FUNDAMENTALS OF

AERODYNAMICS
(AENG 321-7B)
Part 6
The Isentropic Equation of State

Isentropic Process
A process which is both Adiabatic and Reversible.

Adiabatic Process
A process in which no heat added or taken away.
Reversible Process
A process in which no frictional or other dissipative effects
occur.
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

First Law of Thermodynamics

An amount of heat (dQ) added to a unit mass of gas will
result in a differential change in internal energy (dU) and
an expansion of the gas (pdV), V being the specific volume.

dQ = dU + pdV . . . . . . . Equation 1

Since the process is in isentropic, dQ is equal to zero.

dU + pdV = 0 . . . . . . . . . Equation 2
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)
But;
dU = cv dT . . . . . . . . Equation 3

Subst., Eqn. 3 in Eqn. 2

cv dT + pdV = 0 . . . . . . . . Equation 4

Differentiating pV = RT both sides;

d(PV) = d(RT)
pdV + Vdp = RdT

pdV + Vdp
dT = . . . . . . . . . Equation 5
𝐑
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)
Subst., Eqn. 5 in Eqn. 4;

pdV + Vdp
cv ( )+ pdV = 0
R

cv cv R
[ pdV + Vdp + pdV = 0]
R R pV

dV dp dp
cv + cv +R =0
V p V

dV dp dp
cv + cv +R =0
V p V

dV dp
(cv + R) + cv = 0 . . . . . . Equation 6
𝑽 𝒑
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)
But;
cp = cv + R . . . . . . . . . . Equation 7

Subst. Eqn. 7 in Eqn. 6;

dV dp 1
[ cp + cv = 0]
𝑉 p cv

cp dV dp
* + =0
cv V p
Where:
cp
𝛾 = = Specific Heat Ratio
cv
𝐜p = Specific Heat @ constant pressure
𝐜v = Specific Heat @ constant volume
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

dV dp
𝛾 + = 0 . . . . . . . . . . Equation 8
V p
Integrating Equation 8
dV dp
𝛾 + = 𝟎
V p

𝛾 ln V + ln p = ln c

ln Vγ + ln p = ln c

ln(pVγ)
e = eln c

𝐩𝐕 𝛄 =c
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

Pressure – Specific Volume Relationship

p1V1γ = p2V2γ
p2 V1γ
= γ
p1 V2

p 2 V1 𝜸
=( )
p 1 V2
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

Pressure – Density Relationship

1 1
V1 = ; V2 =
ρ1 ρ2
𝟏
p2 ρ1 𝜸
=( ) 𝟏
p1
ρ2

p2 𝝆2 𝜸
=( )
p1 𝝆 1
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

Pressure – Temperature Relationship

From pV = RT
p2V2 RT2
=
p1V1 RT1
p2 V2 T2
* =
p1 V1 T1
p2 1 T2
*V =
p1 1 T1
V2
But; 1
p2 V1 𝜸 𝜸
[ =( ) ]
p1 V2 1
V1 p 2 𝜸
[ =( )
V2 p 1
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

Pressure – Temperature Relationship (cont…..)

p2 1 1 T2
* =
p1 (p2) 𝜸 T1
p1
p2
p1 1 T2
p =
(p 2 ) 𝜸 T 1
1 1
p2 1- 𝜸 T2
( ) =
p1 T1
−
𝜸 1 𝜸
p2 T 2 𝜸 −𝟏
[( ) 𝜸 = ]
p1 T1
𝜸
p2 T2 𝜸−𝟏
=( )
p1 T 1
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

Pressure – Specific Weight Relationship

ω1 = ρ1g ; ω2 = ρ2g
ω1 ω2
ρ1 = ; ρ2 =
𝑔 𝑔
From;
p2 𝜌2 𝛾
=( )
p1 𝜌1
ω2
p2 𝑔 𝛾
=( )
p1 ω1
𝑔

p2 ω2 𝜸
=( )
p1 ω1
The Isentropic Equation of State (cont. . . .)

Summary of Formulas for Isentropic Equation of State

𝜸
p 2 V 1 𝜸 𝝆 2 𝜸 T 2 𝜸 −𝟏 ω 2 𝜸
= ( ) =( ) =( ) =( )
p1 V 2 𝝆1 T1 ω1