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; 9 576 5:5:96=?<5 5 ; 9AB; 5 9 6?@5 ; z
GQU K K K E k T GI K7E`JDD K7EE 8<C<DFEGQIJLK J 8 JLGG K:E
65 5 ?<;LAB;LAB; ? A 576 5:5:9eA 9 S S ; 9 =
6 <
? 5 5 ;
J 8eGQI K7E`JD R=I E]G G k T JI@I<E K:D]JLGG R C<IG:[J 8 T T
;LN ; 9 ;6=?@5:9 5 l 5 ?<A 5 6=?@5:; _ 6?@; S ? 5 ;>9<;6 E]8 576 R 9R=6D]8 ;
JD E]GZJ 8 R 8<E KtU E]K DFD R RQYV D C T 8 R C@R
6? 6; 6? 9e6=?<5 5 6 ?@; ; 5 9 9 5 6 9 9 S ;LN<6=?<5 A-;6 6 ;L9
E]G I@E]K T E E IJI R\[E G C<D`8I@R |#E]8 J C 8 R=G J 8<E E^|J E
5:? 9 6=?<5 5 6
k E 8 R GQC<D G:V
l ?@5 6?@A-5:6 S 9 9 5{;LN?<;LAB;LA-; ? A 576 5:5\9A 9 S S ;
JRE E]KPGQE EFcK:J K RI E]G GXk T JI@I<E K:D]JLGG R C<IG
;LA 9 S N ;LA 6; ; ; S A 9 6 ;L9 5 9 S 6; S 5\;AB576 AB; ? A 576 5\5:9
K E R I D E`K:JD J EFI@C<D`J E GXD JL8<E RE]K RI E`G GXk T
6?@5AB; 5 6?@5N; ; 9 S l ?@5AB; 5 6=?<5\A 5 5 5 5 9@5
8<C<D]E¡GQI@JLK GdE]G DFD T E V 8<C<D]E¡GQIJK G G D^| GeJR 8 c 8
; 5 [576 9 5"6=; ; ; S N 5 9 576 9 5:9@;656=?<5
| R QV SJ 8 T k I D E]K\JD<GQC@R JLK GJ 8D M(S) J 8 M(T ) 8 E]R
; 65 AB; 5 6?_; 6?@; 6 ; 9 S 5 A 6 6 ;L9;LN6?@5A 5
JLGG K:E]J 8 8#C@DFEGQIJLK Ge T E R T E C JDFD T E I R C J E JRU 8
; 9%6 ]N 5-? 5 S 5:;LAB576 A-; ? A ? ? 5 9@5
I E G V T J\| J RE]K RI E`G f : M(S) → M(T ) T E]K E]Ga8 c 8
; 5 6=?<5\9 6=; 9<9@5 6;LAB; ? A 6?@5BN2; ; 9 S S A ;ABA 65 N2;
| R Q[ C@I E RdJC RI E]G G:[ D]D T E 8<E]J R=J K C G R
JDFD σ ∈ Gal(Q/Q)
f∗
π
b1 (M(S)) π
b1 (M(T ))
σ σ (1.3.1)

f∗
π
b1 (M(S)) π
b1 (M(T )),
?<5 5o6?@5 5o6=?<5 S 5 ; 9 65 N 9 AB5:96 S ; ;LNm6=?<5AB;

T R π
b1 JR JD k<R=JE]K)I<R c E C 8@J JD R C@I@G 8<C<D]E
5 ? ? 5Z5 5 6=? 9<;L9 ; 65 z 6 ;L9
GQI@JLK G:[ T E]K JR j%C<EFI@I 8 T E JBK:J E]K:JD C R Gal(Q/Q) JLK E V
[ 576Z6=?@5 ;L9 6;LN"6?@5 S ; N; 6=; ; ; S 6 5
qyr7} T K GQE]G R C@I@G π b1 (M(S)) RdJDFD I D E]K:JD Y#I G S [
5 5 6??@;LA-;LAB; ? A ;LA 9 S N ;LA S 5:;LAB576 AB; ? A 576 5\5:9
j%C<EFI@I 8 T E RI E]G G f∗ K E R RE]K RI E]G G f k T
6?@5PAB; 5 ? ? 5 5 9<5 ; 5 5 9 5 9<5{6=?@5
8<C@DFEGQIJLK G T E]K JR 8 c 8 | R Q V¤ K:J 8 c nqp@rts7u&vLwy<qr}av /
6; 5{6=?<5 ; 5 6 ;L9;LNx6 5 ?@5 5 5
fy y}qp¥%un }=y0pyQ T k K DFD K E C@I@D G (φS )S T R φS E]G JGQI K:E]JD
; 6=5 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 5 9; 6=5 6;LAB; ? A 5 5 9 S ;9<z
C RZJC RI E]G π
b1 (M(S)) [E&V V][iJ C RZJC RI E]G I@R G R|E K
S 5 ;LN 9@5 6 S 5:9@5 6; 9 ?46? 6H6?@5Z6 5dA 5 S A
1 C JLKY>K:D];LJLAB GG G
A 65N2;
E R E]J
5 5
R=J R=G\[@J 8MGQC@K
9 6?@56=; 5 ]q6 J 6?@5:9
C@I<D
5
JU G{JDFD 8#E`J RtJ
6=? 6
G
£LV %<V]£ K C R | RQY f∗ E T R0V E]G K7D JR J Gal(Q/Q)
9 5 6 9%6; 6?@5 6=;AB; ? A S ; ;N 9 6 9 ; 5:9 5 6 ;L9 5
E 1 K GoE JC RI E`G R C@I T [dJ 8 E E]GJ I jC G E &8#C
6 ; ;6=?<5:9 5 ?@576=?<5 6=? 6=;LA-; ? A S ;
; N ? ? ; 5 L
; 9
R 8#E K=U T R E]GJC RI E]G R C<I[ T E`K |JRE CGZ| R=GE G
? 5 5\5:9M5: 6 ;LA 6=5 ; 9 S 6=;B6=?<5 5 5 ; 5 6 ;L9;N?<;LAB;LA-; z
J\| k I@DFE]K7E D^YK I@C 8i[JLK:K R=8<E I<R K7E]G K DFD K E R
? A ? ? 5 9 5 9-6=?@5¡6=; 5 9 ? ? S 5\9<5 9@; 9 6=?<5
I E]G G f∗ T E]K JR E K7DFC8 8-E T R\[J 8 T E`K E`G RE`K:JDFD^Y-U T JLG
;6?@5:9 5 l5 ?@A 5 S ; A 6 5"5 6=; l ?<5AB; 5
R 8#E K= U E`K DFD R R C@Ii[ J\YJLK CJDFD^Ydk j%CJD Gal(Q/Q) V R
zq?<;LAB;LAB; ? A 5 9 5 96=?<5{6=; 5 6=?<5 ; 5 6?@5 ; 5 ;L9 9 S z
Q RI E]G GJR E K7DFC8 8E T R T[ K7D G R K R=R GQI 8#E JC
6;LAB; ? A S ; ;6?@5:9 5 l5 ?<A 5 S ; 5H6=; 9<z
RI E]G R C@I R 8#E K=U E]K DFD R R C<I T EFDFDk Gal(Q/Q) V
6 9@; 6=?@5dl5 ?@A 5 6; 5 ? 5\5:9M5 5 6=?o?<;LAB;LA-; ? A ;LA 9 S
EFD T [ E]K DFD R T R JLG k j%C<E]I<I 8 T E RI E]G G{K E
N ;LA+A-; ? A 576 5:5:9AB; 5 ;LA 9 S N ;LA 5 9 S A 5 ; 9%6 ;L9
R R=I E]G GPk T 8#C@DFEGQI@JLK GPK E R R=JLGQE JRU 8oI E G
6?@5 6; ; ; S N 5 9 9 9 S N 5 9%6=; N 5 66 9 S ;L9 S
I D E`K:JD@GQC@R JLK G:[J 8-E K:DFC@8<E GQC@k@GQC@R JLK GE GQC@R JLK Gk%Y-K7C E JD
A 5 ; 5 ;; _ 9 6 5 5 6=;6?@5 5 5:9%6 6 5 6?@5 6=?@; ?<; 5
GQE I<D K7D G 8D I@G:V G J J C<R=JDxG jC D I<R G JR E]K7D [ JC R I G
6; ;LA 6546=?@5M9@5 ;6=?<5\9 5 l 5 ?<A 5 S ; ; 65 6=;6=?<546=; 5
K I<C T R 8<E KtU E]K DFD R R C@IJLG=G K:E]J 8 T R
5 5 6?M6?@5 5 6=?<5 5
j%C<EFI@I 8 T E nqp@r=s7ufvw¥<y y y}qp¥%un naJLG T D]DJLG G V
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ 7 ñ
¡ $
i! X"
()'( ¡.#1 ,2./
. . 1# /X( [576 5 6; ;z
S k J I
; S N 5;LN S 5:9 5 5 6=? ; 5 5 A 5 ; 9%6 5
D E]K:JDxGQC@R JLK C@G g jC@EFI@I 8 T E n x 1 , . . . , xn T
6=? 6 ;LN"6 5 _ O 5:A 9@9 R=8 N R 5 8 JRU 8I
;LN S 5:9
E G
6? ; 5 5
GJ\Y J S E`G YI (g, n) V E J GQC@R JLK X CG g T E n R=8 R 8
A 5
JRU 8I E
; 9%6
G y1 , . . . , yn E]GG=JE`8
?o6=? 6
6=;
N2;
k
5
v} LrtE T
l
N
! ;A
5
K
?@;%; 5
5
G J8<EF
O 5:A
5:;LAB;
9@9
R=I E]G
N
? A
5
Φ : S → X GQCK J Φ(xi ) = yi R 1 ≤ i ≤ n V T JRU 8 E J GQC@R JLK G
6=?oA 5 ; 96 9 A 9 S 9 6?A 5 ; 9%6
X T E JRU 84I E G y1 , . . . , y n J 8 JRUE Φ J 8 X 0 T E JRU 84I E G
9 A 9 S 5 =
6 ; 5
N =
6 <
? 5 e
5 7
5 6 9 L
; AB; z
y10 , . . . , yn0 J 8 JRU%E Φ0 JR GJE]8 k un:y y}qp¥%ufsaE R E]G GmJ E]G R
? A ;LNO 5:A 9@9 N 5 6? N2; 9
I E]G α : X → X0 E J GQC@R JLK G T E α(yi ) = yi0 R 1 ≤ i ≤ n [ J 8_J
5:;LAB; ? A 6=? N2; ? ? ;6=; 6;
8#EF RI E]G h:S →S T E h(xi ) = xi R 1 ≤ i ≤ n [ T E]K E`GZE]G I<E]K
6?@5 5:9%6 6 ?>6=? 6H6=?<5ZN2; ; 9 S S A L
; B
A A =
6 5
E]8 E Y[GQC@K J DFD T E 8<E]J R=J K C G
Φ
S X
h α (2.1.1)

0
Φ
S X 0.
l ?<5 " r7ufs¥
$#
ww]r7} qn p<vstr Tg,n E]G
6?@5 576";LN
G E]G
;LAB; ?
RI E]G
A 5 ;LNA
K7D`JG=G G
5
JRU 8
O 5\A
E J
9@9
N 5 ;LNZ6 5 ]q6 5 z 9@; 9 6? 66?@5_l 5 ?<A 5 5N2; A
GQC<R JLK G Y#I (g, n) V E]G T DFD U T J E]K DFD RoGQIJK R G>J
;L96 6 5 ;LA 5
7 9 6 5Z;LN AB5:9 ;L9
K R=JLK EFk@D K I<D J JDFY E]KaGQI@JLK 8#E GQE 3g − 3 + n V
[ 576 5 6; ; ; S N 5Z;LN 6 5 ; 5 9 576
S k J I D ]E K:JD GQC<R JLK Y#I (g, n) JLG{Jk | [<J 84G
Γg,[n] = Diff + ([S])/Diff 0 (S),
?<5 5 5\9<;6=5 = 6 ?<5 S ; ;LNx; 5:9%6 6 ;L9#z 5 5 9 S 5:;LA-; ? A ;LN

T R Diff + ([S])
8 G R C@I R E J E I<R G RQ|#E 8<EF R=I E]G G
? ?
6=5e6=?<5BA 5 A 5 ; 9 6 9 0 6 = <
? 5 S ; L
; "
N
6 @
? ; 5 ? ?
S T E]K I R C JRU 8_I E G [J 8 Diff (S) E]G
: R Cs:wFv
ntn
5 ; 5 9<56=?<5 ;
}y
pV¤ JD]G 8 c p}=r vtppu2s:wFv
ntn{}=y
p[ Rp#}=rmn@~q}=y0pyQm2¥<rXt#w2w
5766 9 S
vtppu2>s7w]v
ntnP}=y0p[<kY4G E
Γg,n = Diff + (S)/Diff 0 (S),
?<5 5 6?@5 S ; ;LN ;L9 6 9 S ;LN 5:;LA-; ? A ? ?

