered: 24 times flex
Allpads-througtHlole<WidSMT- slxxlklbefilleted. thickness

••..
Padlilletsimproveetehedyieklandmalerial stre~th
Flexible solder UW8k or PI L"overlay.
• Flexible solde r mask for no
Having a radiusede<:rnerwilhinllexbendareareducesor
dynamic flexion
eliminalesstressoor.:::entratorsandimpro~reliability.
• PI cover lay for dynamic ftexion

Ap~ycrosshatching lohelplhecircuil retain l leKibi lity.

Conclusion
Even if rigid-flex PCBs are more expen-
sive than rigid boards, the solution is
lf(;Of]X)I"atetearstopsandreliefsforslrtsinlhecircurt a global one. Assembly cost can be
loprevent lear l romstMtingandpropagati~ . lower than when using a large number
of PCB types. Labour cost for manual
Copperstrandsshouldbeperpendicularlobending
operation can be avoided. And, reli-
lines, topreventtearingandscratching.
I ability can be increased. That is a real
gain. Rigid-flex PCBs are more com-
pact and technically adva nced. IDJ

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM

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 Jj b ~~
EMBEDDED
CLOCK GATING
For The Internet Of Things
he Internet of Things (loT) con -
T nects smartphones, desktop sys-
tems, smart sensors, smart auto-
mobiles, and the things embedded with
electronics like software, sensors and
actuators with the Internet. With rapid
advances in fields like soitware, semicon-
ductor and communication, hardware
miniaturisation has pushed the incorpo-
ration of intelligence and connectivity
into the sm:~llest of things like sensors
in clothes, to huge systems like automo-
Engin!!!!rslndio. biles, factories or even ci ties. Analysts
workingin O"l FPGA estimate that there will be 50 billion
d!!'>ignhoose.He
h!1Spubli5hed lnternet-connected devices by 2020, up
intemotionolpopers irom 25 billion in 2015. This predicted
onVLSiondnetworks explosion oi loT devices affects v.:~rious
evolving .:~nd growing markets as well as
entirely new applications.
This level of integration of intelligence
and connectivity requires highly-reliable,
highly-sec ure, high -periorrnance, low-
cost and low-power system boards and
integrated chips. Despite the variety
oi target applications, all such devices
demand low energy/ power consumption,
high reliability, connectivity, interoper-
ability, security and privacy.
Powerdissipatkm Further, while meeting these demands,
/so concern time-to-market is a cri tical metric that
while designing
high-performance determines whether an loT product
systems.. Clock will capture market share and, thus, the
gotingtec/mique
conbeusedto greatest revenue opportunity. Hence, a
reducl'power design methodology that meets design
goals while ensuring fast time-to-market
is crucial.
The loT encompasses technolo-
gies like machine-to-machine (M2M),
machine-to-infrastructure, machine-to-
environment, the Internet of everything,
the Internet oi intelligent things and
intelligent systems, among others. Cost
of loT products plays a disproportiona tely
important role in market viabi lity. Since
most loT applications are dri ven to pro-
vide cost-effective solutions, loT system
developers do not target newer evolving
protocols or technology nodes.
Battery -b acked -up devices ha ve
gained more popularity in the last few
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
years. This demands smaller form factor,
lower weight, inc rea sed battery life
and high performance. Architects and
designers h.we learned tha t there is no
single solution to the problem- power
optimisation needs to be considered at all
phases of the design life cycle, including
architecture, algorithms, technology, reg-
ister transfer level (RTL) design, backend
activities and so on.
Low-power techniques
Power dissipation is a conce rn while
designing high-performance systems
This makes clock signals a great source
oi power dissipation. High-frequency sys-
tems use a large number oi clock pulses
Consider a system that is fed clock pulses
to change its output. In most cases, pulses
go waste as output does not change. Thus,
extra clock pulses form a part of power
dissipation rather that adding to circuit
performance. Thus, there is a need for
clock gating technique, which c.Jn be
applied to reduce power.
It is better to consider power in .Jll
stages of the system: software .Jnd h.Jrd -
W.Jre design, irrespective of whether it is
.J system bo.Jrd design or a chip design.
For integrated circuit {JC) design ilow,
there are several stages in which low-
power design techniques can be used.
These include requirement s pecific.:~tion,
architecture design. RTL development,
synthesis activities and physic.Jl design
activities.
Architectural level
At the architectural level, designers make
decisions s uch as choosing cloc k fre-
quency, micro-architecture of design, par-
titioning the design with respect to clock
and so on. In this phase, they do not have
a lot of flexibility to reduce overall power
consumption
Following .Jre three architectural low-
power techniques used by designers:
I. Clock gat ing
2. Architectural dock gating
3. Dynamic frequency variation
WWW.E FYMAG.COM
 Jj bV
EMBEDDED
Clock gating
Low-power techniques come at the cost of speed, area and
performance. Based on the application or system require-
ment, these need to be carefully .:~dopted. In ..l system, a
significant portion of dynamic power is consumed by the
clock distribution network. Since clock buffers have the
highest toggle ra te in the system, these consume 50 per
cent or even more dynamic power. Further, these have
high drive strength to reduce clock delay.
In add ition, flip-flops receiving the clocks c.1n dissi-
pate dynamic power even though these are not switching
states. Designers can turn off the clocks for transistors or
flip -flops when not functional. This helps in reducing a
significant portion of dynamic power consumption, while
preserving the state oi transistors or ilip-flops
Clock gating methods . Following are the existing clock
gating methods:
I. Gating based on inactive blocks/ interfaces and
protocol-defi ned states
2. Architectural dock gating implementation
3. Software program entry and exit
4. Hardware-driven and exit

Consider a typical multi -bit ilip-flop logic with enable

(EN), as shown in Fig. 2. Updating of the ilip-flop is done
based on flip-fl op enable; otherwise, the old value is
retained
The same circuit c.:m be implemented with clock
gating logic, a s shown in Fig. 2. Clock gating reduces
a significa nt a mount of dynamic power consumed by
the circui t. it also saves additional power a nd area by
reducing the need for multiplexer logic at inputs of the
flip-flops. This technique makes use of negative edge
latch and AND gate to implement clock ga ting
Today, most of the latest technology libraries include
clock gating cells. Implementation tools can use these
cells to perform auto-insertion operation oi clock gati ng
cells to reduce a considerable amount of dynamic power
consumption
Architectural clock gating
Architectural clock gating in RTL is a configurable option
in all versions of Cortex-M3
In rip!, it is controlled by several definitions and
descriptions oi licensees oi the RTL.

WWW.EFYMAG.COM

defmeCORECLOCKGATE
In r2p0, it is controlled
by the single CLKGATE_
PRESENT parameter
for each instan tiation of
Cortex-M3, as described
in Cortex-M3 integra-
tion and implementation
manu.:al available to RTL
licensees. Control of clock
gating is inferred from
circuit activity. To mini-
mise power consumption,
ARM recommends the
use of both architectural
clock gating a nd leaf cell
clock gating, inferred by
synthesis tools for ASIC Fig. 2: Typical multi-bit flip-flop logic with Bnabie
(chip) implementation by
RTL licensees
For FPGA prototyping, clock
gating can cause some difficulty and
inconvenience. However, as the ben-
efit is relatively small in FPGA proto-
types, it makes sense to de-con figure
clock gating in this case.
Architectural clock gating is a
context-aware technique to deter-
mine functio nal idle period to opti -
mise power. While designing the
architecture, designers can identify
the blocks for which clocks can be
turned off under certain conditions.
These cond itions must be auto-
detected by RTL or programmed
through the software. Then, clocks
can be turned off for that block,
thereby reducing significant amount
of dynamic power
Architec tural clock gating is
mainly based on foreseeing which
part of the design will be inactive
under what condit ion, and gate that
part of the design accordingly. It can
evolve in two ways: clock gating
based on protocol/design of lP during
implementation, and analyse design
power after implementation and opti-
mise power using dock gating.
Programmable dock gating is
done via a use r programmable
control register that determines the
entry and exi t of clock gating. This
method is useful if exit and entry
durations are high (considering soft-
ware latency)
A disadvantage to this method is
that, while disabling clock gating,
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj b ~~
EMBEDDED
if software latency is too high, it
may lead to func tional errors. A
modification to the method is to use
software for entry and exit using
additional wakeup logic. Further
modification is to provide a control
register bit to enable clock gating
for safety purposes, and logic for
entry and exit.
Adaptive clock gating can be
applied if complete lP is modelled
into a single fini te state machine
(FSM) with severa l states. These
can be divided into working and idle
states. In this method, designers can
gate the clock to complete lP during
idle state.
There .ue no architecturally -
defined FSMs. This method is used
for a floating point ALU, which has
several pipelines. When there are no
instructions in the bus, it is used for
gating the clock, assuming it is in
idle state of lP.
In most IPs based on standard
protocols, protocols themselves
define the idle states for low-power
mode. This method is helpful for IPs
having single clock domain. These
days, most !Ps have multiple clock
domains, which have scenarios
where one clock domain is inactive,
while the other is active. In those
cases, it is not easy to gate the clock
using this method.
Dynamic frequency variation
Dynamic frequency variation is a
technique in wh ich frequency of
a particu lar block is
dynamically increased
to perform some opera-
tion. Once the opera -
tion is fin ished, clock
frequency is decreased
to o r iginal low fre-
quency. For example,
12C controller appli -
ca tion imerface nor-
mally operates at lower
frequency, but during
da ta transfer, applica-
tion interface clock fre-
quency ca n be dynami -
cally increased to finish
data transfer quickly.
Thus, average dynamic
power consumption is
reduced. The system
can be made low power by consid-
ering low-power RTL design, gate-
level optimisation, freque ncy islands,
power gating, multi-supply voltage,
multiple threshold voltage, dynamic
voltage scaling and so on
Most loT applications use existing
protocols such as USB and 12C, and
ultra-low power fabrication processes.
Given that most loT devices are
ballery-powered, small power budg-
ets are a strict design requirement. To
this end, designers must take care of
implementing low -power strategies at
every level of abstraction, including
inter-chip communication, SoC micro-
architecture and technology node.
lP vendors are also updating their
designs to meet the specific needs of
the loT market. Some popular low-
power approaches that have been in
use for some time are: clock gating,
gate-level power optim isat ion, muhi-
VOO, multi-VT, power gating and
adaptive voltage sca ling. Reducing
dynamic power is a major design focus
for specialised loT-optim ised ultra-low
power fabrication processes
Clock gating can reduce dynamic
power consumption applied at both
front-end and back-end design phases
It can broadly be implemented at reg-
ister or architectural level. With recent
advancements in EDA tools, clock
gatingat register level is handled more
efficiently. Clock gating is deployed
at architecture level based on spe-
cific conditions unique to design and
usage.
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
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SPARR
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An Embedded Systems, Networking & Communication Products Company

•·4•11§2·1;1;8
• Controller Boards
• Protocol and Interface Converters
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2 Series Module

Traffic pattern between M2M
Traific pallern between M2M in
major loT applications can be mainly
modelled into three types: periodic
update, event-driven and paylo.:~d
exchange.
Periodic update is used in non-
real-time and event-triggered applica -
tions at regular time p.merns. Exam-
ples are smart meter readings such
as cooking gas, electricity and water.
Evem-driven is used in real time
or non real time, based on event
monitoring. f.xamples include alarms
and emergency alerts.
Payload exchange is used in
response to the previous periodic
update or event-driven traffic. This
model shows that most loT applic:~ ­
tions do not have continuous traific
all the time. Th is allows designers
to think about using power-saving
methods efficiently at protocol or
architectural level
Most architecture- or protocol -
level implemema tion s based on
standard connectivity protocols com-
prise active states (with and without
traific) and low -power states. lt
is common to implement payload
exchange to save power during
protocol-defined low -power states.
But during active states with mini-
mal or no traffic, payload exchange
cannot be used, because latencies in
switching off power and powering it
back on often exceed protocol time-
outs for entry and exit. Therefore to
reduce power during active state,
clock gating is used at architectural
level. This can be achieved based on
traffic pa nern.
For transfers that are carried
out in bursts, it is possible to enter
low-power state when there is no
traffic and save power. But in case of
periodic transfers, the device needs to
remain in active state. When it is in
active stale for applications such as
tracking/ monitoring systems, traffic
may not be present for the complete
period.
Clock gating can be used effec-
tively to save power when there is no
traffic, if implemented prudently. In
this approach, instead of relying on
protocol-specific low-power states to
perform dock ga ting, efficient ways
m SEPTE MBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONJCS FOR YOU
Jj b ~~
EMBEDDED
for specific blocks are defined based
on the internal architecture
Consider USB2.0 protocol as an
example. lt comprises active states
(with and without traffic) and low-
power modes such as Ll / L2 (sleep/
suspend). During low-power mode,
USB sub-system (controller and
physical layer) can e nter physical
layer or clock gating depending on
entry and exit duration. When USB
sub-system is in active state, physi -
cal layer power is 20 to SO times
controller power.
Traditionally, e ffort s have been
made to reduce physical layer active
power. But, there is a fundamental
limit beyond which it is not easy to
reduce physical layer power during
active traffic.
Efforts have also been made
on reducing physical layer power
when controlle r/ physical layer
sub-system is not functionally used
in the system and during suspend
conditions. During L2 (long duration
of entry and exit), amount of power
consumed by the su b-system can
be very low due to controller power
gating and physical layer low -power
techniques. But many use cases
cannot make use of USB L2. Operat-
ing system support for USB L2 has
been slow.
Transition time between active
and suspend is often 100 + millisec-
onds in practice. When USB applica-
tions require much lesser response
transition time than L2, these take
advantage of Ll. During L1, physi-
cal layer power c.:~n be reduced by
more than 99 per cent by appropriate
choice of active/ idle transition times
But controller sleep power is not sig-
nificantly reduced with traditional
dock gating.
A controller has limited power-
saving capability due to its require-
ment to w.::~ke up fast from sleep.
Hence, it cannot power gate. In prac-
tice, this me.1ns a controller's sleep
power is 10 to 20 times the physical
layer sleep power. Clock gating han-
dles power saving when there is no
traffic and during low-power modes
Clock gmiug metf1ods or traffic
pnttem between M2M.
I. EDA TICG (register level)
2. Architectural clock gating
EDA TICG. Curren tly, EOA tools
provide clock ga ting o ptions during
synthesis. This is an e ffi cient way of
inserting register-level clock gating
cells with minimal eiiort. The tool,
based on RTL coding style, detects
synchronous load-enable registers
(flip-flops th.11 share the same clock
and synchronous co ntrol signals)
and inserts clock gating cells with
synchronous cot11 rol signals as
enable condition to the correspond -
ing clock.
For Design Compiler tool, auto-
matic insertion of clock gating is
done. For example, ii RTL is coded as
below, DC checks the synchronous
load enable signal clk_en in all pos-
sible flops and then uses clk._en as
one of the enable conditions to gate
corresponding flops
a.lways@ Cposedgeclkorneqed\lareset J
begin
if (reset••l ' bOJ//asynchronousreset
q<•32 'd0 ;
if (clk_en ) //synchronousloadenable
q<- d ;
This method can be used for all
existing IPs. 11 provides optimal power
saving to !Ps that have a large register
count
First, synthesise the lP and then
analyse register count. 1i there is a
large register count, reduce large
dynamic power. If there is synchro-
nous load enable(s) in the design,
analyse gated and unga ted register
reports in the JP. If possible, check
ungated registers to see ii there is a
way to change RTL coding style so
that the tool can gate it. Manually
estimate the power saved in the JP
for gating certain registers using
the tool. Compare this by chang-
ing all ungated registers with gated
registers
Using this method, in most cases,
efforts involved in changi ng ungated
register to gated register is high. In
some cases, it is not easy to modify
the coding style, while some registers
(CDC synchronisers) may not have
synchronous load enables. Therefore
power saving from TICG does not give
a completely optimal value, but there
can be further power reduct ion in all
cases. OD
WWW.E FYMAG.COM
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 Jj ev
TECH FOCUS
MOBILE MONEY:
The Age Of Digital Payments
DEEPSHIIHA SIIIJI(LA
Mobilemonerlson onsumers today demand a higher level
elertronlcwollet
SBI'icethatal/ows
USetStiiSfat@.Si!fld
andrwi'lwmoni'y
usingtheirce//phone
C of convenience and choice in how_ they
manage payments and transacllons.
They want speed, round -the-dock access,
real-time information, and ilawless and secure
execution. More than any other technology,
mobile banking is driving this revolution.
The mobile money model entails provid-
ing financial services such as payments and
banking, transferring money or paying for
goods and services through a mobile device.
Using this solution, money can be transferred
almost anywhere, even when there are no
banks nearby, increasing accessibili ty in rural
areas. it enables cashless payments, reduces
dependency on cash and allows tracking of
transaction records.
A digital wallet is a virtual wallet that
stores all contents in a digitised format and
allows easy payments and other money-relat-
ed transactions. it can hold money, coupons,
loyalty points, value and membership cards.
Basics or a mobile money platform
In this system, cardholders can access their
accoun t informa ti on, check balances and
transfer funds easily using their cellphones.
In addition, they can self-manage activities
and monitor fraud with specialised alerts. The
system operates as a Back-end as a Service
model from a secure cloud, with oiierings
Fig: 1: Mobil8
1110fl6yim6ffaaJ such as:
(Credir:GSMA) 1. Automated user
r-==;;;;-- - - --;=;;o;--, and merchant onboard-
ing
2. e-W..Jllets
3. Card payments
~
llll l acquiring and clearing
for merchants
4. Affiliates manage-
ment
5. e-Shop integration
~===~~~~~===~
7. Closed- and open-
loop card scheme man-
6. Payment switch
agement
8. Mobile money and
mobile ban ki ng
m SEPTEMBER 20t8 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
9. Peer-to-peer loans
10. Remittance solutions
The target audience in a mobile money
model are banks, mobile network operators
(MNOs), payment gateway providers, pay-
ment processing agents, payment platform
providers, mobile subscribers and customers
There are various transaction modes in
this model, such as NFC/ smart cards, direct
mobile billing, mobile Web/ WAP p.lyments,
SMS, STK/ USSD, mobile apps, IVRS .Jnd
others like Wi-Fi , QR codes and Bluetooth
Three examples of mobile money solu-
tions are:
Alepo is a complete mobile money solu-
tion, which offers functionalities like peer-to-
peer (p2p) money transfer, cash-in/ cash out
(from b.:~nks, credit cards and agen ts). inter-
national remittances, merchant payments,
government subsidy distribution, enterprise
payments, micro-s..Jving, m icro-c redit,
reciMrge and bill p..1yments, among others
Obopay offers payment products, solu-
tions, services and business consulting to
companies across sectors, such as telecom,
banking and retail. The company has played
a key role in digitising payments in vari-
ous countries in Africa (including Uganda,
Kenya, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Cameroon,
etc), Latin America, South East Asia and
the Middle East. Jt has handled three billion
transactions with zero fra ud cases and zero
variance. Its Evolys platform is available in
10 languages, such as English, French, Span-
ish, Arabic and Sw..1hili
Thailand-based DeeMoney is positioned
as .:1 flexible and API-friendly remittance plat-
fonn for both inbound and outbound money
transfer services. Its mobile a pp has the flex -
ibility to pay for an order in three ways.
I. Bank account (direct debit)
2. K Plus (Kbank mobile banking a pp)
3. QR/barcode (paymen t using any
mobile banking app, wallet or bank ATM
using QR and bill payment platform)
For inbound services, customers can pick
up cash at OeeMoney outlets and deposit the
same into any bank account.
WWW.E FYMAG.COM
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Components of the
mobile money model
Mobile banki ng is conducted through
a technology platform developed by
a mobile financi,J! service (MFS) pro·
vider. While it is e.Jsily conducted on
smart phones, this model has a simple
interface that can be used on the most
basic cell phone, m.1king it .1ccessible
to people living at the base of the
pyramid.
Most serv ices can be accessed
through SMS, so people are not reli-
ant on an Internet connection. In
most cases, no user fee is charged
for registration or making deposits,
transfers and cashing-out services.
Since companies have designed their
platforms to work with even the most
basic phones, in some cases, voice-
based systems are integrated into the
service to ensure that those who are
not tech-savvy or are under-educ.:~ted
can also benefit
MFS providers set up and devel·
op technology platforms to enable
mobile money services. But, there
are a number of critical partnerships
required for it to work successfully.
1. If the company is not an MNO
itself, then partnering with operators
is critical. Most MFS providers part-
ner with several operators to ensure
their service is available as widely as
possible.
2. The financial regulator of the
country where the service is in opera-
tion needs to provide a licence to the
company to offer the MFS
3. Businesses that ofier banking
services need to find banking partners.
Security feat ures
Reduced transaction failure leads to
higher customer satisfaction. In the
mobile money model, a mobile PIN
(mPIN) is required to make money
transfers and other functions to reduce
the risk of fraud. In cases of theft or
loss of smartphone, the subscriber's
wallet amount cannot be used without
entering mPIN. The application must
be compliant w ith regulatory and
industry standards.
Some mobile money applications
also include a PCI-complia nt platform
and triple-DES password encryption
with hardware security module key
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONlCS FOR YOU
Jj ev
TECH FOCUS
exchanges. There is also an imple-
mentation of internal risk and fraud
management suite augmented with
external APis.
Different platforms have different
security features and follow difier-
ent protocols as per the regulation
set by their country's government
For example, Alepo mobile money
system follows Paymem Application
Data Security Standard (PA-DSS).
Rafael Avigad, vice president - mar-
keting, Alepo Technologies, says,
''Blockchain-based led ger improves
security by prov iding a simple audit-
ing mechanism for regulators as well
as making the ledger tamper-proof for
participating parties (partners, regu-
lators, internal auditors and so on).
Additionally, mu lti-fa ctor authen-
tication, cryptog raphi cally -secure
personal d.Jt.J, and tokenisation of
payment methods and credentials
are used.
Shailendra Naidu Somarouthu,
chief executive officer, Obopay, says,
"Our processing platform embodies
various back-end functions and logics
to drive payments. lt is based on Java2
Enterprise Edition (J2EE) foundation
and supported by a highly-reliable
Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC)
database env ironment. lt includes
services such as know your customer
(KYC). fee engine, velocity limits,
reporting and vario us .1dapters to
fi11.1ncial institutions and payment
networks."
Open AP!s with high security
promtse se<:ure encrypt1on to prevent
fraud (through hardware security
modules). multi-factor authentication
and a variety of processes to deliver a
PCJjSAS-compliant technology plat-
form that meets the highest standards
and best practices for the payments
industry.
Aswin Phlaphongphanich, chief
execu tive officer, SawasdeeShop Co.
Ltd, Thailand, says, "Since we part-
nered with leaders from countries
like Malaysia, we .1dopted simil.1r
processes and standards in our opera-
tions, to ensure the same operating-
level procedures. We follow the same
IT guidelines for data centres, disaster
recovery, network securities and
system se<:urities as do all banks in
Thailand. This is strictly governed and
monitored by Bank of Thailand under
licence regulations.~
How mobile money system
works
Avigad says, "The mobile money
system consists of components that
allow interoperability, a unified rules
engine that ensures regulatory compli-
ance .Jnd helps drive commissions .Jnd
incentives, and a blockch.1in-b.Jsed
private ledger that improves audit-
ability and multi-factor engagement
in the ecosystem. To fulfil! various
operations, the mobile money system
interfaces with various util ity billers,
banks, payment gateways and other
components of the ecosystem. The
customer can use the system for these
functions.
"Alepo mobile money, however, is
not a cryptocurrency system . It relies
on liquidity being maintained by hold-
ing the equivalent .Jmount of money
as th.Jt which is circula ting in a third-
party account
Somarouthu add s, "Developers
can leverage open APls 10 create
and deploy Obopay widgets easily.
Moreover, Deploy Once, Run Global
model offers economies of scale for
payment initiatives and a single-core
platform for powering carrier money
and customised partner deployments
in a multi-country, multilingu.Jl envi-
ronment.
Phl.Jphongphan ich explains,
"There .Jre three simple steps to com-
plete payment and money transfer
in a mobile money system. Simply
download the app, complete e-KYC
and remit money. On completing the
transaction on the app, customers
receive thee-invoice via SMS, which
helps them track the tr.Jnsaction."
Advantages of mobile money
in evolving markets
Most credit c.Jrd com panies charge
a 2.5 to 3 per cent transaction fee.
Eliminating the card lowers this cost.
Mobile money has low tr.1nsaction
costs with improved se<:urity. It gener-
ates new employment opportunities
and creates a platform on which other
businesses can grow.
Mobile money services have
reduced customers· reliance on cash,
thus increasing their financial security
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and reducing the inherent risks of cash
handling, such as loss, theft or fraud
Customers need not use middlemen for
money transfers anymore and, there-
fore experience increased transparency
Mobile money allows easy access
for customers who would otherwise
have to travel long distances to send
and receive money or pay bills. Pur-
chasing online goods and services has
become easier. There is also an option
for manual or au tomatic payouts
and inclusion/ exclusion of blocked
accounts.
Mobile money provides banking
services to ou t-of-reach, low-income
people who are geographically inac-
cessible. These platforms can be
accessed through most basic cell -
phones, have low transaction costs
and are distributed by vast networks
of agents tha t provide person -to -
person contact and training to those
unfa miliar with the technology.
Government regulations for
making mobile money model
a success
The Indian government is working
with major MNOs to send payments
for welfare schemes directly to peo-
ple's phones. Non-bank providers of
mobile money services can also help
in improving fi nancial inclusion. So,
the government is selling up more
enabling regulatory frameworks .
I. An open and level-playing field
allows non-bank mobile money pro-
viders to opera te freely in the market.
2. Regulations ensure that custom-
er funds are protected by non-bank
providers, who are licensed to provide
mobile money services.
3. There are regulations involved
with interoperability, such as ensuring
compliance and KYC rules
4. Establishment of a collabora-
tive and consulta tive environment
between regula tors and private pro-
viders is found to be an important pre-
condition for a successful regulatory
framewo rk.
Development challenges
Low levels of financ ial and technologi-
cal literacy among target customers
have made demand a difficult proposi-
tion for busi nesses. Person-to-person
interactions a nd demonstrations,
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ev
TECH FOCUS
F1g. 2: Types of digital p<Jyments (Crodit: Bank
otG198C8)
integrated trainings and developing
easy-to-use products have helped
overcome this
Lack of interoperability between
networks is a key constraint in some
areas. Being able to use the service
on only one network restricts reach
and makes transactions cumbersome
Mobile money requires compel -
ling use cases to bring customers
onboard. Adoption of mobile money
usually requires multi-party involve-
ment (agents, governments and cor-
pora tions). Hence, a system that can
support a wide variety of use cases
and facilitate trus\ between various
organisations is needed.
Multi-regula tion, socio-political-
economic environment differs from
region to region. Hence, the solution
should be customised to adhere to all
of the above
The roadmap for mobile
mon ey
Avigad concludes, "Eventually, e-pay-
ments will take over the cash com-
pletely. Bu t it will take time.
··tnthecomingdays, mobile money
will play an important role in micro-
fin ance, which covers services like
micro -saving, micro-credit, micro -
insurance and so on. The lines between
mobile money and traditional financial
services will continue to blur, and the
number of non-fina ncial institutions
entering the space will increase"
Somarouthu adds, "Over the last
few years, India has experienced
exponential growth in digital financial
transactions. What began primarily
as a convenient mode of payment for
booking cabs and ordering meals has
expanded in to a necessity, especially
post demonetisation of o l d ~ 500 and
~ 1000 bank notes, in November 2016
From bill payments to buying grocer-
ies, the country has come a long way
in accepting, adapling a nd, eventually,
preferring digital money over cash."
The government has been pushing
digital payments in a much stronger
manner now. This has resulted in
significa nt cha nges in consumer
behaviour. With focused government
policies, there is a sea of change in
the mindset of India n cus1omers and
enterprises.
Mobile money is experiencing
fast -track growth in Ind ian and inter-
national markets. It has disrupted
traditional banking and financial
systems.
Cost per transaction will follow
the universal law wherein it will keep
reducing until it hits a steady state and
the business model changes. Already
newer commercial models are coming
into play, offering unlimited transac-
tions fora flat fee
Phlaphongphanich agrees, "As
more consumers get the feel of the
cashless economy using mobile bank-
ing and mobile wallels, e-payments
will take over the cash completely.
Ease of transfer and cost to consumers
for using cashless services outweighs
the convenience and cost of using
cash. Merchants, mobile ba nking and
mobile wallets along wi th government
initiatives and policies to adopt this
technology will be major drivers.
"The future is digi tal banking or
digital fin a ncial pla tforms, where
financial services a re all integrated to
beller suit the requirements of a cash-
less economy. The financial industry
will see huge changes wi th the intro-
duction of decentralised services like
blockchain and digi1al assets being
introduced to consumers.
··surely, consumers w ill choose
lowest iees and most efficient services.
Thus, cost of trans.J.ctions will have
to be lowered, and branchless and AI
technologies to ca1er to this vision will
have to be adopted.·· l!iJ
WWW.E FYMAG.COM
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 Jj 0 ~~
DEFENCE ELECTRO NICS

lilllllil!llil
OPTRONIC SENSORS:
Applications In Detonics
ptronic sensors are at the core of a with a broadband laser radiation through a

O large number of optr~nic instrumen ~

tation setups used tor a variNy ot
applications in detonics. Some re presentative
examples include interferometric sensors
for blast pressure measurements, visar (an
acronym for velocity interierometer system
for any reflector) sensors for measurement
of surface velocity of solids, spectrometric
and spectroscopic sensors fo r measurement
of fireball temperature, chirped-fibre Bragg
grating (CFBG) sensors fo r measurement of
detonation velocity, and triangulat ion and
time-of-ilight sensors for measurement of
position and displacement caused by blast
loading and laser velocity screen for meas~
urement of velocity and aim ing accuracy of
projectiles of difierent calibres.
Beginning with a brief introduction to var-
ious techniques and related sensors, this con-
cluding part of the article focuses on optronic
triangulation and time-of-flight senso rs for
position and displacement mea surement
and velocity screen used for measurement of
projectile velocity.
Common optronic sensors with applica-
tions in detonics depend for their operation
on one or more of the follow ing techniques.
These include laser interferomet ry, laser
velocimetry,laser spectroscopy, spectrometry,
laser triangulation and laser time-of-flight
ranging. Laser velocity screen is also based
on time-of-flight principle, where time taken
by the projectile to travel a known distance is
used to compute projectile velocity.
Interferometric sensors
Interferometric sensors have demonstrated
tremendous potential in the measurement of
Beglttnlngwltho blast parameters such as peak-over pressure,
briefintroductionta
various techniques pressure-time history, deton.:~tion velocity,
ofldrelated~nsors. shock-wave phenomenon and so on. Fabry-
this concluding part of Perot cavity sensors, for example, can be used
theartickfocuSl!son
ontronktriongulation fo r the measurement of peak-over pressure
ond time ·of.flight and pressure-time history resulting from
SSI5Drs forpasition
onddlspJocement explosive blasts
meosurementond A pressure sensor comprises a fi bre-optic
ve/ocityMreenu5ed probe (Fig. I) .:~nd an interrogation system for
for measurement of
pro}edlleve/oclty Fabry-Perot cavity-based pressure sensor. The
duringdetonoticm system involves exciting the fibre-o ptic probe
fibre-optic coupler. A part of laser radiation
enters Fabry-Perot interferometer terminated
in a pressure-sensitive diaphragm. 1\vo laser
beams- one refle<:ting from the front face
and the other reflecting fro m the diaphragm
interfere- produce a fringe pattern. Interfer-
ence pattern is processed further to extract
pressure information in terms of peak-over
pressure and pressure-time history.
Visar uses laser interferometry to meas-
ure surface velocity of solid s moving at high
velocities. lt is a useful diagnostic tool for
measuring shock-wa ve velocity of malter
in extreme conditions, and is used in many
labor.:~tories as a tool to study high-pressure
shock. Visar me.:~sures changes in Doppler
shift of light reflected off a moving surface to
compute velocity and velocity-time history.
Doppler shift appears in the form of fring-
es. Measurements made at different times give
velocity-time history, which, in turn, gives the
shock-wave profile. Velocity is computed as
the product of magnitude of fringe shift and a
parameter called velocity per fringe.
Chirped-fibre Bragg grating sensors
A CFBG is a grating sensor having a peri-
odic pitch. Grating is characterised by three
import.Jnt p.:~rameters: grating period, refrac-
Fp cao;ity Oi&pt.-.gm
Fig. l : Pressurosensor
Greting spacingO.Crns.es
Del""'is la rgestfo<).,
FIQ. 2: $chematJC of grating m which grating period IS
incroasingliooarlywithlengthofgrating

