Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By,
M.KATHIRESAN
kathiresanece@gmail.com
What you will learn here?
•Signaling
SWITCH / EXCHANGE
•Traffic
•Off Hook
•Dial Tone
•Dialing Digits •Ring
Pagers
MSC
BSC
BTS BTS
Mobile Subscriber...
Different Standards Worldwide
GSM-1800
Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz
1710 – 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink)
1805 – 1880 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)
Industry Vs Technology
Spread
Telecom Service Providers/Operators
GSM
CDMA
Basic-WLL
Internet Services
Long Distance
Vendor
Telecom Consultancy
Analog Mobile Telephony
✻ FREQUENCY
Base Station
✻ SUBSCRIBER
Base Station
DENSITY
Base Station
✻ COVERAGE
Base Station
Base Station
Base Station
The Cell
Cellular Radio involves dividing a large service area into regions
called “cells.”
Each cell has the equipment to switch, transmit and receive calls.
Cells - Reduce the need of High powered transmission
Cells - Conventionally regarded as being hexagonal, but in reality
they are irregularly shaped.
Cell shape is determined by the nature of the surrounding
area e.g. Hills , tall building etc.
Cell Size
35 Km Near about 1 KM
Remote Areas Urban Areas
High Transmission Low Transmission
Power Power
Few subscribers Many Subscribers
Coverage & Capacity
Coverage
Percentage of the geographical area covered by
Capacity -
Number of calls that can be handled in a certain
Time
Power
F Frequency
DMA
Power Time
CDMA Frequency
TDMA Frequency
Multiple Access Methods
FDMA FDMA: AMPS & NAMPS
•Each user occupies a private Frequency,
Power
n cy protected from interference through physical
ue
Tim
e Fr
eq separation from other users on the same
frequency
•TDMA: IS-136, GSM
TDMA •Each user occupies a specific frequency
Power but only during an assigned time slot. The
Tim e nc
y frequency is used by other users during
qu
e Fre other time slots.
•CDMA
CDMA •Each user occupies a signal on a particular
DE
Power CO frequency simultaneously with many other
users, but is uniquely distinguishable by
y
nc
Tim
e qu
e
correlation with a special code used only by
e Fr
this user
Frequency Reuse Pattern
c1
c3 b2
b1
a2 b3
a1
a3 c2
c1
Cell Re-use
c3
FREQUENCY RE - USE
Frequency Re-use
2
7 3
1 D D=R (3N)
6 4
5 Cell Dia = R where N is Cluster size
★ BCH Timeslot can never HOP, but the remaining Timelsots can
very well hop.
Frequency Hopping
Reduction in Average Interference
★ With Frequency Hopping consistent interference will become bursty.
★ So even though, both the co-channel cells will be using the same set of ARFCN's for
Hopping, interference will not be continuos.
★ This is because, GSM cells are not Frame synchronized, and change in frequency is
related to Frame nos.
★ If same HSN is used in two cells, then either the interference will be nil , or if a phase
correlation exists then it will be continuos.
★ So the two cells should preferably use different HSN's .
★ Sectorial cells ( controlled by the same BTS) can use same HSN, since the sectors don't
come up at the same time.
★ Cells if they are synchronized, can use same HSN, if each cell has an offset of some
TDMA frames.
★ Offset of TDMA frames is also required to avoid SACCH occurring at the same time in
all synchronized cells, as they kills away the objective of DTX.
Cell Sectorisation
b2
b1
a2 b3
a1 a3
OMNI CELL 120O CELLS
1 ANTENNA 3 ANTENNAS
a6 a4
a5
60O CELLS
6 ANTENNAS
Features of GSM
Compatibility
Noise Robust
Increased Capacity & Flexibility
Use of Standard Open Interfaces
Improved Security & Confidentiality
Cleaner Handovers
Subscriber Identification
ISDN Compatibility
Enhanced Range of Services
Handovers
Hard Handoff Soft Handoff
Analog, TDMA and GSM CDMA
199
113
200
187
198
171 70 225
214 201
215 18
20 25
175
181
22
216
7
41 173
44
11
12
218
222
75 71
182
132 69
73 17
221 13 16
213 120
220 80
219 19
8
32
28
24
40
Cleaner Handovers
The mobile measures up to 32 adjacent cells for
Signal Strength (RxLevel)
Signal Quality (RxQual)
updated every 480 mS and sends to BTS
Sophisticated Handover based on
RxLevel
Interference
RxQual
Timing Advance
Power Budget
GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS
BSC
OML
OMC
OM
A
bis C VMSC
V
BTS
BT A MSC
AUC
AU
S BTS HLR
HL
BT TRAU MSC C
BTS
BT
S
MS R
EIR
EI
S BTS
BT C VLR
VL R
BTS
BT
S BTS
BT R SMSC
S
S BTS
BT
S
BC MSC
S
MS B
BTS
BT BSC C
S
PSTN
Mobile Station Identities
404 XX 12345
IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile Station
Revision Level
Phase of the GSM specs ME comply with.