T R Diff + (S) E]G GQC<k R C5 ?MA 5 ; 96
c JLK JRU 8>I E V
l @? 5{A 9 S S ; 6 ;L9B6=?<5l5 ?@A 5 5 N2; ;
JI<I@E K:D]JLGG R C<I Γg,[n] JK G E]K D]D R GQI@JLK Tg,n [%JLG D]D T G:V
l; 5 S 9 6=? N 576 0 :
5 @
9
;
6 5
N 6 9 S L
; N
6 ; :
5 L
; B
A ; ? A
k E T E [ E
X ψ ∈ Γ g,[n] [XD ψ 8 JDFE E ψ J_8<EF R=I E]G
;LN l ?@5:9 A =
6 <
? B
5 A 5 O \
5 A @
9 9 N 5 =
6 ; e
;
SV ψ 0 JIG JRU 8 E J GC<R JLK (Φ, X) (Φ ◦ ψ 0 , X) V T
5 ?@; 57 6 6=? 6P5 5:AB5:9%6 ;LN 6P;L9 ;LAB; ? A 5 ;LNA 5
T G T I@DFE]K7E D^Y J D G Γg,[n] JLK E]G RI E]G K7D]JLGG G JRU 8
O 5:A 9<9 N 5 6 5 ?<; 6=? 6 N 9 5 ;AB; ?
E (Φ, X) J 8 (Φ , X ) JR
0 0
E J GQC@R JK G:V¦E]R=G [ T G T J E]G RI E`K
A 5 O 5\A 9@9 N 5 9 0 5:;LAB; ? A ;N 6?@5:96?@5 A S 5
JRU 8 E J GQC<R JLK G>J 8 ψ E]G>J8<EF R=I E]G S[ E J G
9 5 L
; B
A ; ?
l ; :
5 P
5
6 ? 7
5 6 5 9 l @
? 5:9
(Φψ 0 , X) J 8 (Φ0 ψ 0 , X 0 ) JR E]G RI E]KLV G E]G:[%D α k JG"E V]£V]£ V
7 uu´
µ
6?@5 S A
8#E`J R=J
ψ 0 Φ
S S X
ψ 0−1 hψ 0 h α

ψ 0 Φ 0
S S X0
;LA-A 6=5 5
K C G:[<E&V V
Φψ 0
S X
ψ 0−1 hψ 0 α

0 0
Φ ψ
S X0
;LA-A 6=5
0 −1 9 5:9%6 6 9 5{6?@5 ;6;
5\;LA-; ? A 6=;a6?@5 ;z
K C G:[J 8 ψ hψ 0 E]G"E]G I@E]K E]8 E YGQE K 8#E] RI E`G G"E]G
6; 6=;6?@5 5:9%6 6 N2; A 9@; A S ; ;LN6=?<5 S ; ;LN 5:;LAB; ? A
eP5:I@%E]6K 5 ?<; E]8 6? E 6Y 6 ;ZR 5 J R
5:9%6
JDXGQC<k R C6 ; ;LAB; ? A 5 O 5\A 9@9 N 5 [5:6 5 5\;z
GQC<R JLK (Φ, X) T E]G RI E]K JRU 8 E J GQC<R JLK G\V h k J>8#EF
A-; ? A+;LN ? ? ;6=; 6=;6=?<5 5:9%6 6 b6=?<5:9 L
; B
A ; ?
RI E]G S T E`K E]GE]G I<E]K E]8 E Y (Φ ◦ ψ 0 , X) E]GE]G RI E]K
6; 9 5 5Z? 5
(Φ ◦ ψ 0 ◦ h, X) [@GQE K T J\|
Φ◦ψ 0
S X
h−1 id

Φ◦ψ 0 ◦h

S X.
l ? ?<; 6? 66?@5 A 9 S S ; 5 5:9 5 5 ;LN 5:;LAB; ? A
E]GXG T G J JI<I@E K7D`JG=G R C@IM j%C<E^|JD K K7D]JLGG G 8<EF RI E]G G
;LN 6 ;L9a6=?<5l 5 ?@A 5 5 ;LA-; ? A 5 ;LN<A 5 O 5\A 9@9
S JLK G ]E K D]D RGQI@JLK Tg,n 2E`G RI E]G K7D]JLGG G JR=U 8 E J
N 5
GQC<R JLK G V
]q6 5 z 9<; 96=? 66? 6 ;L9;LN ;L9
E]G T DFD U T J E]GJLK E Γg,[n] Tg,n E]Gap}=ytp@r7}w(+u`n\sty)u2@@y%n7V
l ? AB5 9 6=? 6eN; 9 ;LA 6 576 ;LN 6=?<5 5 5 6AB; 6 9 6=5
E]G J G J ReJ YK I@JLK GQC<kG K Tg,n [ R JR J G c E D^Y
A 9 5 5\A-5\96 96?@5A 9 S S ; ?6=? 6 e;65
J Y D G γ E JI@I<E K7D`JG=G R C@IGQCK J γ(K) ∩ K 6= ∅ V
6? 66? N 6 A 5 6=? 6¡6?@5 6 5 96=?<5mA 9 S S ; ;LN 9 ; 9%6
J E]G JK E I<D]E G J G Jk<EFD]EF RHE JI@I<E K7D]JLGG R C@I J YI E
9 6=5 S ; 9 5 N A ;LA 6 9@5 S ? ; ?@;; ;LN 6=?<5:9
x ∈ Tg,n E`G Jec E R C@I[#GQE K E K E]G JeG JDFDiK IJLK E k R 8 x[
N2; 5 5 946=?<5 6 5 ;LN
γ(K) ∩ K 6= ∅ R | RQY γ E G Jk<EFDFE] R xV
l ?@5 5 5 6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6e;LN 6?@5>l 5 ?<z
y}=r7}=rt y0<w u{nqp@vstr Mg,[n] E]GR JDFEF 8JLG j%C E E]K
A 5 5 6?@5 6 ;L9>;LNi6?@5A 9 S S ; l ? 6 9%6 z
DFD RHGQIJLK Tg,n k%Y JLK E JI@I<E K7D]JLGG R C@I Γg,[n] V E]GE]G J J
A-; 9%6P6;>N; S 5766 9 S 6?@5A 9 S ;6=?<5 ; 9%6 ;LN ; 5 ;L9 6=; ;LAB; z
C R E JR=U%E [xG I E G Mg,[n] K RR GQI 8 E]G R
? A 5 ;LNXO 5:A 9<9 N 5 ;LN S 5:9 6=? 9@; 5 5 A 5 ; 9%6
I E]G K7D`JG=G G E J GQC@R JLK G CG g T E nC R=8 R 8 JRU 8I E G\V
a A 6=?<5 6=?<5 ;6 5\96¡;LN 6=?<5 5 z
E EFD`JR=D^Y[ y}r7}=rt y0<w unqp@vstr M g,n E]G j%C E T g,n k%Y I@C<R GQC@k
S ; ;LN 9 6 ; 9%6 ; 5 ;L9 6; ;LAB; ? A 5 ;LN@O 5\A 9@9
R C<I Γg,n Γg,[n] [LJ 8dE GI E GK R=R GQI 8 E]G RI E]G K7D]JLGG G E J
N 5 ;N S 5:9 6=? ; 5 5 A 5 ; 96 5 5¡6=?<5 l 5 ?<A 5 5
GQC<R JLK G CG g T E n R=8 R 8 JRU 8I E G:VW K\JCG E]K DFD R"GQIJLK
6; ; ; S 6 9 6=?<5AB; 5 6?@5 ;6 5:9%6;LNXl 5 ?@A 5
E]G I D E`K:JDFD^ Y 1 CG Jk@JDFDf[J 8 8#C@DFEGQIJLK E]G j%C E E]K D]D R
5 6=?@5 ; 5 ;L9%6 9 ; 6 ;L9M;LN 5:65 S ; 6=?<5ZAB; 5
GQI@JLK kY I<R I R{8#E`GK E C CG{JK E JB8<E]GK7R R C@Ii[ 8#C@DFEGQIJLK G
5 N6?@5 S ; 6=5 6 6=?<5 5aN2; 6=?<5
JR qytp@ywFy=ufs=vwy}:~7u :ywF
n)E R C<IMJLK 8-t}=rtr:w +[@JLG E]G{JLK CJD]D^Y K:JLG R
5 S 5:9 5 ; S ; ; ?@5:9@5 5 5\96 S 5 6? 5 5 6X6=;
I<C@R CG R R C@I@G Γ0,n [ R T | R n E`G"GQCK7E D^YBD]JR T E R GI K g[
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ 7 ô
6?@5 ; 5 A ?<5\9 9; N2; 5

Y T C@D]8k GQE I@D^Yy}=uv} +4qytp@ywFy=ufstvw v@u 7yw]
n V¤ J Rk@E D]8JRE]G G
96? A 9<9@5 ;6 5:9%6m;LN A z ;L9@9<5 65 6; ; ; S 5 z
E E]G J R\[xJLGJj%C E JGQE I@D^Y K K 8 I D E`K:JDGQIJK k%YJ8<E]G
576=5 S ; 6 9 S ; 5 ;L9%6 9 ; 6 5 9 6=?<5
K7R R C@IoJLK E I<R I RD^YM8<E]GK E C C@GQDFY[E E]GK:JDFD 8J%y0y0>y}\~7u 7yw][J 8
576=5 S ; 5 6=?<5 l ? 5a? 5
8#E]G=K7R R C@I4E]G{K:JDFD 8 y}\~7u 7yw]{tv r7qvw@}y
pV CG T J0|
Γg,[n] = π1orbifold (Mg,[n] ) and Γg,n = π1orbifold (Mg,n ). (2.1.2)

l ?<5 5 6 ; 6
= 9 S ?; N2; 6=?<5 6 ;LN6=?<5 9 65 ;6 ; S ;
U Y G C@8#Y#E GQC@K Rk<E D]8@GE]G G C@8#Y 2c E E]G R I%YBGQC@k R C@I@G
;LNm6?@5oN 9 A-5\96 S ; 5
6 @
? 5 S ; ? ? ; %
9 6 L
; m
N
6 @
? 5 A
C 8@J JD R C@Ii[HE&V V][ GQC<k R C<IG T E`K c I E G GQE I@D^Y
;L9<9@5 6=5 5
K
]96=K ?<5 84GI@JL5K ;LN V
6=?<5AB; 5 6?@5 5 ;6 ; S ; ? 5 6
K:JLG 8<C@DFE"GQIJLK [ G E]G R I%YGQC@k R C@I@G J\| JMIJR E]K:C<D]JR
S :
5 L
; -
A :
5 6 B
A 5 9 9 S e B
A 5
6 @
? 5
; 6 ; S ;
; N ; %
9 a
6 L
;
N B
A ; 5
RE]K J E V J DFY[ E]G R I%Y_GQC@k R C@I J>I E 8<C<D]EGQIJLK
5 9 ;LAB; ? A ;LN O 5\A 9@9 N 5 9 5Z6?@5mA 9 S S ;
2E&V V][@J E]G RI E]G K7D]JLGG E J GQC<R JLK G E GQE]8 JI@I@E K:D]JLGG R C<I
57 6 6?@5 6;LAB; ? A S ; ;LNP6=?<5oO 5\A 9@9 N 5 ; 6=5 6=;6=?<5
E]G JLK DFY JC RI E]G R C@I E J GQC@R JLK JLGG K7E]J 8
; 9%6 l ?<5HA 9N2; ;N6? 6 5 6?@5 576;LN5 5\A-5\96 ;LN 9 6=5H; 5 9 5
I E V JE K:C@G E]G"JR E]K:D E]G G D G ϕ c E R=8 RXE GQE]8
6?@54A 9 S S ; 6 9 S 5\9 5 ; 9 6=?<5 ; 5 ;L9 9 S
JI<I@E K7D`JLGG R C<IG4)I@JR E]K7C@D]JRD^YE CG- R [¡J 8 K RR GQI 8#E
5 6?@5 576P;LN ; 96 ;L9M6?@5dA-; 5a? 9 S 9 6;LAB; ? A
nfp@rts7ufvwwFy0s7u2[E&V V][ G I E G 8<C<DFEGQIJK J\|#E J JC RI E]G
? ? 6=; ; ; S ; 5 ;L9 6;
T ϕV
]qE]6K [ 5 I D 6; E]K:JS DFD^Y%5 [K 9 RR GQI
5:
8<G
6 5 6 ;L9 ;LNZ6=?<5 S 5:9 5 ;AB; 5
]q9 5\5 E]G JL9 G Y ;LA-; EF| ? J A I@DFE]K7E 8 GK:REFI E
;LN ?@5 5 6? ; 5 5
C@G R
A 5
8#C@DFEmGI@JLK G\V
; 9%6 9
8 8x[HJ E`G RI E`G K7D]JLGG GQI R G T E n R=8 R 8 JRU 8 I E GE]GJ
; 6 ;N z&6 5 ;LN ; 9%6 6=;d6=?<5 6 ;L9;LN l ? A-5 9 6? 6 5 9
Rk<E n C<I@D G I E GC<I JLK E PSL2 (C) V E]G J G J T K:J
?@;%; 5 9 5 5 5 5:9%6 6 5-;LN5 ? 6=?6?@5 66=? 5:5 ; 9%6 #5 6
K G JC E]j%C R I@R G J E^| JLK K7D]JLGG T E c<R=G R I E Gc 8J
6? 5:5 S 5:9 5 6 5:946=; 5 9 l ? ; 9%6 ;LN 6=?<5a; 5 5
R E^| |JD]C G\[<CGQCJD]D^Y JU k 0[ 1 J 8 ∞V C@G:[<I E G R=8 R 8
A-; 5 5 9 5 6 ;L9 6=? zf6 5 ?<5 5Z6=?<5
8<C<DFE GQIJLK M0,n JR E k@E 1 K E T E n C@I@D G (0, 1, ∞, x4 , . . . , xn ) T R
5 6 9 6{N ;LA 9 5 ?M;6=?@5 ? ? S 5
xi JR 8<E]G E K R 0 [ 1 [ ∞ J 8 JLK R\[ T E]K E^| G
n−3
M0,n ' P1 − {0, 1, ∞} −∆ (2.1.3)
?<5 5 5:9@;6=5 6?@5A 6 S ;9 ;LN ; 9%6 6=? l ?@5 9@; 5 5
T R ∆ 8 G C@D E]8<E]J JD I E G T E x i = xj V C R=8 R 8
A-; 5 6=?<5 ;6 : 5 9%6{;LN6=? 5 6=?<5 6 L
; 9M;N
8<C<DFEGQIJLK E]G j%C E E`G{GQIJK k Y
JLK E Sn V
( ( \. .101,# . 1 / "( _ 5\N; 5 576 5
Gk R [D S k
6; ; ; S N 5 ;LNx6
P 5 9 ;L9 5 6 N 9 AB5:9%6 S ; S 5:9
J I D E]K\JDGQC@R L J K YI (g, n) [#J 8K GQE]8 RE G C 8<J JD R C@I E^| k%Y
S :
5 <
9 5
6 ; 9 5 6 ; L 9
R=J R=GHJ 8>R `D J E GHJLG
g
Y
πg,n = π1 (S) = a1 , b1 , . . . , ag , bg , c1 , . . . , cn (ai , bi )c1 · · · cn = 1 . (2.2.1)
i=1
dP5 5 6=?<5 ;; ; 5 ;L9 6=; ;%; ; 9 5 ?-;LN<6=?<5 ;
5 5 A 5
R [ D
K RR QG I I@G
8 D c1 , . . . , c n
IGJR C 8 JLK R=8 R 8 JRU 8
; 9%6 ;LN 6?@5 5 6?@5 S \
m 5 9<5 9 6=; ;LN6=?@5 9@5 6 S ; 9
I E G S [@J 8 Y4JR RtJ R=G E R E]JGQC@k R C@I@G E π1 (S) V
; 9>5 5:AB5:9%6 576 5:9@;65m6?@5 ;9 S ;LN O{5 6=? 6
; 6=5
¦ RHJ D
6=;LAB; ?
c ∈ π1 (S) [<D hci 8
A 6;L9 ;L9 5
K 1QC 5 JL9<K5o
Y>K7D]JLGG
6?@5 S ;
cV
;LN
K JD]D
\
9 5 6 z
@
J