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.E FYMAG.COM


'"'"' ~
puis~
Shorter wavelength<
Longer wavelengths
o""'
'-...~"'r.rJI,L--{;~,~
-.~.~~~~"'""''
·~· -
-~·--~.,~~~~;:!
- ~
~;:' ~ wavt!IMgllls
\:!::;)
';:;F~::-.3::-."'
u,..
=rlr-c
-:hi:";ped
==:-g:::~=,,.,c-------_j
Fig. 4: Atomic emission spectrometry for fireball
l6mp&raiUf9/Jl611SUf8/1100/
tive index and length of grating. Fig.
2 shows the schematic of one such
grating in wh ich grating period is
increasing linearly with the length of
grating. In this figure, A, < l.l < AJ < 1••
Another linearly-chirped grating
could have a linearly decreasing grat-
ing period {Fig. 3}. These gratings are
Bragg reflectors, and wavelength of
incident light that would be reflected
from a particular point along the
length of grating depends on the grat-
ing pitch at that point
As is evident from the CFBG
of Fig. 2, shorter wavelengths (or
higher frequencies) are reilected off
nearer poin ts and longer wavelengths
(lower frequencies) are reilected off
farthe r points. A sensor of this kind
can be very effectively used to meas-
ure position, velocity and pressure
resulting from a blast. 1t can also be
used to measure temperature due to
temperature dependence of wave-
length. lt measures total light return
of an incoherent or a broad band light
source reflected off a linearly-CFBG
sensor in contact with the explosive
(Fig. 3).
The circulator isolates input and
output optical signals. Assuming flat
emission and detection profiles over
CFBG length, the operation depends
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
JJ 0 ~I·
DEFENCE ELECTRONICS
on the linear relationship
between wavelength -
integra ted reflectivity and
CFBG length. Complete
instrumentationcomprises
a CFBG sensor and an
wavelengths interrogation system .
Spectroscopic sensors
Both atomic emJsston and
ultravio!N (UV) absorption
spectroscopy have been used for the
measuremem of fireball temperature
oi explosive blasts. While emission
spectrometry is effective for the
measurement of fireball surface tem-
perature, UV absorption spectroscopy
is eifective for the measurement of
temperature of fireball core. Atomic
emission spectrometry for fireball
temperature measurement makes
use of intensity o f light emiued at a
particular wavelength to determine
temperature (Fig. 4)
In the case of optically-dense
fireballs, temperatures derived from
emission measurements may be rep-
resentative oi only the outer edge of
the fireballs. Preferred method in such
cases is UV absorption spectroscopy,
which provides quantifiable informa- • 4Digit9999Counts
e TRMSAuto / ManuaiRanging
tion on the temperature of the core. e LCDWithBack»ght
Dye laser pumped by third harmonic e Upto999.9VDC
of Nd-YAG laser is generally used for e Upto 7'!1JV AC - TAMS
UV absorption spectroscopy. e Upto 9.999A DC I AC ·lAMS
e 99.990 - 9.999MQ (126BtTRMS)
Proximity sensors e 99.990 • 99.99MQ (135BtTRMS)
An optronic proximity sensor is a e 9.999nF - 9.999mF
type of laser rangefinder designed to e 99.99Hz - 9.999MHz
• 0.1%- 99"k
accurately measure relatively smaller
e -2Q"C- 1000"C (-4"F - 1832"F}
distances to target, as compared to (135B+TRMS)
those encoun tered in conventional e K Type ThenTIOCOI.Iple (Upto 260"C)
laser rangefinders used in tactical bat- (135B+TAMS)
tlefield applications, such as observa- e Non-Contact Voltage · NCV
tion, surveillance and fire controL (135B+TAMS)
A conventional battlefield laser • Square Wave Output 'fiJHz- 5000Hz
rangefinder measures distance to (126B+TAMS)
target. Range information is displayed Special Functions
to the observer when the device is (126B+TRMS & 1359+ TRMS)
• Diode tes~ Audible Continuty,
used in observation and surveillance
Data Hokl, Auto Power Off &
role, or fed to a fire control computer Low Battery Indicator
in a fire-control application. In the
case of a proximity sensor, processing Meco Meters Pnvate Ltmtted
circuitry generates a command signal Plo!NoEl-60MI0CEiac:ltonk:Zon.
nctrodus141Mn~
when distance to target is equal to the No~ M - .00710(1NOIA)
preset distance value within a certain Tel OC»I222~:~~:~J~~033111B(S0.)
specified tolerance. Em.I!I ~O~t.c:om
W.tl WWW""""*-!CO"Il
Command signal, in turn, could ConNic:I WHIIU• ., f 'f"
be used to perform a variety of control
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 m

L-. r; ~~
_ ""*"
- clock pulses counted between
Fig. 5: Basic principleofoperationoflasertriangul.ltion
proximitysensor
functions. In m ilitary parlance, the
most commo n application of a prox-
imity sensor is in a laser proximity
fuse where command signal is used
to initiate de tonation of warheads of
large artillery shells, aviation bombs
and guided missiles.
A number o f laser-based range-
finding techniques have been exploit-
ed successfully for building military
rangefinders. These include time-of-
flight, phase shift, and frequency-
modulated continuous-w.:~ve (FM-
CW) and tri .:~ngulation methods of
range finding. Suitability of each tech-
nique for a given application depends
on targeted range, desired range
accuracy, range update rate and so on.
In time-oi- fl ight technique, a
narrow pulse-width laser beam is
transmitted towards the intended
target. Target range or distance to
target (d) is given by:
d - (c><tr.t)/ 2
where d - target range (m), c - speed
of light - 3 x 10 8 m / s and at - time
interval between tr.:~nsmitted and
received laser pulses
Range acc u r.:~cy in this case
depends on receiver processing
speed, and rise and fall times of laser
pulses. Range is measured as the time
interval between rising or falling edges
of the transm illed pulse and the cor-
responding edge of the received pulse.
Uncertainty due to finite values of rise
or fall times causes range inaccuracy.
Received pu lse is processed in a high-
speed counter, and clock speed deter-
mines processing speed.
Time interval and, hence, range-to-
target is measured in terms of number
of clock pulses counted by the time
interval counter, that is, started by the
start pulse corresponding to the lead-
ing or trailing edge of the transmitted
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj 0 ~~
DEFENCE ELECTRONICS
~ ~~~~r ;~~~:; ~~~r:~~~~~1n~\~
the leadin.g or trailing edge of
the relevant received pulse.
In terms of number oi clock
cycles, dtstance-to-target is
given by:
d - (c x N)/ (2 x f w )
Here, N is the number of
start and stop signals, and fct.K
is clock frequency. Range
inaccuracy in this case is
given by ±c/ 2feu<
Worst -case range inJccuracy
equals one clock period. Range reso-
lution is determined by laser pulse
width, which implies that the laser
rangefinder based on time-of-flight
principle cannot disc riminate between
two targets separa ted in radi.:~l range
by a dist.1nce corresponding to the
distance travelled by light in a time
period equal to pulse width
In phase-shift technique of r.:~nge
finding, the laser beam with sinusoi~
dal power modulation is tr.:~nsmitted
towards the target, and the diiiused
or specular reflection from the target is
received. The phase of received laser
beam is measured and comp.:~red with
that of the transm itted laser beam.
Phase shift is 2it times the product
of time-of-flight and modulation fre-
quency. This allows computation of
time-of-flight and, hence, distance-
to-target from known values of phase-
shift and modulation frequency.
Higher modulation frequencies
can result in a higher spatial resolu-
tion. Phase-shift method appears
similar to time-of-ilight, as phase shift
is proportiona l to time-of-flight.
FM-CW laser range-finding tech-
nique is similar to the one followed
in the case of its radar counterpart,
that is, FM-CW radar. In this, fre-
quency of a narrow line w idth laser is
modulated w ith a ra mp or sinusoidal
signal, collima ted and then transmit-
ted towards the target. Received signal
corresponding to the reflected laser
beam, specular or diffused, is mixed
with the reference signal represent-
ing the transmitted laser beam. Beat
frequency produced as a result of
homodyne detection is used to derive
range information.
Dista nce-to-target (d) is given by
an
d - (jB )( c X TR) / (4 X
where / 5 is beat frequency, TR is ramp
waveform time period and aj is modu -
lation frequency bandwidth
In triangulation technique, range
is determined by using sim ple laws of
trigonometry. Fig. 5 shows the basic
principle of operation of a laser trian -
gulation proximity sensor. The sensor
has a transmitting channel usually con-
figured around a semiconductor diode
laser or a passively Q-switched diode
pumped solid-state m icrochip laser
along with associated transmit optics
and a receiving channel comprising
receiving optics, PIN or APD sensor,
and range-processing circ uitry.
As shown in the figure, transmitted
laser beam reilected from the target
located at three diiierent distances pro-
duces beam images tha t are dis placed
across the active area of the photo
sensor. The receiver is designed to
produce the focused laser beam spot at
the centre of the active area for preset
value of proximity dis tance
There will be a distance both longer
and shorter than the desired distance
where the focused beam spot falls just
outside the active area. Distance-to-
target (d) from the laser transmitter
location can be computed from known
values of length (I) between transmit-
ter and receiver and angles, (et) and
(~),using the following equation:
d .. (I x sin fl) / sin(et + ~)
Here, et is the angle made by line-
joining tra nsmitter and receiver and
line-joining transmitter and target,
and B is the angle made by line·joining
transmitter and receiver and line-
joining receiver and larget
This forms the basis oi operation of
a laser proximity sensor in general and
laser proximity fuse in particular. Per-
formance of a laser proximity sensor
can be enhanced by using an axially-
symmetric arrangement of multiple
aperture photo sensors, as shown in
Fig. 6. The design offers better bal-
listics due to centre o f gravity being
located on the longitudinal axis of the
ammunition round and higher signal-
to-noise ratio (SNR) due to averaging
of multiple return signa ls.
Theoretically, all these range-find -
ing techniques, namely, time-of-flight,
triangulation, phase-shift and FM-CW,
can be used to build laser proximity
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 JJ 0 ~I·
DEFENCE ELECTRONICS
compatible receivers. To
add to th is, these laser
modules are available in
diiierent wavelengths,
prom inent among these
being 905nrn, \064nm
and ISSOnm. One such
compact laser range-
finder module of DLEM
family from Jenoptik is
LOW COST
7"-:-:--:-:---'-""'-='=----,--,----;:c:--;-:--,--c---' shown in Fig. 7.
The latest addi - LCD I LED
tion to DLEM family,
DLEM-20 weighs just 33 grams and
MODULES
measures ranges up to 5000m with
an accuracy oi O.Sm. it measures

Fig. 7: Compact laser F"tg. 8: LDS30M from

rangefindermadu/8 Astech
ofDLEMfamilyfrom
Joooplik
sensors or laser proximity fuses . Tri-
angulation technique is be1ter suited
for designing laser proximity sensors
or fuses, as it can measure short
distances down to a few metres with
high accuracy. Range accuracy, how-
ever, fa lls off rapidly with increasing
distance. In some cases, time-of-flight
laser rangefinders have also been used
to build laser proximity sensors.
Time-of-flight laser
displacement or proximity
sensors
Recent advances in laser technology
have made possible the development
of highly-miniaturised laser transmit-
ters that can produce several tens of
kilowans oi peak power in Ins - 2ns
laser pulses. These lasers are also
capable oi range update rates in
excess oi 500Hz, which is an essential
requirement for proximity fuses used
in artillery shells and aerially-dropped
bombs
An artillery shell or an aerially-
dropped bomb has a travel velocity in
the range of 200mps - 500mps in the
terminal phase. At SOOmps, it travels
one meue in two milliseconds. This
implies that, minimum range update
rate to get a range resolution of one
metre is 500Hz.
Also, min iaturised optics and
high -speed APOs in SMO pack -
ages have led to the development of
SOmm >< 22mm >< 34mm. DLEM -20
is ideally suited for handheld and
weapon-mounted optronic systems.
:.a aa
Its usage as of now as a proximity
sensor or fuse may be limited due to
maximum update rate of 25Hz LC035
Another laser rangefinder module
for OEM applications that does not
have the limita tion of update r.Jie
is LDS30M from Astech (Fig. 8)
LDS30M is an 0£M laser module
intended for distance measurements
that require extremely fast data acqui -
sition. It provides up to 30,000 range LC135
measurements per second.
Specifications
Laser triangulation 3 Y.! Digits, 1999 3 Y.! Digits, 1999
displacement or proximity Counts (max.) Counts (max.)
sensors LCD LED
Laser triangulation sensors for build- LC035 LC135
ing proximity sensors or fuses are 0- 200mV DC
ava ilable as commerciall y-off-the- 0 - 2, 20, 200V DC
sheli (CarS) modules. These cover a 0- 2001JA DC
wide range of performance specifica- 0-2 , 20, 200mA DC
tions in terms of maximum measur- Auxiliary Power Supply
able distance, measurement accuracy, 9VDC :t 10% SVDC :t 10%
range update ra te and so on. Almost
all of these contain a solid -state laser
source, which is generally a semi - Applications
conductor diode laser, and a position • Ammeter • Watt Meter
sensing detector (PSD) or CMOS/ CCD • Voltmeter • LUX Meter
detector. • Thermometer • LCR Meter
A laser beam is projected on the • Power Supply • Capacitance Meter
target whose distance from the sensor • PH Meter • Other Industrial and
or whose surface dispL.1cement is • OB Meter Domestic uses.
to be mea sured under extraneous
stress. A fraction of laser beam
power is reflected towards the sensor.
meco mSTRUmEnls""Piii'VATE LTD
Plot No El1 M1DCEIIc1rtw"*:Zinl
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through focusing optics. As the target Emll sallsOmecoinsloom
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moves, the laser beam proportionally