RF Power Capability
Max power ME is able to Transmit.
Frequency Capability
SMS Capability
Mobile Equipment
Management
Assignment, Administration & Updating is performed by
VLR.
Transcoder
Converts 64 Kbps PCM circuits from MSC to 16 Kbps BSS
circuits.
Each 30 channel 2 Mbps PCM link can carry 120 GSM -
specified voice channels.
Base Station System (BSS)
BSC
BTS
Base Station System (BSS)
BSC
Controls upto 40 BTS
BTS
Contains RF Hardware
Collocated BTS
Remote BTS
Star Configuration
Daisy Chain BTS Loop Configuration
BSC BTS
B
BTS T BSC BTS
E1
All BTS on 1
S
BTS
BTS
BTS
Network Switching
System(NSS)
NSS (Network Switching System)
MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
HLR (Home Location Register)
VLR (Visitor Location Register)
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
AUC (Authentication Centre)
IWF (Interworking Function)
EC (Echo Canceller)
GSM Network Component
MSC
Call Switching
Operation & Management Support
Internetwork Interworking
Collects call billing data
Gateway MSC
MSC which provides interface between PSTN & BSS’s in
the GSM Network.
Home Location Register (HLR)
Fault Management
Performance Management
Configuration Management
Security Management
GSM Terrestrial Interfaces
Standard Interfaces
GSM Interfaces
GSM Interfaces
Um MS - BTS
Abis BTS - BSC
A BSC - MSC
B MSC - VLR
C MSC - HLR
D VLR - HLR
E MSC - MSC
F MSC - EIR
G VLR - VLR
H HLR - AUC
GSM Protocol Layers
AUTHENTICATION
CIPHERING
REGISTRATION
CALL ESTABLISHMENT
HANDOVER / HANDOFF
ROAMING
AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHM
HLR Ki SRES
AUTH.
NSS ALGORITHMS
AUC A3 COMPARE
RAND
AIR INTERFACE
RAND SRES
SIM Ki AUTH.
MS ALGORITHMS
MS A3
Ciphering
Data protection is required on air interface.
A specific key called Ciphering Key (Kc), is
generated from RAND and A8 algorithm.
A8 is on the SIM.
Ki RAND
A8
Kc
Ciphering
Kc Kc
Ciphered
Data A5 Data
A5 Data
Transmission Media
Access Network
Microwave 15 /23 GHz
Backbone Network
Microwave 7 GHz
Optical Fibers
Leased Line( From Dot or any other service provider on
any media)
Optical Fiber
Physical Channel
Physical channel is the medium over which the information
is carried.
Logical Channel
Logical channels consists of the information carried over
the Physical Channel.
LOGICAL CHANNELS
3
Normal Burst
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
T encrypted S training S encrypted T GP
577µS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TDMA Frame
577µS x 8 = 4.615mS
26 Frame Multi-frame
GSM Channels
Traffic Channel
Traffic Channels
Time is divided into discrete
TCH/F TCH/H periods called “Timeslots”
Full rate 22.8kbits/s Half rate 11.4 kbits/s
TCH carries payload data - speech, fax, data
• Connection may be:
- Circuit Switched - voice or data or - Packet Switched – data
• TCH may be:
• Full Rate (TCH/F)
- one channel per user
- 13 kb/s voice, 9.6 kb/s data or
• Half Rate (TCH/H)
- one channel shared between two users
Control Channel
Control Channels
BCH channels are all downlink and are allocated to timeslot zero.
Channels are:
• FCCH: Frequency control channel sends the mobile a burst of all ‘0’ bits which
allows it to fine tune to the downlink frequency
• SCH: Synchronization channel sends the absolute value of the frame number
(FN), which is the internal clock of the BTS, together with the Base Station Identity
Code (BSIC)
• BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel sends radio resource management and control
messages, Location Area Code and so on.
Some messages go to all mobiles, others just to those that are in the idle state
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Stealing Flags
2 bits are set when TCH is to stolen by a FACCH
Training Sequence
For estimation of transfer characteristics of physical media
Tail Bits
Used to indicate beginning and end of the burst.