S
1QC JLKYK:D]JLGG G:6=; V & 5m6=c ?<5
C
5 5
RJC
I R G RQ|#E
<
9 S
C
R=I E]G
; 6=5
R{JC
GJLK
6=;LAB; ?
R=I E]G
K
A
G Out ([πg,n ])
∗
k
S ;
R C6?@5 9<5 6 S ;
E T E J
G j%C@JR
k@R=JLK=U G [ ] E < 8 E]K:J G J E R E]JGQC@k R @ C I@G
9 A 6 5
= 5 A A 5 9 S 6=?<5Z9@;6 6 L ; 9 ? 5:96=?<5ZA
@ 5 ; 9%6 9 5
K:J k I R C 8i[ E E`K=UE J E Γg,[n] T JR=U 8>I E GHK\J k
5 A 6 5
5Z? 5 9 6 ?@;AB;LAB; ? A
I R C 8xV¤ J\| J J C<R=JD RI E]G
Out∗ ([πg,n ]) → Sn
ψ 7→ σ,
9 5 576 ∗ 5m6=?<5 5 9<5 ;LN6=? ?<;LAB;LAB; ? AMb#6? 6 6?@5 S ;
J 8 T D Out (πg,n ) k U R D E]G RI ]E G C@GHE E]G R C;Ni6?@5A 9 S
E E E]G¡8
J Rt8<G¡J T [#J c
8 | QR YCG < C Df[#8 c E E JI<I@E K7D`JLGG
S ; 665 6 5 946?@5ZN2; ; 9 S 5 z @ 9 ; 94= 6 ?<5:; 5\A
R C<I[<JLGHJ G 8 E
4 DFD T E T FD D U T R V
Á,¾Á

r: S ~tr-vqytp@ywFy=ufstvwn}):vstreyQZ,+tp@r (g, n) V
" ¥<r7
vOut∗ ([πg,n ]) ' Γg,[n]

Out (πg,n ) ' Γg,n . ∗
l ? 5 6 5\5 ! ; 5 ; 9<;6 S
5Z6?@5 ;LA 576=5 ; ;LN ?@5 5

E]GHE]GPJBK7D]JLGGQE]K\JDR GQC@D )G JLK [G T 8 FE | K I@D I@R R V
5 A 9 6=5m6=?<5 S 5:9<5 ?<5 5:N2; 5m;N 6 S 9 S 9457 6 5 6 ;L9
¤ GQE I@D^Y>E 8<E]K:J R=JD T R R E <
[ k%Y Ê |#E J I@DFE]K7E 8 G K:REFI E
;LN6=?<5Z?@;LA-;LAB; ? A
RI E]G
Γg,[n] → Out∗ ([πg,n ]).
]f6 5 6=; 5:56? 6 95 : 5 AB5:9%6 9 5 N65 6=; 5:;LAB; ? A
E]G JGQY G J J D ψ ∈ Γg,n K:J k DFE 8 J8<EF RI E]G ψ0
? ? #5 6=?<5 5 ; 9%6m;LN ;L9 9 ? ?6? 9 5
T E]K c G k@JLG I E πg,n S − {x1 , . . . , xn } [J 8 T E]K C@GE 8#CK G
9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN A 6 9 S ;9 ]qN 00 9<;6=?<5 N`6 9 S ;N
J JC RI E]G πg,n GQE I<DFYkYJLK E SV ψ E]GeJ RaD]E E ψ
; 9 S 6?@5 5 ; 96 6?@5:9 −1 ;6=; 6=;6=?<5 5\96 6 9 #5
JD]G c E k@JLG I E [ ψ 00 · ψ 0 E`G-E]G I<E]K E]8 E YJ 8c G
6?@5 5 ; 9%6m;LN ; 6 6 9 9@9@5 6;LAB; ? A ;L9 l ? ;L9@5
kJLG I E π g,n [iG E JLK GkYJ E RmJC RI E]G π g,n V CG
; 6 9 5 z 5 9@5 A N ;A 6=; ?<; 5 A S 5 6 5
k JE G-J T DFD 8 c 8 JI R Γg,n Out(πg,n ) [ T G E J JLK CJDFD^YD]E G
9 9
5 5 ? 9 5 5 5 :
5 %
9 =
6 5
; ; ; 9 ? ?
E Out∗ ([πg,n ]) GQE K JLK ci K:J k R I@R G 8kYJoD I c̃i JR C 8 xi T E]K
;L9 6 ;LN 6? N ;LA 6=?<5 5 ; 9%6m9<5 6; N; ; 5 6 9 5
K GQE`G G JIJ γi R k@JLG I E JR=D^Y xi [ D]D T 8kYJ E YK7EFR=K7D
; 9 9 6=?<5\9 b \
5
; B
A ; ? A @
9 5 5 A
6 ?
; ;
6 ;
JR C 8 xi J 8 γ −1 J_8#EF RI E`G K GGJREFD^Y JIG E]GeD I c̃i J
;L9 S 6=5{;LN ; 5 ;LiN ]q6 6 S ?%6=N; 6=; ?<5 6? 6 5P; 6 9 S ;
K
?<;LAB;LA-;
1QC J ?
JdI
A
T R c̃ jV E]G¡G R=JE T
R JR=8 K K=U J T k JE J R C. .%/ 1 / ( ]9a6=? 5 6 ;L9 5 ;L9 5 5 6 9
E]GG K E [ T K GQE]8 RJPK R JE
S 5:9<5 6 9 S 6=5:A N2; 6?@5A 9 S S ; 9 5 5:AB5:9%6
R=J E G Y<G R JI<I@E K7D`JLGG R C@I@G Γg,[n] J 8 Γg,n [ k%Y D G
9@; 9 l ?<5\9 5 ;L9 5 6?@5 5 9 ?<; ?@; 6=?<5 5\?<9
6
U T
6
JLG er¥%M un2n7V
; 6;BA 5m6=?@5
T
;AB;
K GQE`8 R
? A
K:JLG g = 0 J 8G T T &
T E`G G{JDFD T C@G JU E]G RI E`G G
Γ0,[n] ' π1orbifold (M0,[n] ) and Γ0,n ' Out∗ (π0,n )

57 6 9 6 ; ?@;
6=? 66=?<5 S 5:9 5 ;mA 9 S S ; 5 ; 5 5 6=5
I<DFE`K7E [J 8
6;46=?<5Þ_ 6 9
G T
S ;
J
{
O 5
C@G
=
6 ?
R
6dN;
n≥
JI@I@E K7D]JLGG
2[
6=?<5 R C<IGJR K:D G D^YeR D]J 8
R E k R=JE]8
@ R C@I@G\V K:JDFD J R }7)u~7}=vuf}=y0p Bn E`G
S 5:9<5 65 S :5 9@5 6=; 5:9@;65 5 6H6;B6?@5 5 6 ;9
R=J 84kY n − 1 R=J RtGH8 8 σ1 , . . . , σn−1 GQC@k1 K R D]J E G
σi σi+1 σi = σi+1 σi σi+1

9
J 8
σi σj = σ j σi if |i − j| ≥ 2.
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ 7

!"$#
a%576 9 N2; 576 9

y1 = z1 = 1 [J 8 R 2 ≤ i ≤ n [mG yi = σi−1 · · · σ1 · σ1 · · · σi−1 J 8
]q6 9@; 9m6=? 6i6?@5 5:9%65 ;LN%6=?<5 S ; S 5:9<5 65
zi = (σ1 . . . σi−1 )i V E]GU T J K R R C@I Bn E]GKY<K7DFE]K[ R=J 8
; 5 65 −1 −1 b 9
kY zn V ¦ R 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n [ T T RE xij = σj−1 · · · σi+1 σi σi+1 · · · σj−1 E
6 2 N2; l ?@5 5-5 5\A-5\96 S 5:9@5 656=?@5 S ; ;LN
I@JR E]K7C@D]JR xi,i+1 = σi R 1 ≤ i < nV G D G R=J GQC<k R C<I
5 5 ?;LN ?@; 5 6 9 5:9 96=?@5 AB5 ; 6 ;L9 6
p}=rk@R=JE]8@G:[E&V V][ k<RtJE`8<G JLK T G G R=J 8@G 8<GaC<IE GJ I GQE E E
6 6=5 N ;LA
G JR
8
% . 1 0,1 X( [ 576
R V
S k J
5 6; ; ; S N 5d;LN6 5
(g, n) J 8oD γ k JGQE I<D
9 576 5 A 5
I D E`K:JDGQC<R JLK Y#I
; 5 ;; ;L9 9 S 6=? ; S ?>5 6=?<5 5 ;-; 6 ;-A 5 ; 9%6 5 5 9@5
K7D G 8>D I S I@JLGGQE R C E RH R R T JRU 8>I E G:V¤ 8 c J
5 6 9 5\;AB; ? A ;LN ; 6=5 6;Z6=?@5 ;; 9B6=?<5{N2; ; 9 S 6
K R JE 8#E] RI E`G S JLGG K7E]J 8 D I γ [E D]D T E T J\YV¦EFR=G [
6-; 6 9@5 S ? ; ?@;; ;LN 9 bX6=?<5>9@5 S ? ; ?@;%; ;LN A 5 ; 5 5
?
K7C C
6?@5eN; A+;LN
J E k R
9 5
8 γ E S
6?6=?<5 5 6 5 N
E k R 8
; 6;LN
JGQE I@D K:D G 8K7C@RQ|
5 6 h AB576 5
JLG R J>KY#DFE 8 R T E K7C@RQ| E G D JLGJG R k D V JRtJ REF
6?@5 9 5 AB576=5 6? 9 9 ?
KY#DFE 8 Rk%YI@JR=J R=G (y, θ) T E y ∈ [−1, 1] J 8 θ ∈ [0, 2π) [E GQCK J
6? 6 ; 5 ;L9 6=;M6?@5 A 5 ; 5 ;%; ?6=? 6 N¡6?@5 ;;
T J\Y J y = 0 K RR GQI 8@G GQE I<D K:D G 8D I γ [ GQCK J E D I
5 6? ; S ?6 ;-A 5 ; 96 6?@5 5 6 9 l ?<5\9 5 9<5P6=?<5
I@JLGG G R C T JRU 8I E G:[ YDFE J (0, 0) J 8 (0, π) V [#8 c
5:?<9o6 6 5:;LAB; ? A ;96? 9 5 l ?
& 5:;LABT ; E]G ? 8#EFA 6
RI E]G
5d6?@5 5:9%6 6
E]GKY#DFE 8 Rk%Y (y, θ) 7→ y, θ + π(y + 1) V
;L9M6?@5 ; 9 5 ;N6?@5 9 5 9
E]G
5
8#EF RI E]G JLK GPDFEFU E]8 E Y k C 8<JRE G KY#DFE 8 R\[J 8 T
5765:9 6H6;-6=?@5 ?@; 5a;N 6=?<5 5:96 6
T S kY
_ 8>;E N 6?@5ZN2; ; 9 D S ; ; 6 ;L9
E]8
5 6 9
E YV
5 6 5:5
DFD DFD T E I<R I GQE E G{JR G J 8@JRt8>R GQC@D Gd)G W V
& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿
-, /.10@Á ¿2 "
¥<rXp}=r vtppu#-s:wFvn=n¡}=y0pn Γg,n v}r %r7r7}=vqrt
r¥% un72nvwFy4nu pw]rs:wFy
n\rt4w]y0ytpnPp@v
ntnu2M2¥%}=yL¥ 0 v}!Lr=ep@ yu22n[ v

~0+
¥@r{=<ww vtppus:wFv
ntnd}=y0pnv}=rd%r7r7}=vqrt~0+ r¥% un2nvw]y4ntu pwFrs:wFy
n\rt
wFy0ytpn¡p@v
ntnu2¥%}=yL¥

0 y} 2 !
v} Lrtmp@yu22nV
& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿
-,

r: S
x1 , . . . , xn Xu22¥ n ≥ 5 [
~trPvnqp¥<r7}=r
u)2¥

!
v} Lrt"p@yu22n
¥%ufs¥Ms=v~=resty<nu&r7}=rtBQqytp@ywFy=ufstvww(+ vnZw +u>y_vw u2rV43 y} 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 [ wFr:

σi ∈ Γ0,[n] r7yqra2¥<r er¥%o un7vwFy#B2¥<rmnu pwFrs:wFy
n\rt-w]y0ytp γi p@v
ntnu#-2¥%}=yL¥
¥@rar7u]¥<~ty}uZp@yu2n xi v xi+1 V ¥<r7 Γ0,[n] unP%r7r7}=vqrt~0+ σ1 , . . . , σn−1 V
"
& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿
5, 5,
r: n ≥ 5 [vxB}=rtstvwwLt}=y V]£V % 2¥<v
n−3
M0,n ' P1 − {0, 1, ∞} − ∆,
uu´
µ
γ1 γ2
x1 x2 x3 xn
*! #

γ1
γ2

r=vs¥ep<yu2¡yQ M0,n ~tr7ueu*r7~0+>vB@u 7@rd}=rp}=rtn\r7qv)u*reyQZ2¥<r":y}
x1 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 = ∞, x4 , . . . , xn ).
y}%r}=rt>}=rtvw@
"
3Xu4v4~=v
n\rHp@yu X = (0, 1, ∞, x4 , . . . , xn ) n@s¥o2¥<v x4 < x5 < . . . < xn < 0 v}=r

¥<r r¥% u`n72n σi ~tv
n\r=ov X
~=r7}tnV sty}}=rnqp@y>qyep@v2¥nBy
wFy0ytpn y M

0,n [nustrd2¥<r0+ap@r7}

#qr2¥<r

v} Lrtmp@yu22n

b
! 2¥<rn:rHp@v2¥n~trtsty

rdwFy0ytpn
y M0,[n] V M0,n [ 2¥<rn\r p@v2¥ns=v~trertpw u&s7u)&w +Zp@v}=v - rt~0+
r7)}u 0

σi 7→ x1 , . . . , xi−1 , fi (t), gi+1 (t), xi+2 , . . . , xn ,
u)¥ t ∈ [0, 1] [ x3 = ∞ ¡rZ¥<v *r

¥<r7}=r~trtstv%n\r

 xi − xi+1 πit xi + xi+1

 e + 7y} i 6= 2, 3

 2 2

 t
fi (t) = 1 − i 7y} i = 2

 1−t

 1 − t


 x4 − i 7y} i = 3
t
v 
 xi+1 − xi πit xi + xi+1

 e + 7y} i 6= 3, 4

 2 2

 1 − t
gi+1 (t) = 1 + i 7y} i = 3

 t

 t


 x4 + i 7y} i = 4
1−t
& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿
-,

π0,n v
n-u2 V VF£ V ¥<run\y
"
r: c1 , . . . , cn u)2¥ c1 . . . cn = 1 ~trn7qvv}=B%r7r7}vLfy}tnByQ

y}qp¥%un

Γ0,[n] ' Out∗ ([π0,n ]) yQ ¥<rty}=r

V V]£_yQ
"