WWW. EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTE MBER 2018 m


moves on the detector, as shown in
Fig. 9.
Detector signal is suitably pro-
cessed to determine relative distance
to the target. While CMOS and CCD
sensors detect pe.Jk distribution of
light qu.:111tity on a sensor pixel arr.:~y
to identify target position, PSD sensors
calculate beam centroid based on the
entire reflected spot on an array.
The sensor is interfaced to the PC.
Mul!iple sensors may be used when
the objective is 10 determine displace-
ment produced in a metal surface or
a structure under stress due to blast
loading or other similar effects. These
are connected through an Ethernet
interface card. Fig. 10 shows the
schematic oi a typical multi -sensor
instrumentation.
CCD and CMOS systems are typi-
Fig. 9: Laser beam proponionally mm4ng on
delod~
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj 0 ~~
DEFENCE ELECTRO NICS
cally more accurate over a wider vari-
ety of surfaces, because only the high -
est charged pixels from the reflected
beam are used to calculate position
Lower charged p ixels are usually
energised by unwanted reflections
from changing optical properties of the
surface being measured and can easily
be ignored during signal processing.
This allows these to be used in a wider
variety of applications.
cars laser triangulation sensors
with a wide range o f specifications of
ranging distance, distance accuracy
and range update rate are available
from many manufacturers. Some
representative modules from major
international manufacturers include
MICRaTRAK-3 from MTI Instruments
(Fig. ll), lLD-2300-200 from Micro-
Epsilon, HL-Gl from Panasonic (Fig.
12), LDE-HSseries from FAE (Fig. 13)
and IL-2000 from Keyence.
These laser triangulation sensors
represent a wide range of performance
specifications in terms of stand-off
range, measurement resolution and
sampling rate. Triangu lation sensors
with stand-off range approaching a
few metres, resolution approaching
~~~~~~:~;;:~:~~~ ,---=-----,
the order of a few
hundred kHz are
commercially
available for a
variety of indus- Fig. 11: MICROTRAK-3
trial applications. from MTIInstromenls
Laser velocity screen
A laser velocity screen is laser instru -
mentation comprising a two-dimen-
sional array of optronic transmiller and
receiver pairs. 11 is used for the meas-
urement of velocity of projectiles of
different calibres and travel velocities.
In addition to measuring projectile
velocity, the instrumentation setup.1lso
measures .1iming accuracy through the
measurement of x-y coordinates of the
projectile at two different pl.1nes that
are spatially apart and parallel to each
other, and orthogonal to the direction
of travel of the projectile.
A two-dimensional laser screen
may be created either by using sepa -
rate transmiller and receiver pairs as
shown in Fig. I4, or by using a \.1ser
transceiver unit on one side and .1 retro-
reflector on the other
Yet another approach could be to
employ a single transmiller, a single
receiver and multiple retro-reflectors
for each plane, as shown in Fig. IS
With laser screens of thi s type, one
cannot determine coordin.1tes and,
hence, aiming accuracy of the projec-
tile. Fig. 16 shows the block schematic
arrangement of different sub-systems
comprising laser velocity screen instru-
mentation
The integrated instrumentation
functions as follows. 1\vo screens are
mounted parallel to each other, and
spaced a known distance apan. In the
case of laser screens using separ.1te
transmitter-receiver pairs, e.1ch of the
two screens has two sets of linear semi-
conductor laser diode arrays located at
right angles to each other in the same
plane. Each linear array is aligned to
a corresponding linear array of silicon
PIN photodiodes. Assuming Cartesian
coordinate system and that the centre of
screen is the origin, we get two sets of
co11imated laser beams, one parallel to
x-axis from linear arrays of laser diodes
and photodiodes placed along y-axis,
and the other para11el toy-axis obtained
from linear arrays of laser diodes and
photodiodes placed along x-axis.
The number of laser diode modules
in the linear array, which is equ.1l to the
number of photodiodes, and the size
oi collimated laser beam are so chosen
that at least one laser beam is inter-
rupted by the smallest calibre projectile
passing through it. As the projectile
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
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,---------------, ~~~at;~~101~~g~~irt::~:
L---,--:,---,-----,-----,--,,-------_J
passes through the first laser screen,
it cuts across one or more laser beams
parallel to x-axis and one or more
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
given array size can be
further improved by
using .1 suitable inter-
Features
e TRMS using Micro-Conlroller
spatiall y apart from
• 40ig~ I 9999Counts (Max .)
the first screen, can
High Resolution Display
similarly give x-y coor-
• UserPrograrrvnableDispla.y
di nates of the pro - (PrimaryCT ! ShuntValue)
jecti le .11 th.H loca - • AutoSelectionotDecimaJPoint
tion. Thus, we have • RedlEDSuperBrightDisplay
x-y coordinates of the • HighAccuracyAcrosstheEnlireRange
, !ravelling projectile at e Auxiliary Supply : 230V AC :t 20%
two known positions 0 SO I60Hz
along the path of the Ranges
projectile. This infor- INPUT ~GE ~~: E ONLY)
mat ion ca n be pro - 0-60
cessed to determine
the direction of move-
ment, aiming accuracy
and velocity.
Velocity is computed from time
taken by the projectile to travel from
one screen to the o th er. An exten -
sion of this concept could be creat-
ing J one-dime nsional laser screen
in the field for the measurement of
velocity of fragments produced by
a blast. Again, we would require
mEco mSTRUmEnTSPiii'VArE Lro
Pk11NoE11MIDCa.r:tror.ielcroa
two such screens. Width of screens TTCindustrciAraa.Mahl;le
NavoMI.Ifl'bll 400710(1/\'0!A)
could be a few tens of metres. Fig. 17 T.. 00912227673ni(Botrd) 2767331116(s.les)
shows a representa tive set up of laser Fu 0091222767331027673330
screens. OD &nail 5111eis0me(XllllSI.(I)f!l
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ElECTRONICS FOR YOU [S EPTEMBER 2018 m

HIGH SECURITY DESIGNS
For Remote Controls
Thls orticle dlscusses
tMKlr/qushlgh
S«uritydesit}ns for
remote controls
Fig. I : Aidlifocfureoflligll
securifydesJgnsforremo(s
comroi{Cf8dit: lnfill80t1
Technologies)
Jj 0 ~~
DESIGN
DEEPSHIIIHA SIIIJI(LA
emote-controlled connected devices
R require security. Simple use cases
include remote-operated door or
bicycle locks (for smart bicycles used in
bike sharing apps). This is usually done
with the help of a secure element embed-
ded in the platform. The secure element
enables security functions that ensure
strong resistance against malicious attacks
and facilitate security life management of
connected devices.
The secure element is basically a tiny
chip that can perform cryptography and
keep the secret keys safely hidden from
.:~1\ackers. Unlike microcontrol!ers (MCUs)
and memories, it provides strong protec-
tion against attacks like diffe remial power
analysis and logical anacks
Hardware-based security is an effective
means of provisioning device keys, and
protecting confidentiality ..J nd integ rity of
those keys. With hardware-based security,
keys are programmed into security lCs in a
secure environment, for example, during
chip production or in a secure environ-
Industrial device
ment set up by the manufacture r. Once this
is done, security lCs (with configured keys)
are shipped to a manufacture r without
having to disclose the keys.
Hardware-based security
A spokesperson from Qualcomm Technolo-
gies says, "A solid security approach uses a
combination of integrated hardware-based
security features. All features tightly inte-
grated with the operating system, com-
munication protocols, applic..J tions and the
cloud help deliver new and exciti ng Internet
of Things (loT) products and services that
.:~!so protect security and privacy. All defence
technologies having these requirements
must be hardwired down to the silicon to
power loT devices
''At Qualcomm Technologies we have a
portfolio of chips .:~nd software that spans
everything from very high-end applic.Jtion
processors to the simplest Bluetooth Low
Energy (BLE) sensors. We design hardware
and hardware-protected firmware to provide
security features and superior robustness
compared to softwa re-only security solu-
tions.'
Sa m bit Sengupta, associate director -
field applications, Avnet India, says "The
process of integra ting a secure element
in the industrial loT ecosystem or device
platform can become complex. The secure
element can be used to provide security as a
companion chip to most MCUs. We at Avnet
help program the secure element securely
and personalise it with unique lDs and secret
keys. Multiple end users c.Jn benefit from
this, where SlM cards, banking cards and
so on are used.
''For commercial end applications, we
find that bra nd protection and fake/ spuri-
ous material authentication are required.
We provide security solutions customised
for such end uses. For example, one large
water filter manufacturer wanted to protect
its switched-mode power supply from fake
brands. Such solutions were deployed to
help him"
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WE POWER YOUR PRODUCTS
www. re corn-power. eo m
-RECOM
--

--
---
••
on....., .... oottwM
O!*'tllionS ... ieoltl«<
~Encrypb-Signiolo
0
8.1.-.~s:=
........••
--
-""""'"""'
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Fig. 2: BIU81~h SoC S8Curity foundations (Credit: Qua/oomm T8Cilnologies)
Hwai Lin Khor, head of sales and
business development- chipcard and
security, lnfineon Technologies Asia
Pacific Pte Ltd, says, "Main compo-
nents of a device include MCU, non·
volatile memory (optionally embed-
ded in MCU) and security lC that
implements hardware-based security
capabilities. Sensors and actuators
complete the design. The key is to map
the secure software update process to
the device's architecture.
"Infineon·s OPTIGA Trust X meets
these security challenges faced by man-
ufacturers. It is a turnkey, hardware-
based solution offer-
ing enhanced security
for connected devices,
including secure firm-
ware update functional·
ity. 11 is easy to integrate
and is TCG-compliant ··
I '
0= -
Software-based
security
For connected devices
that can be controlled
remotely, it is essential to
have the ability to install
new software. So ftware
updates are used to add
new features, fix bugs
and resolve known secu-
rity weaknesses. Highly
automated software
update processes that
require little interaction
and reduce dow ntime,
however, represent pos- Fig. 3: Steps performed during software update (Credit: /nfineon Technologies)
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj 0 ~~
DESIG N
sible entry points for altackers. li the
connected devices are not properly
protected, these may be left open to
manipulation, typically through the
installation of a malicious code on the
devices, allowing the attacker to do
what he or she wants it to do, which
can include taking control of critical
infrastructures, ind ustrial automation
systems or even cars.
With many o f today's connected
devices, the use r has to provide a pass-
word before the software image can
be installed. The software itself may
then have a n additional layer of pro-
~ - ......... 0 image
I '••m
----
0 5. Activating new
""''
--
0 by an altacker. To equip
----
0
tection for integrity, for
example, a cryptographic
checksum (hash). The
password protection
scheme can be replaced
or enhanced by crypto-
graphic mechanisms,
enabling authenticity and
integrity checks, policy
enforcement processing
as well as oplional confi-
dentiality protection.
Software update is a
set of data that contains
the software code and
information required for
its proper installation
It contains the meta -
data describing software
update image and condi-
tions, the softwa re update image itself
and actual code that is loaded onto
the device.
Metadata of a soitware update
data set contains a wide range of data,
including image version, image hash,
image reference data and information
on how the connected device should
deal with the software update image
Steps performed du ring a so ftware
update are
I. Secure stor.:age of public key
and secure verific.:ation of metadata
signature
2. Secure storage and handling
of update master key
for decrypt ing software
3. Copying software
update image to target
location
4. Checking integrity
of software image
software image
Without further secu-
~
rity measu res, these data
fieldsc.:an be manipulated
the metadata with capa-
bilities for securing the
update process, following
cryptographic steps are
required:
1. Metadata itself
must be integrity-protect-
ed. This is typically done
via a cryptographic check-
sum called a hash value
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 _, _____
CertifiCate of Registration

. . __ ~~--. I~c:···
.. _..____ _
:a·------~---- . .-

----=~::::·-

WE POWER YOUR PRODUCTS

www. re corn-power . corn
-RECOM
--
The advantages analysis of Super Junction MOSFET
on the high switching frequency LED Driver

In the power electronics field. the big trend in power supply is shrinking the size and weight of magnetic components via increasing
the working frequency. The traditional VD-MOSFET (Planar MOSFET) would face problem Like high temperature-rising in high
frequency application environment. However SJ-MOSFET(Super Junction MOSFETI has a lower CjUunction Capacitance]. which is
more suitable for high switching frequency. Based on Power consumption analysis and practical case, this paper will analyze the
application advantages of SJ-MOSFET.

l .MOSFET switching power loss analysis

When Power MOSFET works in the high frequency, the charging and discharging of high input capacitance wm lead to large
switching loss. The on&off waveform as below:

frequencyincreasingcanbeoffset.

Referring to above analysis, SJ-MOSFET is more suitable for higher s~hing frequency, such as increasing the switching
frequency from 65KHZ to 100KHZ-200KHZ.

2.The advantages analysis of hig l\lL~quency application

a. High frequency Power supply Primary side, MOSFET h0-a lower current stress
The lpeak of classic power supply IC controller UC~ CCM module is calculated as below:

lformula5)

CYG WAYON CIRCUIT PROTECTlON CO., LTD.

No.1001, Shiwan 7th Road, Pudoog District, Shanghai, P.R.China.201207
Tal: 66-21-68960674
Ema!i: mosfetOway-on.com
MOSfET.WAY-ON.com
C:YG WAY-EI N
Lo< ' < " ' " ' ' o!o<lro~ i " ' " ' " '
Power supply with the same power PIN, the higher switching frequency fSW is, the smaller lPK MOSFET .is: in this way, the low
current MOSFET can be used which will save more cost for user. To further verify above view, we test the VOS.IDS stress of two
MOSFETs based on two different switching frequency.

~·} t ~ ~. ~ 11"'
l.r = l-~ F==F= =
...
. ;:; ·- ~- '
.
.:~ ~
F;g.2 36W LED power Flyback Fsw•115KHz IPK MDSFEh2 .14A Fig.336WLEDpower Flyback Fsw•51KHz IPKMOSFETd. I~A

b.Thehighfrequencytransformercanbesmallersizeandlowercost
The primary side inductance Lp of transformer with lC controller UC3842 CCM is calculated as below:

lformula61

From formula 6, !SW is negative proportion to Lp; the lower Lp is, the less transformer winding turns NP is, and the magnetic
core size can be smaller and thinner. The ultra smaller size Power Supply become possible to be designed. The more important
point is that the cost of more compact transformer is lower.

Fig.,36WLEOJ!O'ftrFlyback Fsw-115KHz Fog.S36WLEDpowerFlyback Fsw· SIKHz

PDtr~nsformersozt: 26.5mm"26mm"19 EE translormn soze: 32.Smm•JIImm"20mm

Summary
Comparing with VD-MOSFET, SJ-MOSFET has smaller Ciss or Og, smalter turn-off loss, which is more suitable for high switching
frequency. If MOSFET at high frequency power supply primary side, there will be a smaller current stress, lower current specifica-
tion components can become optional; ln the mean time. the transformer in high frequency power supply ca n be smaller size and
lower cost.

This article has been authored by

Mr. Joyce Guo of Power Supply FAE, CYG WAYON

CYG WAYON CIRCUIT PROTECTION CO., LTD.

No. \001, Shiwan 7th Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, P.R.Chlna.201207
Tel:86-21-68960Ei74
Email: mosfetOway-on.com
MOSFET.WAY-ON.com
CYG WAV-EI N
 Jj ov
DESIGN
Get Your Directory for 2 Metadata should be electronically-signed, for
Rs 1~~t.J Rs 750 example, with an elliptic curve signa ture that relies
on a private key issued by the update root certification

Save 25%* authority used by the device vendor.

3. Signature should be verified using the corre-
sponding public key stored securely on the device,
ide.:~lly using hardware-b.:~sed securi ty storage fea-

MostTrusbKf tures. li this verification fails, the upda te process is

aborted.
Secure software update images can also be kept

Electronics confidential. When these are transferred over public

networks, confidentiality prevents reverse-engineering
and protects against lP theft. To enable confidentiality,

lndusby Directoty the device must know the decrypt ion key. This c.Jn be
done, for example, by deriving the upda te key fro m an
update master key assigned to the device during man-

Up For Grabs!! ufacturing, and combin ing this with metada ta. The key
is derived by cryptographically combining a secret key
with further device-specific information. This enables
a higher security level than can be achieved by using
the same secure software image decryption key over
10,000+ Bectronics O~tions the device's entire lifecycle.
C/lallenges of software-only security. Unfortu -
2,800+ Product Categones For Buye<S nately. software has several inherent and significant
weaknesses. It is written code that can be read and
Key G<rvemment Organisa1ions Related to Bectromcs analysed. Once it has been analysed, it can be modi-

__ ....
fied to the requirements of an auacker. Authentica tion
Keylndus1ryAssocia1ionsRelatedto Eiectronics process .Jnd system integrity can be broken, if a device
is reprogrammed with modified software.
·-FREE iil151hll<\2018 Inappropriate storage of secret keys during vari -
ous processes and production steps is another poten-
tial we.:~kness of software-based solutions. Attackers
can easily identify secret keys in software-based
protection systems, which a re built into the software
or otherwise stored in readable form.
Com plete security design combines
hardware with software
Software can be protected by hardware Secure
hardware detects faults and manipulation, and pro-
tects processing and storage of code using encryp-
tion, secure code and data storage. Software, thus,
~io ... P'IOIOCOPI'ollllisb'm..-IMOid~IO;
becomes trustworthy when combined with secure
EFYEntfipriHIPviLtd, O-U/1, 0khlllnctoslriiiNu, l'tlise1 , NewDetoi1100:20
Pll:011..o596600orE-fl'lllinb@efyJn hardware
There is one crucial difference between security
and other features. With regular features, the upd.Jte
ORDER FORM
process only has to make sure that functionality has
been correctly implemented. With security features,
~MXm•----------------------- however, algorithms must be correctly implemented
and secured against attacks. This is set to become

...______________
~·------------~~·----------
an increasingly cha llenging task fo r many device
manufacturers, as an ack models are becoming more
sophisticated.
~·---------------- Hardware-based security offers strong, tamper-
proof protection for connected devices. Software, code
beftgU. No._________,wwnon (bftj, _________ and data .:~re stored and processed in secure areas
£ncrypted memory and processing, fault and manipu-
infaw:uot EFYEnterprlusP¥1lld,!llyabllatDelhi(PiflleHIRr501or
lation detection as well as secure code and data storage
~011-mettoc/leques} OR/'rtllflliltt«:-.:/l,.,_.,~co. combined enable a high level of protection. liD

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM

T HV MOSFET
Proceu sv- Pert No. Package Voo(± V)
ID025t: P0@25t: ROS(ON]@VGS:10V VGS[th]
(VJ [AJ [W) [0 max) M
SVF.(N65CAFJ
SVF7 N65CF "
"
" ."
"

SVS6 N800 T0-252-2L

SVS1 2N80f' T0-220F-3l

T LV MOSFET
I DQ25t P0@25t ROS(ON)@VGS=10V VGS[th]
Process Part No. Package Vaa( ± V)
lAJ (WJ [mO max] • M. .

I
T IGBT
Main Parameter
Package Application
(V) Vga(lh)(V) h; (A) Vce(sat)(V) VF \V)

Welder/UPS/Solar Inverter
Weld8r/UPSJSolarlnvarter
WalderiUPSISolarlnvener
Walder/UPSJSolarlnvenar
Welder/UPS/Solarlnvalte r
SG T25TI20 F01PN T0-247-3L WfldariUPS!Solarlnvarlar
T0-247-3L Walder/UPS!Solarlnv.nar

For complete range of Silan MOSFET and IGBT products , pls contact our sa les team :
fitffi± ~ fi!&~T~ffifii!m~Ej
HangzhotJ Silan Microelectronics Co. ,lld.
I Add: No.4, HuangGuShan Road, HangZhou, P.R.China Web: 'NvV'N.SILAN.COM.CN
Contact Ohnanjay Marawar Tel: +919820349969 E- mail: dhana)ay.mamwarOadsr.co.in
 Jj ®~~
TEST & MEASUREMENT
EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES And TEST
DEVICES For The Best SG Experience
DEEPSHIKHA SHIJI(LA
rest methods for evelopment in technology and net-
56 ensure that
tMtechno/ogy
andJS!rv/cesare
lmpkmentedoccardi119
tospecirlcatiom,
D work concepts for SG requires test
methods and processes to evolve. Test
methods for SG ensure that the technology
and quality of
and services are implemented according to
unkematchesthe specifications, and quality of service matches
requirements at the the requirements of the application or service
applicationMunice
being delivered being delivered. se chipsets validate the
performance of SG New Radio (NR) smart-
phones and Internet of Things (loT) devices
in the lab. These do not require access to
expensive and complex SG base stations.
Required features
Testing a fully data-centric SG network with
a diverse set of applications requires mJs-
sive efforts in standalone testing. Analysis
of the periormance of such a network
requires test automation, monitoring and
built-in test systems. Interconnecting radio
access elements with ultra-dense networks
with backhaul architecture (using cloud
networks) provides the ability to develop
cloud-based test services. This a llows test-
ing of everything irom anywhere.
Portable devices with Internet con-
nectivity can be used by a remote user to
analyse the systems and suggest changes to
the field staff immediately. Handheld testing
devices eliminate the need for multi ple steps
and create automated results.
Fig. 1: New.generation Sometimes, results are also in tegrated to
designslor5G(Crodil the server / cloud, so these can be monitored
Keysighl)
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
from the field remotely by user(s). In certain
cases, built -in test features are inserted
along with signals. For example, radio signal
strengths can be analysed by taking informa-
tion from social media channels.
Latest technologies
Madhukar Tripathi, hea d - marcom and
optical business, Anritsu India Pvt Ltd. says,
"MT8821C radio communication analyser
is designed for R&D of mobile devices/ user
equipment such as smartphones, tablets and
loT modules."
Hari Kamalapuram, deputy general mJn-
Jger- communications business unit, Cyienl
Ltd, says, ··sc;4G technologies require
multiple testing areas including drive test
and optimisation, KPI analysis, benchmark,
broad band, protocol, and spectrum analysis
for noise and electromagnetic env ironment
"Earlier, equipment used for these tests
comprised complex modular designs. Test
results were processed in multiple steps. We
have developed many tools for our internal
consumption in pla nning and design.
''A hand held tool, i-netracker, is used for
testing signal quality, call drops, throughput,
career aggregation and so on for 4G/ LTE net-
works. This test is popularly called single-
cell functional test or single-cell verification
test. The solution, being Android based, can
be loaded into any Android-based cell phone.
All measurement parameters are captured
and sent to the central cloud. After comple-
tion, data can be processed remotely, and
instant reports taken at any time "
There are two methods for measuring
radiation pallerns. One is using a large
anechoic chamber or an over-the-air (UfA)
system, which is expensive. Second is
making something from scratch.
Phase-array antenna, beamforming algo-
rithm and MMIC designers all nN"d nearly
continuous access for microwave (JJWave)
designs. The problem with the second option
is that it is hard to do it right the first time.
Many aspects of the problem are overlooked,
including wire tangling, open software con-
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
 /lnritsu
envision : ensure

High-performance VNAs for any application

In the Lab I On the Manufacturing Floor I In the Field

From RF and broadband handheld and USB VNAs to high-performance, full-featured mm Wave
benchtop VNAs: Anritsu has the right solution to meet your application and budget needs. No matter
what family of solutions you choose from - VNA Master'.. , VectorStarn., or ShocklineTM -you'll have
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you covered.

Write to us: ACIN-sales@anritsu.com for demo and application discussion

Anrlts u India Private Limited
lndiqube ETA, No 3814, 6th Floor,
AdJacent to EMC 2, Ooddanekundi,
Outer Ring Road, Bengaluru. India
Pin Code - 560 048
Phone +91 80 67281300
Anrltsu India Private Limited
Otf.ce No 19. Ground Floor,
0-5, Logix lnlotech Park,
Sect 59, NOIDA (UP) INDIA
Pin Code- 201 301
Phone:+91t204211330-32
Anritsu India Private Limited
Rahe1a IT Pano;, Mtndspace,
Building No-09, 5th Floor,
Unn a -o9, Hilech City, Madhapur,
Hyderabad- 500061, Telangana
Phone+914047766104/105

trol, repeatability, part supply and the
like. Finally, neither oi these solutions
address real problems
Nynne Sole Dala, founder, mm Wave
Test Solutions, says, "A test chamber
ior testing millimetre·wave (mmWave)
products, including SG unlicensed band
(57GHz to 7\GHz) and SG (SG NR,
28GHz) licensed band, is what telecom
infrastructure companies are investing
in, for both se backhaul and fixed wire-
lessaccess(FWA).
""FWA replaces the expensive last
100 metres of fibre from the curb to
the building. 602.11 ad and 802.11ay
(unlicensed SG) detiversgigabit speeds.
India is looking at expanding the use of
these technologies for backhaul. From
a test perspective, the 77GHz ADAS/
radar test ma rket is growing r.Jpidly.
Our MilliBox system is aimed at 20GHz
- 95GHz, and does not support 4G fre-
. :
quencies (sub-3GHz)."'
Jj ®~~
TEST & MEASUREMENT
Some T&M solutions for 50
1 A t>roadband sefies system. like VectorStar"s ME78380. measures wlle-band modulated
S parameters !Of cl\aractefisatk:m of pWi.We aOO mm Wave devices under modulated cooditions.
2. RFdrivetestirlQandoptimisationot networks can be used tor beflchmarkirlg,self-Qillimised
networkpertoonanceOfsim~yKPianalysis .
3 A radio communicaOOn test station with 5G base station emulation function can suwort bOth
sutl-66Hz and mmWallt! bandS used tly 56. mm Wave-band RF measurements and beamtorming
tests can be achieved by combining it w~h OTA chamber using call coonecOOns specified by
36PP: One such instrument is Anritsu's MT8000A
4. An arbitrary wavetorm gene rata can produce wide-band wavetorms neeoo:l to test 56 systems. H
canalsobeused \odriveavec\Ofsignalgenerator.Forexample,Keysigh\'s!wo-channeiM8100A
otters56Hzanaio{luebaOOwidthandupto90dBcsll.lrtJUs-treedynamicrange.
5. A microwallt! anabg.Je signal genera\Of provides LO signals tor mmWallt! U[H:onverters and
down-converters. One exan1ple is Keysight's precise N5183B MX6
6 A wireless oomrronCiltion tester SUpiX)r!S all cellular technologies compatillle wtth 36PP/36PP2
UE RF TRX tests. irdJdflg GSM/E6PRS. Cat-M1/NB-IoT. W-COMA/HSPA. TV-SCOM A/HSPA.
COMA2000 IX/txEV-OOaOOLTE/LTE-Advanced
7. Radiatioll pattern measurement !Of 56 covers 186Hz to 956Hz wfih 50dB allsorption. Fastest
growirg applications are 56 at 246Hz, 286Hz and 396Hz, aOO automotive radar a1 77GHz and
816Hz. There is also strong a:~vityat 606hz 1or802.1tad/ay, access aoo backhaul intrastructure
andotherproprietaryunlicensedimptementations
- in every area compared to prior net -
works . These include speed, latency,
bandwidth, reliability and availabil-

James Kimery, director of wireless
research at National instruments (NI),
says, "NI recently announced two series
of mm Wave radio heads for mm Wave
transceiver system. The radio heads,
which cover the spectrum from 24.SGHz
to 33 .4GHz and 37GHz to 43.SGHz, are
targeted dt wireless resedrchers proto-
typing SG NR systems. These are com-
patible with the mmWave transceiver
system, including base-hand sub-system
and software. These are also inter-
changeable with previously-released
mm Wave radio heads. This means that
existing software can be reused with
minimal changes.··
Challenges and areas
for development
The biggest challenge for T&M in the
transition from 4G to SG is that pWave
(for4G) paradigm always look at shield-
ing as an important feature for a cham-
ber. Whereas, for mm Wave, shielding is
secondary to addressing stray reflection
issues inside the chamber.
pWave engineers treat antennae
as an independent entity. This does
not work well in mm Wave where the
antenna array cannot be isolated easily,
either from the IC's power amplifiers,
phase shifters and splitters, or from
beamforming algorithms, as these all
contribute to achieving the desired
propagation performance. This means,
radiation pattern measurement is no
~ . .._.:.;Hi ll
~-
·~..,-cJ ~ massive improvements-on the order
Ag. 2: MilliBox is a rest chamber for testing
mmWave, by mmWave Test Soivtions
longer something that is done once
when the antenna is designed and
forgo11en. It is a continuous process,
from design to prod uction.
Testing protocols for SG are still in
the final stages of approval from 3GPP.
A challenge faced while developing this
drive testing tool is extraction of layer
three messages from chip sets. (Every
chipset has its own protocol.)
Bringing all pa rameters to one
handheld device is complex. lt depends
on memory size, processor speed and
more
Cloud services and SDN/NFV
introduce many new test requirements
and challenges for SG network testing.
With f.1ster processing speeds and
improved latency, new electronic cir-
cuits and hardware development are
a challenge.
Low noise floor and low power
consumption are ot her challenges.
Vikram Khurana, general manager
- sales, at Microlease, says, "SG is set
to ofier exponential improvements
ity. Speed and latency are especially
important and what will primarily set
SG apart is enabling applications that
simply could not be accomplished with
prior networks
'"In terms of speed, there will be
of 10 to 100 times faster than 4G. Speeds
of 10 Gigabits per second are expected.
Companies like ATI and Verizon have
already achieved speeds in this range.
"'In terms of latency, current 4G
average in the US is 61 milliseconds. As
a reference point, the blink of an eye is
around 350 milliseconds, so one-sixth
of that time is fast but Jag or delay is
still noticeable.
"We have test setups rea dy for
signal generation a nd analysis, pre-SG
NR solutions, antenna array testing
and OTA. mm Wave, small cell, massive
MIMO, beamiorming and full duplex
are the new targeted ap plications "
3GPP, the SG standa rds body, offi-
cially approved the first round of SG
specifications in June 2018. This stand-
ard will be followed by the specifica-
tions of new architectural options and
additional capabilities. As the stand-
ards evolve, test solutions should allow
future upgrades while avoiding costly
hardware changes. Commercialisation
of mm Wave technology is accelerating
There is a global consensus that it will
be critical to achieving the goals set
forth by 3GPP for SG. OD

m SEPTEMBER 2018 I ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW. EFYMAG.COM

 Jj e~'·
SENSORS
Sensors For
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
SANI THEO
In this article we n electronics, whNher you call it sixth
discuss the sensors
tlwtoreused ln
specificoreosof
consum'!felectronir
I or seventh s~nse, it is essentially the
application ol sensors with or without
computer programs. WhNher it is an invis-
'"'""'" ible computer mouse, a blinkbot, a Sixth-
Sense device (invented by Pranav Mistry),
a mind -controlled robot, a ha nd-gesture or a
wirelessly-controlled robot, sensors have an
important role to play. From smart beverage
vending machines to smart home automa-
tion systems, irom personal assistant robots
to smart heahhcare systems, from simple
computers to digital assistants (like Alexa),
from human we.:~rable devices to autonomous
vehicles, sensors are pan of all these systems.
As demand for consumer electronics grows,
so does the market for sensors.
Consumer electroni cs
According to Webopedia, '"Consumer elec-
Fig. I :WUW, alype tronics refer to .my device containing an
ofSixthSensedevice electronic circuit board that is intended for
during demonslratioo everyday use by individuals. This encom-
(Crodit: Wikipedia)
passes a massi ve category
of electronics that includes
televisions, cameras, digital
cameras, PDAs, calculators,
VCRs, DVDs, clocks, audio
devices, headphones, tablets,
smartphones and many other
home products ··
Consumer electronic
products also include radio
receivers, mp3 players, video
recorders, camcorders, per-
sonal computers, video game
consoles and automotive
electronics, among others
Although, consumers are
rapidly adopting new and
emerging products like we:~r­
ables, voice-activated smart
speakers, smart home devic-
es, traditional consumer prod-
ucts such as smartphones,
laptops and televisions con-
tinue to surpass expectations.
O ne common thing
between most consumer
electronic products is the sensor compo-
nent. A sensor could be a bare component,
a module, active, passive, an inpu t switch,
wired or wireless
Sensors are used extensively in consum-
er electronics for monitoring, measuring,
d:~t:~ logging and control. Common sensors
are pressure, proximity, motion, tempera-
ture, radio frequency (RF), ultrasonic, flow,
level, acoustic, touch a nd optic:~ I.
As technology advances, sensors are
becoming much smaller, affordable and
are much more power efficient. We are
witnessing a growing demand for micro-
electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and
nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS)
in the market. Modern sensor technologies
enable manufacturers to use these in portable
devices, smartphones, tablets, gaming devices,
navigation and home appliances. Sensor tech-
nologies are also finding applications in smart
home automation, security systems, robotics,
automotive and health care, among others
Major players in the consumer electron-
ics market are Samsung Electronics, LG
Electronics, Apple, General Electric, Sony,
Huawei, Xiaomi, Bose, Philips, Canon,
Haier, Nikon and others. Cities like Shen-
zhen, Qingdao, Shanghai and Beijing have
become important production centres for
the industry, attracting many consumer
electronic companies across the globe
Technology trade shows like Consumer
Electronics Show (CES), CeBIT :~nd !FA Me
:~mong the most popular and biggest tr:~de
shows in the world. Consumer electronics
are the main allractions here
Sensors in specific applications
Let us look at a few examples where sen-
sors :~re used in specific areas of consumer
electronic products.
Tele visions. The most common sensor
is the television remote control system. The
infrared (IR) sensor in the remote co ntrol
is used to turn the television on and/or off,
change ch:~nnels, control volume and other
settings
Then, there are sensors in home the:~tre
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTEMBER 2018 m

Consumer electronics forecast
According to "NWN.statiS/a.com, revenue from consumer electronics in India is expected to
show an annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.2 per cent. in 2018-2022, resu tUng in a mar11et
volumeofUS$8.8billion by2022.
Rt~venue from consumer electronics in India (Crsdit: www.srarista.com)
systems that enable automatically turn-
ing on and off the television.
Cellplwrws. There are multitudes
of sensors in modern smartphones.
Depending on the brand and model,
you can find sensors like GPS, Blue-
tooth, fingerp rint, accelerometer,
motion, vibration, sound, gyroscope,
magnetometer, gravity, linear .Jccel -
eration, rotation, ambient temperalllfE',
proximity, ligh t, pressure, reLJtive
humidity and more.
Smart lwmes. Smart home technol-
ogy provides security, comfort, conveni-
ence a nd energy efficiency, by allowing
you to control your home through smart
devices and, often, a smart home app
insta lled on your smartphone. Sensors
in automatic doors, faucets, lightings,
entertainment systems and appliances
let you to control and monitor these in
a smart way
Smart vending machines. Coffee,
tea and milk vending machines need to
dispense enough milk or water as per
the recipe. Apart from input switches,
this is accomplished by filling up a
se<:ondary reservoir fitted with float
and magnetic sensors. Signals through
these sensors can be used to trigger
other solenoids or pum ps, which stop
the main reservoir output and open the
drain valve from the se<:ondary reser-
voir to dispense the liquid into a cup.
Smart features of vending machines
include providing several cups of coffee
with one press, and wireless control
through mobile or computer network
to control the amount of sugar, water,
cofiee and others.
Temperature of the indoor environ-
m SEPTEMBER 2018 I ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj e
SENSORS
~~
ment of the machine is monitored
through the network, which adjusts
the taste of coffee or tea according
to specification. A counter is used to
indicate consumption of coffee, tea
and milk. The machine and the phone
exchange data via Bluetooth. You can
find various sensors in smart vending
machines, including miniature flat
pack, mountable and cylindrical.
S marr security systems. Three
main components in a security system
are camera, sound sensor (or micro-
phone) and nigh t-vision lR sensor.
Security also comes with a light and
sound ala rm system.
With a smart security camera,
you can monitor your home and
premise from a sman phone when
you are away or on vacation. Smart
motion sensors idemify the difference
between residents, visitors, pets and
burglars, and notify you if suspicious
behaviour is detected
Smart toilet s. A smart toilet fea -
tures automatic flushing, automatic
cleaning, water overflow protection,
tank-leak monitor, health monitoring
function to monitor your health by
conducting a u rine analysis each time
you use the toilet and others.
Power consum ption by lights and
fans can be controlled using an auto-
matic system employing IR or motion
sensors. Toilet usage can be tracked
using light indicators such as red for
occupied and green for vacant
Sensors can also track bathroom
usage, occupancy and stock levels of
amenities including toilet papers and
soap dispensers. 1i no one has used
the toilet for some time, the cleaning
schedule can be adjusted accordingly
Sensors also help you maintain high
levels of hygiene
S mart kitcl1en s. Smart homes
have been witnessing in novations in
the kitchen for a while now. Modern
technologies are spread ing to refrig-
erators, stoves and cooking utensils.
Manufacturers a re developing syn-
thetic sensor-based devices to monitor
kitchen sounds, vibrations, light, heat,
gas, electromagnetic noise and tem-
perature. Devices containing sensors
are capable of determining precise
tasks like checking whether a faucet is
running, or a microwave door is open,
calculating usage of paper towels from
a dispenser and others.
Garde n s. You can find many
sensors in a garden, including soil
moisture, pH, temperature, light level,
nutrient and humidity. These allow
you to monitor the ga rden either on a
smart phone or a computer.
Beds. A home bed monitoring
system equipped with sensors togs your
routine, daily activity patlerns. This is
particularly useful for the elderly or the
disabled, living alone. If the activities
deviate from the established pattern,
the concerned person or caregiver can
be notified. Feasibility of incorporating
bed sensors as part of a wireless home
monitoring system makes the system
more flexible .1nd versatile.
Smart th ermos tat s. Integrated
with sensors a nd Wi-Fi, smart ther-
most.lts deliver ba s ic control of
temperature settings, provide digital
interfaces, energy sav ings, remote
programming, geofencing, learning
and alerts. 1t allows you to schedule,
monitor and remotely control tem-
peratures and remind you to change
fitters, among other things
Sma rt liglltings. You can connect
a lamp to a plug, replace hardwired
switches, keypads and outlets with
wireless sensors and then control
these with a remote or smart phone.
In addition to this, smart lighting
systems, such as Hue from Phitips, can
detect occupants in a room and adjust
lighting as needed. Smart tightbutbs
can regulate energy consumption
based on the time of day.
Smart lock systems. Using smart
locks .1nd gar.1ge door openers, you
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Leading manufacturers
of sensors for consumer
electronics
» AcceJ1SeflsOfPvtltd
.>- AnaSem Hong Kong Ltd
> Denso
>- FLIRSystemsJapanK.K
» Fujikuraltd
)> Horeywell
)> KingswayTechflOiogylnc.
> NXP Semiconductors
> ReedRelaysandEiectronicslndialtd
> SensOfSindia
>- ShenzhenSl!nwaylndustryCo. Ud
>- STMicroelectronics
>- IDKCorp.
>- Xiaomi
)> ZenthemlikSensingTechoologiesPvtltd
can grant or deny access to visitors.
Smart locks can also detect when you
are nearby and unlock the doors.
Smart locks, like Schlage Sense,
make liie easier. Simply enter the
access code to unlock the door
instead of searching in your pockets
for keys. Pairing the lock with your
smartphone over Bluetooth is easy.
lt has built-in alarm sensors, and
can sense potent ial attacks and issue
alerts to you
Some smart locks come with voice-
operated features, too.
Automobil.es. Modern vehicles
.ue built with many sensors. As the
technology adv.:mces, cars w[]] be
completely controlled by sensors and
computer programs. Modern auto-
mobiles use controller are.:~ network
(CAN) topology. CAN bus is designed
to provide an efficient, reli.:~ble and
economical link between various CAN
stations, sensors and actuators
Autonomous cars need hundreds
of sensors including camera, radar and
lidar. The global automotive sensor
market, which features driver-assist
features to entertainment systems, is
projected to con tribute billions of dol-
lars in revenue. This is due to increas-
ing demand of automotive sales
along with proliferation of sensors in
various applications, including MEMS
sensors, artificial intelligence (AI) to
safety and infotainment systems
Wearable ser~ sors. These are used
in a variety of applications, from being
incorporated into clothing or worn on
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
1 solutions
• SINGLE ELECTRODES
• MATRIX
• PROGRAMMABLE 120 KEYS
• SUDER
• ROTARY
• 3D TOUCH
• WITH BACKUT AND HAPTIC
FEEDBACK
t outputs
Fig. 3: TypiCal smart kXk USB IPS 2 I12C ISPI IRS 232
(Credit www.lechhil'9.rotn)
1 input output devices
the body as implants or accessories.
Common examples are smartwatches,
activity trackers and health monitor-
ing systems. Wearable devices are also
used in defence, research and retail printedg~iel
shops.
To sum up
The sensor market for consumer print dials
electronics is expected to reach bil-
lions of dollars by 2022. Growing
demand for co nsu mer electronics
like smart phones, tablets, televisions
and wearable devices are the key fac -
tors driving this growth. Demand for
devices for multimedia, motion sens- smartcanls
ing, navigation, security, surveillance,
healthcare and gaming may provide
further growth avenues
Countries such as India and China
are expected to contribute significant-
ly to the growth of the sensor market
in the years to come. New develop-
ments in sensor technology, such as
small size and lower power consump-
tion, add more demand for consumer EnwoW: ~ I Yhlt uo.,:www.~
electronics and fuel the demand in the
global sensor market. I!D
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTEMBER 2018 DJ
 Jj 0 ~~
WIRELESS
Latest Wireless Technologies,
Devices And Protocols For
SECURE HOME AUTOMATION
DEEPSHIIIHA SIIIJI(LA
Acomp/etewirl!kr;s ifE'less technology for sm art homes
networllinglson
indiS/li!fiJlJb~elf'mmt
of home automation. In
thisortkleWI!discuss
thi!latestwireless
W helps you keep an eye on your
home when you are away. You
can protect what is valuable to you at home
techoologiesthatore
or even manage your business remotely. It
mokingourhDmi!s provides a safe, convenient and smart life
saferondmoresecure through intelligent devices, cloud -based
platforms and adv.111ced technologies
Innovative wireless technologies includ-
ing4G and SG have paved the way for home
automation. Now, you can enjoy home enter-
tainment and remotely protect and take care
of your family in a smarter and easier way
The Internet of Things (loT) enables you to
control your appliances, sharing videos or
images captured by cameras to friends and
families, turning on alarms and sensors, from
anywhere. 11 allows your to do so by way of
controlling programmable timing controllers,
electrical appliances control systems and
more via apps on your smartphone.
Latest technologies
for better connectivity
LTE Small Cell technology provides com-
plete, strong in-home wireless network
coverage to support the implementation of
home automation. It provides cellu lar indoor
coverage via broadband lP backhau l. The
Fig. 1: Topology of home technology can solve cellular network issues
ceHsaiution(Credil including weak coverage, low data rate and
Camba Te/ocom)
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
site acquisition. The solution increases the
capacity for data service and ofiloads macro
network by absorbing traffic from indoor
hotspots. 11 gives quality connectivity and,
hence, an excellent home automation experi-
ence for households.
Marie Ma, senior di rector of technical
marketing solutions and general manager of
enterprise business, Comba Telecorn, says,
"Comba LTE Small Cell sol ution includes
home small cells, gateways and a network
management system (NMS). it extends LTE
mobile coverage to small, hard-to-reach
areas. The solu tion supports u p to eight
active users and 24 RRC connected users. it is
ideal for small homes and offices, and small
public hot spots.·· The architecture of LTE
Small Cell solution is shown in Fig. I
Dhananjay Sharma, ch ief operating offi-
cer, SenRa Tech Pvt Ltd, says, "LoRaWAN as
a wireless technology is extensively used in
home automation. The application ranges
from door/window motion sensing, tempera-
ture sensing, carbon monoxide monitoring,
water metering, ga s mi'lering and more.
LoRaWAN gateways with integrated Wi-Fi
are already available. This will further aug-
ment the use cases for high da ta rates as well
as low data devices and battery-powered
sensors.··
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is globally
interoperable on 2.4GHz band, and is avail-
able on all smart phones and tablets. Recent
standard evolutions with Bluetooth 5 as well
as BLE Mesh make the technology even more
suitable in a smart home. Bluetooth 5 gives
double data throughput (2Mbps). which
means that communication through an app
is faster.
BLE also fE.'sults in more power-efficient
solutions. For example, a battery-driven
sensor can send data much faster and then
go to sleep, thus saving battery. Bluetooth 5
also incfE.'ases coverage as the range between
devices can be four times that of BLE 4.2, all
due to the new BLE long-range coding scheme
WWW.E FYMAG.COM
ST25DV-PWM series
Dynamic NFC/RFID tag ICs
15015693 NFC Forum type 5
ISO/IEC 15693 NFC Forum type 5 Dynamic Tag ICs with Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) outputs controlled by contactless interface
ST25DV02K-W product belongs to
ST25 family. These dynamic NFC/
RFID tag ICs offer a 13.56MHz
long-range interface and PWM
outputs.
lt is compliant with ISO/IEC
15693 and NFC Forum Tag type
5 standards and embeds an
EEPROM memory of 2 Kbits.
which can be divided for use-
case flexibility.
The PWM outputs can be
programmed independently and
securely, allowing a large field of
application.
The IC provides live update of
PWM parameters by contoctless
interface. extending the user
experience.
STMicroelectronics Pvt ltd
Plot No 1, Knowledge Park Ill.
Greater Noida 201308, Uttar Pradesh, India
Send Enqutry to: mdht-sehgal.kaul @st.com
hfe .ougmented
KEY FEATURES KEY BENEFITS
• Industry standard interfaces: • 2 in 1 chip, putting NFC connectivity with
• IS0\5693 NFC Forum Type V PWM functionality
• 13.56 MHz carrier frequency • Cost optimized solution to address low end
• 2-Kbit EEPROM coofigurable in 1 or 2 mar1<et
areas, each area is protected by password • Significant BOM reduction as no MCU is to
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Stefan Berggren, senior product
marketing manager - product strat-
egy short range radio, u-blox, says,
"'Signals can now easily penetrate
walls .md obstacles in homes, thereby
offering a more robust solution. Blue-
tooth 5 and BLE. Mesh technologies
are extensively used for making a
home smart. Bluetooth Mesh extends
coverage and robustness of a home
automation system, as d.:Ha is propa-
gated via node-to -node hops in a
mesh network.
"Luminaires, light switches, sen-
sors, thermostats, blinds and air-
conditioners can all be connected in
a mesh network. A smartphone can
also be part of the Bluetooth Mesh
network, and an app can easily control
lighting and indoor climate systems.
"Solutions fo r other mesh tech-
•• --- __....___
~-
_.
.....
- ____
CD ,....
•• ___
_,_
.._,..
Fig. 2: EZVIZ wireless home automation features
Radio Block
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj 0 ~~
WIRELESS
nologies such as Thread, Zigbee and
Wirepas Mesh are also applicable for
home automation. Mesh networks in
a smart home can be connected to the
cloud via a capilla ry gateway, either
using Wi-Fi/ Ethe rnet through the
home router or via cellu lar access "
Controlling devices wirelessly
Theodore Wang, marketing direc-
tor - Latin America and India, EZVIZ
(smart home security provider, and
consumer and residentially focused
subsidiary of Hikv ision), says, ""All
smart home products can be con-
nected to apps a nd cloud platforms
We utilise wireless technologies exten- paired with wired or Wi-Fi lP connec-
sively in loT-based home automation
Our sma rt home products, including
smart locks, smart doorbells, smart
plugs, gas detectors and wireless pet
immune PIR detectors support!FTIT,
Apple HomeKit, Google Home and
Amazon Alexa. These can be connect-
ed to EZVJZ a pp and cloud platform.
"EZVJZ C6C Wi- Fi pan-tilt camera
features smart tracking, which upon
detection of movement automati -
cally captures and tracks motion while
delivering a notification, an image or
a video to your srnartphone via EZVIZ
app in real time. A built-in microphone terms of security, anti-tampering and
and speaker enable two-way audio,
allowing you to communicate with
people on the other side via the a pp.
It also comes with a privacy mode
Central Control Unit Modem Block
design, allowing you to turn the lens
off and enjoy some alone time."
The company also creates wireless
cameras that can deliver features like
human detection, human tracking,
face detection, face recognition, pas-
senger flow monitoring and smart
sound location
A cellular module is generally
present in 90 per cent of modern
alarm panels. Depending on system
architecture and installation choice,
cellular technology can be used as
main communication access to alarm
receiving centres and to the Internet,
or as backup communicJtion when
tivity to the Internet.
Cellular communication is also
used in other remote monitoring and
alarm systems used in building auto-
mation, such as for access control, alert
systems for elevators, smoke detectors
and domestic healthca re monitoring
applications, among others
Diego Grassi, sen ior manager
- product strategy, for cellular JoT
market development, u -blox, says,
"Cellular and low-power wide-area
(LPWA) chipsets and modules are
designed with a unique feature set in
energy-efficiency. These address spe-
cific needs of loT use cases including
home automation ap plications.
"'LTE Cat I, Cat M! and NB\
technologies with
modules such as
SARA-R4, SA RA-
NZ and LARA-R3
are now being
used or designed
in the most inno-
vative home auto-
ma ti on systems
Typ ical applica-
tions are residen-
tial and commer-
cial security, build-
ing surveil lance,
alarm systems,
home automation
smart sensors,
smoke detectors,
actuators, access
control and HVAC
systems, domestic
health monitor -
ing and assisted
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E-mail : sales @mornsun .cn

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Ccmputin;
...
Sm;trt Mitll's
:=:
living.··
John Hami lton, vice president
marketing, RFMW Ltd, says, "We
support components designed into loT
devices through Skyworks' SKY85309-
ll front-end module. 11 is a part of
the RF section of an JoT radio. These
products allow home-owners greater
control over their home environment.
"A host o f devices utilise Wi-Fi
(IEEE 802.11), Zigbee 802.15.4 and
Bluetooth products in smart thermo-
st,lts, smoke and CO alarms, security
system as well as routers, sensors,
appliances and door locks, light
switches, gaming consoles and televi -
sions. ·
Protocols and security features
for wireless technology
Comba LTE Small Cell solution fol-
lows IPSEC 3GPP TS 36 104 security
standards and protocols. Whereas,
LoRaWAN follows AES 128 security
standards and protocols.
EZVIZ applies the following secu-
THECOMPLETE MAGAZINE ON OPEN SOURCE
Ope
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj 0 ~~
WIRELESS
Media
- ~·
· Sol~ .......
•'Mr... -
Consumer
: .........
,. Autom otivR
rity standards and protocols for secure
control:
I. ISO/ IEC27001 certified informa-
tion se<:urity
2. Bank-level encryption security
3. Encrypting videos and images
using user-defined passwords
4. Double-encrypting data before
saving to cloud servers
5. Disabled SSH, Telnet and Web
Service
6. EZVIZ privacy protocols
Bluetooth Mesh networking is
designed with secu rit y as its number
one priority. 11 is essential that the
software in a connected device is not
tampered with. Secure Boot feature
provides surety that the firmware is
authentic, has not been modified and
cannot be downgraded
u-blox se<:urity features are given
below.
I. 3GPP standardised end-to-end
secunty
2. Full two-way manageable chan-
nel
3. Security based on end -to-end
3GPP encryption
4. Data from dev ice to cloud
remains unchanged
5. Guaranteed quality of service
(immunity to interference)
6. Device interoperability enabled
by open standard protocols
7. Facilitate operations with hori-
zontal loT platforms
8. Embedded anti-tampering, life-
time security services
9. Integrated secure element
There are many technology plat-
forms and protocols for building a
smart home. A smart home protocol
must support a large number of devic-
es, as well as offer the best possible
device interoperability. Other factors
are power consumption, bandwidth
and, of course, cost
Future scope of wireless
technologies
The loT connects things together
through the cloud. Home autom.:~ ­
tion is impossible if applications and
systems .:~re unable to connect with
the network. A complete wireless
network is an indispensable element
of home automation. Thus, scope of
home automation is not only about
technologies for the applications, but
also technologies for the networking
system.
Enh.:mcements in Mesh technolo-
gies improve performance and capac-
ity. We are seeing an evolution of
end-to-end security in constrained net-
works. Artificial intelligence (AI) used
for human behaviours and pallerns
monitoring will result in an exponen-
tial growth of cellular and short -range
technologies in the ecosystem of home
automation. I!D
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For enterprises and businL'SS<_'S, Goot;lc Cloud loT provides a holistic Internet oi Things (loT)
platform consisting of a collL'Ciion of tools. 11 enables comtoctint;, processing, saving am\ ana
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Kaa
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Full version: Free (AII<IChe Softwilre Licence l.O)
For end -to -end loT developmen t, Kaa can l.Jc a gre.lt platform. The open source middlcwarc Kaa
pack.dt;e brini)S d oomplcle so ftwdre devdopmenl kit diU! Sl'rver componen ls lo ]Jrogr;uu acl ion
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data c.l n be .malysed and visualised using im egr,l tcd tools. K.la architecture has a register that
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Windows, Mac, limtx, Ubuntu, Android and more. lt supports n1.1jority of ha rdware pl.1tforms
like Raspl>cnyi'i.lntcl Edison. &<tt;lebone<md 'ICxits lnstnnnt.'l llS.ll emlx·d s thi rd -p<trty llit; O<tt<t
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K<~<~ will launc h it s ncxt -gencr<~tion pack<tt,'C. ca lled &manallcach. soo n

Home Assistant
Visi t: www.home-assistaw.io
Fu ll version: Frcc(Apache 2.01icence)
fur DIYersand homealllomation programmers, Home Assist.lnt.io {Hass.io) open SOUTL"C pl.ltform
ha s Cll{'ryth int; oovc rt.>d. 0\>vdopcd usint; Py thon, it ha s support for all models of R..1spl>crry Pi
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likeA ma mn AleM, Bdkin \'*Mo, C".oogleAssistant. GoorJeC.ls t, Kodi,l'!ex,l'hilillS line, Nest,
Sonos, Z·Wave ami other ho me .llliOlll.ltion services. Set up is easy. involv inu a text ed itor like
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 "By The Upcoming Diwali Season,
We May See AI Become An Integral
Part Of BUDGET SMARTPHONES"
KULDEEP MALIK
DIRECTOR· CORPORATE With artificial intelligence (AIHntegrated chipsets, smartphones are now intelligent
SALES INDIA, M EDIATEK
and provide unbelieva bly improved performance, camera quality, battery life and
so much more, at reasonable prices. Kuldeep Malik, director - corporate sales India,
MediaTek, explains to Paromik Chakraborty of Electronics For You, how Al-based
chips are transforming the smartphone business

Q. How is AI integration Into chlpsets
improving smartphone performance?
A. Until now, srnartphone system-
on-chip (SoC) mainly constituted
a GPU and a CPU. Majority oi AI
programs were on the cloud. SoC
providers li ke us are bringing AI into
Edge devices. A dedicated unit is
required to ru n AI operations. This is
where the AI processing unit (APU)
comes in. Chipsets like Helio P60 and
P22 have integrated APUs along with
GPUs and CPUs in their processors
An APU takes the load off the CPU
and CPU to run AI algorithms. CPU
consumes the most power, deplet-
ing the phone's banery, while APU
consumes the !east. Switching over A!
tasks to APU dras tically enhances bat-
tery performance. For instance, Realme
! .0, having a battery oi 3400mAh,
has achieved performance consist-
ently equivalent to 4000mAh banery.
Since the programs are handled by a
separate dedica ted unit, the device
responds much quicker to commands,
improving speed and performance.
Q, What other parameters are
Impacted by APUs?
A. Through neural network driven
engines, A! devices !earn .1nd behave
in a way that suits the users· us.1ge
patterns and preferences. AI fine -
tunes the various parameters of the
devices, including CPU and CPU, to
go into optimal usage mode
For exa mple, AI identifies and
groups photos oi one person in one
place. It also analyses videos on-the-
fly and triggers alarms or notifications
immediately ii it identifies suspicious
events
Q. How are Al·driven chips changing
the smartphone business?
A. Earlier, AI w as expected only in
high-range smartphones. We want to
bring AI across all price ranges. The
notion is already changing, case in
point being Realme 1.0, which is avail-
able at ~ 14,000. The ~ 7000 t o ~ 10,000
price range is luc rative, for both buyers
and sellers. Hence, we are trying to
bring adva nced technologies into this
price range, which we call the new
premium. In fact, by the upcoming
Diwali season, we may see AI become
an integral part of budget smartphones.
Q. How can developers leverage this
Intelligence brought by chips?
A. Partners like Google and Face-
book are bringing machine learning and
A! tools for developers- also accessible
through MediaTek platforms. With
these tools, we expect a good .1mount
of intelligence being added to non-APU
SoCs for entry-level devices as well
Through our NeuroPilot Engine, we
provide a software development kit to
developers. Companies like F.1ceTime
and Face++ have alre.1dy developed
their solutions using the s.1me.
Q, How will 5G complement these
Intelligent applications?
A. SG is about high data speed and
reduced latency. This will complement
va rious life-impacting smart applica -
tions. For example, autonomous cars
and advanced driver-assistance sys-
tems will require ded icated bandwidth
for consistent and safe func tioning.
SG will a lso drive the popularity
of 4K content stream ing by improving
speed and responses
N.1rrow-band Internet of Things
(NB loT) will find m ore applications
as well
Q. How is MediaTek preparing for it?
A. We are in close collaborations
with equipment vendors like Erics-
son, Nokia a nd Hu.1wei. In Europe,
we are performing tests with Noki.1.
Our firstS G solution, M70,
expected to be launched in 2019, is
a thin modem that can be used for
most smart applications. For example,
digital surveillance cameras are prone
to da mage and theft. With SG thin
modems, data will be sent directly to
cent ra l storage, ensuring tha t it is safe
even if the cameras are tampered with
Q, What are your projections for
India's smartphone manufacturing
ecosystem?
A. India's hardware ecosystem
is maturing. Srnartphones are being
.1ssembled here, and m any companies
are using SMT lines to m anufacture
PCBAs here as well.
Gradually, component players will
also start selling up their plants in
India. However, the pace at which this
happens will depend on government
policies and the w illingness oi compo-
nent makers to create in India. IDJ

WWW. EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTE MBER 2018 IJI

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COMPATIBILITY SUITES
TECHNOlOGYOI'FICER,SIFIVE
Will ALWAYS BE FREE"
RISC-V (pronounced 'risk-five') is an open instruction set arch itecture (ISA) based
on reduced instruction set computing (RISC). What sets it apart from other ISAs
is that, RISCN ISA can be freely used for any purpose, permitting anyone to
design, manufacture and sell RISC-V chips and software. While not the first open
arch itecture ISA, it is significant because it is designed to be useful in a wide
range of devices. Yunsup l ee, eo-founder and chief technology officer at Sif ive
KRSTE ASANOVIC
CO.FOUNDEIIANO and Krste Asanovic, eo-founder and chief architect at Sif ive speak with Dilin
CHIEF ARCHITECT,SIFIVE
Anand of Electronics For You

Q. What sparkedthe creation of
RISC-V?
A. We wanted a simple, clean
!SA that was efficient to implement
and easy to extend to add special -
ised accelerators. We also wanted
to be able to share with others
The tipping point was re.Jlising
that we were wasting time ad.Jpt-
ing commercia l lSAs to our then
academic needs, and that we could
never share !he results once we
were done.
Th e India n angle.. Indian
Institute of Technology, Madras is
developing six RISC-V open source
CPU designs for six distinct uses,
from small 32-bit CPUs for the
Internet of Things (loT) to large
64-bit CPUs for warehouse-scale
computers such as server fa rms
based on Rapid!O and Hybrid
Memory Cube technologies
a. What were some of the initial
guidelines your founding team
decided to set In stone, to ensure
that RISC-V ecosystem scaled as
it did?
A. First, we mandated that this
!SA spec and compatibility suites
will always be free
Second, we froze the specifica·
lion when we released version 2.0 in
2014 to provide stability.
Third, we created an independ -
ent non-profit foun dation to provide
a stable, long-lived home fo r the \SA.
a. Among the various open source
licences available, what was the line
of reasoning used to select BSD for
RISC-V?
A. We wanted to encourage and
facilitate widespread use in the
industry. We knew a non-permissive
licence would have impeded the
spread of the !SA and our implemen·
ta twns.
a. What are the focus areas for
RISC-V Foundation members over
the next 12 months?
A. We are foc used on improv -
ing RISC-V in the e m bedded space,
adding fas ter interrupts, packed
SIMD {single inst ruction, multiple
data) extensions and providing a
new embedded ap plica tion binary
interface, as well as adding vector
ins tructions for a rtificial intel-
ligence (AI) and stan dardising
various parts of RISC-V security
arch itecture.
Q. What were the initial bottle·
necks faced as you set out to define
the Importance of an open !SA over
pre-existing open source hardware?
A. Initially, many were under
the impression that we were pro-
viding a single, free im plementa-
tion rather than a broadly- usable
spec. There are now m any open
source cores available, all compat-
ible with a single spec.
Q. What Is the plan to drive the
community around RISC-V to grow
and thrive across the world?
A. The Founda tion now has
m ore than lOO companies as mem-
bers and is expa nding its charter
to help accommoda te the demand,
which is far grea ter than we ever
anticipa ted three years ago when
we started the fou nda tion. It will
launch many more events around
the world, coordinating with gov-
ernments to help with educational
out reach, a nd developing research
programmes and vocationa l train-
ing materials for practitioners.
The Foundation w ill also contin-
ue to extend !SA with new features
and support for the rapid growth of
the software ecosystem. m

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM

 7outof10
corporate
CEOs
still SPEND
maximum
on PRINT

To know more cal 01 1 26810601/02J03 Email efyenq@efy 10


The loT And Touch-Based
HOME AUTOMATION
resented here is a project based
P on ESP32 module to control
home appliances using its
touch-sensing inputs and Wi -Fi fea -
tures.
ESP32 module is great for design-
ing the Internet of Things (loT) appli-
cations- adding touches to it makes it
smarter. It is a microcontroller (MCU)
Fig. 3: LED with resistor
m SEPTE MBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ON ICS FOR YOU
Jj
DD-IT-YOURSELF
bV
KUNAL VERMA
designed by Espressif, mainly for loT smart homes.
applications. ESP32 contains Wi -Fi,
Bluetooth, inbuilt touch-sensing input
pins, temperature and hall sensors on
ESP32 has 10 capacitive touch-
sensing general-purpose input pins.
A touch-sensor system is built on a
board. This makes it tit for the loT and substrate that carries electrodes and
relevant connections under a protec-
tive ilat surface. When a user touches
the surface, capacitance variation is
triggered, and a binary signal is gen-
erated to indica te whether the touch
is valid.
Touch-sensing pads can be
arranged in different combinations
(such as matrix, slider, etc). so that
a larger area or more points can be
detected. Touchpad-sensing process
is under the control of a hardware-
implemented finite -sta te machine
(FSM), which is initiated by software
or a dedicated hardware timer. In this
article we learn how to handle these
Fig. 5: Arduino /DE with ESP32 module support
-·-··••14 ... ,. .,,
_.,,..,. .,.,_n.-......
lll.llltro.r • ..... r (I OII
''". . . .. ._,