GSM Burst & TDMA Frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FRAME 1 FRAME 2
GUARD GUARD
PERIOD PERIOD
Information Training Information
Sequence
TAIL BITS TAIL BITS
Five Types of Burst
Normal Burst
Traffic & Control Channels Bi-directional
Frequency Correction Burst
FCCH Downlink
Synchronization Burst
SCH Downlink
Dummy Burst
BCCH Carrier Downlink
Access Burst
RACH Uplink
Call Scenarios
Mobile to Mobile
Intra-city
Inter-city
Mobile to Land
Intra-city
Inter-city
Land to Mobile
Intra-city
Inter-city
Mobile To Land Sequence
SIGNALLING LINK
2 ESTABLISHED
CR
3 REQUEST FOR SERVICE SDCCH
4 AUTHENTICATION CC
6 SET-UP SDCCH
EQUIPMENT ID
Call
7 REQUEST Info
Call Contt.
System/Site
Dimensioning
Propagation
model
RF &Network
verification Site Search
Planning
Plan
Site Acquisition
Performance
Monitoring Site Build
Site Coverage
Traffic & Operational Confirmation
System
Growth Network Optimisation
Analysis
GSM Planning Steps
Various steps are listed below
CW survey
Model Tuning
Nominal Planning
RF site Surveys
Realized Planning
Frequency Planning
Implementation
Optimization
Drive Testing
Performance Analysis
Nominal Planning
It consists of planning a set of sites on planning
tool so as to predict the coverage of the target area
Tool needs to be made intelligent so as to predict
the coverage as close as possible to actual
coverage
Coverage plots are based on customer intension of
providing indoor and outdoor coverage
Mumbai – Coverage
Expectation Boundary
Coverage Maps – Reverse Link.
Mazgaon
Indoor Coverage:
Penetration Margin Legend
00 dB : On Road/No Coverage
Colaba
Composite Coverage
Plot
• Propagation models are used to
predict coverage from a particular
site
• A composite coverage plot shows the
overall coverage produced by each
sector in the field of view
• The color of each pixel corresponds
to the signal level of the strongest
server at that point
• Such plots are useful for identifying
coverage holes and overall coverage
extent
Clutter Types
Clutter types
Dense Urban
Urban
Sub Urban
Rural
Water
Vegetation
Industrial
Forest
RF surveys
Each nominal has a search ring defined by the RF
Planner
Candidates needs to be identified as close as
possible to the nominal within the search ring
Height, orientations & antenna placement at site are
the key RF parameter which are based upon the
coverage requirement in the area
Major obstructions and clutter type in various
directions to be observed on RF survey
RF surveys
Equipment required for RF Survey
GPS
Digital Camera
Binoculars
Magnetic Compass
There might be 3 or more candidates surveys for
one site
Each candidate would have an RF survey form and
panoramic associated with it
Drive Testing
• Drive testing is an important activity to get statistics & graphs on
coverage, quality & capacity in the downlink direction
• Drive test setup – DT tool, Engineering Handset, GPS,
accessories
• Call in 2 modes
•Dedicated – while the mobile is on call
•Idle – while the mobile is idle
Important parameters observed during drive testing
•Coverage – Rx level (Full & Sub)
•Quality – RxQual & SQI
•Handover, Dropped call, Neighbor list, TA
Selecting and Tuning
Propagation Models
• Parameters of propagation
models must be adjusted for
best fit to actual drive-test
measured data in the area
where the model is applied
• The figure at right shows
drive-test signal strengths
obtained using a test
transmitter at an actual test
site
• Tools automate the process of
comparing the measured data
with its own predictions, and
deriving error statistics
• Prediction model parameters
then can be “tuned” to
minimize observed error
Drive Test Screen
What is Performance
Optimization?
• The words “performance optimization” mean different things to
different people, viewed from the perspective of their own jobs
• System Performance Optimization includes many different smaller
processes at many points during a system’s life
– recognizing and resolving system-design-related issues (can’t
build a crucial site, too much overlap/soft handoff, coverage
holes, etc.)
– “cluster testing” and “cell integration” to ensure that new base
station hardware works and that call processing is normal
– “fine-tuning” system parameters to wring out the best possible
call performance
– identifying causes of specific problems and customer
complaints, and fixing them
– carefully watching system traffic growth and the problems it
causes - implementing short-term fixes to ease “hot spots”, and
recognizing problems before they become critical
Optimization
• Optimisation is an ongoing process of analysing network performance
against Quality of Service targets:
Performance
Transmission Timing
Power Control
VAD Voice Activity Detector and DTX
Multipath Fading
Equalization
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Antenna Parameters ( Height, Azimuth, Tilts )
Antenna Tilts
Antenna Tilts
Benchmarking
•Surveyed data from test-mobile measurements can be used to
benchmark system performance against that of a competitor
• Problems that may be identified from surveyed data:
• Poor coverage
• Unexpected interference
• Missing handover definitions
• Installation problems at BTS
• Test-mobile measurements should include:
• continuous calls to test coverage
• repetitive short calls to test call-success
Overview
RF Planning Tool
Optimization Tool
MapInfo