π0,n v
ntn\y0sufvqrna2¥<r":yw2wFyXu>v<qy y}qp¥%un yQ π0,n qy2¥<rer¥% Xu`n7 σi ∈ Γ0,[n]
7y} 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1
ci 7→ ci+1 , ci+1 = c−1

i+1 ci ci+1 , cj 7→ cj for j 6= i, i + 1.
9 6=?<5oN2; ; 9 S ; ; 6 ; 9 5
S 5\9 65 6=?<5
5 ;A 9 S S ;
¦E JD]D^Y[ FD D T E I<R I R D]J GE E
G CGB R JI<I@E K:D]JLGG R C<I
6 ?46=?<5 S :
5 9@5 6=; 6;B6?@5¤_ 6 9 S ;
Γ0,[n] T E R=J RtG σ1 , . . . , σn−1 R E k<R=JE]8 R C@I Bn V

& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿

"
5,
¥<rm%r7@%n -0r7}y

vtppu4s:wFv
ntn}=y0p Γ0,[n] }=rtnqpV2¥<rHp#}r

nt~q}=y
p Γ0,n unXun:y y}qp¥%ufsqy¥@r y)u&r7iyQX2¥<r }7)u2~7}=vu& }=y0p Bn }=rnqpV#¥<r
p}=r }72u2~7}=vufZ}=y0p Kn + ¥<rm}=r:w]v2ufy<n
~ B zn = 1 v yn = 1 [ ¥<r7}=r zn v yn
v}r-v
nv2¥<re~trqu@u>yQZ2¥%u`nZn\r=s:)ufyV
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ 7 õ
X @ " !$ P!$P ¡ q$

i!
]9B6? 6 5
; 9 5H6 9B; 6Q6=5:9%6 ;L9B6=;Z6?@5{57 6¡57 A 5H;LNAB; 5
E]G"G E K [ T
9 A-5\9 ;9 9 C@R 5 C@R"J 6?@5¡? E S ?@5 z AB5:9 I@;LDFE]9 K:E S 5:9 J I@D 5 ;AB; 8#C@DFEGQIJLK 5 G
E 8#E GQE £¡J 8 [LJLG T DFD<JLG E R 8#E GQE JD C@G R 8#C@DFE#GI@JLK G\V
; 6=?<5 5 5 5 5 5 6?@5 9@;6 ;9 ;LNA 9 S S ; 6 5 ;LA 6z
¦ R G GQIJK G:[ T R |#E T E G JI<I@E K7D]JLGG R C@I@G\[LG Jk<D K I@JLK
6 ;L9 6=; ; ; S 6 9 S 5:9%6 5 ; 9%6 ; N2; 6 6 5 6? S :
5 9
EFc@K\J E G:[ I D E]K:JD J E]JDik@JLG I E G:[ Rk@E D`8>G RCK C<R G:[#IJ G E^| k%Y
6 9 5:?@96 6 N 9 A-5\96 S ; 9 AB; 6 A ; 6 9%6 6=?@5 ; 9%6
G J 8<JR=8 & T E`G G:[ C 8@J JD R C<IG:[xJ 8 G E I R J D^Y[ EFRmI E G
;LN 5 6;LAB; ? A S ; 9 6=?<5 5 ; 6?@5 N2; A
GQI K7E]JDJC RI E]G R C<IG J 8 GQI K:E]JDiD K7E Y R V
]9; 5 6; S 5
;LNx6?@5;
Rt8 R
5 5
EF|
AB;
JGQE I@D
A 5P6=; ; ; S
5
I D E]K\JD8 GK7REFI E
9%6 ;
5
5
6 ;L9;LN6?@5
5 S 9<5
nqv~:w]rasty
9

! ABN; p<vs:)u 5P stv)u&y
9@5:5

R=8 R 8 8#C@DFExGQI@JLK Mg,n E R 8<C@K 8k% Y & D]E J 8 C R=8i[ T

6; 96 ; 5 ;LN 6=; ; ; S N 5 ;LN6 5 ]q8 6
E R 8#CK p@vn>rtsty p@y
nu))u&y@n J I D E]K:JD¡GQC@R JLK S Y#I (g, n) V
9@; 96=? 6 6=?@5ZA A 9 A 5 ;LN ; 9%6 A 5 ; 5 ;; ? ? 9 5
E]G U T J J E JD C k R 8<E]G1 E GQE I<D K7D G 84D I@G T E]K K:J k
5 ;L9 b ? ; 5 6 ;L9 6 96=; ; 9%6
I<D]JLK 8 S E]G 3g − 3 + n GC@K JBK DFD K E K:C G S E 2g − 2 + n 8#E]G 1 E p@vu}tn
5 ?<5 5 6=?6=? 5:5P?<; 5 ; 9 6 5 _ 9
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6 N 5:5 ;L946?@5 5 ? N`z 9@5
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¤ G T T IJR=J R=EF D IG 8<C<D]EiGQIJLK
M0,4 ' P1 − {0, 1, ∞},

A ? ; ; 6 ;L9 9Mh 57 5 6 6=? 6 5 ; 6?46?@5 9 6=5 ;LN6?@5
C@K R I GQE E JLG E V %<V %<[ K I J T T RU T E σ 2 E G JL8 σi
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5 5 ?@5:9 AB; 5 5 6=5 i ? ? ? 6
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#V]£LV R{8 JE]D]G:V
−→ N; ; ?<; 5B;LN 5 ; 9%60b 6 5 5 5\96=5 ;L9 A z
¦E ∞0 R C<RdK E]K kJLG I E E E]GaR I@R G 8 M0,4 kYJMGQE I<DFY
;L9<9@5 6=5 5 S ;9o;LN ; 9%6 ;LN6?@5aN2; A 6=? N; ;LAB5
K K 84R E I E G R (0, 1, ∞, x) T E x ∈ (−∞, −A) RPG
5 S 5 ; 6 5o9 A 5 l ?@5 5:?<96 6 9 5 AB576 5
| RQYD`JR I GQE E^| C k R AV & T E]G σi2 K:J k IJRtJ REF 8 JLGBJ
A-; 5\A-5\96{;LNA 5 ; 9%6
| JRU 8>I E G k%Y

− 21 e2πit + 21 , 21 e2πit + 21 , ∞, x
N; ? ? 6=?<5P6 9 N; A 6 L ; 9 5 9 S 6=;6=?<5
R t ∈ [0, 1] [ T E]K k%Y R=J G R J E e−2πit (z + 12 e2πit − 21 ) T k<RE
6 9 N2; A
G J 8<JR=8 R

0, 1, ∞, e−2πit (x + 12 e2πit − 21 ) .
l ? ;L9-6?@5HAB; 5 A 576
B 5 6=?@5HN2; 6=? ;LA ;L9<5\96 5H? 5
CG:[ 8#C@DFEGQIJLK M0,4 IJR=J R EF 8Bk%Y
= C R
< K [ T
6?@5 ;; 2 9 S 5 5 ; 6 6 9 S 6 "
6 @
? 5 5 ; 9 % 6 −→ aI A
J\|
9
D I σ1 E ¦E C<R %<V %ak D T [%G JR E J k@JLG I E ∞0 V E EFD]JRDFY[ σ22 K\J
5 A-5:6 5
k IJR=J REF 84k%Y

(2t − 1)2 − 1 2t − 1
0, 1 − i ,1 + i ,x ,
2t − 1 (2t − 1)2 − 1
? ? 9 5m6 9 N2; A-5 6=;
T E]K K:J k R=J G R 8
2
x −i (2t−1)
2t−1
−1 2t−1
− i (2t−1) 2 −1
0, 1, ∞, 2t−1 · (2t−1) 2 −1 ,
x − 1 − i (2t−1)2 −1 1−i 2t−1
? ? 5 S 55 6=?@5 ;; ;LN
T E]K 8 GK7RE]k ¦E @ C R %<V %<V G D I σ22
2
{¿ fÁ¿zÀ )
¾ (' l ?<5eN 9 B ()#/ + #2
A 5:9%6 S ; ;LN ;LAB; ? 6;
C 8@J JD R C@I M0,4 E]GmE]G RI E]K Γ0,4 [
? ? N 5:5 S ; ;L96 ; S 5:9@5 6; 2 9 2 ? ? 6 N : 5 5 ;L96=?<5
T E]K E]GJ R R C<I T R=J R=G σ1 J 8 σ2 [ T E]K JLK G R D^Y
l5 ?<A 5 5 l ?@5N 9 AB5:9%6 S ; −→ S 5:9@5 6=5
E`K DFD R-GQIJLK T0,4 V C 8@J π (M ; ∞0) E]G
6?@5B6 ; ;; ?<; 9 9 S 5 ]qN J5 D ;R C<I A 1 0,4;LA 6 6 ;L9
R=J 8k%Y
9 S 6=?<5
T D IGG T E ¦E C<R <V %<V
% T 8 JGQE EFD]JR-K I@C J E [ CGQE
5 ; 9%6 → − 9 6 9 N2; A N; 5 5 5:9%6 6 5 ;LN6?@5 ; 9%6
k@JLG I E 01 J 8JG J 8@JR=8 R (0, x, 1, ∞) RmR I<R G J E^| G I E G
;LN 5 9 6?@5ZAB; 5 6 9 5:9%6 6 ;L9 ?<; 9 946?@5aN; ; 9 S S 5
M0,4 [ T c 8 R G J 8<JR=8>E]8 E]c@K:J E G T E DFD T E c C<R V
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ ômñ
σ12 σ22
8
0 01 1

!

π1 ( 0,4 , 01)
− #
→
& ¾ ) ¿zÀzÂ ) À Â ' Á4- 8)#/ )42zÀz¾ ¬¾ ' )Â + ¾2('
) _ 5 N25 6 5e;LNXO 5\A 9@9
GQI K7E]JD J C@R E J
N 5 6=?; 5 5 A 5 ; 9 6 6? 6 6 9? 5:9B6=? 6 5 A 6 6 ;L9;LN
GQC<R JLK G T E R=8 R 8 JRU 8I E G E]G
" J E K\J JI@I J JdI R C J E
6?@5 ; 9%6 9 5 5 5 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LNX6=?<5 N 5 N2; 9 6 9 5-6=?<5
I E GZK\J k R JDFEF 8JLGZJ JC RI E]G GC<R JLK [ RmE G J K
;6 6 ;L9o;LN ?@5 5a? 9 S A 5 ; 9%6 ;L9 6 5 6=; 6=? ; S ? 9 9 S 5a;LN
R J E n JRU 8MI E G
a ? JGQ; I 9%6 R 5{J\9@|;E 6"; N; ; 9%6 ;L9B6=?<5P;
E G
5 5
j%CJ
AB;
R R C J
5
J
6X6=?<5
D
2π/n V CK I E GJR Rk@E D`8I E G R=8 R 8 8#C@DFEGQIJLK [%k<C Y
5 5 A S 5 ;LN; N; ; 96 ;L96?@5 9@; 5 5 AB; 5 9 56=?@5 ? 5
JR I@R E J G Rk@E D`8I E G C R=8 R 8 8#C@DFExGQI@JLK [#GQE K Y J\|
5 6=? 9 5 A 5 9 5 =
6 <
? 5 6
;
9 L
; N 5 7
5 =
6 5 A @
9 5 ? ; %
9 6 9
n! I@R E J S GPC 8 R Sn V ¤
M0,4 V
D GG J
l; 5 S 9
T
6=?
T
5 5:5 6=? 66=?<5
JLK E
5 9¢z S ;
8
;N
R
S
E
#5 5
JDFDGQC@K
?
I E
9 5 5
GPE
k E
; 9%6Z;LN ]9 E 5:5 [ N
G J D E GQC@k R C@I
; 9%6 6=?<5:96?@5
4 c
6 ;L9_;LN
G JK J 8 | RQY
I E M0,4 V 8 8i[E (0, 1, ∞, x) E`GmJ>I E [ JK E GJ\Y (12)(34)
;L9 66 5 66=; 9 6?@5:96=?<56 9 N; A 6 ;L9 6=?<5 ;LA-; ? A
E JU GdE (1, 0, x, ∞) [J 8 R=J G R J E kY E`G RI E`G
9 S 6 6; ; 6 6=?<5 AB5 ; 9%6d;L9
z 7→ (xz − x)/(z − x) k@RE GaE k@JLK=U (0, 1, ∞, x) [G E E]G GJ I E
A-; 5 9 6=? ;4?<; N; 9 l ? 5 5 ; 96
;LN
8<C<DFEXGQI@JLK [xJ 8
M0,4 JLGPJC
? 6;LAB;
E`GZJD]G
? A S ;
D]8@G
6 5
R (13)(24)
6 ;LAB;
J 8
?
(14)(23)
6=;6?@5 V C@G:[ | RQYoI E
5 9¢z S ; b<6=?
RI E]G R C@IoJ D JLG E]G RI E]K D E R C<I E`G
6=?<5 S 5:9@5 6=;LAB; ? A S ; 5 ; 9%6 ;LN ? 5
E]G RE]K-JC RI E]G R C<IVZ¦E^| I E G M0,4 ' P1 − {0, 1, ∞} J\|
5 6;LAB; ? A S ; l ?@5 6¡6=? 5:5 56?@; 5 S 5:9 5 5 5\96 6 5
(τ, 0, 1, ∞) T E
GQI K:E]JDxJC
6=?
RI E]G
τ ∈ {1/2, 2, −1} [ T E]K JI@JR R
R C<IG:V c@R=G
? ?
R
6mN ;LA
JR G
5 9 S
E^|
#5
k%YR I@R G
6=?<5 J EF| G
5 9¢z
k E c 8okY D E
S ; 5 ; #5 6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 9 5 5 6 5 N2; A 9 S
R C<IeJR JD]G c 8dk%Y I R C J E G (23) [ (34) J 8 (24) R GI K E^| DFY[ R E
6? 5:5 5 5:9%6 ?@5 S ; ;LN"; 5 l ?<5 5 6=;LA-; ? A S ; 9 5
R
5\96
8#EF R
5 6=?6=?<5
8#E 8<R=JD R C<IG
6=;AB; ? A S
R=8 R <V
;
L
; N =
6 <
?
5
G
;
JC
6 <
? 5 L
;
RI E]G
9
R C<IGmK:J
:
5 %
9 6 N 9 S =
6
k
<
? 5
E]8 EFc 8 T E JC RI E`G R C<I K J 8#R [k%YE]8 E Y#E
; 6 ?@5 ;L9 6=?6=?<5 ?<5 5 6?_N; A 5 ; 9%6 ; 9 6=?@55 6=; 9
K J 8#R T E GQI R T E C@R JRU 8I E GmJR C 8 j%CJ RmJ 8J
9<; 6=? 9 ; 6=? ; 5b6=?@5 6;LAB; ? A S ; S 5:9<5 65 ;6 6 ;L9_;LN
;
R
5 ¢
J 8J>G C
; 9 6=?<5d9@; 6?<z ; 6?
I D JC