'"'-"' IIIKli"'J!uu-·ou·, 1/ Aul.Uu YUlolllu U o«>n t!>o CUTU< -.pn. onto
_.. .., _..s-s, U l.ool.,. .. Ooqlu<YorlolllotoooeloroGPlOp ....
!:~:!.-:u
'
Fq. 6: Code declaratiOns
WWW. EFYMAG.COM

touch pins and how to make an loT
a pplica tion around it.
Materials to get started
The following rnateials are required to
get started·
I. ESP32 module (check d.ltasheet
if using a di fferent version)
2. USB Type-C cable to progrdm
ESP32 from a laptop or PC- most
Android phones use this type of cable
.......... _
__ ,,,._,,
- (OO""'U, DIJUWI '
&~ .. ante /~ , 1.1111 1
lo<Lol. .pria< t . _ . . . , . " ' •u
ltrt.U ... la<lii (OOI4)1
vtri .kolo (o o l o l , -)r
~Uo fiiU'I , o .. ,... UI•'&.~
'
........... uu.t····
. . rlal . ....... , ...,. _ _ •• Jt
. . . W. . p<<Kl.a !'IP-..NI 'p
................
. . rlal . p<iKJJt.pr>n . lOcollP UI!
Jj o ~'
DO-IT-YOURSELF
3. LED with 220-ohm resistor for
initial testing
4. Breadboard fo r mounting or
placing componen ts
5. Any metal plate (touch pad) for
sensing touch (can use aluminium foil
as touchpad by connecting.:~ wire to it)
Softwore setup
To code ESP32, Arduino integr.Jted
development environment (!DE) is
// I.IIHU.lUoU..""<l""-lol>loou<•llJOO<
1/ k<_.p!.IIU>u.i
, - . _ ...... ,. """"""' "''"' l!ID .... _...,...
needed. Arduino IDE is a cross-plat-
form application, written in Java and
coded in C/ C ++ wi th some special
rules. Download the latest Arduino
IDE from www.arduino. ccjenjMain/
Software
Arduino !DE does not contain sup-
port for ESP32 fam ily. To install ESP32
board library in Arduino !DE, scan the
QR code given in Fig. IS(a}.
Understanding tile source code.
Before uploading the code to ESP32,
make changes in the code as shown
in Fig. 6 .
< WiFi.h > library contains all
Wi -Fi functions used in the code.
Replace your Wi-Fi credentials in
the code given below, within double
quotes.
constchar • ssid•" nxx" :
constchar • pa.ssorord • "xxxx":
Make glob.1l declarations at the
beginning oft he code shown in Fig. 6 .
In Void Setup(} shown in Fig. 7, set
baud rate at 115200 {deiault speed).

..,"',,_ .............-....."'
' place the main code that needs to run
--__........... _............ .
Set outputs and initialise Wi-Fi to
connect it once. All commands under
" ..........
~~ - ...
1/ ..__, ... WI ...toto'-l•WI
,_ Void Setup() run only once after every
reset.
In void loop(}shown in Fig. 8,

_
repeatedly
it is possible to directly read touch

_,. ,......_ ,,
.............._............... ,_ ... ,,....
""·-··
"" ................. ~· _.
GPIOs using touchRead () function.
Save it to any variable. (Here, it is
" '-_",.'"_.,_....
- ................. <> .... •..

ESP32 with Touch

..... _,_,............ ___ _.__,.........-.

LightrsOn
.............. " ~
--···-·--·
...-· ...,
- ~~-··

·-·
!
.,,_,,.,...._,,..,,,.,, _ _.,, "" nn-..
...... .... _ .............. ._... - - · ..- ·
..__!<·t·m•"·'-,.,
.,, , ... . .................
... ,.. ..... ..,. . .
..............
o~

F~g_ 10. HTML Web page on bmwser

FI{J.8:Voidloop()

__ ____
--·
.__ ·---· __ __,_... ___......
---·---·-----·
_ ................
_...,.,_, ,_,. _._,,,...,,
..---·-·-------··---"--''
_,.,.,

--·----------·-"
---.-.---··
,
. -...-·- .. ··-·---·
,,
.... .......·--·
_...,
"' . ___"' ........--
,

. ___... -·_ ,
,,

~~-- -
,

--·--·,-----~·

FI{J. 9. HTML page m code

WWW.EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 m


saved in sl variable.)
The aim is to control the LED (for
home appliance) with both touch and
Wi-Fi. To do so, merge the functions
Fig. 12: Cirr:uir COIJMCtions with ESP-WROOM-32
Fig. 13: Wi-H connected
-
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj bV
DD-IT-YOURSELF
in Void loop(). An HTML page is cre-
ated using HTML script in the code, as
shown in Fig. 9.
You may change this code as per
your applic.Jtion. You will see
something like wh.Jt is shown in
Fig. 10 on the Web browser.
Power ESP32 with USB or
SV supply. Upload this code to
ESP32. But, remember to select
ESP32 DEV module and COM
port from Tool s menu before
doing so.
Connections
There is one input (touchpad)
and one output (LEO !) in the cir-
cuit, as shown in Fig. 12. GP lOS
of ESP32 is connected to a resis-
tor and from the resistor to the
LED!. Touch pad is connected to
GPI04 of ESP32
EFY Note
J]Je~Uitl'l..:Udl'
olthi"Pinll'Ct
!S,lVdJl.Jbil'
!or h"Cl' donnlu1d
J.tsource cnmag rom
Fig. 15: (a) Install ESP32 /:loard library and
(b) Re/ay connections
Rg. 16: Author'sprotolype
Connecting the Web server
Aiter uploading the code, go to
Tools> Serial Monitor in Arduino !DE.
ESP32 will try to connect to Wi-Fi and
display its JP address on Arduino serial
monitor, as shown in Fig. 13.
Make sure that the Wi-Fi router to
be connected is already open. Enter lP
address (displayed in serial monitor)
in the browser of the device (smart·
phone or laptop) connected to the
same Wi-Fi, in the forma t given below.
htrp:Jfxxx.xxx.xx.xx (your lP dis-
played in Arduino serial monitor)
HTML Web page, as designed in
the main code, will open. Connect
your smartphone to ESP32, and test
Wi-Fi and touch input to control the
LED! (Fig. 14).
You may connect a relay instead of
the LED! to control the home appli-
ance. For relay connections, scan the
QR code given in Fig. IS(b).
The author's pro10type is shown
in Fig. 16. [!iJ
KunaiVennaisDIYerandcornnunity
man&ger at EFY. Hi& inler&SIS include 11"1&
loT,roboticsanddelenoeengir»Mng
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
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Ardu ino-Controlled
12V BATTERY CHARGER
he circuit presented here can
T automa tically charge a 12V,
7Ah banery, or above. Special
features of the charger are as follows.
It automa tically controls the charg-
ing current as per the status oi the
banery. Ba nery voltage level as well
as charging status are indicated on
the LCD display. The charger main-
tains float voltage, if battery is fully
ch.lrged. Ardu ino identifies status of
the bauery connection and voltage,
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj bV
DD-IT-YOURSELF
FAYAZ HASSAN
and indicates the same on the LCD
Circuit and working
The circuit diagram of the Arduino-
controlled 12V ba ttery charger is
shown in Fig. I. lt is built around
Arduino Uno {Board I), adjustable volt-
age regulator LM338 {!Cl), 12V voltage
regulator 7812 {!C2}, l6x2 LCD {LCDI)
and a few other components
When AC mains power is on, step-
down transformer XI generates about
!SV AC and converts it to above 18V
DC after rectification and fil tering.
DC voltage thus available is split into
two: one for charging the 12V battery
(BATT.J) through ICJ and the other
for power supply to Ard uino (Board!)
through IC2.
While charging the battery, its volt-
age is displayed on the left-top corner
of LCDl . The ch.ugerjcharging type
and status is displayed on the second
line on LCDI. LM338 supplies 14.2V
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Jj o ~'
DO-IT-YOURSELF

Construction
ond testing
An actual -size
PCB layout of
the Arduino-
- BC547 npn transi~tor
-IN540Sr<'ctifierdiode
controlled 12V
battery charg-
-IN4007n>ctifierdiode er is shown in
Resis/ors(al/1/i-u>all,i5 ~ carl1ou).uttkiss/al<!tl
Fig. 2 and its
otll<'ru•i>t>·
RI -IJ.2-ohm,.5-wan components
R2 -1.5 -kii<K>hm layout in Fig.3.
"
R4,Rt2
R5, H7, R9, 1U3
Assemble
the circuit on
R6 the designed
0 RS,Rll
,,. PCB. Once the
'" ·22-kilo-<!hm
-2-kilo-ohmpotmt'ter
circuit is ready
Fig. 2: Actual· size PCB layout of baltery charger
VR2 '"'
Cilpadtors;
.l(!.kiJo-<!hmpotmt'tt'r
and Arduino
sketch is writ-
O,C2.C6 -WIIf,25Vel~lytic ten to the
C3 -2200J.IF,50Vel~lytic board through
CS -I OOIIF, 25Vel•.>ctrolytic
USB port, con-
C<,O -[}.l)'F ceramicdisk
MiS«<IU>I<'OIIS; nect shorting
Board! -ArduinoUnoOOard jumperSJI and
Xl - 230VACprimaryto a multimeter
ISV-0-15, 1.5Ase..vndary
transform<.'l" in place of the
llAIT.l • 12V,7Ahbattery battery for cali-
51 -l"actilejpush-t<K>nswitch
bration. Switch
"' -Shortingjumpo.'l"
- Jumrerw i!"l.'

Fig. 3: Compon8n!S layout for /118 PCB
to the battery till it is fully charged.
Once it is fu lly charged (above \3V),
LM338 supplies about 13.3V to the
battery, a nd maintains the charge at
this level. This is called float charging
Cha rging voltage is controlled by two
BC547transistors (Tl and T2), whose
bases are connected to Arduino board
pins8 ..J nd 9
To know the status oi the bauery
when 230V AC mains power is oif,
press and hold test switch SI ior some
time. Arduino gels power from the
connected bauery. It displays voltage
and status of the battery (assuming
that battery is not dead).
Softwore
The software program (banerycharger.
ino) is written in Arduino program-
ming language. Arduino IOE is used
0
-~~ ~stripiemale
on AC mains
power and
adjust VRI till
. ~~~ ~strip femal<'
0 the multimeter
- ~!~':g strip f;:,mah• re a ds 14.2V
-2-pin terminalronnector DC. Adjust
-Heat-sinlcsforlCland iC2 VR2 till LCDI
-2-pinm.alellergstripronne.."'or displays 14.2V.
Remove shon-
ing jumper SJ\
to compile and u pload the program. and the multimeter. The charger is
ATmega328P on Arduino Uno board ready to use. Connect a battery that
comes with a pre-programmed boot- needs to be charged (12V banery) at
loader that allows you to upload a new BATT.\, as shown in the circuit.
code to it without using an external Preca u tio n . Maintain proper
hardware progra mmer. polarity of the banery while connect-
Connect Arduino to the PC and ing for charging. Reverse polarity of
select the correct COM port in Ardu- the battery may damage the circuit.
ino IDE. Compile the progr.:~m / Charging voltage is set to 14.2V.
sketch. Select the correct board from This value is dependent on the lead-
Tools-J>Board menu in Arduino IOE. acid battery manufacturer. Hence,
Upload the sketch to the internal refer battery manual before charging.
memory of the microcontroller. Use suitable heat-sinks for JCI and
1C2. I5J

WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Jj
DD-IT-YOURSELF
bV
PICTURE SLIDESHOW Using ESP32
SOMNATH BERA

small TIT display connected to controller (MC U) w ith integrated available on line, but 6-pin connector

A Raspberry Pi can display many

pictures one J.fter another. This
can also bf." done using ESP32, using
Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth - it
is a successor of F.SP8266 MCU. Once
programmed, ESP32 never hangs,
SO card shield was used at EFY Llb. lt
is available on www.ebay.in

Soltwore
the same calculat ions and tricks. This because it works on 3.3 volts and a
project is used to create a picture single set of instruct ions, unlike Rasp- Arduino sketch esp_ image.ino is
slideshow using ESP32 and an SO berry Pi. ESP32 is easy to handle and simple to understand. The librar-
card shield. The display can be 1Ll9163 works well for sma ll programs. ies required in the sketch include
TFT, Nokia 511 0 LCO or equivalent. Pin map diagram of SparkFun TFT_ ILI9163C, Adafruit_GFX_Library
The author's prototype is shown in ESP32 is shown in Fig. 3. The modi-
Fig. 1. fied library and other associated files
are packed in a folder for this project.
:c
Circuit and working Arduino IDE is used to uplo.ld the E
The circuit diagram of ESP32 picture sketch to ESP32. (ESP-Wroom-32 lll9163TFT ESP32 SDCardSh1eld
slideshow is show n in Fig. 2. Main version 1.1 was used at EFY Lab for ModulePm ModulePm
components used in this project are testing purposes.) LED/V cc 3.3V 3.3V •v.,
ESP32 module, ILI9163 TIT displ.:~y TIT displa y. The 3.65cm (I .44- GND GND GND GND
module, SO card shield and SO card inch) coloured TFT screen display AD P15 P19 MISO
Details of the connections of the mod- with SPI serial bus was used during C5 P2 P22 C5
ules and shield are given in the t.Jble. testing. lt is compatible with Noki.J
ESP32. lt is a low-power micro- 5110 display, and is available on www. Reset P4
aliexpress. com 5CK P18 P18 5CK
SD card slt ie ld. This requires a 5DA P23 P23 MOSI
SV DC power supply or smartphone •someSDcardshieids maynct wo~oo3.3V In lflat
charger. There are many SO cards caseusea5VtorVcc.

-----
Fig. t:Avthor'sprorotype
-- ~

~1
ESP32
MODULE
,, .-::-..,__~_

"'
"'
"'
"'
""
3 .3V
_,__ . ___ - __
......,__...........
,.... _,. __ _
G<O

__
...,.a;:......,,.N) ..

....Ya>..._
,__,..
.. _ , __ ......

--··-
--- l~=··
Fig. 2: Circuit diagram or ESP32 p~turo
s/ideshow Fig. 3: E5P32 pin details

m SEPTEMBER 2018 I ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW. EFYMAG.CO M


-ESJ>32module(SparkFun
orWroom}
-8-pin,3.65cm(l.44-inch}
128xl28colm.tredTFf
d~play
- 6-pinSD cardsh i.,ld
- 8CBSDcard
Mi!iallani'O~•·
CONI - 9-pinronnectorforESI'3l
modul<'
-8-pinoonne-ctorfor iLJ9163
TFf display
-6-pinoonne-ctorforSDc:ard
shit.'ld
-SVOCpowersupply
- Jumf"'rwin.>s
:md SO. Some library files are already
inbuilt in Arduino !DE.
The sketch enables ESP32 to com-
municate with the TIT display and SO
card. Then, it loads image files from
the SO card to the loop. bmpDraw
function in the sketch sizes the images
and places these on the display, and
the loop continues
bmpDraw( ) function is available
online from Adafruit and other TIT
package suppliers for loading picture
files (.bmp) to the SO card.
The header file (TIT_ILI9163C.h)
for ESP32 was modified because
images were not appearing on full
1Ll9163 TFT may have problems
with full 128xi28 resolution dis-
play. However, by tweaking TFT_
ILI9163C.h file for the offsets variable,
the problem can be resolved. To resize
the images, use resize command on
Ubuntu. The command is: convert
-resize 128xl28 source.xyz destina-
tion.jpg
Image fi les can be in any format,
including .bmp and .jpg. Dump these
in the SO c.ud root directory as l.bmp,
2.bmp, 3.bmp and so on. To convert
picture files from .jpg or other for-
mats to .bmp, use utility software like
GIMP, PicsArt and MSPaint.
When you first switch on the
power supply, the SO card may fail
Jj o~'
DO-IT-YOURSELF
www.ely.in EFY~q)!_~
Fig. 4: Actual-size PCB layout of ESP32 pidu/"9
slideshow
Advertising is
salesmanShip
mass produced.
No one would
bother to use
0
advertising if he
Fig. 5: Compon911ts layout for the PCB
could talk lo all
his prospects
to load. Restart ESP32 to solve the
problem. face-to-face.
This project shows that display-
related projects can be made e.:~sily on But he can't.
ESP32 rather than Raspberry Pi.
Construction and testing
An actual -size PCB layout for the
picture slideshow is shown in Fig. 4
and its components layout in Fig. 5.
Assemble the components on the PCB,
as per the circuit diagram.
The connect ions are easy. Use
appropriate ESP32 pins. In this pro-
ject, all data pin connections of ESP32
board are located on one side
In the prototype, a double-sided,
general-purpose PCB was used. ESP32
was soldered on one side, while SO
card shield and TIT display on the
other.
SO card should contain 128x128
pixel .bmp images, so that these can
appear perfectly on the TFT display.
Number of images to be displayed
depends on the memory capacity of
the SO card. DD
SormttthB&reisanaviduser
ofopensourcesoltw!lr&
Prolessionally, heisathennal
power9xp&rland wortlsas
addilionalgEtMr&l rnanager
at NTPC Ud
 Jj bV
DD-IT-YOURSELF

Designing WIRELESS GAS DETECTION

And MONITORING SYSTEMS
OR DOGAH IBRAIIIM

as detector systems are mainly domestic and industrial gas detection of these sensors depend on the type

G used for sensing the presence

of gas leaks and then taking an
action, such as automatically shutting
down the source of gas or sounding an
alarm to inform the people in the area
about the gas leak.
Presented here is a microcontroller
(MCU) -based wireless liquefied petro-
leum gas {LPG) detection and moni-
toring system. It is multi-node and,
therefore su itable for use in caravan
sites, holiday homes, students' halls of
residence, old peoples' homes, univer-
sity campuses and other places where
groups of people live, and a large
number of detectors may be required.
Semiconductor gos sensors
The MQ series of gas sensors are
highly popular and are used in most
Fig. 7: Connection diagram ofMQ series of
gas sensors
applications. These are semiconduc-
tor sensors with SnOl as the sensitive
material. The sensors have low con-
ductance in dean
air, but their con-
ductivity rises
when subjected
to the gas being
sensed. Change
in conductivity is
converted to an
analogue output
signal through
Fig. 3: M0-6 LPG a simple circuit.
gas sensor Detection ranges
F19. 4: 0utputvoltageolsensor
of sensors used.
As shown in Fig. 1, MQ series of
gas sensors require two voltage inputs
heater voltage (VH) and circuit voltage
(V 0 :). Heater voltage is specified as SV
and can be AC or DC. Circuit voltage
is SV DC and should be connected as
shown in the connection diagram. In
most applications, the same SV volt-
age is used to power both the heater
and the internal sensor circ uitry
The manufacturer provides sen-
sitivity curves showing the gas con-
centration against the ratio of sensor
resistance to resistance in dean air
MQ-6. This sensor is used to detect
LPG concentrations in the air, which
are mainly composed of propane and
butane. SnOl is the sensitive mate-
rial of this sensor, and its conductiv-
ity changes when exposed to LPG
The sensor can
detect gas con -
centra tions in the
range of 200ppm
to JO,OOOppm. As
Fig. 6: TX2H UHF with o ther sen -
transminer module sors, an internal

'"'" ' '

~ Mi<n><>:n- - TX
J
J

Fig. 2: Block diagram of gas d819Ciion system Fig. 5: Circuit diagram of gas M19Ction circuit

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM


Fig. '1: Circuit diagram of monifoting circuit
heater is used. The sensor provides an
analogue output volt.:~ge proportional
to ambient gas concentration.
Design of wireless gas detection
and monitoring systems
The block diagram of the designed
system is shown in Fig. 2. The system
consists of two pans: gas detection
stations and gas monitoring station. A
gas detection station consists of a semi-
conductor gas sensor and an MCU that
receives signals from the gas sensor
.md activates a suitable tr.1nsmi1ter
module. This detection or tr.:~nsmitter
station sends a mess.:~ge to the monitor-
ing station along with a unique station
ID to alert the user about the gas leak-
age along with its location.
In this design, four switches
a re used, which makes it possible
to have up to 16 detection stations.
Their unique !Ds ra nge from 0 to IS,
selected using switches
Circuit and working
Both detection and monitoring sta-
tions use low -cost 8-bit medium -
performance PlCF family of MCUs.
Hardware details of each station are
given below.
Detection and tran smitter sta-
tions. MQ-6 semiconductor LPG gas
sensor (Fig. 3} is used in the design,
since it is highly sensitive, low cost
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and easy to use. LPG concentrations
above IOOOppm are accepted to be
toxic and should be avoided. The
system has been designed to activate if
LPG concentration is above \OOOppm.
MQ-6 pins are organised in groups
of three pins on each side of the
sensor, where pins 2 and 5 are heater
pins, and pins l and 3 and pins 4 and
6 are sensor circuit pins. As shown in
Fig. l, load resistor RL is connected
in series with sensor resistance R, to
convert resistance R. to voltage. Fig. 4
shows the sensor output voltage when
a 4. 7-kilo-ohm load resistor is used .
The circui t diagram of the gas
detection stat ion is shown in Fig. 5.
lt is built around an MQ* series LPG
gas sensor, PICJSF2550 MCU (ICI},
TX2H -433 -64-SV 433MHz transmit-
ter module (TXl). 4-way DIP switch
(DIP I) and a few other components.
MQ~ LPG sensor may be MQ-3, MQ-4,
MQ-6, MQ-7 or MQ-8
PICI8F2550 is used in the design
with .:m external SMHz crystaL PLL
dock multiplier is used to increase the
operating clock frequency from SMHz
to 48MHz. Sensor output is connected
to a 10-kilo-ohm variable resistor,
which feeds into analogue input chan-
nel RA 1 of the MCU.
Sensitivity o ft he device can easily
be adjusted via this potentiometer.
Whenever a gas leakage is detected, a
message is sent to the monitoring sta-
tion together with the unique station
!D. Every station is assigned a unique
!D by using the switches connected
to Port B.
Depending upon applications,
distance between detection stations
and monitoring station can be hun-
dreds of metres. In a large caravan
site, this distance can even be a few
kilometres. For this reason, RF trans-
mitter and receiver modules are used
in the design. Radiometrix (www.
ralliometrix .co.uk) TX2H transmitter
module (Fig. 6} is used in the design.
11 is a 433.92MHz UHF FM transmit-
ter module with 25mW power output,
having a typical range of 500 metres,
consuming only 23mA current.
The module is powered from + SV
supply and is connected to pin 17 or
UART (TX) oftheMCU. A helical loop
or whip antennd cdn be used with the
module. Length of the whip antenna
should be 16.4cm from RF pin . Pin
configuration of TX2H is shown in
Table L Gas detection stations can be
powered from + SV mains adaptors,
usually used to charge cell phones.
Receiver and monitoring station.
Fig. 7 shows the circuit diagram of the
monitoring station. It is built around
433MHz receiver module RX2A-433 -
64 (RXI), PICISF45K22 MCU (IC2},
16x2 LCD (LCOI}, transistor BC548
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU] SEPTEMBER 2018 m
 Jj
DD-IT-YOURSELF
bV
(TJ), piezo buzzer (PZI) and a few
TABLE I TABLE 11
other components. In this design,
PIC18F45K22 is used with LCDI
PI IRJ N
display and buzzer PZI. it is clocked ~A

mma~~-
using an SMHz crystal.
A compatible RX2A UHF receiver RFgntl RFgroulltl Rfin 50-ohminput!romantenna
module (Fig. 8) is used at the moni- RFoot 50-ollmRFoutputto Rfgnd Rfgrouoo
toring station. This module has a anteooa
sensitivity of -IOSdBm and operates RSSI Receivedsignal strength
~~:t +5V DC suwty input GND DCwpplygrouOO
with power supply from 2.7V to
GND OCsupplyground Vrx: DCpowersuppty
16V. "JYpical current consumption is
11.6mA. Use of the TXD TransmitdatainJXJ\ Afoot Anabgueoutput iromFM
module requires demoOOia!OI"
connection of an (RX) of the MCU. Table 11 gives the pin RXD Receiveddatainput
l l..='-~\'( 1 external antenna. configuration of RX2A.
Receiver data pin ning of DTransmitte r.c program,
Fig. 8: RX2A UHF is connected to pin Software threshold is set to 2500mV, so that
receiver module 26 or UART input The software of the system has been the system is activated when LPG
developed using mikroC Pro for PlC concentration level is approximately
language (www.mikroe.com). mikroC above 800ppm (Fig. 4). Then, Port B
is a standard C-compatible language is con figured as digital input and RA I
developed specifically for PlC MCUs. 11 is con figured as ana logue input
has a rich library of functions, includ- Port B internal pull ups are enabled
ing RS·232, SPl, 12C, LCD, GLCD, TFT, and UART is initialised to operate at
Fig. 9: Displaying an alarm condition from SO card and PWM 9600 baud rate. The rest of the pro-
station3 Detection station. AI the begin· gram executes in an endless loop.

Fig. 10:Actuai-SizePCBiayoutofdetectioncirr;uit

o nu 1 ooooo oo 1 ~.2 o

i [~~~~:::::::::::~~:)~~~
·~
-
0Do 0
-
I·~-e---;;--<>
JI,.Do:IN'P
U.IIIQUJI ~
•~ ~

c.a 1lalooooooooooooooola -
o ~· o
Fig. 11: Component layout for IM PCB layout of detection circuit Fig. 13: Components layout for the PCB layout of monitoring circuit

m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW. EFYMAG.COM

 ID - nn/ is sent to the monitoring sta-
tion. Here, nn is station ID and j signi-
fies terminator of data. The program
repea ts a iter one-minute delay
-UC548npntransistor
&sis.lors (ul/1/~u,a/1, ±5% ea mm);
Monitoring station. At the begin-
RI -10-kilo-ollm ning of the program (MReceiver.c),
R2 interface between LCD and MCU is
VR< -10-kilo-ollmpotmo.'t<'r
VR2 -10-kilo-ollmpreset
defined, and Ports B and C are con- 20-pin IC base. Depend ing on require-
Glpaci/O<'S' figured as digital ports. Then, UART ment, you can assemble one circuit, or
up to 16 similar circuits, with different
0"'
Misallunrous·
-22pFceramicdisc is set to 9600 baud rate and LCD is
initialised. The program then enters an !Ds using DIP ! setting from 0 to IS.
-
TX2H..fi>.M RFtransmitter

'"'""" -
RX2A4,l3.M RF n_oc..iwr
endless loop. Inside this loop, the pro- An actual-size PCB layout for the
CON!,CON2 -
2-pint<!nninalronn._octor gram waits umil data is received from receiver and monitoring circuit is
~ IQ" -
MQ6 L1'Gs..'T'ISOrtt a detection station, terminated with / . shown in Fig. 12 and its components
~'<[uival<!nl (li1Q3/ MQ4/
MQ7/MQ8)
After receiving valid data, station ID layout in Fig. 13. After assembling the
LCD ! - 16•2 1-CD of the station is dis played (Fig. 9) and circuit on the PCB, connectS V across
XTALI, XTAl.l Sl\!1-ll';crystal the buzzer is activated. The program CON2. Load the hex file (M Receiver.
Sl,S2 -On/offswitch
DI Pl -4-way D!P switch
repeats a iter one-minute delay. hex) oi the receiver to P1C I8F4SK22
PZ! - Piewbu7~r and insert the IC to 40-pin IC base.
ANll, ANI'2 - ~·~.:ahi'licalloop or whip Construction and testing Assemble only one monitoring circuit
-SVregulal<'dpowersupply
An actual-size PCB layout for the detec- and install it at a su itable location for
- :al-pin lCbasi'ftt lCl tion and transmitter circuit is shown monitoring. m
-40-pin lCbas.:'ftt lC2 in Fig. 10 and its components layout
in Fig. 11. After assembling the circuit
Inside this loop, sensor output is on the PCB, connectSV across CONI.
read and converted into milli-volts. Load the hex file (DTransmitter.hex) of
If sensor output is greater than 2.SV, the transmitter to P!CISF2SSO using a
station ID is read and the message suitable programmer. Insert the IC to

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WWW.EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 20t8 m


aspberry Pi is a low-cost, high-
R perform ance, credi~ -card - si~ed
computer for learnmg, solvmg
problems and having fun. Easy to
get started with, this tiny yet power-
ful computer comes with additional
resources including monitor screen,
keyboard and mouse. Imagine the
inconvenience of moving around the
accessories between workplaces for
.:~ccessing th is ti ny computer. Does it
still feel tiny!
The configuration given in this
article lets you set up a local network
Coo necllol"l n a m e: ( W ired co n nection 1
General Ethern et 60:Z . 1x Secur ity
M eth od: I S h ared t o o th e r co mputers
0 Requi r e 1Pv4 add r essin g f o r thi s conn ection to co<nplete
Fig. 2: Ethemet settings in Ubuntu
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KALPESH BIIOSLE
bNween Raspberry Pi board and a
laptop using an Et hernet cable. It is a
simple and conveniem configuration
to access Raspberry Pi remotely.
Things you need to get storted
There are three things needed to con-
figure the setup: Raspberry Pi with an
SO card running Raspbian operating
system (OS), laptop running Linux
O S~l prefer Ubuntu 1 6.04~and
Ethernet cable to set up a connection
between Raspberry Pi and laptop
(Fig. I)
The la pt op must
have an Internet con -
nection to install a few
software packages. The
same connection can be
shared with Raspberry
Pi using an Ethernet
cable to install required
packages.
Installing required
packages on Ubuntu
Con figure Ethernet con-
nection on Ubuntu to
share its network with
hosts connected to it~
in this case, Raspberry
OC8 1Pv4 Settin g s 1Pv6 Setti ng s
- I
Pi. Then, open coniH"Ciion settings
for Ethernet connection from desktop.
Change IPV4 senings to Share to
Other Computers and click on Save.
(Fig. 2). An JP address is required to
get access to Raspberry Pi over Secure
Socket Shell (SSH). (SSH is a network
protocol that provides the adminis-
trator with a secure way to access a
remote computer. SSH service is not
enabled by default in Raspberry Pi.
To enable SSH, access command line
using sudo raspi-config command) .
Since there is no moni tor or keyboard
connected to Raspberry Pi, it is not
possible to use$ ifconfig command.
To find out the lP address assigned
to Raspberry Pi using a laptop, use
nmap tool. Ubumu needs Internet con-
nectivity over Wi-Fi. To do that, con-
nect it to a known Wi-Fi connection.
Open the terminal and install
nmap using the follow ing command:
Ssudoapt - getiostallllll\ap
Once the installation is complete,
rebootthesystem. Make sure it is con-
nected to the Internet via Wi-Fi.
Accessing Rospberry Pi using SSH
Connect Raspberry Pi to the computer
with Ubuntu using an Ethernet cable.
Then, start Raspberry Pi. By default,
the network configu ration saved in
Raspberry Pi over Ethernet connec-
tion is dhcp. This allows Raspberry
Pi to get the lP address from Ubuntu
system
11 takes some time for Raspberry
Pi to boot up and get an lP address.
Once it gets an lP address, a pop up
on Ubun tu system will d isplay Con-
nection Established.
No te down the broadcast address
of the Ethernet connection on Ubuntu.
Open the terminal and run $ ifconfig
command as shown in Fig. 3. Make
a note of the lP address of Ubuntu
system (10.42.0. 1 is the lP address in
this example) and look for the term
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU] SEPTEMBER 2018 m

~ ......."'...... -·
" .
' '' ' .
Fig. 3: ifoonfig oommand
,., _ ,,,..,(ld•~·od•·
,,
' ' ' ' \
' ''
' '
Fig. 4: Searching for lP addross of Raspberry Pi
n .... _ _
' '
'
Fig. 5: Viewing oonrents of modified xSlartup file
BcasL This should be in the second
line when ifconfig command is given .
Search for the !P address assigned
to Raspberry Pi using $ nmap -n -sP
10.42.0.255 / 24 command. Replace
10.42.0.255 with Beast address noted
in the previous step. nmap tool shows
the details of all hosts that are up and
running, along with their lP addresses
Make a noteoithe lP address (here, it is
10.42.0.193} assigned to Raspbeny Pi.
Login to Raspberry Pi using$ ssh
-Ypi@l0.42.0.!93 command. Replace
10.42.0.193 with the lP address noted
using nmap tool. Enter default pass-
word as raspberry.
This setup allows you to .:~ccess
Raspberry Pi anytime over SSH using
Fig. 6: RaspberryPidesldop
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj bV
DD-IT-YOURSELF
the JP add ressJssigned to it,
in non-graphicJl command-
line mode. Note thJt, Jccess-
. ing the graphical desktop
requires installing addi -
tional packages such .Js VNC
serve r. This is expl.1ined
next.
Installing required
' " packages on Raspberry Pi
Internet access is avail -
' able on Raspberry Pi since
Ubumu connected to a Wi -Fi
network has shared its con-
nection over Ethernet. Run
the following commJnd to
update the packages list
from the repositories:
Ssudoapt - 9etupdne
Graphical desktop of
Raspberry Pi can be shared
using tightvncserver pack-
age. For that, run the following com-
mand:
Ssudoapt - 9etinstallti9htvncserver
Run the follow ing command to
perform the initial set up of tightvnc-
St19htvncserver
Enter a suit a ble password for
future connections. Enter n for No to
view only password .
Run the following command to
copy and paste from VNC server:
Ssudoapt - 9etinstallautocutsel
Add autocutsel -fork in / home/
pi/. vncj xstartup using the following
command·
Ssudonano/home/pi/ . vnc/xstartup
Save it using Ct rl + x
Contents of the modified xst.:~rtup
file can be viewed using the following
command
$cat . vnc/xstartup
Restart VNC server fo r autocutsel
to take effect, using the following
command:
Accessing Raspberry Pi
using VNC Viewer
Although R.Jspbe rr y Pi h.Js the
required p.Jckages installed to stre.:~m
its graphical desktop, VNC Viewer is
needed to Jccess it. Since we Jre using
an Ubuntu system to access Raspberry
Pi, install VNC Viewer using the fol -
lowing command:
Ssudoapt-9etinstallssvnc
You may need to install xtight -
vncviewer using the fo llowing com-
mand·
Ssudoapt• (,letinstallxti(,lhtvncviewer
1t is now possible to access the
gr.:~phicaldesktop of Raspberry Pi
using the following command:
$xti'.jhtvncv1e>ler192 . l6S . 0 . 193 ' 1
Replace 192.168.0. 193 with the lP
address of your Raspberry Pi. Enter
the password to access it. Altern.Jtive-
ly, the same results can be obtained
using RealVNC Viewer pack.Jge .Jvail-
able on www. rea lvnc.com
Raspberry Pi can be logged on over
SSH using an Ethernet network with
Ubuntu system. Graphical desktop
of Raspberry Pi runni ng VNC server
can be accessed using VNC Viewer.
Internet can be accessed on Raspberry
Pi by sharing the Wi-Fi connection of
Ubuntu system. This configurJtion
lets you access Raspberry Pi from any
remote location using a laptop and J
regular Ethernet cable
Note that, vncserver does not start
automatically when Raspberry Pi
boots up. You need to start it using the
command given below. Use SSH every
time you want to access the graphical
desktop of Raspberry Pi.
$v,.,server ' l OD
Ka~ Bhosale is B.Tech
(eledronics).workingas
embedded software developer
at Tata Etxs\ Ud, Pune. He
likes e.pomg open source
softwaNandhardwaN ir"ICU:Iing
RaspberryPiandArduino
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DO-IT-YOURSELF

AIRCRAFT SIGNAL RECEIVER

Using RTL-SDR And DUMP1090
VAIIUII KUMAR

DS-B, or automatic dependent surveillance - broad- If everything is working fine, you will get an output

A cast, is used by commercial airplanes to broadcast

the ir latitude and longitude along with other
information to the air traffic controller. This information
similar to the following ·

o: RMitek, m283&uHIDI~ . ~ = 00000001

is transmitted at 1090MHz. ADS-8 signals can be received
using RTL-SOR dangle and decoded using software. In uunq de••ce o : GEnenc R'l'L2!32U 001

sowortW9<1inYa!ues 1291 : 0. 00 . 9 !. 4 2.1 1.11.1 8.112. 5 ll-4 \5 .116. 6

19 .120 . 722 . 92S .428 . 029 .132 . 833 . 836 . 437 . 238 . 640 . 242 .143 . 443.944 . S

[R82XX)PL!.ootlC>cled 1

,, Salplifl\lat2\l48000S/s .
!ioE4000tur>erfound, abortifl\l .
To use dump\090, refer to its manual for various com-

Q mands and functions. For that, run the command given

below
$ . /d~\090 -- belp

A brief manual of dump\090 is given below.

Ver : J. 07 .J 908 .13)

Fig. 1: RTL·SORdongle with antenna and romote

--')3-,n<db.> Set')aln(default : na•')aln . Use -l OO!orauto-g;oinl
this project we use dump \090 program or command line --e<W>le· "9C F.nabletbeklt<;G;oticGainControlldefaolt: off)
to decode ADS-B sign.Jls on Linux machine. Apart from -- freq<h» Set freqJ>el\C)" (default : JO!I(lltl~)

decoding ADS-B signals, dumpl090 program also creates a
Google Maps Web server where it displ:!ys the locations of
.1irplanes whose ADS-B signals are being received.
Tools required for the setup
Tools required are laptop or computer running Linux/
Readdat;o fmafile (uS<! '·' forstdin)
-· lnteractive•rovs<ma>llal nllli>erofrovs in interact1ve.ode [default : IS)
- • lnteractlve•ttl<sec>Re.ovef<~:alistlfidlefor<se<:>(default : 601
DlSplayftightUblelnlmlO!I(lfomat
Sllowonly~~Hsogestle•oalii!!S

Ubuntu (preferably Ubuntu 14.04 and above), RTL-SDR F.nablenet-.orking

dongle, antenna and dumpl090 program installed on F.nab\ede-co::lingo!SSR~sl!AIJ/C

Ubuntu operating system (OS) "l"CP ••~ootput in Ele.l.st b1nary fomat

-- net-only F.nablejustnet""rtif>!J , noRTLdevi""orfileused
Installation of dumpl090 -- net·http-port<port> H"IT!'serwrport(d<lfault:8080)
Down load dumpl090 using the given link below. "l"CP .. ~input listen port (<iefoolt: 30001)
http• : /fqithub . c<a{llllcoliiROOb/~1090 7CPr••outJ)Iltlistenportldefault: 30002)
Open the terminal and go to folder where durnp\090 --net-st>s-port <port> TCP s..seSt.atlon output l utenport !default: JOOOJJ
is saved. For installing it, type 'make' and press Enter, to -- net·h1·port <port> TCP Beut input list~n port (<iefaolt : JOoo•l
install dumpi090 on the computer -- •H-bo-port <port> TCP Beast output listen port !defau lt : looo~)
Next, install rtl-sdr library by using the following corn- TCP u~o•tpot flln,,... " ' "' !default: 01
mand: TCP r•~ output ..:Jry flush ute (default : 0)
$sudoapt- '1"tinst.olllibrthdr-deY Refe,..,./receiverlatltideforsurfa""posn(opt)
-- lon<lonQitode> Referencelreceiverlon::;itudeforsurfa""posn(opt)
Getting started F.nab\esinQie-b\tserroroorrertionus\ngC!lC
To test the hardware, plug in RTL-SOR dongle to the Linux Disablesingle-bitserroroorrertionus\ngCII:C
machine and run the following command on the terminal: DisableroesSiqes~ithbroWC!lC ld,scooraqedl
s . /rtl_tut -t E".nableph.Jseeohaf!CEIOent

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 Jj o ~~
DD-IT-YOURSELF

elem~ ll::lreCI\Iforaore.oes~sltoob,tst

d!Splayraw.-esu<:!esln8e.utasclil0de
..u, . . •)

Witb - -ifileprlntst•tsatel!l.ltootberoutput
- -onlyaddr ShootonlyiO.O<>ddresses(testir<Jpu~l

Ose!Oetricunits(.eters,U/h, .. •)

Original, .- snip(Jevel>
--debuo;J<fla9»
StripiQfilen.,vi'"ISOIII'les<le..,l
DeblagiOde(wrOO.e],sooREA!M.fordeu.lls
DisableoutputtostOOut . Uoeforda,.,.apphcatlonS

innovative --belp
Set~l..,rerrorlnpartsper •!lllon(defaultO)

Sllowtblsl>elp

circuit ideas
are invited
c • toqfra.es•ithbadC!le
C•!.OQfrMes•ith90CXICRC
p • !.ogfraooes••thb,l.dprwot>le
n • l.orjr>et-..orldeb\q;in::;,nfo
from designers and j•!.ogfr....estofrOllleS.js, loa<lal>lebyc>ebu<l . htlll
experimenters Using this manual, an interactive session can be car-
for publication In EFY magame ried out to view incoming decoded ADS-B signals from the
airplanes in a tabular format. For that, type '--interactive'
as one of the commands on the terminal
Apart from receiving decoded information from ADS-B
signals, plot and see it graphically on a map. To do so,

V .,._...-,

type the argument ·--net' on the terminaL Th is will cre.Jte

a Google M.Jps Web server on which the points where the
airplanes are located c.Jn be plotted using the data irom
dumpl090.
Enter the following command:
$ . /dU~pl090 -- interactive --oot

The following will Jppear on the term inal·

ltxleSqwtFiiqht AltSpdl>:jq Lat l<>l'lcJ Sigl!stiS "l"il

On the browser go to http://lowlhosf :8080. All nearby

airplanes will appear on Google Maps, along with other
relevant da ta such as latitude, longitude and altitude.
A screenshot of Google Maps captured during testing is
shown in Fig. 2. I!D

VarunKl/ITillfiSaneleclrontshobbyistanda
cin:uildesigner. HiSintereslsinckJdewireless
communicatiOn and COI1lXJI&r pro{Tllmming

WWW. EFYMAG.COM

DEFEATING POLLUTION
WITH THE loT: Solutions In India
Smartde~cespowered
by t~loT gi~esu~~
flu/opportunity to
optlmlse thel'l!f)'
osp«tso ft heir
op«otkms thot may
lmpro ve thelmpocton
thllenvlronment
Fig. t:. Smartphooosdisp/ayf/16 airqua#tyindex
otmg1011s
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JJ 0 ~I·
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
I 'IH!.!.i3M5§i.ti.!.i.i@91
PAROMIK CHAKRABOIITY
ndian cities have been struggling to
I bring pollution leve.ls i1.1 check. Recem
World Health Orgamsat10n reports h.lVe
revealed that India has the most polluted air
in the world- cities like Kanpur, Mumbai,
New Delhi and Varanasi, among others,
appear on the top of the list. New Delhi has
often been in the red alert radar, like last
year, when the city's air quali ty crossed 70
times the safety limit.
Apart from air, there is concern regard-
ing water pollution. India's major rivers-
Ganga, Yamuna and Narmada-and most
other water bodies are heavily polluted
While .1ir pollution is mostly contrib-
uted by dust irom unregulated construction
works, emission from vehicles, industries
.1nd homes, and so on, water pollution is
caused due to unregulated waste dumped
into water bodies that may come from
households or factories, poor
sewage management, non -
invigilated washing and bath-
ing by people, e1c. We must
include soil poll ution as well to
get a clearer picture of where
we stand
To bring these critical envi-
ronmental issues in control.
experts are arming themselves
with modern technologies like
the Internet ofThings (loT). The
loT takes the role of an enabler,
providing clear visibility of real-
time environmental conditions
to users and allow ing them
to make necessary changes
to improve conditions. Let us
look at how the loT is helping
people mitigate environmental
problems.
How the loT reduces
pollution
Smart devices powered by the
loT gives users the opportunity
to optimise the very aspects
of their operations that may improve the
impact on the environment. Ashish Mathur,
managing director, Jamshedpur Utility and
Services Co. (JUSCO), says, "loT setups pro-
vide .1 clear d.1shboard-based compact view
of all necessary data to decision makers.
With information like PM levels in the air,
moisture, humidity, pH of water and so on
being available in one place, making strate-
gies to mitigate air pollution becomes easy."
The loT is embedded in every smart
appliance today and, consequently, helps
mitigate environmental issues in one way
or the other. Amarjeet Singh, chief technol-
ogy officer, Zenatix Solutions Pvt Ltd, says,
""loT solutions can handle environmental
issues directly or indirectly. Solutions like
air quality or environment monitoring sys-
tems take a direct approach by displaying
live conditions of the environment, be it
indoors or outdoors.
"As a result, users know what can be
done to control the readings, if these .1re
above safety levels. Other solutions bring
indirect benefits to the env ironment, such
as technology that reduces energy con -
sumption. Ii homes, industries and cities
can optimise their energy-driven appli-
ances to reduce electricity usage, a massive
reduction in carbon footprint, thermal
emission and, subsequently, pollution can
be achieved ··
Industries are one of the largest con-
tributors to environmental pollution.
Hence, many big factories are deploying
loT solutions in their prem ises. Arniya
Kumar Sarn.::~ntaray, chief executive officer
and founder, Phoenix Robotix Pvt Ltd, says,
"Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
has come up with guidelines for industries
and cities to monitor poll ution levels online
All data gets collected on a cent ralised plat-
form, where it is analysed and risk areas are
highlighted. With remote access to all ana-
lytics, industries are better able to prepare
for pollution and, eventually, follow CPCB
norms beHer. ··
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 llJI

Application areas
As mentioned earlier, loT solutions
help improve the environment .:~t
v.:~rious levels, namely, households,
industries and enterprises, or even at
city scale
In dustria l and enterprise solu-
tions. Many solutions .:~re .:~v.:~ilable
today to help industries and enterprises
fight pollution. For instance, Aurassure,
an environmental monitoring platform
developed by Phoenix Robotix, can be
deployed across premises of a factory
or office. Solar-powered sensor devices
are wall- or pole-mounted across dif-
ferent corners, to create a perimeter
around the campus. Sensors pick up
environmental data of the surrounding,
including air quality (PM 2.5 and PM
10 readings), carbon gas content, other
g.:~ses, humidity, soil conditions.:~nd pH.
Data is stored on .:1 cloud server,
:vc~\~~~~~ 1 :n:!~s:s~o Ac;~~~~ IIJliL~~!J-::~
sible through a Web-based
interface, the operator can
log onto the server and study
the analytics. In this way,
Aur.:~ssure helps many indus-
tries control emissions and
regulate their impact on the
environment
Samantaraysays , ""Auras-
sure has been deployed in
front of va rious city munici-
pal ities incl uding Raj kot ,
Si liguri and Co imba tore .
In Ori ssa, we dep loyed it
with industrial c us tomers
like Jindal Steel and Oalmia
m SEPTEMBER 2018 I ElECTl!ONICS FOR YOU
consistently keeping a tab on pollu-
tion levels and taking necessary steps
aftercomparingthereadingsatregular
intervals."
Another example is Wattm.:~n
platform by Zena tix, which helps
geographically-distributed ret.:~il and
enterprise chains to maintain their
appliances and optim ise energy con-
sumption. A centralised control system
shows real-time electricity usage of all
connected appliances- if any appli-
ance is dr.:~wing higher energy than it
should or is approaching a breakdown,
the oper.:~tor is notified to take preven-
tive measures. This loT-based building
management system aimed towards
enterprises has been deployed across
various Mother Dairy outlets. lt can
save at teast30 per cent electricity and
considerable carbon emissions.
City-level solutions. Sm.:~rt cities
are aimed towards environment con-
servation holistically. Sensorised tech-
nologies Me deployed across various
pollution hotspotslike garbage dispos-
al zones, sew.:~ge dr.:~ins, water bodies
and busy roads, to actively monitor
and mitig.:~te these plans. At city level,
a reliable communication network is
required, to allow the sensors to com-
municate with e.1ch other.
M.1thur explains, ''To bring forth
a sustainable smart in frastructure
to Jamshedpur ci ty, the first step
was to bring the whole region under
LoRaWAN connectivity. Next, we took
different steps to control the various
aspects of the environment and cre-
ated a centr.1l visibility platform for all
setups from a control office.
"We introduced sensors to sewage
dr.1in covers. When sewage becomes
almost filled to the brink, the sensors
notify the operator at the control to
deploy a cleaning team before sewage
w.:~ter overflows. We tested .:~nd
deployed sensorised bins to notify us
in real time when bins across the city
get filled, and clea n these within time.
"We also introduced sensors to
Jamshedpur'slakes and waterbodies
These read the compos ition of the
water, notify us of any kind of con-
tamirMtion and help us ensure that
aquatic flora .:~nd f.:~una are healthy
"Jamshedpur also utilises sm.1rt
grids to ensure optimal electricity gen-
eration and distribution. Smart meters
help us keep a tab on the supply of
utilities like electricity and water to
reduce wJstage."
In addition to these,
smart streetlight control,
smart parking and traffic
man.1gement also factor in
a healthy a nd sust.1inable
urban environment.
Con sumer solut io/I s.
loT devices that c.:~n help
reduce environmental prob-
lems from households are
aplenty. Smart plugs enable
users optimise their usage
of electric appliances, espe-
ci.1lly air-conditioners, gey-
sers and, at times, refrigera-
tors, which generate a high
amow1t of carbon gases and
consume a lot of energy
Smart air purifie rs mod-
WWW.EFYMAG.COM

Fig. 4: How the loT monitors sewage flow (Credit: Fujitsu.com)
ulat e indoor ai r and keep a tab on
indoor conditions
In -car loT devices help reduce
fuel wastage- a major source of high
carbon emission in urban areas
Automated water taps and water
pumps help reduce water wastage.
Challenges today and the way
forward
There are many factors that play into
the consistent lack of environmental
well-being, a major reason being lack
of awareness among citizens. Collec- and steps taken. Teaching people the
tions of wastes outside waste collection
JJ 0 ~I·
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
b ins, overflowing
sewages, malprac-
tice in water bodies,
unregulated use of
fue l-based vehicles,
unmonitored solid
and fluid emissions
from factories and
much more, col -
lec tively result in
t h ese situations.
While educating the
citizens is crucial,
enterprises and administrative bodies
should start taking the onus to drive the
motion- fortunately, they are.
Samantaray says, "In India, you
do not find many monitoring stations.
However, cities are gradually coming
up with such sta tions by carefully
planning the same to measure all qual-
ity parameters of the environment."
He explains, "JoT devices them -
selves cannot reduce pollution all the
time. These provide critical data based
on which awareness must be spread
benefits oi renewable energy solutions
like solar solutions, aggressively pro-
moting plantation and aiiorestation,
creating an ecosystem for electric
vehicles and so on can help promote
a healthy environment "
Singh concurs, ··we are at an
early age oi deployi ng technology ior
environmental benefits. A lot is yet to
be done in terms oi deploying air and
water monitoring at large scale, smart
mobility and so on. We are just touch-
ing the tip of the iceberg."
All cities and regions need to
address these problems at local levels,
believes Mathur. State governments
and the central government must play
dedicated roles in the process.
Samantaray says that, with a large
number of sta rtups coming up with
innov:~ tive solutions, data and devices
can turn out to be a big opportunity in
this aspect. The govern ment has also
come on board to bring in devices
and apply norms, wh ich people have
started adopting slowly. "'Hopeiully,
in two to five years, these technolo-
gies will be adopted at the iullest ··he
concludes. IlD

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WWW.EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTEMBER 2018 m


lNDUSTRY NEWS
Government approves
Make in India defence policy
Guidelines for the defence strategic
partnership model have been finally
approved by the Central government.
The model ofiers various incentives
to domestic p rivate and foreign
firms, ifthey manufacture for India's
defence forces locally.
The decision was taken at a meet-
ing oi Defence Acquisition Council,
led by Nirmala Sitharaman, minister
of defence. The first project to be
launched w ill be for Ill armed light
naval utility twin-engine helicopters,
IESA, KOTRA sign MoU
for collaboration in the ESDM industry
The electronic system design and
manufacturing (ESDM) industry is
accelerating towards self·reliance to
reduce its import bill. To further boost
the electronics and semiconductor
industry, India Electronics & Semi·
conductor Association (IESA) signed
a memorandum of understanding
(MoU) with Korea Trade Investment
Promotion Agency (KafRA)
The collabo ration is intended to
establish a busi ness platform to pro·
Tech Mahindra to roll out
SG pilot projects this month
Tech Mahindra expects to launch
about five pilot projects on SG servic·
es by this mon th and execute big pro·
jects on the new-generation network
from next financial year onwards, as
reponed by Economic Times . A senior
official from the company had earlier
said that it had set up an innovation
lab powered by hue! architecture to
accelerate SG roll out in India
The Centre constituted a high-
level commin ee last year, comprising
secretaries of the telecom depart-
m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
~· ~ ~·
MAKE IN INDIA
worth approximat ely ~ 210 billion. The
aim of the strategic partnership model is
to revive the defence industrial system
and improve the cap.1bi lities within the
private sector to design, manufacture
and develop complex weapon systems
for the future needs of the armed forces.
According to industry sources, 16
helicopters would be procured from
a foreign vendor a nd the remaining
95 will be bu ilt in India by an Indian
partner, through join t ventures and
technology transfers.
mote and enhance business coopera-
tion in the electronics and semiconduc-
tor industry between the two countries.
The MoU was signed by Ani! Kumar
Muniswamy, chairman, lESA and Or
Pyung Oh Kwon, president, KafRA.
Both IESA and KafRA will share infor-
mation relating to the electronics and
semiconductor ind ustry and promote
a value chain for production, R&D,
design, marketing, exchange of man-
power and so on
ment, IT and electron ics ministry and
science and technology department, to
work out the vision, mission and goals
for India's SG ambi tions and prepare a
road map a nd action plan for the same.
Telecom industry body Cellular Opera-
tors Association of India (COAl) said,
auction of spectrum for SG services
should happen only around the second
half of 2019 as it would offer telcos
better visibility into market dynamics
and potential revenue streams of next-
generation mobile services.
On The Move
Hemant nwari joins Hitac:hi Vantara
as GM, India
Hitachi Vantara, a wholly-owned subsidiary
of Hitachi , has named Hemant Tiwari as
vice president and geoeral manager (GM)
for India. He will lead Hitachi Vantara's
business and operations in l nd~ with a
focus on growing the overall business,
building up the partner ecosystem and
accelerating expansion of the company's
revenue and market share in India
Accenture names Gene Renzik
as chief strategy officer
Accenture has appointed Gene Renzi k as
dlief strategy officer. He takes over from
Omar Abbosh, who was named group
dlief executive officer- communications,
media and technology.
lnfosys hires John Gikopoulos as new
global head -AI and automation
Former lP Soft director John Gikopoulos
has joined lnfosys as global head of
artificial intelligence (AI) and automation
business at its consulting unit, as the IT
oompany bets big on the two technologies
to drive its business.
ReUanc:e Jio and Bharti Airtel
OOsresign
Chief technology officers (CTOs) of
Reliance Jio and Bharti Airtel have
resigned from their respective companies
Jagbir Singh joined Reliance Jio before the
soft laundl of 4G services. Prior to this, he
worked with Samsung and Airtel.
Shyam Prabhakar Mardikar was
serving as CTO of Airters mobile network
sinceJanuary20 17 , afterbeingwithAirtel
since August 2012. This was his second
stint with Airtel. Earlier, he was with the
telecom major from 200 1 to 20 10, after
quitting his job at Department of Telecom.
HCL Ted!nologies CFO Anil Chanana
to retire in Dec:ember
HCL Technologies announced th at its dlief
financial officer (CFO) Anil Chanana will
retire in December this year. He has been
with HCL for more than 35 years
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 smart IT
INDIA
11·12 OCTOBER 2018
NIMHANS Convention Center, Bengaluru

KEY THEMES
Smart iT-Infra Solutions 1Cloud & Big Data I Hyperconvergence I Open Source

INVITING AU IT DECISION MAKERS

• Come visitltlis two-day conference-cum-elq)O where latest IT infrastructure solutions will be on display.
• Usten to technoloqy experts who will share lalest tech trends and innovations that can solve your challenges.
• Network with peers who laced similar challenges, and have solved them.

efyevents@efy.in 1 +91-981 11 553351 www.smartiTindia.com


Calendar of Forthcoming Electromcs
Fairs/Exhibitions/Seminars/Events
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m SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ON)CS FOR YOU
INDUSTRY NEWS
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C.P. Gurnani, chief executive officer
and managing director, Tech Mahindra,
says the company hopes to garner more
than US$ 100 million as revenue from
blockchain technology during the current
fiscal. The company started focusing on
the emerging technology three years ago
and implemented solutions mainly for
the government and banking customers.
Samsung set to lead the loT
and AI in India
In the recently-concluded hiring season
at the IITs and other top engineering col-
leges in India, Samsung India picked up
around 1000 engineers. The consumer
electronics leader w ill engage these
new hires on taking forward its plan to
up the game in areas such as artificial
intelligence (AI). machine learning,
the Internet of Things (loT), natural
language processing and others and, on
developing lndia-specific innovations.
Last year, Samsung invested US$ IS
billion in R&D globally, and is currently
working on culting·edge innovations
in the areas of the loT and SG mobile
networks, AI, autonomous driving and
connected car technologies.
BlackBerry takes Make
in India route to make a
comeback
BlackBerry, which was once a strong
player in the smanphones market, is
attempting a comeback in India with
locally-developed and manufactured
devices that run on Google's Android
operatmg system
BlackBerry has signed a licensing
agreement with Optiemus Jnfracom
to design, develop and manufacture
its devices for India a nd neighbouring
countries such as Sri Lanka, Bangla -
desh and Nepal. Optiemus has part-
nered with Taiwan's contract manufac-
turer Wistron for the venture.
Xiaomi, Holitech to set
up mobile component
manufacturing unit in Tirupati
Xiaomi, in collaboration with supply
partner Holitech Technology. is setting
a mobile component manufactur -
ing plant for its Mi and Redrni series
phones, giving a boost to Modi govern-
ment's Make in India init iative, reports
Incemarional l311si ness Times .
Holitech Technology is said to be
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Jj ~ ~j.
INDUSTRY NEWS

Calendar of Forthcommg Electromcs investing US$ 200 mi llion over three

Fa1rs/Exhlbltlons/Sem1nars/Events
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years in India, and wou ld be the first
manufacturer in the country to build
co mpact camera modules, thin -film
tran sis tors, capa cit ive touch screen
modules, ilexible printed circuits and
fingerprint sensors locally
Andhra Prad esh government is
offering incentives on tax, land and
power and several other subsidies for
selling up the plant in Tirupati.
SDMC to install solar plants
on top of covered dra1ns
South Del hi Municipal Corp. (SOMC)
is planning to install solar plants atop
covered drains to generate green energy.
On a pilot basis, a solar plant of 500-kilo-

wan capacity will be installed on top of

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a drain in Greater Kailash I (near Band
E...,tfa" IM PCBondole«oricsmM~J iaclri'lg
R blocks). Also, a solar plant of ?50-kilo-
""""
watt capacity will be placed atop a drain
T~~s~t> .. -....si!Oim IE\'12019 in Subhash Nagar. The total estimated
P"odl.dl. >du't<n1onclin<i.Jrty'o besiP"odoo S, Weboile: -.~week.<=
cost of both projects i s ~ 68.8 million .
_....,.oductsornart.- SDMC's decision to implement such
projects in areas under their jurisdiction

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to ucoortom 1"- d<Wtrls from lho osvoms.,l t..fo,. m•kmg•ny 1;0m m1!m•nl was inspired by Gujarat government' s
2012 decision to install a canal-top solar
plant on river Narmada.

tery manufacturing demonstration plant district is spread over an area of 6.4sqkm

Karnataka overtakes Tamil Nadu
in producing renewable energy
According to a. report by The Institute For
Energy Economics and Financial Analy-
sis, Kamataka is now the leading state for
solar power generation. As of March 2018,
Ka.mataka had a capacity of 12.3GW of en-
ergy- it added 5GW of renewable energy in
2017-18 alone. Kamata.ka beat Tamil Nadu,
which was the top producer of renewable
energy for a loog time.
India to manufacture solar (ells
for satellites
Indian Space and Research Organisation
(ISRO) is planning to mass produce space
solar cells. and has bought the technol-
ow from the US to do so. The contract for
making these solar cells has been given to
Bharat Electronics ltd, which will mass-
produce the cells at an ISRO facility in
Bengaluru under the supervision of ISRO
scientists.
Production of indigenously-
developed lithium-ion batteries
laundled in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu governor Banwarilal Purohit
recently inaugurated a lithium-ion bat-
in Chennai. According to Times News
Network, the technolow for the plant,
developed by scientists at CSIR-Central
Electrochemical Research Institute in
Karaikudi, has been taken up for commer-
cial production by Bengaluru-based Raasi
SolarPvtL!d.
Bharat Forge adopts smart manu-
facturing norms at the workpla(e
Auto components maker Bharat Forge is
embracing smart manufacturing standards
in its workplace, reports H1ndu Business
Line. According to B.N . Kalyani , chairman
and managing director, the company is
proactively investing in machines and in
enhancing people sllills to realise Industry
4.0 standards. This is a part of its vision of
moving towards a digitised workplace for
higher levels of productivity and efficiency,
acrossalloperatingprocesses.
Delhi Metro to get green power
from Rewa Solar Plant
Delhi Metro will start getting power from
solar energy soon. Delhi Metro Rail Corp
(DMRC) has signed a power purchase
agreement with Rewa Ultra Mega
Solar Ltd, which is based in Madhya
Pradesh. The 750MW project in Rewa
(159Q-acres) and is amoog the largest
single-site solar power plants in the world.
IIT·Hyderabad develops AI
to (atdl bikers without helmets
Researchers at Indian Institute of Technol-
ogy Hydera.bad have developed a solution
using AI for automatic detection of motorcy-
clists driving without helmets in surveillance
videos. The institute signed an MoU with
Hyderabad City Pol~e to gain access to
video data from the city's CCTV network
Nokia, T-Mobilesign US$ 3.5 billion
deal for SG networks
Finnish smartphone giant, Nollia has
entered a deal worth US$ 3 .5 b.Uion with
American network operator, T-Mobile for
the development of next-generation 5G
technology. This parlllersh ip has become
the world's largest 5G deal till date.
Matrix awarded lt1e India SME 100
Award2018
Matrix has been declared as one of India's
Top 100 SMEs. The company underwent
stringent evaluation criteria laid down by In-
dia SME Forum Jury Board. Winners were
chosen from 33,102 nominations based on
financial and non-financial perlormances

WWW. EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTE MBER 2018 m

 Jj ~V
-
MAKE IN INDIA
Where India Stands In ELECTRONICS
MANUFACTURING SERVICES
he Indian electronics system design and
T manufacturing (ESDM) industry is on
track towards achieving its full poten-
tial in terms of manufacturing and designing
capabilities. A significant milestone in achiev-
ingglobal reputation as a manufacturing hub,
India's domestic electronics production for
the first time increased beyond imports in
2016- 17.
According to government sources, domes-
tic production of electronic goods for 2016-17
stood at US$ 49.5 billion-higher than the
US$ 43 billion spent on imports. This seems
to be an early signal indicating that Make in
India initiative is beginning to make inroads
towards improving the state of domestic
manufacturing. Favourable business poli -
cies for the domestic elecuonics sector have
GruwthaftheCHS undoubtedly played their pan, particularly in
lndustryistMmost facilitating the selling up of manufacturing
criticalfactorlnkick-
startlngHokelnlndio facilities of smart phones, set-top boxes, televi-
lneledronks.asmoff! sions and other appliances.
dt!velopedthi!EMS
lndustry/s,thetaster Local brands under Make in India initiative
ondeusif!ritwillbe as well as global manufacturers are looking to
forlargeOEMstoset relocate their manufacturing base from China
upmorwfactur/ng
operations. Here is to alternate locations such as India, Vietnam
osneak-peakot tiM! and Indonesia due to mounting labour costs.
/fldkJnEMSmorllet
Thus, India as a manufacturing destination
has witnessed renewed interest among global
as well as domestic electronics manufacturers.
This, in turn, offers a huge opportunity
for the Indian electronics manufacturing ser-
Methodology
The research methodology adopted to collate
quantitative and qualitative information about
the EMS sector in India began with secondary
research. Further, findings were analysed
and verified through primary research by
conducting extensive interviews with some
key industry experts. This sample group is a
microcosmic representation of India's EMS
industryecosystem.Theseseoiorprofessionals
sharedtheirinsightson:
1. Major growth drivers of EMS inOOstry in India
2. Key application sectors
3. Strategiestogetcompetitiveadvantage
4 Importance of turnkey manufacturing
servicestoexpandbusinessesinlndia
5. Need for original design manufacturing in
India
6. Possible demand for reverse logistics
services(repair,rewort,refurtlishment,etc)
7. ChallengesfacedbyEMScompaniesinlndia
Atrendanalysiswasdonebase<loott1eirinputs.
vice (EMS) sector. Over the next five years,
accelerated local manufacmring of elec-
tronic products to cater to growing domestic
demand will drive the market for the EMS
sector in India.
Opportunities galore
The EMS market in India wi ll be highly
dynamic in the coming year, since India
promises to emerge as a hots pot for electron-
ics manufacturing among ex isting South-
Asian nations. This is due to benefits such
as low operating costs and low com petitive
scenario, which provide ample potential ior
penetration by original equipment manufac-
turers (OEMs) and EMS across different sets
of verticals.
Survey participants indicate that the top
three growth driving application sectors
(Fig. I) that will net>d EMS providers in the
country are:
I. Consumer electronics
2. Telecom and mobile devices
3. LEO lighting
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LEO Power
lighting electronics
devices
Fig. 1: Views aboulthe importanceoftmjorgrowth drillingsecttXS
Manufacturi ng p.Htnerships in
these three segments have been grow-
ing steadily, as market demand for the
products is extremely high . OEMs are
also striving to cut costs to maintain
their competitive adv.:mtage in the face
of rapidly changing market conditions,
technological advances and global
competition.
There are further opportunities
for EMS provide rs outside these three
segments, na mely, in power and
strategic electronics (including aero-
space, defence and railways). With
increasing demand for the tr:msition
of em•rgy segment from electrical to
electronic, power electronics is emerg-
ing as one of the most exciting areas in
the industry today
Aerospace and defence (A&D)
OEMs have been increJsingly depend-
ing on EMS providers to address risk
management, logistics and after-
market service needs. EMS compa-
nies with globJl supply chains and
advanced technological capabilities
h.lVe the best proposition to exploit
this trend
Success mantras
EMS companies operate as strategic
partners of OEMs by providing them
with a full range of services. These
include contract design service, pro-
totyping, final system assembly, con-
figuration, order fu lfilment and after-
market services, including repair. By
using the services of EMS providers,
OEMs ca n concentrate on their core
mi.i] SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA
increasingly on EMS providers, who
oifer significant benefits such as cost
savings, reduced time-to -market,
. Percentof reduced time-to-volume, quality and
participants flexibility.
voting for
each sector Str.:~tegic partnerships with OEMs
can enable EMS providers dS well as
OEMs to contribute effectively to the
success of the end product. This, in
turn, helps both parties achieve high
profitability and a good market share.
Since OEMs are very selective in
choosing their EMS partners, the latter
need to focus on nurturing long-term
relationships with their custom -
Telerom COnsumer Aerospace ers through enhanced value-added
andmobile electronics aOOdefeoce
devices electronics services, strategic partnerships and
alliances, as well as through diversi-
fication.
In response to the growing compe-
competencies such as research Jnd tition in the industry, EMS providers
product development, brand building, continuously .:~dopt innovJtive and
sales and marketing strategic business models. These
Outsourcing to EMS providers also include beuer knowledge of customer
enables OEMs to gain access to the needs, understanding the business
latest equipment, process knowledge models of cus\omers/OEMs, eifective
and manufacturing know-how, with- communication tools, creating global
out having to make substantial capital footprints and focusing on core com-
investments, as the risks are converted petencies
into variable costs. According to the survey partici-
Ever-increasing end-user demands pants, the top three business strategies
and fast-paced tech nological devel- (Fig. 2) to get a competi tive advantJge
opments compel OEMs to continu- while acquiring business .:~re·
ously introduce new and innovative I. Providing value-added services
products in the electronics market. 2. Effective supply chain manage-
Consequently, OEMs have to depend
Low-mix, high-volume or high-volume, low-mix?
Indian EMS providers tend to show long-term affinity towards a low-mix, high-volume
