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V.v. Nagar
ALTERNATOR
Prepared by :
Parth patel : 140110109039
Prashant Patel : 140110109041
Brijesh Zala : 140110109063
Ankit sosa : 140110109054
CONTENT
#Working
1. For understanding working of alternator let's assume a single rectangular turn placed in between two
opposite magnetic pole as shown.
The single turn loop ABCD starts rotating clockwise against axis a-b
After 90° rotation the side AB or conductor AB of the loop comes in front of S-pole and conductor CD
comes in front of N-pole.
As per Fleming right hand rule the direction of this current will be from A to B. At the same time
conductor CD comes under N pole and here also if we apply Fleming right hand rule we will get the
direction of induced current and it will be from C to D.
Now after clockwise rotation of another 90° the turn ABCD comes at vertical position as shown below.
At this position tangential motion of conductor AB and CD is just parallel to the magnetic flux lines,
hence there will be no flux cutting that is no current in the conductor.
While the turn ABCD comes from horizontal position to vertical position, angle between flux lines and
direction of motion of conductor, reduces from 90° to 0° and consequently the induced current in the
turn is reduced to zero from its maximum value.
As at this position the turn comes at horizontal position from its vertical position, the current in the
conductors comes to its maximum value from zero. That means current is circulating in the close turn
from point B to A, from A to D, from D to C and from C to B
During every full revolution of the turn, the current in the turn gradually reaches to its maximum
value then reduces to zero and then again it comes to its maximum value but in opposite direction
and again it comes to zero.
In this way the current completes one full sine wave form during each 360° revolution of the turn.
Thus an alternating current is produced in a turn is rotated inside a magnetic field. From this, we
come to the actual working principle of alternator.
CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATOR
Rotor
Drive End shield
Stator
I. Stator :
• Stator is the stationary part of the alternator and contains 3-phase armature windings. Stator core is
built up of silicon steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses.
• The laminations are provided with slots on its inner periphery and are packed tightly together by
cast iron frame.
• The three phase windings are placed in these slots and serves as the armature windings of the
alternator.
• The armature windings are always connected in star and the neutral is connected to ground.
I. Rotor :
• The rotor is rotating part of the alternator. It carries a field winding which is supplied with dc current
through two slip rings by a separate dc source.
• This dc source (exciter) is generally a small dc generator mounted on the shaft of the alternator.
• Every electrical machine requires a magnetic field and a coil (Known as armature) with a relative
motion between them.
• In case of an alternator, we supply electricity to pole to produce magnetic field and output power is
taken from the armature. Due to relative motion between field and armature, the conductor of
armatures cut the flux of magnetic field and hence there would be changing flux linkage with these
armature conductor.
• According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction there would be an emf induced in the
armature. Thus, as soon as the load is connected with armature terminals, there is an current flowing
in the armature coil.
• As soon as current starts flowing through the armature conductor there is one reverse effect of this
current on the main field flux of the alternator (or synchronous generator). This reverse effect is
referred as armature reaction in alternator or synchronous generator.
•
• The armature reaction of alternator or synchronous generator, depends upon the phase angle
between, stator armature current and induced voltage across the armature winding of alternator.
• The phase difference between these two quantities, i.e. Armature current and voltage may vary from
- 90° to + 90° .
• If this angle is θ, then,
• The temperature rise or heating of alternator depends upon cumulative effect of copper losses and
core losses. As there is no role of power factor upon these losses, the rating of alternator generally
given in VA or KVA or MVA.
• The electrical output of an alternator is product of power factor and VA and output is expressed in KW.
Some times alternators are also rated by its power instead of VA rating.
Standered rating Of Alternators
• These conditions can be achieve when an induction machine is coupled with the prime mover whose
speed can be controlled. If the speed of the prime mover is increased such that the slip becomes
negative .
• Due to this, all the conditions that we have mentioned above will become fulfilled and machine will
behave like an induction generator.
• Induction generator is not a self excited machine therefore in order to develop the rotating magnetic
field, it requires magnetizing current and reactive power.
• we can have a self excited or isolated induction generation in one case if we will use capacitor bank
for reactive power supply instead of ac supply system
• The function of the capacitor bank is to provide the lagging reactive power to the
induction generator as well as load
• Externally excited generators are widely used for regenerative breaking of hoists driven
by the three phase induction motors.
• We cannot use externally excited generator at lagging power factor which major drawback of
this type of generator.
• The amount of reactive power used to run these types of generator required is quite large.
• Self excited generators are used in the wind mills. Thus this type of generator helps in converting
the unconventional sources of energy into electrical energy
Thank You