RI E]G
9 9<; 6=?#z ; 6=?
R C@IE`G
R=J
;LN;
8kYJR
5 l J ?@E 5a6 ;
T
R=8 R JR C 8 R G C J E]GPJ 8MJ R G C EFI R=8 R V
5:A 9 9 S ; 9%6 6? 5 6;LAB; ? A S ; 5M6?@5 ; 9%6
R JE E I E G T E GQI K:E]JDPJC RI E]G R C<IJR I E G (τ, 0, 1, ∞)
6? ? ? 5e5 ? #5 6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 S ;
T E
T
5
τ = exp(±2πi/6) [ T E]K JR
6?@5 5 9¢z S ; N2; A 9 S
JLK c
S ;
8kY
;LNZ;
I R
5
C J E
;LAB; R C<? I 6;6=?<5
h(123)i
JLG DFDmJLG D E R C@Ii[ R E J R C<I Rt8 R£ E]G RI E]K
65 9 6 9 SS ; 5 5 6?@5 6;LAB; ? A S ; ;LN¡6?@5B65:6 ?@5 ;L9
JD R J E R C@I A4 [R JDFEF 8JLG JC RI E]G R C<I R=J 8<R [
5:9%6 N 9 S 6?@5{6=576 ?@5 ;L9 6?6=?<5 ?@5 5 6=?6? 5:5PA 5 ; 9%6 ; 9
kYE]8 E Y#E RtJ 8<R T E GQI R T E R JRU 8I E G¡JR C 8
6?@5Z5 6=; 9 ;9@5 6H6=?<5Z9@; 6? ; 5
j%C@J R{J 8 J R I D V

0- 8)/ / ,- 'Á ) ²¾ ) a 5 ; 5M; N; ; 9%6 9 6=?<5 5 5M9<;L9@54;L9
M0,4 [
I K7E]JDHD K7EPJR
? ?? 9<;M; N2; 6 6 5 _ Rk<E 5\D]A 8I 5 E G\[¡J; 5 8 6=?<5 R ; JR9%6 ;LN 5 z
T E]K JG Rk@E D]8G RC@K C@R V GZR JRU 8Jk | [ I E G GQI K7E`JD"JC
6;LAB; ? A S ; S 5\9 ; 5 5765 A 9<5 ?@5 5e6?@5 5 ; 5B;L96=?<5
RI E]G R C<I EF| Jk | 8 R E T R GQI K7E]JDD K7E T EFDFDD]E
9@; 5 5 AB; 5
C R=8 R 8 8#C@DFEGQIJLK M0,[4] V
ô uu´
µ

( !"%$0&' M
Á () ' ' )¿,+ -0/1)ZÂ/Â + ¾2(' 0,[4]
l ? S ; S 5:9@5 65 5:?<96 6
N2; 5 6Z6=;46?@5
Γ0,[4]
5 6 L
; 9
E]G R C@IE]G R=J 8k%Y & T E]G G
σi R i = 1, 2, 3 [ GQC<k 1 K R ]D J E G σ 1 σ2 σ1 = σ 2 σ1 σ2 [ σ2 σ3 σ2 = σ 3 σ2 σ3 [
9 l ?<5 5 5 6 ;L9 A 6?@5
σ1 σ3 = σ3 σ1 [ σ3 σ2 σ12 σ2 σ3 = 1 J 8 (σ1 σ2 σ3 )4 = 1 V G R D]J E GE I@D^Y
N; ; 9 S
DFD T E
 2
 σ1 = σ32
(σ σ )3 = 1
 1 2 2
(σ1 σ2 σ1 ) = 1.
l; ; 5m6?@5 5 ;L9 5 6 L ; 9 5 6 5m6?@5 5 6 L ; 9 6=; ?@; 6? 6
I<R | G K 84R D]J E [ T 1 CG C@G k@R=JE]84R D]J E G G T J
(σ1 σ2 )3 (σ3 σ2 σ12 σ2 σ3 ) = (σ1 σ2 σ3 )4 = 1,

; l ?<5\9 6?@5 5 6 ;L9 5M? 5
G (σ1 σ2 )3 = 1 V ["k%Y k@R=JE]8R D`J E G:[ T J\| (σ1 σ2 )3 = σ12 σ2 σ12 σ2 ,
; 2 66=?@5 5 6 ;L9 2 ?<; 6=? 6
G
−1 −2 −1
σ1 = σ2 σ1 σ2 V W¡C R D]J E σ 3 σ2 σ1 σ2 σ3 = 1 G T G J σ32 =
; ? ? S 5 =
6 <
? 5 6 5 6 L
; 9 ;
6 @
? M
5
6 ? 9 S
σ2 σ1 σ2 [ G σ12 = σ32 [ T E]K
−1 −2 −1
E^| G c<RtG R D`J E V ¦ R EFR=8i[¡CGQE
;L9 5 5:5Z6=? 6
D^Y σ1 σ2 σ1 = σ2 σ1 σ2 [ T G J
(σ1 σ2 σ1 )2 = (σ1 σ2 )3 = 1.
l ?@5¡6=; ;L9B5 5:AB5:9%6 9 5 N2; ; l ?<5 5 ;9 ;L9@5 ;L9 S
;LN 5 \ 5 A-5\96 ;LN ;
R=GQE D
5
GXE Γ0,[4] JR JLG
9 AB5 6?@5 ;LN
DFD T G:V R E]G
l ?<5 5
D^Y
;9
K
;L9@5
1 C ;LJL9 KYeK7D`JLGG
S
D
;LNZ5 5:AB5:9%6
G R=8 R 4 [ J
;LNm; 5
D^Y
9 AB5
K7D]JLGG
6=? 6;LN
σ 1 σ2 σ3 V
l ?@5 5
R E]G D^Y
5M6 ;
K
;L9
1 C JLKY
S
R=8 R 3 [
e;65K 6? 1 C 66=JL? KY
K7D]JLGG D G J D^Y J σ 1 σ2 V R JR T
5 ;LNi; 5 9 AB5 6=? 6 ;LN 2 9 6? 6 ;LN
K7D]JLGG G R=8 R 2 [ J D^Y J (σ1 σ2 σ3 ) J 8 J σ1 σ2 σ1 VH J E`G
;L96 6 6?@5 6 6=5:AB5:9%6Z;LN6?@57c; ; ;L9 ;LNP d !Mqb6?@5 ; ;

K R=JL8<E]K G G J R DFD]JRQY IiV' EFRZK R D]D]JRQYoE`G
?<; 5 5 N2;
T | R |JDFE]8 R n ≥ 5V
()#34/
Á9ÂÀ - )#- 87 9-0)
´Á ,¾ ' À ) ) ²À )¾z¿F¾ 7 5 5:9<5 65 6 5 5 6?4N;
M0,[4] & S R=J G Jk<D K:C<RQ| G T E C@R
9@; 5 5 A 5 ; 9%6 A 6 ; 5 ;L9 6=;d6=?@5 9 5P6 5:9%6¡6 5:5 6=?N;
C R=8 R 8 JRU 8I E G CG K RR GQI 8 C E`jC REF|JD R T E C@R
9@9 A 5 5 6 ;>6?@5 5 ;L9 ;L9@5 ? ; 9%6 ]q9 5:5 6? ; 5 ;L9 6;
C C k R 8 JEFD]G:[ G R E`G D^Y GQC@K I E V 8 8i[ E]GaK RR GI 8@G
6?@5HN 66=? 6 9 5 6=?<5HAB; ? A
; 6 :
5 %
9 6 9 S
JLK J C 8 R RI E]G M0,4 ' P1 − {0, 1, ∞} → M0,[4] k%YBj%C E E
6?@5 6 ;L9M;LN 6=?<5Z6? 5:5 ; 9%6 6; 9 S 5 ; 96{;L9
kY JLK E S4 [ R I E G 0, 1, ∞ JDFDiIJLGG JBGQE D I E M0,[4] V
#/ + 9-0)#/ () +
¾(',¾ ²¾ ) üÀ z¿ {Á¿{À ) 8)#/ 34) ZÂ2Á ' ¾ )¿zÀzÂÞ¾z¿
M0,[4]
l ?@5a9@5 S ? ; ?@;%; ;LN6=?<5
E k R 8
A 9 S ; 9%6 ; 9 S 6 9%6;46 ; A ;9@9@5 6=5 5 S ;L9 6?@5 5
E`GGQE I E E`GZJ48<E]GQU[G 8<E^|#E]8#E E E T GQE I<DFY_K K 8R E
56 ;6 9 S 5:96 5 ; 9%6 6e6=?<5>A A 5 S 5\9<5 6=5 ; 9%6 e;G:6[ 56? R 6
JR T J E]JD kJG I E G-J J E JD]D^Y8 RtJ I E V J
;L9 ;L9<5Z;LN 6=?<5 5 6=?<5 A S 5Z;LN 6 9 S 5:9%6 5 ; 9%6 ;L9
D^Y G E]G E J JDFDGQE J E]JDxkJLG I E G M0,4 V
63 87 #/
) ²¾ Â2À
02,- 2 À Á [ 576
S k JGQI
5 ?<5 5 6=?N2; A 5 ; 96
R T E C@R JRU 8I E G x 1 [ x2 [ x3
9 5 9 6 ;L9 6=?<5 9@; 5 5 A-; 5 6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6;LN6=?<5
J 8 x4 VHWYo8 c E E [ C R=8 R 8 8<C<DFEGI@JLK M0,[4] E`G j%C E
l5 ?<A 5 5 6=?<5 6 ;9;LN6=?<5{N A 9 S S ; ? ?
E`K DFD R¡GQI@JLK T0,4 k%Y JLK E C@DFD JI<I@E K7D]JLGG R C@I Γ0,[4] [ T E]K
5 5 S 5 S :
5 @
9 5 =
6 5 :
5 <
?
9 6 6 2
N ; L
; 9 S %
; ;
T R K:JDFDH2¦E C@R V]£ E]G R=J 8k%Y & T E]G G σi R i = 1, 2, 3 JD D IG
9 S 6=? ; S ?>6?@5aA 5 ; 9%6 9 5 5 6 5 _ 9M6?@5 5 ;
I@JLGGQE R C JRU 84I E G xi J 8 xi+1 R GQI K E^| D^YV GHE I@R |#E C@G
5 6 ;L9 5Z? 5 9 ;LA-; ? A
G K E [ T J\| J E`G RI E]G
∼ −→
Γ0,[4] → π1 (M0,[4] , ∞0).
dP; 5 5 6=?<5 5 N 9 AB5:96 5 5:9 5 576 5:5:96=?<5>; 5 5 AB; 5
T | R\[ R E`G-J C 8@J JD 8#EF R K k T R=8 R 8 8#C@DFE QG IJLK
9 6=?<5 9<; 5 5 5 5{6;d6=?<5P; N; 6 6
5P;LN
M0,4 J 8 C R=8 R 8GQIJK M0,[4] = M0,4 /S4 [8#C Rk<E D]8G RCK C@R
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ ô'ô
? ? N L 5
; A6=?@5aN 6 6? 6
H ; 5 9@;6
% 6{N : 5 5 ;L9 \ z
M0,[4] T E]K JRE]G R G
JLK J Γ0,[4] 8 G JLK R DFY T0,4 V j%C<EF|J
5:9%6 9 5 N 5\5 ;L9 6 9 5Z? 5 9457 6 5 5:9 5
D DFY[GQE K Γ0,4 JLK G R D^Y T0,4 J 8 T J\| J JLK G j C K
1 → Γ0,4 ,→ Γ0,[4] → S4 → 1,
6?@5Z; 6 6 N; 5 5 5 ;5 9@;6 56{N 5:5 ;L9
D]8MG RCK Rk<E GHk K:JC@G S4 8 C@R JRE]G
G JLK R D^Y M0,4 V
5
96=?@5 ;L9;LNm; N; N 9 AB5:9%6 S ; S 5\9 6 5:N2; 5
T
a%5 ¤ 6 ;L9 GJ E 6=? 6 8#E]GK:C@GGQE
? ;
Rk<E D]8
9 5
C 8@J
\
5
9 6 5
JD
=
6 ?
R C<IG
;
E^|
L
; N
1 ;C; G k NH6=?<R 5
S S
K E
5
%<VF£LV]£ 9@;6 J
; 9%6 9;
GQCK J
N;
R C@IK:J
; 9%6 5
k
?
E]8
6
EFc 8 T E
;6 ;
J
dR C@I
; 5 5
D I@GE
96?@5 5
k@JLG I E E`G J Rk@E D]8I E [E&V V][ JLG REF|E]JDE]G R I%YV T | R\[E K:JLG
;LN 5 5 ; 9%6"? 9<;L9%6 ;6 ; S ; 9 ]q9 5\5 5766 9 S
M0,[4] [ | RQY-I E JLG"J RE^|#E]JD@E`G R I%YGQC<k R C<IE Γ0,[4] V 8 8x[D E
9 6?@5m6=? 5\5Z5 5:AB5:9%6
σ41 = σ3 σ2 σ1 σ2−1 σ3−1 [ σ24 0
= σ3−1 σ2 σ3 J 8 σ13 = σ2 σ1 σ2−1 [ R D G
−1
a = σ1 σ3−1 , b = σ13 σ 0 24 and c = σ41 σ2−1
5o5 ; 9%6Z;N 5 ?@; 6? 66=?<5 5e5 5:AB5:9%6 5 ;LN"; 5 9
JDFDc | QR YI E T0,4 Vm¤ G T J G D GaJR JD]D R=8 R [xJ 8
;LA-A 6=5 9 ; 6=?@5 6;L9<5 5 5H6?@5{N 6"6? 6 2 2 9 ? ?
K C E Γ 0,[4] V¦ R c@R=G [ T C@G JLK J σ 1 = σ 3 E Γ 0,[4] [ T E]K
5 96?@5 S ?;L96?@5A 9 S S ; ; 5 l ?<5\9 6-N; ;
T G=J T E IJRtJ R=JI JI<I@E K7D]JLGG R C@IJk | V [E DFD T G
5 6 N ;LA 6 9 S 6=?<5 57 5 ;L9 6=? 6{6=?<5d;6=?<5 6 ;5 5:AB5:9%6 5d;LN; 5
8#EFR K DFY R T RE E EFR I@R GGQE G J R T D GJR R=8 R
6 ; 9 5 9N 6 9 −1 −1 e
; 5 <
? ; =
6 ? 6
T [xGQE K