module, which is a contract manufacturing setup where there are few assemblies produced
in large quantities. Such a production arrangement may last for weeks or even months using
the same setup. Benefitsofthistechniquearethatchangeoverscanbekeptat minimum
levelsandequipmentutilisationratesaresignificantlyhigh.
Contract manufacturers have proved to be more efficient when running at high volumes,
which require minimal engineering changes. A low-mix, high-volume process ensures
economies of scale, higher productivity due to minimum changeover time and optimum
machine utilisation. Considering the low margin and highly competitive price scenario,
optimisationofsupplychaincostiscrucialtothesuccessofthismodel.
INhile the low-mix, high-volume method of production is adopted for EMS companies
catering to the mass manufacturing segment, recent industry trends show a shift towards
a high-mix, low-volume production process, which puts high focus on quality and
customisationaspercustomerrequirements.
Considering a high-margin and niche market scenario, even major changes in market
dynamics often do not impact such a production process heavily. This kind of production
arrangementmostlycaterstothestrategicelectronicssector,andemphasisisonfaster
throughputandahigh-qualityfinishedproduct.OEMsthatprefersuchsolutionsarewilling
to pay a higher price without compromising on quality. However, in this model, success also
dependsoncontrollingandimprovingthesupplychainefficiently
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3. Understanding the business
models of customers
EMS prov iders should also focus
on customer-centric models, penetra-
tion into niche markets and effective
information tech nology tools
Moreover, considering intense
competition, EMS providers need to
enhance their value proposition by
offering imegrated and end-to-end
solutions.
Focus on turnkey
manufacturing
Survey partici p.wts unanimously
accept the importance of turnkey
manufacturing services as the need
of the hour, to fulfil the increasing
demand for one-stop shops for EMS
Sometimes, OEMs follow the
consignment contract manufacturing
model to maintain greater control over
the material planning and acquisition
process. This also minimises the risks
associated with a vendor-managed
pipeline
However, in case of consumer
electronics, with its typical low-mix,
high-volume production, OEMs prefer
a partial or ful l turnkey model, in
which the EMS provider controls the
acquisition of material. This helps
OEMs reduce costs and rem:~ in agile
to :~ddress rapidly changing m:~rkets .
A common best pr:~ctice :~mong
OEMs is to have systems th:~t can ana-
lyse the total acquisition cost and use
it to evaluate EMS suppliers :~swell as
other types of contract manufactur·
ers. These sys tems :~ssign value to
intangibles, such as ease of working
with a vendor. An OEM assessing an
outsourcer must have a way to meas-
ure other elemen ts of the rebtionship
t!Mtadd to cost
Turnkey projects need a high
degree of tech nical skill that can be
customised according to specific
requirements of the OEMs. Only a few
India n EMS providers offer turnkey
solutions for PCBAs, utilising chip-on-
board (COB), surface-mount (SMT)
and through-hole technologies. They
also provide complete assemblies,
including plastic mouldings, metal-
die castings and sheet metal fabrica -
tions, apart from finishing, paiming
and printing- in short. delivering the
final a ssembly of completed units.
IIm SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA
60%
Better Urlderstandirtg Providing
knowledge thebusirtess value-added
of customer models of services
F~g.
"""'
2: Suggeslod business strategies for growth
This opens up vast business exp:~n ­
sion opportunities for Indian EMS
companies
Another production process that
provides better integration of EMS
companies within the electronics
production ecosystem is oiiering PCB
m:~ttufacturing a nd EMS services
together. This enables the company to
provide better value-added services to
its customers. The combined expertise
streamlines work and helps EMS com-
panies to be beller integrated with the
production value chain. This :~rr:~nge ­
ment reduces the turnaround time for
customers, as they have to deal with a
single vendor, instead of working with
multiple vendors.
Scope for original design
manufacturing
Electronic products need constant
design revisions, as end users expect
creativity and con tinuous innova -
tion. Therefore electronics product
design and development is often
outsourced to origi nal design manu-
facturers (ODMs). In such cases, the
sooner an OEM engages the contract
m.mufacturer for product design and
development services, the better it is-
particul.u ly when the product being
designed moves into production and
ramp-to-volume phases.
In instances where the ODM ser-
vice is hired by the OEM for strategic
reasons, the former is expected to have
experience in designing and manufac-
turing similar prod ucts. This enables
. Per _centof
par\ic1pants
voting for 80%
eachfaclof
Maintaining Customer- Effective
scalable Cefltric supply chain
business business management
solutions
"""''
Fig. 3: PrediCtion about demand for original
designmanulacturingSBrvi<Jeinlndia
the OEM to minimise costly design
iterations, bring the OEM product to
m:~rket sooner and add sever:~! other
benefits to the contract manufacturing
relationship.
Survey participants unanimously
indicated that ODM serv ices are in
demand. They feel tha t it is important
to effectively control overall manu-
facturing costs in this highly cost -
competitive market. EMS providers
can help customers achieve this goal
by offering turnkey solutions w ith
additional value-added services
Design is the best value-added ser-
vice that an EMS company can provide.
Moreover, ODMs can ensure unique
products as per the Indian market,
combining Design in India with Make
in India. Hence, ODM services become
a very important and cost-effective
solution for the customer.
Twenty per cent of the survey
participants (Fig. 3), however, do not
see any value of OOMs in the Indian
market. According to them, most
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Jl ~ V
MAKE IN INDIA

Major contributors to this report

> Ami! Bhargava, manging director, Asha Electronics
> Ronak Sonthalia, director, Silizon Technologies LLP
> Sanjiv Narayan, chairman, SGS Tekniks Manufacturing Pvt Lld
> Subhash Goyal, manging director, Digital Circuits Pvt Ltd
> Vijay Gujaraltli, EOS Power

electronic products are .1lready mature, having been well-

developed in China and other markets. Indian products
need efficient manufacturing strategies rather than ODMs.
So, there is minimal Making in India and more Bolting in
India in this space.
Reverse logistics gaining importance
India is still not a use-and-throw market for electronic
products. Thus, a iter-sales services, including repair and
maintenance, are quite important for the Indian consumer.
Moreover, the advent of e-commerce reverse logistics has
become an irnport.mt activ-
ity to handle rejects and
serve warranty. Thus, this
service is bound to grow
as online business grows
Global OEMs also prefer to
out source reverse logistics.
Echoing this view, 80 per
cent (Fig. 4) of survey par-
• ticipants said that add~lion_a l
Fig.4:Prodictiona~t~ndfor scope for ~u~iness ]res In
reverse logiSliCS S8fV1C8 m India. reverse logtstrcs. They feel
that services related to repair/
rework and refurbishment work will not only help EMS firms
get additional business from OEMs, but also enable them
to play a role in e-waste management. According to them,
reverse logistics service is gaining importance as well.
However, considering the complexity of reverse logistics
processes, only a few expert EMS providers in India can
enter this space
The way ahead
The success oi Indian EMS players depends on severa l fac-
tors. Possible challenges that could derail the growth of this
industry in the country are given below.
I. Inefficient supply chain for required electronic com-
ponents
2. High cost of finance
3. Logistics inefficiencies and infrastructural bollle-
necks, resulting in greater turnaround times and costs
4. High infrastructure costs
5. Shortage of skilled manpower
6. Lack of technological advancements FllR Syatam•lnoii•M. Lbl.
11 11.DMioi. Ne!aPSubi\8WIPIK"Pitanl>ln.
Success ful resolution of the above-mentioned issues New0olhi•l1003<1 I F..:: •9Hl-4n12008
through appropriate industry initiatives and government WWW.Fliii.IN
interventions will help this industry move ahead. Other-
wise, it will survive only on the basis of trade differentials.
We have a reasonably good EMS base in the country, which CFLIR
can be scaled up quickly based on demand l!ii

WWW. EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 II!i]

 Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA
How To Set Up A Business Unit For
CRIMPED-WIRE CONNECTOR
MANUFACTURING
lectronic product packaging has evolved
E
Reo;e(Jch Teom.
GomD:mnect a lotto suppon the increasingdem.1nd for
Gor"rsu lt irT,J
products with complex modular forms of
construction. Complex construction needs a
wide variety of connectors for inter-connection
of different functional units within an electron-
ics equipment/system. Thus, connectors have
been g:~ining importance as a component with
advancements in electronic equipment
Majority of connectors used nowadays has
an insertable or removable contact. These are
Thlsprojectreportis assembled with wires, cables and harnesses,
focussed msett/"9 .:~nd then inserted into dielectric housing
uoof)I"Odvctionunlt
for crimped-wire Crimped-wire connectors are solder!ess in
connedot5 nature. These are typically used to terminate
stranded wires
There are different types of crimp connectors
But, the most common ones are ba rrel and open
barreL With barrel-type connectors, a stranded
wire is inserted into the cylindrical metal opening
(hence, barrel) and then crimped. This is perhaps
the most common type of connector.
An open barrel connector is also aptly
named, as the barrel is spread open into V or U
Advantages of using crimped-wire
connectors
Crimp-type contact provides structural flexibi lity and
brings the following benefits over soldering and wire·
wrapped connectors:
1. Easyreplacementofdamagedc011actatassembly
'""'
2. EasyremovalandreinsertionofcOftact,enabling
resolution of wiring errors
3. Uniform and reproducible characteristics of all
electrical and mechanical terminations
4. More reliable duetoinsulationstiPportat contact
terminal
5. A well-engineered and well-executed crimp is
designedtobegas-tight;preventsoxygenandmoisttKe
from reaching the metals (which are often different
metals)and,inturn,causingcorrosion
6. Mechanicailystrongerjoin~asnoalloyused(asin
solder)
7. Crimped connections can be used for cables of
bothsmallandlargecross-sections;whereas.onlysmall
cross-sectionwirescanbeusedwithwire-wraps
mii SEPTEMBER 2018 I ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Business compliances
In the beginning, as a manufacturer, apply for
differentregistrationsandlicences fromtherelevant
government authorities. However, it is advisable to
checkthestatelaw
1. Register the business with Registrar of
Companies(ROC)
2.Apply for trade licence from local municipal
authority.
3. Apply for MSME Udyog Aadhaar for small- and
medium-un~operations.Thist<flberegisteredonline.
4. Obtain NOG from Pollution Control Board. First,
applyforConsenttoEstablisham!thenforConsentto
Operate.
5. Apply forGST registration.
6. Protect brand name with tra6em<Vk registration.
sha pe. A wire is cradled into the connector
before it is crimped close. Since the wire can
be laid into the connector- as opposed to
being threaded into it as with a barrel con-
nector- this type of connector is easier to
use in automated applications. Connections
are generally stronger than those created by
barrel connectors. The strength and ease of
use make this type of connector common for
automotive and industrial uses
There is much debate over the advantages
and disadvantages of crimped and soldered
connections. The connection that makes the
most sense depends heavily on specific size
and type of wire as well as application.
Crimped-wire connectors are mainly used
for the interconnection of printed circuit
boards (PCBs). Considering huge domestic
and export demand, such connectors with
good quality and competitive prices have
enough market potential.
Manufacturing process
The manufacturing process starts with
stamping the crimp from the plated sheet
of brass or phosphor bronze using high ·
speed and high-accuracy stam ping press
This involves crimping of the wire terminal
The compressed joint is called a crimp joint,
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digital model data from a 30 model or another electronic data sou rce such as an
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Fig. I:Crimpingprocessaraglance
which is made using hand tools or
semi·automatic crimping machines.
Crimped terminals are insert·
ed into moulded housing cavities
with the help oi contact insertions
and remova l tools. Then, complete
crimped connectors are checked as
per predefined standards and speci-
fications
The enti re crimping process can
be described step by step as iollows
(Fig. 1):
L Check if tooling is clean and
not worn out. If necessary, clean and
replace damaged/worn out tooling.
2. Disconnect power to the press
and remove guarding devices.
3. Install a ppropriate tooling into
the press
4. Load terminals into the tooling,
so that the first terminal is located over
the anvil
iim SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA
5. Manually cycle the press to
ensure a complete cycle without inter·
ference. If it cannot, remove tooling
and check press shut height. Go to
step3.
6. Check if the tooling is aligned
Check the impression on the bottom of
the crimp made by anvil tooling. Make
sure extrusions and crimp forms are
centred. If not, align tooling and go to
stepS.
7. Check whether the terminal
feed locates the next terminal over the
centre of anvil tooling. If not, adjust
terminal feed and feed finger, and go
to stepS.
8. Re-install all safety devices that
were removed during setup. (Follow
all safety requirements listed in indi-
vidual press and/ or tooling manu.:~ls.)
9. Crimp sample t ermin.:~ls under
power.
10. Ev.Jluate cut-offtab length and
conductor bell mouth. li adjustment
is necessary, disconnect power to the
press and remove guarding. Adjust
track position. M.Jnu.JIIy cycle the
press and check the feed finger for
feed location. Go to step 7.
11. Evaluate conductor brush. If
adjustment is necessary, disconnect
power to the press and remove guard-
ing. Adjust wire stop for bench appli-
c.Jtions, or press position on .Jutomatic
wire-processing equipment. Go to
stepS.
12. Ev.Jluate insulation position. If
necessary, adjust strip length, crimp
new samples and go to step 11.
13. Loosen insula t ion crimp
height
14. Crimp sample termina ls.
IS . Measure conductor crimp
height and compare with specifica-
tions. li necessary, disconnect power
and remove guarding. Adjust conduc-
tor crimp height, install guards, con-
nect power and go to step 14
16. Perform pull force test. If it
fails, refer to troubleshooting.
17. Adjust insulation crimp
18. Crimp sample terminals.
19. Evalu.Jte insul.J t ion crimp.
If necessary, disconnect power .Jnd
remove gua rding. Adj ust insulation
crimp height, install guards, connect
power and go to step 18.
20. Measure crimp height and
compare with specifications. If neces-
sary, disconnect power and remove
guarding. Adjust conductor crimp
height, install guards, connect power
and go to step 18.
Good manufacturing practices
Pollutio11 co11trol. The government
places utmost import.Jnce on con -
trolling environmental pollution.
Therefore small-scale ent repreneurs
need to follow environmental-friendly
practices and adopt poll ution -control
measures by process modification and
technology substitution.
India acceded to Montreal Proto-
col in September 1992. Hence, pro-
duction and use of ozone-depleting
substances like chlorofluoro carbon
(CFC), carbon tetrachloride, halons
and methyl chloroform need to be
phased out immediately with alterna-
tive chemicalsj solvents. A notification
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 Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA

TABLE I 4.PVCwires
5. Consumables and packaging
FIXED CAPITAL material
LAND AND BUILDING
You must procure some basic
iiNjjli!. machinery .:~nd equipment for this
Built-up area 300sqm
business. These are given below.
011K:eandst0fes
Factoryshed(WQrkshOp,assemblingandtesting)
""'m
250sqm
Machinery and equipment. These
include:
Rentpayable(~perannum) 48,000 I. Vertical injec tion -moulding
I MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT machine
i@!ffitl!iifiM@M•@filtifjl·titllfilltiM 2. Air wire stripper
(a) Machinery 3. Wire-twisting machine
Verticalinje(:tioo-mouldingmachine Imported 500,000 4. Wire-stripping machine
Airwirestri~r Imported 00.000 5. Soldering machine
Wire-twistingmactloo Imported 20,000 (semi-automatic)
Wire.slri~ngm..::hine Imported 25.000 6. Applicator
Solderingmachine(semi-automatic) Imported 25,000 7. Air press
Applicator Imported 25.000
8. Terminating machine
Air press Imported 55,000
9. Precision punch
'kstingequipmcnt. These include:
Terminatingmact.:ne Imported 00,000
I . Milli-ohm meter
Precision punch Imported 60.000
(b) Testing equipment "" 2. Insulation tester
3. High-voltage breakdown tester
Mili-Qhrnmeter Indian 60,000 4. Insertions and withdrawal force
InsuLation tester (megger) Indian 50,000 tester
High-voltage breakdown tester Indian 20,000 5. Testing gauge fo r cri mp system
lnsertionsandw~lldrawalloccetester Indian 48,000 In addition, arrange utilities like
Testinggaugelofcrimpsystem Indian 32,000 water and electrici ty. Further, a
ElectrilicatiOn@10%machineryandequiiiTJenl 103.500 medium- and large-scale unit needs
Tools,jigs,!ixtures,solderingironandstations 15,000 300sqm area for its operation.
O"ieeequipmentlfurntture 75.000
Pre-operativeexpenses [ 10,500
Business economics
An indicative a nalysis has been given
Totalfi•edcapitat 1,284,000
on the following basis and presump-
tions:
regarding detailed rules to regulate yielding maximum energy conserva- I. Basis for calculation of produc-
ozone-depleting substances phase-out tion tion capacity is taken on a single shift
under Environment Protection Act, 3. Optimum use of electrical of eight hours per day basis on 75 per
1986 was put in place with effect from energy for heating during soldering cent efficiency
July 19, 2000 process can be obtained by using effi- 2. M.:~ximum capaci ty utilisation
Energy conservation. With grow- cient temperature-controlled soldering on single-sh ift basis for 300 days a
ing energy needs and shortages and de-soldering stations year is considered. Du ring the first
coupled with rising energy costs, a 4. Periodical maintenan ce of and second years of operations, capac-
greater thrust in energy efficiency in motors, compressors and the like ity utilisation is 60 and 80 per cent,
the industrial sector is being given by 5. Use of power-factor correction respectively. The unit is expected to
the government of India since 1980s. capacitors, proper selection and layout achieve full c.:~pacity ut ilisation from
Energy Conservation Act, 2001 w.:~s of lighting systems, timely switching third year onwards
en.:~c t ed on August 18, 2001, which on/off of lights, use of compact fluo- 3. Salaries and wages, cost of raw
provides for efficient use of energy, rescent lamps, wherever possible, and materials, utilities, civi l construction,
its conservation and capacity build- etc are based on prevailing rates in and
ing. The following steps may help around north India. These cost factors
with the conservation of electrical Raw materials and equipment are likely to vary with time .1nd loca-
energy: Ba sic raw materials needed for a tion.
1. Adoption of energy-conserving crimped-wire connector are listed 4. Interest on term loan and work-
technologies, production aids and below ing capital loans are taken at the rate
testing facil ities 1. Plastic parts of 16 per cent on an average. This rate
2. Efficient management of pro- 2. Plastic mould ing powder may vary depending upon the policy
cess/manufacturing machineries and 3. Brass, phosphorus, bronze of the financial insti tu tion; agency
systems, QC and testing equipment for strips from time to time.

mE) SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM

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 Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA

TABLE 11 TABLE Ill

WORKING CAPITAL PER MONTH TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
1 STAFFANDLABOUR WMM'MM li!!!l'l!ll
UM§@if lin!!Wf'fiMQMMIM§ifiMQM FD:edcap~aJ t,284,000
Workirgca~allorlhreemootlls 1.747,500
~ - ~ -~
Manager(opefatiooaOObusinessdevelopment)
ProductionsupefVisor
(582,500x3)
Cler1<Jtypistfaccountant ,- ,s:ooo ts:ooo Total 3,031 ,500

Peoo
Watchman
Skille{lworXer
:- t:
4 8,000
~::
32,000
TABLE IV
COST OF PRODUCTION
PER ANNUM
Semi-skilled worKer
' - !-""' · 24,000 IM€1@h@ 11!1s.
Unskille1:1worker 3 4,000 -~
Total recurring expenditure 6,990,000
TOTAL 130,000 ~ xt2)
2. RAW MATERIALS Oepreciatbnonmachinery/ 108.000
i@!i#@it i@ijilMfiM@iijjiti equipment @ lO%
Plastic parts Imported 280,000 DepreciatbnonoHice 15.000
equipmenVturnrture @ 20%
PlasticrTIOII~irgJl()WOOr Indian 36,000
Depreciationonjigsfttxtures @ 25% 3,750
Brass, phOsphorus, bronze strips Imported 46,000
lnterestontotalcapital 485,040
PVC wires Indian 34,000 investment @ 16%
ConsumablesaOOpackagingmaterial lndianLS 25,000 Total 7,601 ,790
Castolrawmateriallor625,000crimpconnectors 421 ,000
3. UTILITIES TABLE V
l@@@if M.!Jifiiii TURNOVER PER ANNUM
j

. --~
Power 8.000
Water 500
Total 8,500 5,000,000 2 10,000,000
4. 0THERCONTINGENTEXPENSES
connector

Advertisement 3,000 Financial ana lysis

Traveningandconveyanceexpenses
Transport and packaging
MiscenareousexpetJses
Postage and stationery
Repair and maintenance
lnsurarceandtaxes
Rent(periT(lllth)
TOTAL
TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL PER MONTH (1 + 2+3+4)
5. Cost of machinery and equip-
ment refe r to a parlicular make/
model. Prices are approximate.
6. Break-even point percentage
indicated is o f iul! capacity utilisation .
7. Project preparation cost, when-
ever required, can be considered
TheprojectrepQftmaybemodiftedltailored
tosuitindividual entrepreneurshipqualities/
capacities,produc!ion programsandloca!ion
characteristics, wherever applicable.
5,000
5,000
1,500
500
2,000
2,000
4,000
23,000
582,500
under pre-operative expenses
8. Essential production machinery
and test equipment required for the
project are indicated . The unit may
also utilise common test facilities avail-
able at Electronics Test and Develop-
ment Centres (ETDCs) and Electronic
Regional Test Laboratories (ERTLs) set
up by state governments and STQC,
Directorate of Department of Informa-
tion Technology, Ministry of Commu-
nication and Information Technology,
to manufacture products conforming to
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
Table I shows fixed ca pital, that is,
land and building, and machinery and
equipment. Table 11 shows the cost of
working capital per month.
Total capital investment is given
in Table Ill. Cost of production per
annum is shown in Table IV. Thrn over
per annum is shown in Table V.
Profitbeforetares • Tumo~erperannum-Cost
of production per annum
•10.000.000-7.601.790
• ~2. 398.210
Profitperannum• 100
Profitratio• Salesperannum
2,398,210•100
= 10,000,000 = 23 •98 %
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SMART WORLD
112 Li-Fi: Tomorrow's 114 Smart Technology
ConnectivityWrth
The Power Of l'l!hl
Li-Fi: Tomorrow's Connectivity
With The Power Of Light
Fidelity (Li -Fi) can
be a stepping stone
towards a new era of
communication that
utilises visible light.
Although in develop-
men tal stages, Li-Fi
ofiers a great scope
of applications in big
business areas like
banks, large enter-
pri ses, aviation and
even defence.
How Li-Fi works
The underlying
tech nology of Li -Fi
involves a sophis -
t ic a ted technic.Jl
upgrade of lumi -
na ires th.H enable
se.:unless transfer
of data through the
visible light spec-
trum. The luminaire
consists of a normal
RJ -45 Ethernet
port (also present
Phi!ipsLighting'sl.i-FiOOvice in Wi -Fi routers),
through which the
Ethernet cable is
> The visible light spectnun remains an connected
untapped resource with a large bandwidth, Inside the lumi-
naire there is a small
making Li-Fi the connectivity technology of modem and some
tomorrow specific compo -
nents that allow the
data being brought
s more and more devices get through the Ethernet cable to be coded
A connected to the Internet, soon
there will a need for bigger
bandw idth to accommodate the mas-
into light packets. Emilled light is
modubted at a high frequency (not
detectable by human eye) to carry
sive volume of data transactions. Light data. A small device containing sen-
llfJ SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
116 Utilising waste
Tolmprove Plastic Bags
Work force Safety To Design Tiles
sors and microprocessors is required,
which reads a nd decodes the light
packet and displays the data on the
Scopes and benefits of Li-Fi
Currently, various pilots and proofs-
of-concept ofLi-Fi projects have been
deployed, mainly in large enterprises
and certain government sectors
Data travelling th rough light
cannot be hacked. It can be accessed
only by those who are available
within the coverage range of the
luminaire. Usually, a luminaire has
three-metre coverage radius, ensur-
ing only a handful of personnel
can access the da ta contained in
the light. This improves the control
on access to the network. Since
Wi -Fi usua lly works in the radio
frequency (RF) bandwidth (2.4CHz
and S.OCHz), the ris k of signal
interference becomes nil using Li-Fi
(430THz-770THz)
Sumit Joshi, vice chairman and
managing director, Phi lips Lighting
India, says, "Li-Fi is significantly
better than Wi-Fi in applications
where RFs may interfere with the
equipment, such as in hospitals, or
places where Wi-Fi signals cannot
reach or are weak, such as under-
ground locations, o r secure bank
rooms handling sensitive data.
Additionally, it can provide secure,
personal connectivi ty for senior man-
agement or anyone else concerned
about data privacy." Defence and
aviation industries are also leverag-
ingLi-Fi
There are more benefits. Oeepak
Solanki, founder and chief executive
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officer, Velmenni R&O Lab, says, "The
visible light spectrum is unlicensed
and, hence, is free to use for Li-Fi
services. Moreover, Li-Fi enables
an evenly d istributed network. In
certain rou ter-based Wi-Fi setups
in enterprises, when antennae are
facing towards a specific direction,
receivers in that direct ion get better
signal strength compared to others. On
the other hand, Li-Fi signals remain
consistent throughout a workspace,
since luminaires are usually installed
in regular intervals."
Real-world applications
Li -Fi is mostly undergoing R&D at
various stages and ste.)dily picking up
commercial recognition. Philips Light-
ing, the first major lighting company
to offer Li-Fi-enabled luminaires, has
partnered with v.Jrious government
.Jnd priv.Jte bodies to deploy Li -Fi
commercially at pilot levels in India.
In fact, a substantial portion of its
office network utilises Li-Fi.
Philips Lighting's Li-Fi -enabled
LED office lightings for commercial
environment mainly come in the
form of downlights or 2x2 lumina ire
with speeds o f 30Mbps- sufficient
to stream high-quality media files or
transfer large volumes of files.
Education and Research Network
(ERNET), government of India, has
set up a Li-Fi test bed to test the
capabili ties of Li-Fi in various indoor
and outdoor applications. Initially
funded in ternally by ERNET, the
government has partnered with liT·
Madra s and Ph ili ps Lighting to carry
out the two-year (2017-2019) planned
R&D project.
Dr Neena Pahuja, director general,
ERN ET, says, "As this technology can
provide high speed connectivity, it can
be extensively used for .lpplic.:llions
such as video-on-dem.Jnd, virtu.:~l
reality (VR) applic.Jtions .:~nd robotic
surgeries in the future. Also, in places
where Wi-Fi gets impacted because
of interference- for example, radiol-
ogy area in hospitals and undersea
area- Li-Fi can be used for data trans-
mission."
Current limitations
Solanki men tions that lack of a proper
standard is a ma jor reason why Li-Fi
liEI SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
SMART WORLD
has not yet picked up full pace. He
says, "Existing standards like IEEE
802.15.7 (for visible light commu-
nication) are outdated and do not
define many aspects of Li -Fi. For
Smart
large-scale adopt ion, standardisa-
tion is essential. Once the st.:~nd.:~rds
are in place, Li-Fi integration will
Technology
become popular in !ightings as well
as smart devices like smart phones "'
To Improve
Experts from the connectivity
domain and R&D bodies like ERNET Workforce
are working together to create stand-
ards forLi -Fi.
Li-Fi does no t have any specific
Safety
cost points as of now and is more
requirement-oriented. Initial invest- > WNrable technology and
ments are higher than a regular collaborative machines are
Wi-Fi network setup. However, as some of the most reliable and
Li-Fi becomes more popular, prices
will reduce. Overall , the technology,
cost-effective safety solutions,
at the moment, is mostly restricted especially for safekeeping on-
to large businesses and government field workforce and resources
departments
The way forward
Li-Fi spei'ds will increase and the
technology will become more stable
going forwards. For instance, Philips
Lighting's Li-Fi solution will improve,
to deliver speeds of 60Mbps by early
2019, and Li-Fi support will be avail- Tara
Communication's
able in tubular lighting form factors smartwarchfor
as well. Some Li-Fi researches have indusrrialsafery
been able to touch speeds up to
IOGbps, indicating great potential for ccupational hazards are g.ov·
the technology.
With the right design and minia-
turisation in place, in a matter of a few
O erned by harsh work en v i-
ronments and lack of satety
measures. Globally, more than 2.78
years, Li-Fi will penetrate the small· million workers fa ll victim to occupa·
and mid-size business and consumer tional deaths. More than 300 million
segments. Solanki says that this will labourers suffer non-fa tal injuries at
be put into motion once the standards their work places every year. This can
are in place. "Usually, this takes at potentially alter their lifestyles, health
least two years," he adds and working capabilities permanently.
Dr Pahuja adds, ··we will see a Apart from the distress of employ-
large number of use c.Jses in smart ee risk and lost man-hours, companies
cities. For instance, a smart pole th.:~t also lose a huge amount oi money
can be remotely controlled for further through compensations .Jnd damage
s.lVing of energy, get traffic inform.:~­ control-studies imply an average of
tion via connected cameras and act four per cent GDP loss for countries
as a hots pot, as required."' through employee injuries.
Joshi concludes, "The visib le Technologies like the Internet of
light spectrum remains an untapped Things (loT) and artificial intelligence
resource w ith a large bandwidth, (AI) can lead industries to substantial-
making Li-Fi the connectivity tech- ly reduce workplace mishaps by help-
nology of tomorrow.·· ing workers take sufficient precaution.
- furomikChakmJxmy. These can save many Jives and huge
technimlj:mrnali!u.F.FY financial losses
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 SMART WORLD
Wearable solutions tracker called SAFER. The "Cobots, on the other hand, are fix -
Wearable technology is one ~[ii:=:\11~ penda nt-like device acts as and-forget devices. For a cobot, a typical
of the most reliable and cost- an emergency beacon that ROI can take up to two to three years,
eiiective safety solutions, can share urgent notifica- depending on the scale of requirement."
especially for safekeeping on- tions with real-time location As an example, SMEW Textile
field workforceand resources details to stored contacts. Machinery Pvt Ltd, an Ahmedabad-
V.S. Shridhar, senior vice Recipient smartphones can based textile machinery manufactur-
president and head -Internet Unilff!rsal Robots URIOe track the location of the ing enterprise, installed a cobot from
of Things, Tata Communica- {C'::.~~~!:sa 1• wearer. Non-smartphone Universal Robots for pick-and-place
tions, says, "Wearable sen- robols.com) cellular devices receive text- operations in January 2017. The
sors provide a non-intrusive, based updates on the loca- enterprise reports that its production
hands-free, always-on, environment- tion. The tracker also helps connect improved three times (from 30 pieces
aware solution that offers direct deliv- to nearby medical facilities and police output to 80-90 pieces per week), risks
ery of critical information to those who stations. This initiative was taken to of accident reduced significantly and it
need it and at the time they need it " enhance women's safety, especially got an ROI within one year.
He adds, "These help address when they travel late after work
concerns like employee visibility and Collateral benefits
traceability in emergency situations, Collaborative machines Smart safety solutions can reduce40 to
alerts during accidents, movements in In industrial applications, collabo- 60 per cent expenses on mishap com-
restricted areas, stress levels, women's rative robots (in short, cobots) are pensations. Shridhar mentions, "These
safetyduringcommuteand more. These slowly replacing traditional robots solutions also aid in boosting employee
also enable saiety supervisors in such in compatible operations. Pradip morale and motivation, reduce absen-
environments, with timely updates, to David, general manager - South Asia, teeism and increase productivity oi the
improve the response time to incidents Universal Robots, says, "Cobots are workforce. These automate headcount
and predict futu re behaviour." basically force-limiting robots. Pow- and improve regulatory compliance
Tata Communications was one ered by precise sensors, these smart The benefits cumulatively lead to reduc-
of the first Indian organisations to machines can sense a nearby person tion in operating costs and improved
design and deploy safety technology. or an external force, and stop immedi- employee satisfaction index."
it designed smartwatches for industrial ately without impact. These can be set India tracks high labour accidents
workers that can measure real -time between 50 Newton and 250 Newton in workplaces. Considering all the
health parameters and surrounding force threshold. benefits and solutions available out
environmental conditions. "When force exerted on a person there, it is a good time for employers
Shridhar says, "Tata Communica- exceeds the threshold, the machines to take a closer look at the security of
tions· smart wearable for Employee go into a protective stop. Operation their work force.
Health & Safety (EHS) help enterprises can be restored from the same spot - ParomikCh<lkroborty,lechnicaljoumalist, F.FY
monitor employee wellness by track- later. Thus, cobots do not require pro-
ing their vital stats, generate alerts on tective fences.
detection of anomalies, falls, geo-fenced "Safety comes at a trade-off of
location triggers or any form of SOS com- speed and payload. Payload is restrict-
munication from the employees through
a button press. Through a managed
ed to lOkg."
The main motive of cobots is to
Utilising Waste
service and cloud-based application that decrease accidents in industries and
delivers actionable insights, the wearable increase human-machine collaboration
enables decision makers to transition These can replace traditional robots
Plastic Bags To
from preventive to predictive safety."
Stored data can be analysed to pro-
for many automated operations, like
pick-and-place, packaging, palletising, Design Tiles
duce strategies against risky oper.:llion injection moulding and so on. Simulta-
processes. Additionally, it can regu- neously, these can reduce running costs
late and restrict unauthorised access. and improve factory productivity
> The green technology
Shridhar adds, "Maximum impact of David explains, "ltaditional robots
developed by Dr S.K. Dhawan
such solutions is seen in industries have regula r maintenance expenses, could serve the twin purposes
where a large number of the workforce including oil, grease and banery of plastic waste management
is deployed in potentially hazardous changes. All this amounts up to and better sanitation in the
environments including manufacturing ~ 100,000 annually, at least. The man- country
plants, construction, mining, healthcare, ufacturing line may need to be shut
disaster response and recovery, and off- down ior the time these robots are
shore drilling " serviced, creating a lengthy downtime t is well known that non-biode-
NXP India recently provided their
female work strength with a smart
Moreover, these draw huge amounts
of energy as compared to cobots. I gradable plastic is choking planet
Earth. A new technology has been

0 SEPTE MBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.EFYMAG.COM

developed to turn plastic waste into
high-periorma nce materials, in the
form of tiles and blocks. These materi-
als are weat her-resistant, acid-proof,
durable, offer better structural stability
at a low cost a nd protect the environ-
ment from plastic dumping
This innovation is the brainchild of
a team lead by Or S.K. Dh.1wan, emeri-
tus scientist, CS\R-Nation.1l Physic.1l
Laboratory. The technology has been
transferred to Shayna EcoUnified India
Pvt Ltd in New Delhi and Add in Infra
Pvt Ltd in Rajkot, with many other
companies showing interest. Union
minister of science and technology,
Harsh Vardhan, said that this technol-
ogy could serve the twin purposes of
plastic waste management and better
sanitation in the country.
Prasha nt Lingarn, a distributor of
these tiles to Municipal Corporation
of Hyderabad, has already supplied
2323sqm (25,000-square-feet) tiles.
Challenges faced in curbing
plastic waste
According to the disposal policy of the
government oi India, plastic waste
goes to landfill sites. In the landfills,
it takes more than 1000 years to com-
pletely degrade. Plastic in different
states oi degradation releases toxic
m.1 terials that leach into the ground
a nd pollute the ground water.
Plastic should not be burnt, either,
as burning it releases toxic gases like
carbon monoxide, phosgene, nitrogen
oxide and dioxin. In addition, burning
one kilogram of plastic releases three
kilograms of carbon dioxide- a gas that
contributes to global warming. This
project not only solves the problem of
disposal oi waste plastic bags but, also
utilises these bags into tiles that can be
used for designing structures
Benefits and applications
of the technology
Paras Saluja, founder and director,
Shayna EcoUnified India Pvt Ltd, says
Interlocking and roof tiles (Credit: Or S.K. Ohawan)
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
Toilet made usJng taes made from waste plastic
scrap; 42,000 bags were US8d in making a
2.1mx 1.2mx 1.2m(7·f881X4-f88tx4·f881)
structure (Credit: Or S.K. Ohawan)
that the tiles produced by the green
technology have successfully passed
flammability, wa te r absorption and
mechanical strength tests, carried out
as per ASTM standards.
According to Ashish Joshi, direc-
tor, Addin Infra Pvt Ltd, issues like
mechanical strength, flame retardancy,
water permeability and UV protection
from sunlight and antistatic response
are the novelty oi the concept.
Saluja says that the product range
is vast a nd so are its .1pplications. Key
applications are interlocking tiles,
p.1ver tiles, interlock tiles and roof tiles.
These can be used in building public
toilets, shelter homes, pavements,
structures and rooms for general
public, providing social and economic
benefits. Shayna EcoUnified strives to
deploy cost-effective architectural tiles
funher, redirecting the recycling dimen-
sion of India towards evolution.
The role of electronics
Or Ohawan expla ins, .. This is a fully-
automated mach ine setup that uses
sensors and microcontrollers (MCUs)
for accura te working. For example, a
hydraulic pressure machine works only
when it is completely dosed. Tempera -
ture, pressure, qua nti ty and distance
are monitored throughout the process
using sensors, and sent to respective
machines over MCUs for achieving
high performance through moulding
and other m.::~chines "
Joshi says, ''With a team of IS
employees the production can start.
Required capital cost is~ SS million for
machinery. Whereas, cost of operation
for the first three years is ~ 25 million,
which includes manpower, raw mate-
rial and daily operational activities."
Saluja adds, "For running the
machinery, minimum 2000kVA elec-
tricity is needed.
"We only need segregated raw
materials for our product. Additionally,
proportional mixing of raw materials is
important to keep a check on hazard-
ous gas emissions
The road ahead
Since plastic consumption cannot
be avoided completely, the govern-
ment of India has init iated measures
to recycle plastic. The market for
recycled plastic products is huge
Saluja says, "Our vision is to reduce
the chronic effects oi plastic bags in
India and build plastic-free cities and
towns, along with offering long-term
resolutions in terms of basic ameni -
ties like toilets and other societ.1\
structures in rural and urban areas."
Joshi says, "Oifferem sources of
waste plastic have been identified near
Sura\. As of now, we have a monthly
target of making a paver block that
can cover 2323sqm {25,000-square-
feet) - to be increased to 9290sqm
{100,000-square-ieet) per month in
the next six months. Production of the
block will consume two kilograms of
plastic per square metre- total200,000
kilograms waste plastic will be utilised
in a month
"To ensure access to sanitation
fJcilities .1nd development of a de.1ner
India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi
launched Sw .::~ chh Bharat Abhiyan.
We have taken this mission a step
ahead by introducing the concept of
smart toilets made of waste plastic
bags, wherein eco-friendly toilets will
be constructed from these tiles." m
- [)e('pshikhaSimkla.tedmimlj:mma/ist.F.FY
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 IJ6

STARTUP ZONE
Crux LX: A Unified
Communications Platform For
Small And Medium Businesses
PAROMIK CIIAKRAIIORTY
ommunication is an integral part
C of business operations. At pre~
sent, not only large businesses
and enterprises but, small and medi-
um-scale businesses (SMBs) serve from
geographically -distributed regions,
requiring investments in digital com-
munication methods. To bring to them
a cost -effective, user-friendly and
easy- to-maint.:~ i n connectivity solution,
start up Crux Labs offers Crux LX.
Problems lhal Crux LX
addresses
Rohit Gupta, founder of Singapore-
based Crux Labs, noticed the lack of a
scalable and cost-effective on-prE'mise
connectivity solution for SMBs. Solu-
tions that exist were majorly analogue-
based, requ iri ng hardwiring. These
were diificult to install and cumbersome
III1J SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA
Crvx LX
to maintain. Wiring and installation
TPquired high charges for cables and ser-
vice. A bigger problem came when users
had to shift base, which required them
to iollow the whole Herculian process
all over again. Digital solutions, on the
other hand, are expensive.
Gupta says, "Big enterprises have
perks like work-fro m-home or geo-
graphically-distributed and connected
workforces. They have made invest-
ments in communication technologies
accordingly. But, that level of invest-
ment is difficult for SMBs."
While comH•cting with some busi-
nesses who belonged to their target
customer category- companies with
fewer than 100 employees - Gupta
realised that the existing challenges
were multifold. He also found that pri-
vate branch exchange (PBX) vendors
offer analogue-based solutions from
big brands, starting at about ~ 60,000
to ~ 65,000 and higher for more than SO
users. When asked fo r IP-based digital
solutions, these vendors quote about
SG$ 8000 to SG$ 10,000 ~ 403,000 to
~ 503,000 approximately)- price range
that does not match the economies of
scaleforSMBs
In addition, these solutions lack
scalability and simplicity. Most cater
to a limited number oi users (30 to 50),
which cannot be expa nded further
Therefore as businesses grow, they
may have to invest in whole new setups
once again
Gupta mentions tha t the best alter-
natives so far- cloud-based JP commu-
nication solutions-have their own set
of challenges. He expla ins, "Although
these solutions do not require .:~ny
upfront capital, subsc ription r.:~tes
draw an expense almost equivalent to
expensive on-premise IP-based solu-
tions. Within .:1 span of two to three
years, the cost point becomes similar,
failing to serve the purpose for SMBs "
Crux L.:~bs wanted to .:~ ddress all these
issues at once.
Crux LX architecture
Most of today's connectivity, espe-
cially in tier 1 cities, runs through
fibre cables, eventually channelling
voice-based signals over the telephone
and network data over the router. Crux
te.:~m wanted to create a platform that
Graphical Interfaces
Ap~icationGiuelayer
MQTIMessagingBroker
SupportforNode.JS
Apache•MySOL+PHP
l..inux•NetwoOOngcom~XJnenls•Asterisk•Security
RaspberryPi 3/-lodel 8+1ntemai Stomge
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
Your Design
Our Electronic
Tee no System is an Italian multinational Electronic Contract
Manufacturing Services (EMS) Company. We undertake
Design & Development of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB),
PCB Assembly, Box build and after-market services like
repair & rework on turnkey as well as on job work basis.
Our operations in Bengaluru, India started in 2016.
Our manufacturing unit is ISO 9001:2015 and AS 9100 Rev.
D certified. This unit is equipped with a full-fledged SMD
assembly line including Automated Optical Inspection &
Solder Paste Inspection Systems. Other machines include
X· ray. Hybrid Rework Station and Wave Soldering Machine.

Industries We Serve

Tecno Systems India Electronics

229/195/A. Marsur, Kasaba Hobli. Chandapura-Anekal Road,
Benga!uru - 562 106. Phone: +91 80 27827701.
Meet us at electronica India
Email: info.bangalore@tsle.in I w l es.bang;~lore@tsie.ln inside tomorrow
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MAKE IN INDIA
advisors and some small businesses.
Benefits and ROI-A customer's feedback March 2017 marked the start of Alpha
ELICO Ltd deployed Crux LX last year in all three oHices in lndia-Hyderabad, Cllennai alld Mysore. launch , with one of the team's clients
Ramesh Oatla, mar~aging director, Ell CO Ud and ex-chairman, ConleOOralion ollndian Industry (CII), based out of Singapore
says, ·we were usif'lg Siemens PABX tor more than 15 years. Over the years. we expa.OOed and there l11e following April, the first official
is an increasing demaoo tor more connections. The major challenge wrth the existiog PABX was
expandabilityandserviceabilitybecauseofage.And, upgradewashinderedbecauseofcostol other unit of Crux LX was brought to life. The
newsolulbns period from July 2017 to September
"Depbyiog Crux LX is beneticial because capital cost and setup time are much lOwer and 2017 marked the product's Beta phase,
maintenancecostisr~egl igible . WeuseGoogleMeshwirelessinlrastructure , MJdinteg ratingCruxLX where the solution was deployed to
to ij was qu~e slraight!OfWard. Since everyone uses cellphonesthese days,~ is accessible to all, and the first Indian client, ELICO Ltd, a
cross-locat ioncommun~alioncostisgreatlyreduced.Expansionofthesolutionisalsoeasy. ·
Aboutttepayback period, Datlamentions, "TheROiisimmediate. AtradHionajPABXklrSOortOO Hyderabad-based analytical instru -
lines costs a bt ol money. W~h Crux solution, both can coexist. There are no atkliOOnal costs involved ments manufacturer.
a11erinstallatbll." In March 2018, Crux LX was reg-
istered with lnfo -communications
can route call data through the router Gupta adds, "We are in contact Media Development Authority (IMDA)
and land directly to the smartphone with some of our partners who have Singapore. it has been trading in the
instead- all as an on-premise solution their applications on a cloud service open ma rket since, and has achieved
instead oi a cloud-based one. (like Amazon Web Services) and are authorised vendor sta tus for Singtel,
"Our product is basically a wire- exploring to bring those applications Singapore.
less router that periorms telephony on top oi Crux LX platform. This will
and lP-PBX operations. The idea is create a full-scale on-premise appli- India connect and roadmap
to have a router that can utilise and ance for them without any depend- ahead
analyse all data without having to wait ence and expend iture on cloud, or any Crux LJbs is set to open an office in
for it to reach the cloud or depend on additional setup " Bengaluru, India in another six to eight
the Internet," says Gupta . months. With expansion plans, the com·
Crux LX is designed based on open Overcoming technical barriers pany is fine-tuning its business opera·
source resources. Software setup is Picking up pace in telecommunica- tions by involving digital technology in
Linux Apache MySQL PHP (LAMP) tions science and fi nding a solution areas like CRM and accounting, among
architecture w ith MQTT messag- unaffected by today's digital clutter others. The aim is to create a strong
ing broker and built-in support for were the first set of challenges Gupta foothold among the Indian SMB chain
Node.js. For hardware, it uses Rasp- had to face. Initially, the solution was However, Gupta foresees a couple of
berry Pi as the base board and Broad- planned to be manufactured in India, challenges. First, especially in tier 2 and
cam processor. Avnet and Elementl4 with the team following up some tier 3 cities, Jack oi proper smartphone
are the supply partners for Crux Labs factories and gathering estimates. He and basic resources with a large number
The platform can be operated using says, "Cost points quoted by factories of users may hinder the user experience.
any compatible open source mobile were prohibitory, costing almost ~ 20 Therefore the company will start its ser-
application (like Zoiper and GSWave) to 30 million for the production pro- vices with tier I cities init ially.
available in Apple's App Store and cess, which had to be paid upfront. ·· The second challenge lies in the
Google's Play Store. It features voice Taking an open systems approach, lack of proper supplier and distributor
calls, conference bridges, voicemail the team was able to manufacture the chain for SMBs, like those available
and many other useful options product at a much lower cost. for big enterprises. The strategy is
One Crux LX unit can enrol\ up to Team Crux overcame most chal- to deliver the products initia11y and
250 users a nd support 20 concurrent lenges with the help of Board of Ad vi· slowly create a distributor chain.
conversations. Users can pair multiple sors, which comprised family members In the long run, Crux Labs plans
Crux devices, even across geographies and friends who were also experts in to reach out to the co nsumer and
over the Internet, to expand user sup- different fields of operation, including domestic segment as well . For that, it
port and create an internal network. technology, business strategy, market- will scale down Crux LX into a more
=--==-= :~~~:~:~~~;.nal cam- compact and plug-and·play form factor
at cheaper cos\. 11 will also venture out
Cl and expand into other industries to
Crux timeline provide solutions across different ver-
The idea of Crux ticals. For instance, the team is work-
LX was conceived ing on call accounting technologies to
in Oc tober 2016 enable per user billing and call analyt-
Towards the end of ics, which is useful for hotels and other
December 2016, the commercial entities. lt is also looking
~ team had built a cov- into VSAT voice communication that
'----,--:=========e:__L_!==--:::J
HowCrw(LXWO/ks
erless prototype after
consultation with
can be used for maritime communica -
tion, or in remote areas.

lfii] SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW. EFYMAG.COM

 JJ ~ ~I
MAKE IN INDIA
VAPCare:
Medical
Electronics To
Improve ICUs VAPCdro suclioos out or.~/ and nasal secretions
(indicatedingr99n)and/avagesusing
anfibaCierialsc/urion(rndicaredinvioler)
igh -quality medical services
H are critical all over the world.
India's medical communities
are working hard to bring the best
for each patient in emerging econo-
mies (like India)."
Jangir along with Nachiket Deval
infrastructure and most upgraded (eo-founder) auended Affordable
setups to us. Quality and scope of ser- Innovation Fellowship in healthcare
vices of electromedical devices have from lnnAccel. Here, they identified
been expanded- more so to intensive and ana lysed the highest unmet cHni -
care units (ICUs}. Coeo Labs, a Beng:Jl- cal needs in the field of emergency and
uru-based startup, designs and delivers critical care. Among the 120 clinical
such advanced equipment. needs that were identified, preventing
VAP came at the top.
Problems in ICUs The main rou te ofVAP in a patient
Coeo Labs had an eye to solve the is an endotracheal tube that is inserted
existing challenges in ICUs- chal - into the trachea for breathing pur-
lenges that affect patients and staff poses, while she or he is sedated and,
alike. Co-founder, Coeo Labs, Nitesh essentially, in an immuno-suppressed
Kumar Jangir says, "Annually, there condition. The tube may turn into an
are close to SO million patients in ICUs entry channel for infectious microbes,
globally. Out of these, 19 million get on further aided by oral and nasal secre-
long-term venti lation (over 48 hours). tions that collect in specific places
During this time, they are prone to in the respiratory tract. This leads to
multiple hospital-acquired infections. inflammation oi the lungs, resulting
lt is estimated that 31 per cent of these in VAP.
pa tients develop ventilator-associated Jangir points out, ··currently,
pneumonia (VAP) during their stay in manual suctioning is done by nurses
the lCU, annually.·· and that too only in the oral cavity of
VAP has an annual mortality rate the ventilated patient, which is inad-
of about 42 per cent. Moreover, it equate to prevent VAP. Insufficient
creates collateral complications, both hand hygiene by the caregiver, non-
for patients as well as the medical adherence to clinical protocols and
organisa tion(s). Jangir continues, lack of trained lCU staff are some other
"When a pa tient develops VAP, the stay factors for cross-infection "
in the ICU typically increases by five
to seven days. This results in excess VAPCare: what it does
utilisation of 30 million ICU bed-days, and how it works
Coeo L.:~bs developed an artificial
and results in an additional financial
burden of more than about~ 400,000
intelligence (AI)-based secretion
management and oral
hygiene system for venti-
lated pa tients, called YAP-
Care. 11 provides targeted
automated suctioning of
sec retions, minimtstng
the chances of contract-
"!'__~::::;:~~== ing VAP and
_:__ _ _ _ _ _ __. eliminate theenabling to
need for
constant physical interac-
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
tion between caregivers and patients to
prevent cross-infection
The device const itutes a dispos-
able lumen that rides over an existing
endotracheal tube. It lMs three suction
ports, one each in or.:~ l , oropharyngeal
and sub-glottic regio ns. The lumen
gets connected to an electronic base
of VAPCare and controls the suction
based on sensor input. An electronic
timer and sensor-based suctioning
detect the presence of secretions in the
suction catheter. The device continues
suctioning until it finds no secretion in
the suction catheter. Suction pressure
is also controlled electronically.
This machine can also be used for
oral lavage using an antibacterial solu-
tion through disposable lumen based
on user-defined timing to maintain oral
hygiene. Starting cost of one VAPCare
unit is ~ 350,000.
Coeo Labs received European CE
certification and was granted a patent
in multiple countries, including the US
and China for VAPCare
Challenges in development
The manuf.:~cturi ng ecosystem put a
lot of obstacles before Coeo Labs. The
comp.:~ny faced the biggest challenge in
finding quality lndi .:~ n manufacturers to
support it for small batch manufactur-
ing. Finding reliable manufacturers on
specialised ma terial was difficult, too.
Jangir a dds, "'Electromagnetic
interference (EMl), electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) and electrical
safety testing according to IEC 60601-
1 is expensive and unaffordable for
startups.·
Beside engineering challenges,
there were clinic<Jl challenges, such as
initial lack of clear guidelines for clini-
c.:~l tri.:~ls of .:1 new prod uct. However,
Jangir s.:~ys tl1.:1t new rules have clari-
fied this aspect.
Thrget group
and roadmap ahead
VAPCare is mainly targeted at lCUs of
hospitals and medical faci lities, both
private and public, of all scales, includ-
ing small hospitals. Besides reducing
VAP infection .:~nd improving overall
medical care, it also reduces cost on
staff, bed occupancy due to improved
healthcare, collateral cost for hospitals
on facilities as well as patients on bills
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 161

The product was launched in India
on August I, 2018. The team is plan-
ning to deploy it across the nation this
ye,u. Going fo rward, it will further
expand sales in Europe and launch
VAPC.:a re in the US
lt is also set to launch a new
product-called Saans - which is a
low-cost neonatal breathing support
for short-term use in low -resource
selling (like in ambulances), by the
end of this year. "We have a product
pipeline to create more solutions and
save lives," Jangi r remarks
Ecofrost:
Made In India
Solar-Powered
Cold Storage
To Reduce
Crop Spoilage
ndia's farmlands sufier from large
I volumes of crop and produce
wastage. Lack of proper storage
facilities is a major reason why farm -
ers lose about25 per cent of fruits and
vegetables due to spoi lage. Electric- or
diesel-driven cold storages are avail-
able options, but collateral factors of
exhaustible fuel usage .:~nd high run-
ning costs make these non-viable to
most farmers
In addition, heat and carbon emis-
sion by these setups are harmful for the
environment. liT Kha ragpur alumni
Devendra Gupta, Prateek Singhal and
Vivek Pandey took this opportunity to
provide an irnpactful solution to the
agri-cornmun ity.
Add ressing problems
with solar cold storage
Ecozen Solutions was formed by the
trio, who wanted to disrupt the way
perishables are handled across the
value chain. The best way towards
developing a clean, non-exhaustible
and optimised technology was by har-
nessing solar energy. Ecozen's solar-
lm SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
Jj ~V
MAKE IN INDIA
powered cold room, CJlled Ecofrost,
is designed to hel p farmers store fresh
produce till it reaches end consumers
ExpJnded shelf life of crops enables
the fJrrners to earn more and reduce
post-harvest losses. The stJrtup tar-
gets agri-traders, wholesalers, retailers
and farmers.
Ecozen team says, "With farmers
having an area generally growing one
crop, there is an abundance of that
crop with no access to cold storage.
Ecofrost addresses this issue by ena-
bling them to retain produce quality
for a longer period in a solar cold room
According to our research, Ecofrost has
helped fanners increase their incomes
between 50 a nd 100 per cent. ..
The Ecofrost setup
The first setup of Ecofrost was installed
at Raichur Agricultural University, R.li-
chur, Karnataka in 2014. Ecofrost solar
cold room is basically a 6.lm (20-feet)
container with five- ton storage capac-
ity, running on solar energy captured
and generated by solar panels.
Ecozen's proprietary algorithms
harness the solar energy in the most
efficient manner. This not only helps
run the system but also charges
the thermal plates installed inside,
which can provide backup up to 30
hours. These thermal batteries have
at least twice the life compared to
conventional solar batteries and lower
replacement costs- reducing running
costs significantly.
Interestingly, the system is port-
able and can be easi ly shifted from one
place to other. Set up and install.:~tion
are simple and quick. As backup, the
system can be operated using grid or
alternative power supply from a gener-
ator set. 11 IMs the capability to charge
itself completely with just six to seven
hours of grid power. During cloudy
weather, the sys tem automatically
switches to the available alternative
power supply, notifying the operator.
Challenges faced
Ecozen's road to success was filled
with hurdles- mainly pertaining to
the ecosystem. There was lack of satis-
factory infrastructure, and operational
space was also limi ted. At the start of
the journey, the trio faced difficulties
in finding the right investment partner.
Testing of the product and field trials
were also surrounded with difficulties.
Business model and ROI
Ecozen believes in the flexibility of
following different business models
for sales, like upfron t purchase, leas-
ing or community. The team tells us,
''Projects are subsidy-driven, and cost
varies depending on different customer
requirements, markets and regions."
Solar power helps users save major
running costs on elect ricity or fuel,
especially given India's abundant
sunlight. The team explains, "Only
during cloudy or monsoon season the
system may need to run on grid or a
diesel generator set. This is the only
major running expense that owners
may face- spanning up to a maximum
of two months annually"
The company has been piloting
its \ease-based business model since
last year, receiving positive responses .
The model has especially helped hor-
ticulture farmers, who have specific
season-based production in the year,
by allowing to lease the system when -
ever required
The system comes with a five years
maintenance contract. ROI period
solely depends on the mode of usage
and the commodity stored inside
the system. High-value crops, which
are highly-perisha ble, ensure good
returns- estimated within two to three
years of use. Regular crop production
may take slightly longer payback time.
The road ahead
Ecozen has developed Web and mobile
applications for marketplace where
sellers (farmers a nd perishable crop
growers or vendors) can meet buyers
(organised retailers, fresh e-commerce
players, wholes.:~lers or traders) for
trade. Thus, the platform enables both
parties to pre-cool .:~ nd transport the
commodities in a refrigerated truck
from source to destination, thus main-
taining the quality of produce.
The team concludes, "We believe
that we have solved only a small frac -
tion of a bigger problem. The company
is further working to introduce new
products in the logistics and retail
space, which will further enable the
agri-community to have a bener con-
nect with the marketplace." m
WWW. EFYMAG.COM

NEW PRODUCTS
COMPONENTS
Insulated-gate bipolar
transistor
lnfineon Technologies has launched
a 1200V ins ula ted-gate bipolar tran -
sistor (IGBT) generation
TRENCHSTOP IGBT6
It is the first discrete
IGBT duo-pack manufac-
tured on 30.Scm (12-inch)
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in hard-switching and resonant
topologies operating at switching
frequencies from 15kHz to 40kHz.
l)!pical applications for IGBT6 are unin-
terruptible power supplies, solar invert -
ers, battery chargers and energy storage.
In(ineon"Iklmologies ltU/ial"ut Ud
www.in(ineon.com
Power-management ICs
With a pair of high-pe rformance and
scalable power-management integrated
circuits (PMICs) from Maxim Integrated
Products, designers of mobile systems
can now maximise performance per watt,
while increasi ng system efficiency for
computa tionally-i ntensive deep-learning
systems-on-chip, FPGAs and application
processors. MAX77714 and MAX77752
address a broad spectrum of applications
ranging from augmented reality/virtual
reality, gaming, solid-state drives, securi-
ty and Industria \ Internet of Things (non
to handheld devices such as cameras
and home automation hubs. Architected
~~~;~~~~:~;~~,;~~u;e~~~~~~~~::lru~~:~
standard solutions, these PM!Cs extend
batterylifewhileprovidinganextremely
compact form facto r.
Maxim Integmted I>roduds Inc.
www.maximint egmted.com
AC-to·DC converter
RECOM has announced a SW AC-to-DC
converter, RACOS-K/ 480 series, which
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
JJ ~ ~I-
M·!H¥11111'·"·
with AC as the main power source and
DC as backup, or vice versa. To optimise
performance and ease development
of these systems, Microchip Tedmol-
accepts input voltagt>S of up to 480V AC. ogy has released a flexible dual-mode
lt is OVC J[[ rated with 6kV surge protec- power monitoring IC that measures both
tion, and oper- AC and DC modes wit h an accuracy of
ates reliably 0.1 per cent error across a wide 4000:1
at industrial range. Power calc ulations and event
temperature monitoring are included with a single
ranges. The IC, reducing bill of materials (BOM) cost
series is ideally and firmware development time.
suited for housekeeping operations in Microchip1et:hno!o8)• 1nc.
Industry 4.0, the loT and smart process www.microchip.com
automation applications that require
low standby power consumption as well
as the ability to provide peak power Ultra-thin LCD
ReromPower Electronic Assembly has designed EA
IVUIUI.fOCOII!-poWeT.C0/11 DOGLI28 ,
a 128 x 64-
pixel graph-
Energy-metering IC ics display,
Analog Devices has introduced an ener- adding to its
gy-metering IC with auto-calibration for EA DOGL
single-phase energy measurement appli- series
ca tions. AOE9!53A Some benefits are:
uses mSure technol- • Maximum contrast, not only when
ogy to automati - viewed perpendicularly, but also at an
cally calibrate the oblique angle from above, right or left
measurement • Available in FSTN and STN tech-
system,significant- nologies
Jyreducingcalibra- • 3.3V supply voltage in single
tion time, labour supply operation
and equipment costs. It enables design- • Display interfaced via serial four-
ers of intelligent lighting, data centres, wireSPI
EV charging and industrial applications Electronic Assembly GmbH
to add with ease billing-grade accurate 1vww./cd module.rom
energy measurement to their products.
Annlog Devices l nc.
1vww.atwlog.com
Audio amplifiers
FDAB03D and FDA903 D digital input
automotive audio amplifiers from STMi-
Poweramonitoring IC croelectronics simplify integration and
In systems that use both AC and DC maximise reliability in telematics and
power, implementation of dual-mode emergency-eCall equipment, acoustic
- we r mo.nito. ring requires vehicle alerting systems in hybrid/ elec-
mltiple !Cs to ensure tric vehicles and to enhance high-end
superior performance infotainment systems.
and accuracy. Growing With 125 and TOM digital audio
;~1~ :~~~:~:~~~:;\aar~
1 inputs and feedback -after-filter topology
for low noise and high sound quality,
lighting and cloud servers often use these lx4SW class-D amplifiers simplify
both modes to ma intain safe operation, design and save BOM costs. Combining
ElECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTEMBER 2018 Ill]

