Solution for Homework Set #2

1. Consider a one-dimensional steady flow along a stream tube. A is the area of the cross section
of the tube, V is the flow velocity, ρ is the air density, and P is the pressure. Mach number is
defined as M = V / a , and the speed of sound a = dP / dρ . Please prove follow equations
by ignoring the viscous effect:
dρ dA dV
a. + + = 0.
ρ A V
b. dp = − ρV dV
dA dV
c. = ( M 2 − 1)
A V

d.
Solution (a).
 2. For a two-dimensional steady, inviscid, incompressible flow around a cylinder of radius of R
as shown in the figure, the velocity field is given as :
r R2 R2 êθ ê r
V ( r ,θ ) = U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ ⋅ eˆr − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⋅ eˆθ ;
r r
r
Where U ∞ is the velocity of the undisturbined stream
(therefore, U ∞ is constant). θ
R
(a). Show your work to prove the flow with the velocity field
given above is physically possible.
(b). Derive the expression for the acceleration of a fluid particle
on the surface of the cylinder.
(c). Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle at the points of ( r ,θ ) = ( R, 0) and
( r , θ ) = ( R, π ) .

(a). For a steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, the differential form of the mass conservation
r
equation will be: ∇ ⋅ V = 0
Expend it in the cylindrical system, it will be:
1 ∂ ( rVr ) ∂Vθ ∂ ( rV Z ) ∂ ( rVr ) ∂Vθ ∂ ( rV Z )
[ + + ]=0 ⇒ + + =0
r ∂r ∂θ ∂z ∂r ∂θ ∂z

For the velocity field given above:

R2
Vr = U ∞ (1 − ) cos θ
r2
R2
Vθ = −U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ
r
Vz = 0
Since
∂ ( rVr ) ∂ R2 R2
= [U ∞ ( r − ) cos θ ] = U ∞ (1 + ) cos θ
∂r ∂r r r2
∂Vθ ∂ R2 R2
= [ −U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ] = −U ∞ (1 + ) cos θ
∂θ ∂θ r r2
∂ ( rVZ )
=0
∂z
Therefore:

∂ ( rVr ) ∂Vθ ∂ ( rVZ ) R2 R2

+ + = U ∞ (1 + 2 ) cos θ − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) cos θ + 0 = 0
∂r ∂θ ∂z r r
The velocity satisfy the mass conservation equation, i. e., with the velocity field given above is
physically possible!

(b). The acceleration of a fluid particle will be:

v r
r D V ∂V r r
a= = + V ⋅ ∇V
Dt ∂t r
∂V r r r
Since it is steady flow, therefore ⇒ a = V ⋅ ∇V
∂t
In a cylindrical system,
r r r ∂ ∂ R2 R2
a = V ⋅ ∇V = [Vr + Vθ ][U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ ⋅ eˆr − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⋅ eˆθ ]
∂r r∂θ r r
∂ R 2
R 2
∂ R2 R2
= Vr [U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ ⋅ eˆr − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⋅ eˆθ ] + Vθ [U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ ⋅ eˆr − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⋅ eˆθ ]
∂r r r r∂θ r r
∂ R 2
R ∂eˆ
2
∂ R 2
R 2 ∂eˆ
= Vr [U ∞ cos θ eˆr (1 − 2 ) + U ∞ cos θ (1 − 2 ) r − U ∞ sin θ ⋅ eˆθ (1 + 2 ) + U ∞ sin θ ⋅ (1 + 2 ) θ ]
∂r r r ∂r ∂r r r ∂r
R2 ∂ R2 ∂eˆr R 2 ∂ (sin θ ) R2 ∂eˆ
+ Vθ [U ∞ (1 − 2 )eˆr (cos θ ) + U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) eˆθ − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⋅ θ ]
r r∂θ r r∂θ r r∂θ r r∂θ
R 2
− 2R 2
= Vr [U ∞ cos θ eˆr ( −2 3 ) + 0 − U ∞ sin θ ⋅ eˆθ + 0]
r r3
R2 − sin θ R2 eˆ R2 cos θ R2 − eˆr
+ Vθ [U ∞ (1 − 2 )eˆr + U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ θ − U ∞ (1 + 2 )eˆθ − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⋅ ]
r r r r r r r r
R2 − 2R 2 2R 2
= U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ [U ∞ cos θ ( 3 ) eˆr + U ∞ sin θ ⋅ 3 eˆθ ]
r r r
R 2
⎧ sin θ R 2
R 2
cos θ R2 R2 ⎫
− U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⎨U ∞ [ −1 + 2 + 1 + 2 ] eˆr + U ∞ [(1 − 2 ) − (1 + 2 )]eˆθ ⎬
r ⎩ r r r r r r ⎭
R2 ⎧ − 2R 2 2R 2 ⎫ R2 ⎧ 2 R 2 sin θ 2 R 2 cos θ ⎫
= U ∞ (1 − ) cos θ ⎨ ∞
U cos θ ( ) ˆ
e r + U ∞ sin θ ⋅ ˆ
eθ⎬ − U ∞ (1 + ) sin θ ⎨ ∞
U ˆ
e r − U ∞ eˆθ ⎬
r2 ⎩ r3 r3 ⎭ r2 ⎩ r3 r3 ⎭
At the surface of the cylinder: r=R. Then
r R2 ⎧ − 2R 2 2R 2 ⎫ R2 ⎧ 2 R 2 sin θ 2 R 2 cos θ ⎫
a = U ∞ (1 − 2 ) cos θ ⎨U ∞ cos θ ( 3 ) eˆ r + U ∞ sin θ ⋅ 3 eˆθ ⎬ − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⎨U ∞ ˆ
e r − U ∞ eˆθ ⎬
r ⎩ r r ⎭ r ⎩ r3 r3 ⎭
R 2
⎧ 2 R sin θ
2
2 R cos θ ⎫
2
= 0 − U ∞ (1 + 2 ) sin θ ⎨U ∞ 3
eˆ r − U ∞ eˆθ ⎬
R ⎩ R R3 ⎭
⎧ 2 sin θ 2 cos θ ⎫
= −2U ∞ sin θ ⎨U ∞ eˆ r − U ∞ eˆθ ⎬
⎩ R R ⎭
4U ∞ sin 2 θ 4U ∞ sin θ cos θ
2 2

=− eˆ r + eˆθ
R R
r
At point ( r ,θ ) = ( R, 0) , a = 0
r
At point ( r ,θ ) = ( R, π ) , a = 0
3. Velocity profiles are measured at the upstream end (surface 1) and at the downstream end
(surface 2) of the control volume shown in the figure. The flow is incompressible, two-
dimensional, and steady. The gage pressure on the surfaces along the dashed line is equal to
zero.
(a). What is the total volume flow πy
u = U ∞ (1 − 0.5 cos )
rate crossing the horizontal u = U∞ 2H D
surfaces (surface 3 and 4) 3
(b). If H D = 0.025 c , where C is HD
Y
the chord length of the airfoil, X
what is the drag coefficient C D of 1
D
the airfoil? ( C D = ) C
1
ρU ∞ c
2
2
2
4
4. Consider a steady, low speed flow of a viscous fluid in an infinitely long, two-dimensional
channel of height shown in the figure. This is known as Poiseuille flow. Since the flow is
low speed, we assume that the viscosity and density are constant. Because the channel is
infinitely long, the velocity component do no change in x-direction (i.e., we usually called it
fully developed flow). If the body forces can be negligible, please determine the velocity
profile and the shear stress at the two walls.

y
u=u(y) only

x h