5 9¢z
E JLK b = σ2 aσ2 J 8 c = σ3 σ2 aσ2 σ3 V
S ; ;LN
Γ0,[4] V¤
5 6 ?<; 6=? 6
T T
]q9N G 6
T J
9 S ;L9
ha, b, ci
6?@5
E]GJ D E GQC@k R C@I c<RtG G T J ab = c V JLK [%C@GQE DFY
5 6 ;L9 5 ?@5 6=? 6
k<R=JE]84R D]J E G\[ T K K=U J
ab = σ1 σ3−1 σ2 σ1 σ3−1 σ2−1 = σ12 σ3−2 σ3 σ2 σ1 σ3−1 σ2−1 σ3−1 = σ12 σ3−2 c,
9 6=? 5 6=; 9 5 l ? 5-? 5 ; 9 5
J 8 E]GZE]G jCJD c GQE K σ12 = σ32 V C@G\[ T J\| ab = c [G abab = 1 GQE K
;LN ; 5 ; 9 5 9 5;LN ; 5 ; 9
ab = b−1 a−1 = ba GQE K a J 8 b JR
c E`G
;LA-A
R=8 R
6=5 l ?
[G
?<;
T G
6=? 6
ha, b, ci E]G{J
5 9M¢z S ;
R=8 R [G a J 8 b
K
e; C V 5 E]G{G
9 S 5 ;LA
J
5:65 5
D E
6 ;L9;LN 6=?<5;
GQC<k R C<IV
N2; 6 6 5;LN
\ 5
T T
; 9%6-;LN
K\J E^|
M0,[4] E]G-J
JK
I<D
9 ;
8 GK7REFI E
N; ; 9%6 96=?<5
Rk<E D]8G RCK C@R
5:9 56? 6 6-? 9<;L9%6
M0,[4] V
| RQYI E Rk@E D]8I E E G G J E JLG R=E^|E`JD
;6 ; 9 l ?@5 5 9<;L9<z S 5:9@5 ; N; ; 96 5{6=?<5 A S 5 ;LN6=?<5
E]G R I%YBE Γ 0,[4] V GQI K7E]JD RE]K Rk<E D]8I E G"JR E J G
; 9%6 6=? 5 6;LAB; ? A S ; S 5:9 9 l ?@5-6=? 5:5 ; 9%6
I E G T E GQI K7E]JDJC RI E]G R C@I E^| E M0,4 V R I E G x =
;L9 6? ?@5 6;LAB; ? A S ; ;LNi; 5 6; 9 S 5
1/2, 2, −1
; 9%6;L9
M0,4 T E
9 6=?<56 ;
8<E 8<R=JDJC
; 9%6 ;L9
RI E]G R C@I
6=? 5
R=8 R dIJLGG
6=;AB; ?
JeGQE
A S ;
D
I E M0,[4] [LJ 8 T I E G j, j M0,4 T E GQI K7E]JD<JC RI E`G R C<I
;LN; 5 ;LAB; ? 6=; 6; 9 S 5 ; 9%6d;L9 l; ; ; S
R=8 R£ )E]G RI E]K A4 IJLGG JMGQE D I E M0,[4] V I D E]K:JDFD^Y[
?<5 5 6?B;L9<5 A 9 S ; 9%6 6 9 9 6 b 6 ; N2; 6 6 5 S 5:9
M0,[4] E`GJmGQI R T E E`GGQE I E J E c E Y E G Rk<E D]8-G RCK C<R E]G EF|
6=?<5 5{6 ; 5 ; 96 9 6?@5 S 5:9@5 ;6 ; S ;
6 5 ?
kY G T GQI K7E`JDI E GJ 8 RE`KHE]G R I%Y R C<I Z/2Z × Z/2Z J JLK
; 9%6
I E V
l ? 5 9<;6 A 6;a6=?<5{AB; 5{;LN5 6 5 S 5\9 6=?<5
E]G"GQIJLK E]G 8<E]GGQE EFD`JR 8<C<D]EGQIJLK DFD]EFI E]KK7C@RQ| G:[ EF| JLG
;6 5:96Z;LN6?@5-l5 ?@A 5 5 ? ? S 96=?< 5 h; 9 5 ? N`z
jC E E]K DFD RdGQI@JLK T1,1 [ T E]K E]GZJ JE E K\JRC@I<I R JD
9@5 6?@5 6 ;L9;LN b 6 ;; 5 ?<5 5 6?;L9@5A 9 S ; 9%6 9
6 ;
I<D]J
T
[%k%Y
5 JLK E
; 9%6 9
SL2 (Z) E D U#GDFEFU JGQI
6=?<5 5 9@;9%6 ;6 ;
R T E
S ; 6"5 5
E`GGQE I E
; 9%6 ;L9
J 8
GQI K:E]JD I E G:[%J 8 R E]GJ RE^|#E]JDE]G R I%Y R C<IJ | RQY-I E [ DFY
6 6 9 6=5 ;LN ]9 5:5 N 5:9@;65 6=?@5 5 5
E E]G 1 CG × 0
Z/2Z E G JL8 Z/2Z Z/2Z V 8 8i[ E M 1,1 8 G R 8#CK 8
; N2; ;LNP5 6 5 5M? 5 9; N2; ;LA-; ? A
Rk<E D]8 DFDFEFI E`KMK7C@RQ| G:[ T J\| J R=k<E D]8E]G RI E`G M01,1 ' M0,4 /S3 [
;6?M;LN6=?<5 5Z; N2; ? 9 S ;AB; ? 6;
k G Rk@E D]8<G J\|E π1 E]G RI E`K PSL2 (Z) V
ô'ò uu´
µ
0@Á ¿ À ) ÂÀzÂü¾z¿

S0,[4]
6=?<5 ;L9;LN6?@5; N2; N 9 AB5:9%6 S ;
WY 8<E]GK7CGGQE R=k<E D]8 C 8@J JD R C<I
S 5:9 6 5:N2; 5 a%5
6 ; 9 5 :
5 B
5 =
6 ? 6 9
5
6 @
? 5 5 @
9 L
;
9 6
; 6 ;
E^|
;
1QC@6PG 5 k ? R ; 9%6PK ;LN E %<VF£LV]£L[ N T 5 G 665\A J 6P6GQ; E K 5:96 N R 6=E]?<G5 J 5:9@5 R6 E^|#9 E]JD"5 E]G 5:ABR 5:9%I%6 Y
S S S
R C<IoJ JLK I E M0,[4] [@E T J I E]8 E Y R=J E D G
;LN 6? ;; ;L96?@5AB; 5 ; 6=? ;9
σ1 , σ 2 , σ 3 Γ0,[4] T E D I@G 8#C@DFEmGQIJLK M0,[4] R>I@J G M0,4
5 6 9 6 9@;L9#z 5 ; 9%6 5 9<;6 5 56=; 6 9 S ?
k@JLG 8J J T T EFDFD σ1
N ;LA [5:J6 R=k<E R=J?@RQ; Y 6=? GQI 5: K:E]JDI 6 E [ ; 9 S ;L9
k Jk@D
AB576
8#E`G E
5
C<E`G
6=?<5
R σ3 V C@GG T E]G I@DFE]K:E DFY[ T RUE M0,4 )I@JR=J REF 8 kY
9 S 5 5 6=?46?@5 5 ; 96 −→
GQE D |JRE]Jk@D x [ T E kJLG I E ∞0 V
5 6 A-5:6 5d6?@5d6 6 9 ?@; 9 9M6=?@5dN2; ; 9 S S 5
¤ c<R=G IJR=J RE] T E`G G σ 1[ σ 2 J 8 σ3 [G T E DFD T E c C@R [
5 6 ;L946?@5 ?<5 5 9 h ; ; 6 ;$
O 9
8#EFR K DFY GQI R [<JLGHE R I GE E V %#V %<V
π it
(1/2)(1+e ) 1−t )
1 + i(____
t
σ2
σ1
1 x 0 1 x
8
0
8
π it
1 − i ( 1−t )
t
____
(1/2)(1−e )
t
____
x+i 1−t ( )
σ3
0 1 x
8
1−t
x−i ____
t ( )

! "!
σ 1 σ2 σ3
#
5Z; 6 9
¤ k JE 

 σ1 = − 12 eπit + 21 , 12 eπit + 12 , ∞, x



 t 1−t
σ2 = 0, 1 − i ,1 + i ,x
 1−t t



 1−t t
 σ3 = 0, 1, x − i ,x + i .
t 1−t
9 S 9 S 6=?<5 5 AB576 6 L ; 9 6=;6=?<5 6 9 N2; A 5
WRE E G I@JR=J REF \J E G-kJLK=U G J 8<JR=8 R 0, 1, ∞, f (t) [ T
9
c 8 
−πit 1 πit 1

 σ 1 = 0, 1, ∞, e x + 2 e − 2



 x −i(2t2 − 2t + 1)


σ2 = 0, 1, ∞, ·
tx − t − (1 − t)i 1 − t − it



 (1 − t)x + it t − tx + (1 − t)i


 σ3 = 0, 1, ∞, .
it2 + i(1 − t)2
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ ô
l ?<5 5m6? 5:5 6? 5 ?@; 9 9 S 5 ?@5 5 6 9 5 5\5:9>6=? 6 9

5
G R IJ GHJR G
5m6=;B?@;LAB;6=;
T
6?
E ¦E @C R %<V [ T R E K:J k G J σ1 J 8 σ3
S
E^| RE`G I<E`KmIJ G V
:
j
σ1=σ3
8
0 1
−j
σ2

*
*!
σ 1 σ2

σ3

0,4
#
2{¿ ) fÁ¿zÀ()#/ + ¾2(' S 5 ?@; 6?@5 6? 5:5 5:?@9-6 6 9

¦E C<R %<V G T G R & T E]G G σ1 [ σ2 J 8 σ3 JLG
6=? ;L9 6 6 9 N ;LA 6=?@5a6 9 S 5:9%6 5 ; 9%6 −→ l ?<5 5 ?@; 9 9
I@J G M0,4 [G JR E S R J E`JDk@JLG I E ∞0 V YoJR G T E
; 9<5 b 6?@5 6 9 ? N`z 5{N ;LA 6?@5 5 ; 9%6 −→ 6=;Z6=?<5 5 ; 9%6 −→
k D]8-D]E G σ1 E]G E Y JD K7EFR=K:D R kJLG I E ∞0 k@JLG I E ∞1
9>6?@5m9@; 6?@5 94?<5:A ?@5 5 9 6 9 S ? 5aN ;LA 6 5

−1
R [ σ3 E]G E 8<E]G E E &JLG T GJ T [ σ1 σ3 E`G
E
9
E |#E]GQEFk@D
5
R
JLGHJ-IJ
R
6?
E]GI
[<J 8 σ2 E`G
9 6?@5
D]JR
S 5
IJ
C@E]G Jk<D
6?4N ;LA −→ 6; →
R
R
∞0
−
10 V
l ?@5 6=? 9 9@5 ?<; 6=?<5 5 6?@5 9@5 5 S A-5\96N ;LA 6=; 9 6=?@5 5
E DFE GG T R JDJ E`G:[ DFE G R 0 j [J 8 K7C@RQ| G
? ? 5P6?@5 A S 5 ;LNx6? 9@5 5 S AB5:96 9 5 6=?<5 S ; ;LN 6;LAB; ? A
T E]K JR GQE E J G E]G¡DFE G C 8 R R C@I JC RI E]G G
;LN 5:9@5 6=5 9 l ?<5 5
M0,4 = P1 − {0, 1, ∞} [ S R=J 8k%Y z 7→ 1 − z J 8 z 7→ 1/(1 − z) V G
5 5 9%6; 5 S ;L9 5 ?_;LN ? ? N 9 AB5:9%6 ;A 9_N2;
K7C<R| Gm8#E^|#E]8 M0,4 E GQE R E G:[ JLK T E]K E]GZJ C 8@J JD8 JE R
6?@5 6 ;L9M;N ;L9
JLK E S M 0,4 V
]9 ; 5 6=;
4
5 5 5:9%6 9 ;; ;9 5 6 ?<; 9 S 5
R=8 R R I<R G σ1 J 8 σ2 JLGD IG M0,[4] [ T c<RtG G T [E ¦E C@R G
9 6?@5 6=? 9 6 6 9 S N ;LA 6=?<5 B6 9 S 5\96 5 ; 9%6
; 6 9<5

%<V aJ 8 %<V <[ 6?@5 GQA E IJ 5 ;LG N σ6=1?<5 J 8 σ29 G JR E 9 R
S 5
GE
9 5 6?@5
J E]JDk@JLG I E
6;LAB; ? A
G\[
k JE 8oJLG E J G σ1 J 8 σ2 E ¦E S C@R %<V C 8 R JC RI E]G
S ; ;LN
R C<I M0,4 V
e; 6=; 5:56?@5 ;%; ;L9 5 5 5 6Z;9@5N 9 AB5:9%6 ;LA 9 9 5
T [ G D IG M0,[4] [ T G D K C 8<J JD8 JE [J 8MCG
;L9 6=?<5a6 5d;LN6?@5 6? 9 9 S 9 5 6 5 9 ? 6 ?<; 9 9
D^Y R=JLK IJ G σ1 J 8 σ2 DFYE E GQE]8 E V ¤ c 8 T J E]GG T E
S 5 ?<5 5 5 5 5:9%6=5 6=? ?@5 5 eP; 5A 5
¦E C<R %
<V <[ T
5\96 N 9 S 6?@56 ;5 S 5
R σ1 E]GdR I@R G
;Na6?
8 T E
;LA
8<JLG
9
8K7C<R| G:V
;LA 9 S ; 6>;LNa6?@5
T [ T
; 9%6
JU M0,[4]
9
kYE]8 E Y#E T 8 G E]G48 JE K E C I E j [J 8
N; 9 S 6?@5 5 5 S A-5\96 9? N 9 ? 9 S 6 9 S 9 S 66; S 576=?@5
D]8<E R JDG (0, 1) E JD [I@E K E J 1/2 J 8 D]C<E E R\V
l ? 5 5 6=?@5e; N2; 6 6 5e;LN ?<5 5 6=?_;L9<5e?@; 9 6 ;
9 ?<5
E]GmR | JD]G
; N;
Rk@E D`8G RC@K C@R
; 96 ;LA 9 S N ;LA
M0,[4] JLGmJ>GQI
j J 8 1/2 [J 8
9 9
R
6=?@5
T E
6=?
D]8J 8
9
T
I@E K 8 Rk@E D]8MI E G{K E R I@J G σ1 J 8 σ2 I@JLGG
6;B6?@5 ;; ?<; 9 9 S 5
D I@G{G T E ¦E C@R %<V]£ V
9 5{9<;6=5H?<; A ?AB; 5H9 6 6 6=; ;9 5 6?@5 9 6=5H; 5 ;;
¦E JDFDFY[ T T CK R J C<R=JD@E E]G K GQE]8 R c E R=8 RXD I@G
9 S 5:9@5 6=; ;LN6=?<5N 9 A-5\96 S ; ;LN b 9 5\5 6?@5 5
σ1 σ2 J 8 σ1 σ2 σ1 JG R=J RtG C 8@J JD R C@I M0,[4] E 8 8x[ G
ô uu´
µ
j
σ1=σ3
0 1
8
−j

* !

*!
σ1

0,4
#
8
8
0 1
−j
σ2

* !