these features with full UC automotive-
grade diagnostics including uniqul:'
offset and open-load detection in play
mode, FDAB03D a nd FDA903D reallse
the next generation of amplifiers for
cost-effective safety equipment
STMicroelearonics lndia
DC-to·DC controllers
Renesas Electronics has announc!i'd two
new PMBus-compliant, fully -digital
DC - to - DC
controllers
that provide
single output
point-of-load
conversions
for FPGAs, DSPs, AS!Cs, network pro
cessors and general-purpose system
rails. ISL68300 with integrated MOSFET
drivers and ISL68301 with PWM output
simplify designing power supplies for
data centres, wired and wireless com-
munications, a nd factory automation
equipment.
Renesas Hleclronics Crop.
Capacitive touch switches
are also vanda l-resistant.
Bulgin
www.bulgin.rom
DC·to·DC buck regulators
Allegro MicroSysterns has announced
A8660, ARG8 1880 and ARGSISOI
regulators. These devices reduce EM!
through switching frequency dithering
lm SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
JJ C~I
NEW PRODUCTS
and allow system noise management
though external dock synchronisa tion
These are AEC-0100 automotive quali-
tied, designed to operate over a wide
input voltage range to withstand auto-
motive stop/ start, cold c rank and load
dump conditions, and are also capable
of switching at 2.lMHz for reduction in
component size and cosL
AllegroMicroS)'Siems l.l.C
www.allegromicro.com
TEST &MEASUREMENT
Digital multimeter
Model 4508 + TRMS by Meco Instru-
ments is a 20,000-counts auto-ranging
digital multirneter with
LCD backlight havi ng
voltage range up to
IOOOV DC and 750V AC
(TRMS). and current
range up to lOA AC
(TRMS) and DC. Basic
accuracy for DC voltage
±0.5%rdg + 3dgt,for
AC voltage ± l.O% rdg
+ 3dgt, for DC current
± 0.8 % rdg + 3dgt, and for AC cur-
rent ± l.O % rdg + 3dgt. lt has special
features like auto power off, resistance,
capacitance, frequency, dut y cycle,
diode test, audible continuity and more
Meoo lnsrrumel!/$ Pm Ud
www.mecotnst.com
Pocket light meter
Extech LTSOS, a pocket-sized auto-
ranging light meter, offers
wide light intensity ranges
measuring up to 40,000Fc
(400,000lux) with high reso-
lution ofO.OIFc (O.llux). lt is
ideal for indoor lighting tests
and for checking security
and s afet y illumination in
parking garages, night-time
ATM areas, stairwells, land-
ings and hallways.
Key features are:
• Measures light levels in foot -candle
(Fe) or lux units using a precision photo
diode with cosine and colour-correction
filter
• Zero/calibration funct ion
• Data hold and min j max functions
• Auto power off with disable
H..IR Systems India PVl Ud
wwlu.f1ir.in.www.extech.rom
Tachometer
KUSAM -MECO has introduced a two-
in -one photo non-contact/cont.lct
tachometer, model KM -2241,
with measuring range up to
2.5 -99999rpm. Measu ring
rotationalspeedissafeand
accuratewithoutau ach-
ment to the object
Themeterhasawide
measunng range
and high resolution.
Display gives exact
~pm with no guess-
ing or errors.lt uses a n exclusive micro-
computer LSl circuit with high accuracy
of measurement and fast measuring
time. Last( maximum/ minimum value is
automatically stored in memory and can
be displayed by turn any time.
KusamE/er:trical lndustriesl.ld
www.kttsameleclrir:ai.com
SOFTWARE
Deep packet inspection solution
Rohde & Schwarz has announced the
release of Discord application classifica-
tion feature in its deep p.1cket inspection
(DPI) engine R&S PACE 2. The OEM
software solutio n can now reliabl y
detect and classify c hat application
Discord in network traffic in real time
Discord is a modern voice and text chat
app, similar to programs such as Skype
or TeamSpeak, designed specifically for
gaming communities.
Rohde & Schwarl India Pl't Lld
umilu.roltde-sclm'ilrz.com
Signal analyser software update
Anritsu has announced Jul y 2018
release of software optio ns, adding
support for measuring RF Tx charac-
WWW. EFYMAG.COM
 Jl ~ ~I·
NEW PRODUCTS
teristics of SG mobile communications easily penetratesmalt gaps and cavities.
base statio ns and terminals to the
company's signal analyser MS2690A /
ProgressiveFngineer.o
rvww.progressiueengineers.co.in
-- -

MS2691A / MS2692A series following
:~~iy~~r r~~:~ ~eing added to
0 signal
Anritsu lmlia P!'l Lld
www.anritsu.com
MISCELLANEOUS
Touch sense technology
Linepro has launched capacitive sense
technology wi th different shapes. The
reference image is of a curvature-shaped
capacitive touc h controller demonstrat-
ing touch sensing and control using
cypress controller
Unique features of this design are:
• Touch sense
buttons, LED output 1 .._.~,..;;~
and two sw itches
mounted on flexible
PCB
• Sensit ivity of
Smm through glass
overl ay and up to
!Omm through plas-
tic overlay
• Manual touch
sensitiv ity adjustment not required
• Ultra-low power consumption
• Liquid toler.1nce eliminates false
touches due to wet conditions
• Strong immunity to noise
• Output of each button is taken on
five-pin flexible strip; can be interfaced
with end user application
Unepro Comro/s Pvt Ud
www.lin.eproindia .com
Translucent epoxy
832C polling and encapsulating com-
pound is a general-purpose, hard,
translucent amber, two-part epoxy that
offers extreme environmental, mechani-
cal and physical protection for PCBs and
electronic assemblies. I! is
inspection is
required.
Due to its
low mixed
viscosity,
832C can
Dome camera
SATATYA MIDR20FL-
28CWP 2MP JP IR
professional dome
camera offers thefol-
lowingbenefits:
• Dark Observer; Sony STARVIS
series sensor
• Crystal clear night vision; colour
images at O.OS!ux
• High -efficiency video coding:
H.265 compression technology
• Vision Adaptive: True WDR 120db
• Eliminates blind spots with 113 G
vtew
• Adaptivestreaming
• Records more frames during
motion, less during no motion
• Analytics: intrusion, motion
detection, no motion, trip wire
,\-farrixCornsec
wwu•.matrixcomsec.com
Twilight switch
ARTech's twilight switch is a low-cost,
highly-reliable and compact switch
designed for outdoor lighting of high
wattages like floodlights, streetlights,
hi-bays and more. The switch works on
ambient light sensor input and cuts off
the connected luminary accordingly. It is
connected in series with luminaries and
switches it on in the evening and cuts off
in the morning
AR1i!cl!
rvwtlwnecl!labs.iu
lithium-polymer battery
Orange lithium-polymer batteries utilise
an advanced LiCo nano-technology
substrate that allows electrons to pass
more freely from anode to cathode with
less internal impedance- in s hon,lower
voltage sag and higher discharge rates
'=~ ~
I ,e
than a similar densit y lithium-polymer.
Orange lithium-po lyme r battery
packs are equipped with heavy-duty dis-
charge leads to minimise resistance and
sustain high current loads. Each pack is
equipped with gold-plated connectors
and JST-XH style balance connectors,
and assembled using IR matched cells
Mac(osPvtUd
www.robu .in
3D printer
RG 04 3D desktop pri nter, introduced
in India by Rajguru Electronics, is
a Kossel Delta 3D
printer with metal
frame and single
extruder. It fea -
tures with diam -
eter 200 x 21Smm
build vo lume and
0.4mm nozzle. It
a11ows easy printing
of round mo dels.
To maintain the
garage -built feel
and handm a de
charms, RG 04 3D desktop printer is
also a build-it-yourself kit.
Ro.jgumE/ectronics lndiaPvtLtd
rvww.mjgurue/ectronics.com
Alignment system
Physik lnstrumetne has brought out a
family of alignment systems designed for
active alignment tasks in silicon photon-
ics and photonic IC market. The heart
of every system is P-616 Nanocube, an
XYZ nano-positioning stage with E-712
controller for high-speed and high-duty-
cycle alignment tasks.
DeepriMarketingSeroices
wwu>.deepms.com