*!
σ2

0,4
#
σ
2
σ1
0 1/2 1

1 !
σ1

σ2

*

#
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ ô2õ
j j
glue
σ2 glue
σσ
2 1 fold
fold
σ1 σ1
σ1σ2σ1
0=1 0=1
1/2 1/2
glue glue

# ! # * #

1
# 2
σ σ M0,[4]
!

σ 1 σ1 σ2 σ1
σ 2 σ1 0,[4]
;; ?@; 9 S 9 5 5 6{6=?<5 9 657zq; 5 ;%; ; 9 9 S 6=?<5d6 ;

D
5
IG:[G
;
T ¦E @
N;
; 9%6
E
C R %<V]£L£L[JR 1QCG c E R=8 R{D IGPGQC@RR C 8#E T
GQI K:E]JD Rk<E D]84I E G:V

0- 8)/ / ,-
'Á ) ²¾ ) l ?<5 ?@; 5;LN
T
5
M0,[4] E]GJGQI K:E]JDD K7CG E
; 96=?<5 5\9 56=? 65 5 ; 9%6
D G G J | RQYdI E
94; N2; ; 9%6H;LN S ; 6=? S ; 5 9 S :
5 %
9 6 5 =
6 >
? 6=?<5
E]GHJ
5 9¢z
R=k<E D]84I E
S ; ;LN
R C@I Z/2Z × Z/2Z [
S4 V I@JR R
_ 6N ;LA 6=?@5 5 S 5\9<5
E`G R C@I>k E
6=;AB; ?
E`8
A
EFc 8 T E
S ; 5
D E GQC<k R CJR T I E G
? ? 5H6?@5 A S 5 ;LN6=?<5 ; 9%6 9 9 9 6=?<5 5{6 ;
T E]K JR E J G I E G {1/2, 2, −1} J 8 {j, j} E M0,4 [J 8 G T
; 9%6 ? 5 ; 65 ;6 ; S ; 9 5 5 6 5
I E G J\| JG=G K:E]J 84E]G R I%Y R C@I D4 J 8 A4 R GQI K E^| D^YV
x( ( 4 . . 0
.
@/ . 1 L( _
GBJ
6; ; ; S
I D E`K:JDHGQIJLK [
5 6?@54AB;
8<C<D]E
5 ;LN;L9@57z ; 9%65 6=; 5 5 6 5 ?@;LA-5\;LA-; ? 6; l ?
GQI@JLK M I E 8 R=E)E&V V][ DFDFE]I E]KaK7C@RQ| G E]G RI E`K C V E]G
;6 5:9%6{;LN6=?<¤ 5 h; 9
1,1
5 5 6 5 5 6=?<5 5 ? Nz 9<5
E]GHk K:JC@G E E]GHR JDFE] \Jk<D JLG j%C E E K:JR ZC@I<I R JD I@D]J H k%Y
6?@5 6 ;L9M;N 5:9
JLK E SL2 (Z) S E^| k%Y

az + b N; a b
z 7→ R ∈ SL2 (Z).
cz + d c d
_ N 9 AB5:9%6 ;LA 9N; 6? 6 L ; 9? 6?@5N A ? 5 ?<; 9 9 S 5
T
C 8@J
6?
JD8 JE R
_ E]GJLK
E J G
L
6=?<5
J EFD]E]JReG JI G E ¦E @C R
%<;LVF£ A T 9 E 96j? = exp(2πi/6) 5 ; 5
V GaC@GQCJD&[
6?6=?<5
S
8 JE E E]Gdc C@R E`GdR DFD 8C<I T E
6 ; 5 6 5 S 5 5\96 5 9 6?@5 ;LN
T | R E]K:JD 8 GmE]8 EFc 8_J 8 JR=K
6?@5 ; 9 5N ;LA 6; 5\96 5
k C 8@JRQYK7EFR=K7D R j2 i E]8 EFc 8
6?a6=?<5 N ;LA 6; l ? A 5 6=?<5XN 9<z
T E JR=K R i jV E]G JU G C
AB5:9%6 ;LA 9 5 6?@5 5 ;
8<J JDx8 JE JI<I JRR=J R¡DFEFU JeG KtU[
6? 6=;%5 6 9 ; 9%65 ?@5:5 6
T E J J j J 84JBI E 8 DJ iV
(' ' )¿ ) ,+ -0/1)
`Â/Â ¾ ' l ?@5A + #2 9 S
JI@I<E K7D]JLGG
S ; ;LAB; ? 6;B6?@5 ;6 5\96
R C<I Γ 1,1 E`GHE]G RI E]K j%C E i
0 j2 j
Diff(S1,1 )/Diff (S1,1 ),
?? 9 6
4 9 ;LAB; ? 6=; q] 6
T
E]G
E]K
S :5 9@5
E
R=J
6 5

C<R
8k%Y
E]G{E]G
6?@5e6 ;
T
R I ]E K

&
5 ?@96
:
PSL2 (Z) V
6 9
T E]G G a J 8

*
-1
0 !

1
1,1
#
ô7 uu´
µ
;L9 S 6?@5 ;; 5 9 96?@5 S 5 ; ? ? 9 5 5:9%6 5 6=?o6?@5

b JD D I@G 9 α
C<R J 8 β E c k D T [ T E]K K\J k E]8 EFc 8 T E
A 6 1 5 1 0 1 9 S 6 N 6=?@5 5 6 ;L9 9 3
J RE]K G 0 19 J 8 1 5 ["G6J ; E`G Y#E 5 R D]J E G aba = bab J 8 (ab) = 1 V
l 9 S −15:9@
S S 6=?<5N A N 5:5 S 5:@9 5 6 ;L9;LN
JUE aba J 8 ba JLG PSL2 (Z)
9 5 5:AB5:9%6{;LN;
4 5 9 R=J ;L9<R=G5a;E^N| ; G 5
J EFDFE]JR R R=J E
kY4J D R 8 R
t J 8 R=8 R %<V

!

*

! !

Γ1,1
#
d; 5 5 6=?<5 5 9 9%65 5 6 9 S 6 576 9 ; 9 S 6?@5 5:9%6 6 ;L9_;LN

T | \ R [ R E]GmJ E R G E GQC<k D YE | DF|E E]8 EFcK:J E M1,1
6?6=?@5 ;6 5:9%6;Nm6=?<5l 5 ?<A 5 5 6=?@5oA 9 S S ;
T E jC E E]K DFD R4GQIJLK T1,1 k%Y JI@I@E K7D`JG=G R C<IV
e AB5 6=?<5l 5 ?@A 5 5 6=?@5§h; 9 5 ? Nz 9@5 9 5
J DFY[ E]K DFD RZGQI@JLK T1,1 E]G E K:JR dC<I@I R JD I@D]J H [J 8 T
; 5o6? 6 6=?@5 ;6 5\96>;LN a 9 5 −1 0 6
GJ T Jk | J M1,1 E]G j%C E T1,1 kY SL2 (Z) V E K 0 5:−1 JK G
6 ;L9 6=?<5 ;6 5\96 9 5 9%6
RE^|#E]JD]D^Y T1,1 [ j%C E G T1,1 /SL2 (Z) J 8 T1,1 /PSL2 (Z) JR E`8 E]K:JD¡JLG
6; ; ; S 5 66=?<5 59@;6 5:9%6 ; N; l ?@5oN 9 A-5\96
I D E`K:JDGQIJK G:[Hk<C YJR E]8 E]K\JDJLG Rk<E D]8@G:V C 8@J JD
S ; ;LN 6 ;LAB; ? 6=; 9 6?@5Z?@;LAB;AB; ? A
R C<I M1,1 E]G{JLK C@JDFD^Y4E]G RI E]K SL2 (Z) [@J 8 RI E`G
π1 (Mg,n ) → Γg,n
? ? 9 ;LAB; ? A ? 5 9<5 946? 57 5 6 L ; 9 5

T E]K E]G{C@GQCJDFD^Y4J E]G R=I E]G JLGHJ-U R D E
x E]G K I E JDK:JLG V
()34/
Á¼Â2À - )#- 87 9-0)
´Á ¾ ' À ) ) ²À )¾z¿ ¾ 7 ]q6 ; 6 9@5 9 S 6=?<5PA 9 S
M1,1 E`G k JE 8k%YJL8@8#E E]GGE
; 9%6H6; ; 5Z? 5
6 ; ; ; S 5
I E M1,1 [<G T J0| M1,1 ' P1 C JLG I D E]K:JDGQIJLK G:V
#/ + 9-0)#/ 1) ,+
¾(',¾ ²¾ ) À z¿ {Á¿zÀ ) 8)#/ 34) ZÂÁ ' ¾ )¿zÀzÂ ¾z¿
M1,1
l ?<5 9%65 5 6 ;L9 ;LNm6=?<5
E R=G K E
9<5 S ? ; ?<;; ;LNd6?@5A A 5 S 5:9<5 65 ; 9%6 ;L9 6=? 6?@5 5
E k R 8 J E JDFDFY 8 R=J I E ∞ M1,1 T E GQIJLK
; 9%65 ; 5\N; 5B6=?<5 5BA 6 5B6 ;M6 9 S 5:9%6 5 ; 9%6
M1,1 E]GdJMI E 88#E]GU[G JLGak R R CG k T J E]JD"kJLG I E G\V
56 5¡6?@56 ;m? Nz 5 S AB5:9%6 9 ?<5 5 N2; ;LAB5
¤ JU T JD G G iλ J 8 1/2+iλ T R λ ∈ (Λ, ∞) RG Λ 0[
9 5 5:9@;65{6?@5:A −→ 9 −→ 5 5 6 5 9 9 ; S 6?6=?<5P9<;6 6 ;9 → −
J 8 T 8 k%Y ∞i J 8 ∞j R GQI K E^| D^YE J JD Y T E J E 01
5 A 5 S AB5:9%6 N ;LA 6; 9 N ;LA 6;
2E&V V][@G JDFD G G R ∞ T JR=8@G i J 8 R ∞ T JRt8<G V i
63 87 #/ ) ²¾ Â2À
02,- 2 À zÁ l ?@5 5 6=?@5m; N2; 9 5 6?@5
GQI@JLK M 1,1 E]G R=k<E D]8 T 1,1 /SL2 (Z) V 8 R
6 ;L9;N 5 5 ; 96P;LN #5 ;L9<5d5 5:AB5:9%6;LN 9 AB5
JLK E SL2 (Z) [ | RQY4I E T1,1 E]GHc 8MkY D SL2 (Z) [ J D^Y
6?@55 5\A-5\96 −1 0 9 6?@5"6 ; ; 9%6 9 5 5 S ; ;AB; ?
D
[ J 8 T I E G i J 8 j
J R c d
8
k d
Y
G <
C k R <
C
I
G ]
E G
R I E`K
6; 9 0 1 5 5 6 5 a;d6?@5P; N; ;L9 5 5 96? ?
Z/4Z J 8 Z/6Z R GQI K EF| D^YV Rk@E D`8 M1,1 K GQE]8 R 8E E]G T J\Y JLG
9<;L9%6 6=;LAB; ? A ;LN; 5 6P5 5 ; 9%6 9 6 ; 6 ;L9 5
J REF|E`JDJC RI E]G R=8 R J | RQYMI E J 8 T JL8<8<E E JDGQI K7E`JD
; 9%6 l ?@5 6=;LAB; ? A S ; ;LNH5 ? ; 9%6 5 6;o6?@5 6;LAB; ? A
I E G\V JC R=I E]G R C@I JLK I E E]G jCJD JC RI E]G
S ; ;LN6=?<5 ;LAB; ? A ;LN 5 6 5 ; 6=5 6=;-6? 6 ; 9%6
R C<I E]G RI E]G K:D]JLGG DFDFEFI E]KK7C@RQ| GHJLGG K7E]J 8 J I E V
a 9 5 −1 0
#5 5 ? ; % 9 6{;LN 6?@5 5 9 6 5 6 L ; 9
E K 0 −1 c G JLK I E H[ R E]GPJ J C<RtJDGQC<R,1 K E
M1,1 ' T1,1 /SL2 (Z) → T1,1 /PSL2 (Z) ' M0,[4] (3.2.1)
? ? ;L9 6 9MN; S 5:6Q6 9 S 6=?<5 6=;LAB; ? A ;LN; 5 6{5 ? ; 96
T E]K K GQE]G G{E R E JC RI E]G R=8 R J JLK I E V
0@Á ¿BÀ )ÂÀzÂ§¾z¿ S1,1
c;L9 5 6=?<5{6 9 S 5:9%6 5 ; 9%6 −
i∞
→ ;L9
M1,1 E E]G
b 6 6=?<5
GQE]8 R J E`JDkJLG I E
5 A S 5 9 5
;
N
6 @
? a
5 6 9 S \
5
9 6 5 ; %
9 P
6 L
; 9 ? ? 6 5
N 6=?<5
I<R E J C 8 R,%<V V]£ J E]JD kJG I E M0,[4] T E]K E`G{E G D
A S
5 L
;
N =
6 <
? 5 6 9 6 9 S :
5 %
9 6 5 ; %
9 6 L
; 9 5
E J GE G J 8@JR=8 J E`JD kJG I E G P1 − {0, 1, ∞} = M0,4 V ¤
576=5 A 9@5¡6=?<5 6? ;L9 5 6 − → ; 5 ;L9 9 S 6;Z6?@5 5\?<9e6 6
T EFDFD8
9
R
;L9 S 6=?@5 ;;
E IJ G
9
M1,1 [Lk@JLG 8BJ i∞ [K RR GQI
;LN 5 9 ;Z6?@5
8#E
6=? ;
& 5 ;L9 T E]G 9 G
S S
a J 8 b JD D IG α J 8 β ¦E C<R %#V]£ %<[%J 8BJD`G I@J GXK RR GQI 8#E
6; 9 l ; ;-6=? 9 5 ;L9<57zf6;zq;L9<5ZA 6 5 6=; 6
aba J 8 ba V 8 E`G:[GQE K , %<V VF£ E`GPJ 9 JIi[@E GQ C K G G C@8#Y
6?@5 6=? ; 5 ;L9 9 S 6=; ;L9 l ?<5 6P6 ;;LN
I@J GPK R=R GQI 8#E σ 1 [ σ2 [ σ1 σ2 σ1 J 8 σ2 σ1 M0,[4] V c@R=G T
6?@5 5 5 ?@; 9 9 S 5 9 6?@5 5 ;L9 6 ; 9 S 5
G JR G T E ¦E C<R %<V]£ J 8 G K 8 T E ¦E C<R %<V]£L£LV
72 Á z¿ gÁ¿zÀ ) 1)#/ + #2 #7 ¾ (' ¾ e;
8
M T
;L9 5 1 1
9 1 0
1,1S 5\9<5 z j i
8
GQE`8 R a = 0 1 J 8
8
K 1 JLG R=J
6; ;LN 6=?@5 6=? 9;LN −1 l ?<5
R=G SL2 (Z) RtJ R J PSL2 (Z) V
6=? ;L9 ; 5 ;L9 9 S 6=;6?@5 S 5\9<5 z
I@J G M1,1 K RR GQI 8<E R=J
6; 0 1 9 1 1 ;N 6?@5
R=G aba = −1 0 J 8 ba = −1 0
N 9 AB5:9%6 S ; ;LN ;; 6=?@5 A-5
C 8@J JD R C@I M1,1 D U GJ JLG
S 5 9 5
6 @
? 5 L
; 9 5 :
5 9 5 =
6 ?@5 9<z
c C@R %#V]£L£HGQE K D^Y-8<EF R K E`G E
5Z; N; 6 6 5 6 5 5 ; 9%6 5:5
|E`GQEFk<D Rk<E D]84G RCK C<R J | RYI E &G
S 5 ¢
¦E C<R
e;6=5m%<6VF£? 6 V 9@9 9 S ;L9 S 6?@5 ;%; ; 9
J RC E JD D IoJR C 8
9 6?@5:96=?<5 ;; ; 9 S 5 ;;
j J 8 D I JR C 8 i E^| GJ_D I
?<;LAB;6; 6;6=?@5 A 9 S ; 9 6
I@E]K G JDFDmRE JR C 8 ∞ J
6?@5o6=; ;6? 66=?@5 ;; ; 9 ;LN
I[{JD]G J D I JR C 8 j E]G
; 5 9 6=?<5 ;; ; 9 ;LN; 5 ¢
R=8 R J 8 D IoJR C 8 i E`G R=8 R V i