El ECTRONICS FOR YOU I SEPTEMBER 2018 Jm

 ~TLOOK
Neha De

Monitor
Designed to reduce eye strain in any
lightmg environment
BenQ has unvei led BenQ EL2870U, the first 4K UHD moni-
tor with I ms response time designed spli'cifically for eye-
care. BenQ EI2870U eye-care monitor f~<>atures high dynam-
ic range (HDR) technology to increase the overall dynamic
range between true-black and bright-white to duplicate
what your eyes see in the natural world. Enhanced with
4K ultra-high-definition resolution offered on EL2870U,
you will experience extraordinary clarity of fine details a nd
textures for the optimal viewing experience, and enhanced
screen real estate for visually-intensive work
EL2870U displays HDR for dazzling brightness with
stark contrast fo r deep-blacks and wide-colour range for
intense video performance. Moreover, it offers features dedi-
cated to offer a premium 4K gaming experience. The incred-
ibly fa st lms grey-to·grey (GTG) response time on EL2870U
ensures a much more responsive and fluent in-game experi-
ence than a traditional4K television, particularly noticeable
in first -person shooter games.

Bluetooth speaker Smartwatch

Taking portable entertainment to a
whole new dimension
F&D has annou nced its portable Bluetooth speaker, WS. Styl-
ish yet balanced with excellent sound, the speaker is compact
enough to fit in the palm of your hand. lt puts an audio-visual
show, playing songs perfectly in sync with programmable
LED lights. Extremely loud for its size, with six-hour playback
time and 10-melre range, the speaker brings to fore amplified
outdoor entertainment
The ultra-portable speaker seamlessly pairs up with any
mobile or Bluetooth device, bringing distortion-free music.
Adding to that, there is a built-in
microphone that allows you
calls at the press
of a button.
The spea ker is
compatible with
micro-SDcard/
auxiliary inputs.
ltalsocomes
with built-in
FM, bringing the
complete music
Integrating music and fitness
Garmin India, a unit of Garmin Ltd, has launched Vivoac-
tive 3 music GPS smartwatch-an enhanced version of
Vivoactive 3 GPS smart watch. The elegantly designed
fitness watch has on-device music storage for 500 songs
that can be played directly from the watch using Blue-
tooth headphones and speakers, eliminating the need
for carrying a smartphone. You can load the wa tch with
music directly from a computer or access offline music
streaming services.
The lightweight smartwatch with an am bidextrous
design has strengthened glass lens that covers its full
face. lt allows you to create and down-
load workout plans as per needs.
The battery runs for 13 hours in
GPS training mode, five hours in
GPS mode with music playing
a ndsevendaysinsmartwatch
mode.Thefitnesswatch
includes GPS, contact-less pay-
ments through Ga rmin Pay, a
swim-sa fe build with SATM water
rating, smart connectivity and
access to Garmin Connect IQ app
store (for customising the watch).
 ~STLOOK
Smart TV Smart table lamp
Super slim design with Dolby surround sound Equipped with colour-
Noble Skiodo, a part of Veira Group, has unveiled its nf>\vest 140cm (55-inch)
changing techn ology
ultra-HD sma rt TV, featuring a high-performance engine, high-speed responsli', SYSKA LED has introduced Wi-Fi-
smart, multi-function versatility and more than 100,000 hours of inbuilt content. it enabled smart table lamp, which
is equipped with a super narrow bez!i'l, along with 3840p x 2160p resolution. The is compatible with Amazon Alexa .
•mti-glare panel and dynamic contract ratio of 200000:1 gives in-depth colour repro- Once SYSKA smart table lamp
duction and a comfortable viewing experienct', rendering true-to-life HD images syncs with Amazon Alexa, it can be
Engineered to deliver the most superior sound, the smart TV features five controlled using voice commands.
sound modes with bass and treble adjustment that allows you to experience The lamp comes with feather-
even the faintest sounds clearly. lt runs on Android and comes with pre-installed touch controls to switch it on/ off,
applications. Its Miracast feature allows you to cast your smart device"s screen on control its colour temperature and
the TV. Additionally, IGB + 8GB RAM improves performance and buffering of TV its dimness (brightness) for a seam-
while watching and streaming on lint> or downloading apps. lt supports a number of less experience. The two-mood set-
conne-ctivity options including thrt>t' HDMI inputs and two USB inputs. Tht> TV also tings in the lamp allows you to fix
comes with a wireless keyboard for a smoother experience. your lighting requirements between
reading and night. The lamp is
designed ergonomically as well as
flexible to use. lt can be bended
up to certain extent to provide an
effortless reading expe rience and
cause less strain o n your eyes.
SYSKA smart table lamp lasts
up to 30,000 hours. 11 is equipped
with colour-changing technology
that allows it to change the colour
of the lamp at three different tem-
peratures: yellow, warm white and
white. Colour temperature ranges
from 3000k "' 6000k.

•
Bluetooth headphones
For musi c and tech aficionados
Digitek has launched high-quality Bluetooth stereo
headphones in three variants: DBH-005, DBH-011 and
DBH-012. The headphones have been engineered to
deliver the best acoustics and aesthl"'ics. The devices
offer excellent bass with life-like sound. The high-
performance headphones can be used with ease while
working out or while engaging in sports with wireless functionality.

J
All variants are equipped with control buttons for wireless operations and a
built-in microphone that supports hands-free calling. These produce stereo effect
with loud and clear sound. DBH-011 and DBH-012 variants a re fo ldable, which
makes these extremely handy and travel-friendly
All versions can be used with soft ear pads to reduce noise. These provide
excellent talk time performance and music playback for at least eight hours, with

~
only two to three hours of battery charging through USB, and offer a standby time
of 120 hours. The headphones have Bluetooth 4.2 + EDR implemented, making
these compatible with most smanphones, iPads, MP3 / MP4 players and laptops

WWW. EFYMAG.COM ElECTRONICS FOR YOU l SEPTEMBER 2018 Jm

 ~STLOOK
www.ely.il
GizMo ByTes
BSE launches Ask Motabhai
chatbot
BSEinpartnershipwithMicrosoft
and ShephertzhaslaunchedAsk
Motabhai, an artificial intelligence
<AD-basedchatbot,toprovide
on-demand data and information
Tlle man who fromthestockexchange'swebsite.
Ask Motabhaicanhaveatext-based
stops advertising conversationwithauserandmine
to save money BSEwebsitetogivecustomised
info rmation. Thechatbotwasbuilt
is the man wtio using Microsoft Bot Framewo r k,
Cognitive Services, QnA Maker and
saves the clock LanguageUnderstandinglntelligent
Serv iceonMicrosoftAzurecloud.
to stop time. Go ogle launches Android 9.0
named Pie
Google has announced Pie as
thenameforthelatestversion
ofAndroidoperatingsystem,
succeeding Android Oreo. Android
9 .0 P ie version includesAI-powered
adapti vebatterys ystemand
na~ ig ation system featuring a single
home button, amon g others . Google
hasbe gunrollingoutthisversionto
When An Electronic Engineer
Joins The Resistance!!
OHMMMMM
Theprices.faaturesandspecificalioosarobasedooinfomJatiooprovided!Ous.orasavaiiablecmvarioos
W6bsitesand portals_ EFY cannot .ouch for their accumey
Pixe l phonesandwillrollitoutto
other devices later this year.
Siempo app addresses the issue
of digital addiction
Siempoisanappthataims
toun-addictusersfromthei r
smartphonesanditsnume rous
attention-stealingapps. Todoso, it
replacesAndroiddevice'shomescreen,
whi lealsotakingadvantageofa
numberof desi gnp r inciplestopush
d istr ac ti ons furthe r away, and
givethemmorecontroloverthe
notifications.
Cx File Explorer simplifies
browsing contents of a
smartphone
Cx Fil e bplorer comes with a clean
inte r face,whichaimstosimplify
theworko f browsingthroughthe
contents of an Android phone . The
appissegregated into th ree parts:
Loca l fortrackingappdownloadsand
otherstorage-relatedwor ks,Library
fori mages,audioanddocuments,and
Networ kforwirelesslytransfe rr ing
contents from phone to PC . In addition
tothis, t hefilemanagerhasAnalyzer
featureforanalysin g andmanaging
phone'sstoragefromtimetotime .
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
 One company. Many solutions.
ENCAPSULATING .,.._ SILVER CONDUCTIVE
:AND P-O"!;[I!iG EPOXIES • EPOXY C..,.lo!No b,.w

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t.o llooc-t ... co.l!"'l

c..,.,.,. 'f1/t...

C-228A, Ghatkopar Industrial Estate. Amrut Nagar, Off LBS Marg. Ghatkopar (West). Mumba1 • 400 086. Maharashtra.
T: 022-2500 6762 Vapl Off.: 0260-2451744 E: info@progressiveengineers .net W: w..vw.progressiveengineers.net

Want answers to the CCDJ3.CJ3.if4i~E! 17

following puzzles? MAXIMIZING THE CURRENT
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Things 5Gand
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So what?

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IT!y$f.lf?
Wearables
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dowithlt?

Prolenlonal High Current Powtr lnductor Manufacturtr

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Learning
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IATF\~9 1509001 15014001 http://wNw.codaca.alm :t.. g ®I

CHOOSING THE BEST
WI·FI ROUTER
FOR YOUR HOME
Paromik Chakraborty
n our daily lives, one
I thing we do not want to
comprom ise with is our
Internet conr~ection. ~ost
Internet servrce provrders
provide a router along with
their service. However, to get
the best out of your network, it
is better to hand pick your own
router. In this article we explore
the various facto rs that must be
considered while picking the
right Wi-Fi router for homes.
Important router features
The choice of a Wi-Fi router
depends on various factors of
use: area to be covered, number
of users and dev ices to be con-
nected to the network, Internet
connection speed, usage mode
(moderate or da ta -intensive)
and so on. For homes, speed
and coverage range are the
primary consideration factors.
Having good bandwidth sup-
port and a secure connection
also play important roles in the
router's periormance. Given
below is what you should look
for while buying a router.
Dual-band support. Rout-
ers mainly function on two
bandwidth frequencies: nar-
rower 2.4Ghz and much wider
S.OGhz. The more common
single-band Wi-Fi routers tap
into 2.4Ghz bandwidth only to
transmit data. The challenge
II.I.i] SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
~S'GUIDE
with this is that it is also tapped in by
other electronic or wireless products
such as phones and tablets, clunering
the channel. As a resu lt, while smaller
data packets c.::~n still pass through,
heavier d.::~ta (like videos or large files)
f.::~il to tr.::~nsmit properly, deteriorating
Wi-Fi performance
A du.::~l-band router, on the other
hand, taps into both 2.4Ghz and
S.OGhz bands. Small data packets are
passed through 2.4Ghz bandwidth,
while larger data trave ls through
S.OGhz channel, wh ic h has much
less traffic. Therefore users experi-
ence beller media streaming or online
gaming using a dua l-band device.
However, a dua l-band router is costlier.
Latest standard a.nd speed. Wi -Fi
works on IEEE 802 group of standards.
IEEE 802.llac is the most upgraded
standard at the moment- compared to
older standards (802.lln, b, gor a), it is
faster and more optimised for network
operations. However, routers support·
ing 802.llac are costlier. If the intended
usage is not too da ta-intensive, then
routers supporting 802. l ln will suffice.
Wi-Fi's hardware and build quality
also play an inevitable role in speed
capacities. Check the highest speed
mentioned in the specifications of the
product-higher the speed, higher will
be the price. A 300mbps capacity is a
decent option for all kinds of Internet
and networking opera tions, including
live streaming of videos, moderate
gaming and Web browsing. To stream
4K videos or high-end online games,
it is advisable to go for a 600mbps or
higher device.
Antennae and coverage. A higher
number of antennae means more chan-
nels for data transmission and recep-
tion, ensuring better da ta flow rates.
Single-band routers have only 2.4CHz
bandwidth-compatible antennae.
On the other hand, dual-band
routers may come with dual-band-
compatible antennae (capable of data
transfer across both 2.4GHz and S.OGhz
bands), or have separate antennae, each
assigned to individual bandwidths.
For a small, single-floor premise
(within 55.7sqm), a single-antenna
dual-band router or a two-antennae
single-band router will suffice.
For a larger area, for both categories
of devices, a higher number of anten-
nae (two to three) will have advantages
in terms of signal strength, coverage
and speed.
Antennae strength is measured in
dBi unit, which essentially indicates
signal strength. For a medium-size
area, SdBi is enough. If the premise
has more walls and obstructions, or is
larger, go for 9dBi specifica tion.
Security. For a home setup, Wi-Fi
Protected Access 2 (W PA2) with at
least 128-bit Advanced Encryption
Standard and Pre-Sha red Key (PSK)
encryption compatibi lity is compul-
sory. Good practices like usi ng a strong
Wi-Fi password, upgraded internal
firewalls and updated firmware also
play cruci.::~l roles in network security
More features. Choosing a router
with more Ethernet Port s (four or
more) can be advantageous. This
allows you to connect more devices
parallelly and prov ide backup if the
main port malfunctions.
Some routers come with a USB
WWW. EFYMAG.COM

port, which can be beneficial for shar-
ing data from a common point across
all devices connected to a network.
Many routers come with Quality
of Service (QoS) feature, which allows
you to priori tise data and resource
us.::~ge. Most rou ters today are configu-
rable using mobile applications.
Last, but not the le.1st, look for
deals that give maximum warranty.
Market options
Here are some !.:Hest Wi-Fi routers in
the market today
Nctgear R6260. Netgear launched
R6260 dual-band Wi-Fi router in April.
Although a bit expensive, R6260 is
great for usage in larger apartments or
office floors. lt provides a total speed
up to 1600mbps with two antemMe
(300mbps + 1300mbps) . An 880Mhz
Netge.a.rR6260
processor powers connectivity using
AC1600 Wi-Fi technology, that is,
802.llac Wi-Fi standard, making it
idea l for streaming multiple HO con-
tent simultaneously or playing high-
end on line games. R6260 comes with
USB 2.0 port and DLNA support. lt is
ava ilable online for ~ 4989.
TP-U11k Archer C- 1200. This
offering by TP-Link is another popular
dual-band market option.]\ comes with
three external antennae that provide a
total speed up to l 200mbps, distributed
over 2.4GHz spectrum and S.OGhz
band via 802. 1lac standard. The device
is suitable for large homes and offices
TP-UnkArcherC1200
for data-intensive usage, and works
well even through multiple walls and
obstructions. 1t oifers four Ethernet
ports, one WAN port and one US82.0
port. I! is available online for ~ 2749.
WWW.EFYMAG.COM
~S'GUIDE
D-Link DIR-816. 0 -Link oifers a
budget-friendly dual-band 802.11ac
router, DIR-816. lt comes with three
antennae and can deliver speed up
to 750mbps. Su pporting both WPA
and WPA2 securi ty and QoS feature,
DIR-816 offers a large coverage range.
lt is a good option for dai ly home use.
D-Link DIR816
lt contains four Ethernet ports and
one WAN slot. Available online for
~ 1799, the rou ter comes with three
years warranty.
Mi 3c. The budget router, Mi 3c is
a popular choice from 802.lln single-
band segment. The device provides up
to 300mbps speed and coverage up to
80 metres. Jt has four antennae- two
dedicated for signal transmission
11 11
Mi3c
and two for signal reception. There
are two Ethernet ports and one WAN
port. It can connect up to 64 devices
simultaneously and provide 24 stable
connections. It is priced at ~ 999
Tcnda N301. Tenda N301 single-
band router supports 802.lln wireless
protocol. lt has two omni-directional
antennae of SdBi. The router provides
TendaN301
speed up to 300mbps and is suitable
for moderate home usage. it features
three Ethernet ports and one WAN
port. lt retails for ~ 900 and is available
on various on line stores. liD

POTENTIAL RISKS OF
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Deepshikha Shukla
A
r~ific ial.i.nt.el ­
llgence (AI)
is benefllwg
the soctety in
about every
way possible, from common-
ers to the armed forces. AI·
driven devices are becoming
cognitive enough to aid people
in times of need. For example,
last year, Alexa alerted the
police in New Mexico after it
heard its owner threaten his
girlfriend.
However, it can be a great
risk to the society if it ends
up in the wrong hands. Due
to this, researchers .1ll over
the world are wo rking col -
laboratively to frame policies
and safety rules to check veri-
fication, validity, security and
control of AI
AI systems can seli-learn.
But will these be able to take
the right decisions based on
their social impact! For exam-
ple, if you command your driv-
er-less car to take you to your
destination at the earliest, how
will the mach ine analyse it?
Will it exceed the speed limit,
and harm people in its w.1y?
Recursive self-improve -
ment in AI systems could
potentially trigger an intelli -
gence tl1.1t could leave hum.:m
intellect behind . Creation of
strong AI might be the biggest
event in hu man history, as
lliJ SEPTEMBER 20t8 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU
~ICIAL INTELLIGENCE
super-intelligence could help eradicate
poverty, war and disease. However, before
it becomes super intelligent, go.1ls of AI
need to be aligned with ours, .1ided with
ethics and morals
Like every technology, AI has its pros
and cons. AJ-powered machines have
increased work efficiency and accuracy,
reduced cost of training and processes,
and much more. To ensure that the risks
associated with AI are mitigated, we need
ethical codes and policies.
There are three scenarios in which AI
might become a risk. These are·
AI progmmmed for cyber-atracks aud
crime. Criminals can automate hacking
auempts using Al. To ensure computer sys-
tems are s.1 fe, policymakers need to work
with technologists to spread awareness
about possible issues with AI and prevent
cyber-anacks. Here are some incidents
where AI machines were progr.1mmed for
devastation·
I. A man posted a video showing him
commanding Google Assistant to fire a gun.
2. Quick Heal Security labs sponed
two malware, Android.M archer.C and
Android.Asacub.T, which imitated noti -
fications from social and banking apps to
steal users banking creden tials, including
one-time passwords
Al-powered self-leamiug macf1iues
ma y fail to take rigflt decisions. This
happens when a machine's sel f-learning
mechanism gets a r.:mdom input, based
on which the machine takes a decision.
For example, a user claimed that Ama -
zon's Alexa (digital assistant) scared him
by saying, ''Every time I close my eyes, all
I see is people dying," without activation.
When the user asked Alexa to repeat the
statement, it said that it d id not under-
stand the command.
In another situation, it invited people
for a party to an empty flat on its own.
AI develops destructive methods to
achieve goal. Even when something is
developed with good intentions, it may lead
to trouble. For example, McAfee researchers
found th.:~t Microsoft's Cortana can be used
to hack computers running on Windows 10.
It could deploy malicious software or reset
a Windows account password. Susceptibil-
ity arises from its ability to listen for com-
mands even when the computer is locked
Other risks associated with AI
Wll eu computers deu y. A! machines
mimic the cognitive abilities of human
beings .:~nd solve a problem (simple or
complex) by using machine learning
.:~lgorithms. There is a new human-like
deni.:~l service available in bots that blocks
users, making the service less secure. This
type of cyberanack could potentially harm
companies dealing with digital services or
on line databases.
Publishing fake news. These days,
many fake videos of renowned people
are being uploaded on the In ternet, in
which they are seen making defamatory
statements. Such fake posts could be det-
rimental for people or the companies/
governments they represen t
Manipulation of information. Mali-
cious use of AI has three main contexts:
digital, political and physical. Potential
threats are in drone warfare, data extrac-
tion and hacking.
Delivery of explosives. Industrial
robots and collaborative robots (cobots)
are increasingly being adopted to perform
manual tasks like cleaning and making
deliveries. These machines can be hijacked
and used maliciously to carry explosives or
perform other illegal tasks. liD
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ADVERTISERS' PRODUCT CATEGORIES INDEX

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B SEPTEMBER 2018 [ ELECTJ!ONICS FOR YOU WWW.E FYMAG.COM

 EFY Magazine Attractions During 2018
MONTH SENSORS TECH FOCUS MARKET SURVEY

February Role of sensors in ttle Internet of Things (loT) Technologies for taking lntemet to remote Automation
areas(likewhitesp!ICe)

March Embedded sensors for critical applicat ions Smart wearables, fabrie5, embeddables, etc - Biosensors
likemedicalandnuclear technology thatyollcanwear

April SensOI's!Ofindustrialapplications Hyper-convefgeoce:Software-centric Energy storage

May SellSOfSIOfdelense SenS01slplatfomlslikeiP500) Security&surveiHall(:e

June SellSOI'SfOfaviation Solidstatearrays Printed.organic&flexibleelectrooics

July SellSOfslorroboticsandartilicialinteHigence Smartrobolics Electronicstest&measuremefltequipment

August SensOI'slorautomobileindustry lnlrastructureasaseNice Automotive

Septembef Sensorslorconsumerelectronics Mobilemooey ElectronicsmanufacturingservicesiEMS)

OctobeJ Sensorsfordeep-seaapplications lnnovationsin!igh ti ng!pmtocols,technology, JDprinting

applicatioos)

November Sensorsforsecuriryapplications Duantumdottecll Super capacitors

Decefnbef Sensors lor agricultureandenvironment BringyouroWlldevice(BYDD) - software· ElectronicsJTlilnulacturingequipment

IR.Initoring centricteclvloloqytordevices

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