0- 8)/ / - 'Á ) ²¾ ) l ?<5 ?@; 5";LN
T
6=?@5 57z
; N2; ; ;LN
D
M 1,1 E]G
9Z6=;
GQI
K7E]JD R=k<E D]8aD K7CG {±1} ∈ SL2 (Z) V I
;LN"6=? 6?@5 5 5B6 ; ; 6=5 ; 9%6 ? ?
E`G:[ R JR T E]G D]J 8I E G T E]K

56?@5 5 ; ;Nd6?@5 9 6=57zf; 5 5 57z j
JR GQI K:E]JDZD K7E c E R=8 R D 4 *
A-5\96 9 5 5 6 5

G aba J 8 ba R GQI K EF| D^YV orbifold −→ #

x(x( >. . / ,. </ . ,1 ( π 1 ( 1,1 ; i∞)

! " $&' M0,5 Γ0,5
Á )(' ' )¿,+ -0/1)ZÂ/Â + ¾#2 ' _
G
5 9 6 L ; 9 ; ;
6?@5BN A 9 S S ; 6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6
T GJ T E I@R I QG E E V %<V '[ C@DFD JI@I<E K:D]JLGG R C@I Γ0,[5] E]G j%C E
;LN{6?@5O_ 6 9 S ; ;L9 6 9 S 5\9<5 6=5 6=?<5
6 ; 5
R E
6 ;L9
k@R=JE]8 R @ C I B5
9
'G R=J 8@G:[ R=J 8k%Y σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , σ4 [k%Y
l <
? 5 5
5 6
; 9 5
5 2
T R D]J E G (σ4 σ3 σ2 σ1 ) = 1 J 8 σ4 σ3 σ2 σ1 σ2 σ3 σ4 = 1 V R JR T E]K
5 5:9%6 6 ;L9 N; 6 5 S ; L
; @
9 5 :
5 A z 5 6 ; m
6 L
; N N :
5 5
I<R G J E G RmE GmI<C@R GQC@k R C@I Γ0,5 [ JLGmJ>G E 8#EFR K I<R 8<C@K J R
S ; L
; N 9 9 N \
5 5 S ; L
; N 9 6 ; 9 <
9
; =
6 <
? 5 ? ? %
; 5 @
9
; 6 5
R C<I R=J U %ZJ 8BJ R R C<I R=J U T [J 8BJ R T E]K 8 G K7D JRD^Y
5 5 6=?<5 5:A z 5 6 ; 6 6 6 5 6 AB; 5 ABAB576 946=5 A ;LN 6=?<5
R | JD G E 8#E]R K I<R 8<C@K G RC@K C@R [<k@C E`G R G Y RE]KdE R G
6 9 l ?@5 5:A z 5 6 ; 6 5 5:9%6 6 ;L9 S 5:9 ?<5 5-6=?<5
'>G R=J 8@G:V N 6=; G
9<; A
E 8#EFR K I@R 8#CK I<R G J E E]G E^| kY F3 oF2 T R
S 5:9@5 65
R JD F3 JLK RE`G R=J 8 kY x1 = x12 [ x2 = x23 [ x3 = x24 [ x4 = x13
òó uu´
µ
9 ?@5 56=?<5 56?@5 S 5\9<5 6 ;

= 5 9<5 5 5 l ?<5:9
x5 = x34 [ T
J R8 xij JR R J
t R=G-8 c 8 JRD]E R\V Γ0,5 =
6=?46?@5ZN2; ; 9 S 5 6 ;L9
hx4 , x5 iohx1 , x2 , x3 i ' F3 oF2 [ T E D]D T E R D]J E G
 −1
 x13 x12 x13 = x23 x12 x−1
23

 x−1 x x

 23 13 = x23 x12 x23 x−1 −1
12 x23

 13
x−1
13 24 x13
x = x23 x12 x23 x12 x24 x12 x23 x−1
−1 −1 −1
12 x23
−1

 x 34 x12 x34 = x12


 −1
= x23 x24 x23 x−1 −1
 x34
 x23 x34 24 x23
x−1
34 x24 x34
−1
= x23 x24 x23 .
;
;-5 : 6
5 AB5:9%6 9 ;LN S ; 576 5 9@;65m6=?<5
: ;LA-A z
¦ DR G a J 8 b
T J R C@I[#D (a, b) = aba−1 b−1 8 E]R{K C
6 O{5 6=; 6 9 S = 6 ?<5 ; 5 5 5:9%6 6 ;L9 9>6=?<5 5 S 5:9@5 6=;
J R0V T RE E Jk | I<R G J E E c |
< R=J R=G x12 [ x23 [ x34 [ x45
9 9 9 S = 6 ?<5 5 6 ;L9 9 S 5
J 8 x51 J 8>CGQE R ]D J E G x45 = x12 x13 x23 J 8 x51 = x23 x24 x34 E^| G

 (x , x ) = 1
 12 34


 (x , x ) = 1
 23 45
 (x34 , x51 ) = 1

 (x45 , x12 ) = 1



 (x , x ) = 1
 51 −123 −1
x51 x23 x12 x34 x23 x−1 −1 −1
45 x34 x51 x45 x12 = 1.
[ 5 6=?<5 5 S 5:9 5 ;BA 9 S S ; 6; ;L9MN 5\5
EFU JDFD I@C<R CG R JI<I@E K7D`JLGG R C<IG:[ Γ0,5 E]G R=GE R V
()34/ - )6- 87 9-0)
ÁMÂ2À ´Á ¾ ' À ) ) $À )¾{¿¼¾ #7 [ 576
5:9@;65 ?@5 5 6? A 5
; 9%6 c;LA 9 6; 0,5
M
6=?<5
S8
;
JmGQI
6 9 9 6
R T E
;LN
' JRU 8
I E G x1 [ x2 [ x3 [ x4 [ x5 V k<E J RE`JD]D^Y[ 8#E^|#E]G R>J E c E Y M0,5 E`G
; 6 9<5 9 S 6=; 6?@5 ; 9%6 ; 6 9<5 9 ? 9 S ;L9@5 A 5 ; 5
k JE 8-kY-JL8<8<E M 0,5 JDFD I E G k JE 8-k%YI@E K E GQE I<D K7D G 8
;; ;L9 5:9 6=;6?@5 6 ;L9;LN 6=; ; 9%6 6? 5 6?@5 6 6 6
D I S [ S E^| C<I JLK E Γ0,5 [ JI E E]G
S
E^| G G R=J JJ
9 9 6 ;LN ; AB5:9 ;L9 9 6?@5 ; 9%6 ; 6 9@5 A 6 9@5:; 9 ? 9 S
E c E Y K 8<E GQE £ J 8 I E G k JE 8k%YGQE C@D J CGQD^YI@E K E
6 ; ; 9%6 A 5 ; 5 ;%; S 5:9 6; 5 9%6 5 ;A ; 6 ;9
T 8#E]G,1 E GE I<D K:D G 8D IGe E^| C<I Γ0,5 [E&V V][xJIJ G8 K I GE E [
6; ; 9%6
I E G:V
\ 5 A 5 ; 5 ;; ;L9 5 6?@5 576o;LNA 5 ; 9%6 9%6=;6 ;
| RQY GQE I@D K7D G 8 D I S 8<E^|#E]8 G G JR=U 8 I E G4E T
; 9%6 9 6? 5:5 ; 9%6 5 5 ;; ; 9 9 S ; ; 96 ?<;LAB;6;
I E GZJ 8 R I E GB2k K:JCG JD IGQC@RR C 8#E 0 R 1I E E`G I@E]K
6; ; 9%6 l ? S 9 S A 5 ; 5 ;; ;L9 6;6=?<5 6 ;9_;LN
J>I E V CG:[ EF|E J>GQE I@D K7D G 8D I S C@I JLK E Γ0,5 E`G
5 5\96H6=; S 9 S 6?@5m6 ; ; 9%6 9 6 5 65 N ;LA6?@5Z;6?@5 l ?
j%C<E^|JD E^|#E T I E G xi J 8 xj E G IJR=J G R R=G:V E]G
A-5 9 6=? 6X6?@5 5 5 5
? 5 ;LN ;; ;L9 \ ? ;%; ; 5 ;9
J G J R JR = 10 GQCK K:D]JLGG G D IG S V JLK D IK RR GQI 8@G
6; 6 6 A 6 9 9 6 2 ;LN ;LA 57 ; AB5:9 ;L9 ; ;LA 57 AB5:9 ;L9 ;LN
J4G R=J C J E c E Y K I<D K 8<E GQE £L[iG K I<D 8<E GQE £L[
h 9 ? 9 S ;; ; 9 9 S ; 96 9 6; ; 9%6 5A 9 S
M0,5 V E K E JMD IGQC@RR C 8#E I E G x i J 8 xj JMI E E`GaDFEFU JUE
9 ; ? 5 ? ;6=?<5 9%6 6=?<5 ; 5 5 ; ? 6 5 5 ; 9 S
xi J 8 xj JI@I@R JK JLK R4C EFD Y K JD GK [mG T J T JR 8 E E`G
9 S 6=;-6=?<5aAB; 5Z;LN ;LA-; ? A 5 ;N z&6 5 ;LN 6 9 6 ; 9%6
JL8<8<E 8<C<D]EGQIJK
6=?@5 9<5
E`G
576 ;LN
RI E`G
; 9%6
K7D`JG=G G
6=?
' C<N2;I@D G 8#E`G E K I E G
(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) £ T G G I E G T E x i = xj R 1 ≤ i < j ≤ 5 V
5>57 A 9<5>5 ?;LN 6=?<5 5 576 _ 9 S 5 ;; 6 9%6=;;L9<5 ?<5 5
¤ J E JLK G £ G G:V GQE D D IK7C G S0,5 E GQI R
6?6? 5:5MA 5 ; 9%6 9 ; 9 ;LA ;L9@5:9%6 9 9@;6?@5 6?6 ;
T E R JRU 8I E GJ 8J_k C 8<JRQYK I [¡J 8J R T E T
A 5 ; 9%6 9 ; 9 ;LA ;L9<5\96 ?@5:96=?<5 ;; 9 ?@5 6=; 5 ;
JRU 8I E GZJ 8_J>k C 8@JRYK I Va¤ D IE]GmI@E K 8 R [
54; 6 9 ?<5 5 6=?N; A 5 ; 9%6 9 ?<5 5 6=?6? 5:54A 5
T k JE J_GQI R T E C@R JRU 8I E GBJ 8J_GQI R T E R JRU 8
; 9%6 ;M6?@5 ; 5 ;L9 9 S 6 6 A 6 9 9 6 ;LAB; ? 6;
I E G\[G K RR GQI 8<E G RtJ C J E c E YE]GaE]G RI E]K M0,4 × M0,3 V
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ òñ
5 ?<; 6=? ;LAB; ? A 57 6 c;L9 5 N; 57 A 5 9%6 5 ;LA ; z

¤ G T E`G{E]G RI E]G I@DFE]K7E D^Y%V GQE]8 R R J I<D JI@J G{8 K I GQE
6 L ; 9 ?@; 5 5 S 5:9@5 6=5 ;; 5\9 ; 5 6?@5 ; 96 9 l ?<5 ; 5 ;L9 9 S
E T G 8 R=J D I K7D G G I E G x 1 J 8 x5 V K RR GQI 8#E
6 6 A ;LN ;L9 6 ;N ;LAB; ? A 5 ;LN ?<5 5 6=? 5A 5
G R=J C M0,5 K GQE]G G E]G RI E]G K7D`JLGG G GQI R G T E c#| JRU 8
; 9%6 9 6=?@5 5 ;LA-; ? A 5 5d5:9 A-5 65 6=?<5
I E G (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x1 ) [J 8 G E]G RI E`G K7D`JLGG GPJR C R=J 8Mk%Y
5 5 5:9%6 6 5 ;LN@6?@5¡N2; A ?@5 5 ;6=?<5 5 ;L9@5?
R I@R G J E^| G R (λ, 0, 1, ∞, λ) [ T R λ 6∈ {0, 1, ∞} R T E`G JLG
A A 5 S 5:9@5 6=5 ; 9%6 l ?<5 576m;LN 6 5 S 5:9<5 65 ?<5 5 ;LN6 5
J J E JD]D^Y8 R=J I E V G IJR E`JD]D^Y8 R=J GQI R G Y#I
6=? ;LAB; ? 6; 5 =
6 ; e
; =
6 ? 6
6 @
? 5 ; 6
x1 = x5 E]G CG¡E]G RI E]K P1 − {0, 1, ∞} [#E&V V][ M0,4 [#G J 8#EF|E`G RHJ
9 9 6 ;LN 6 ;L9%6 9 65\9 ; 5 ;N l ? ;A 576=5 5 5
E c E Y M0,5 JLK C@JDFD^YK JE G K I@E G M0,4 V E`GPK I@D D^Y8 GK7RE]k G
6?@5 ; A-5\9 ;L9o;L9<5 6H;LN 6?@5 ; 6 9 9 6 ;LN
M0,5 V
cK ;L9 8#E 5 GQ6E ?@5 ; IABJ5:R 9 ;L9 8#E^|#E]6 G RP; J E5 c ;L9E Y 9 S 6; A A 5 S 5:9@5 6=5
GQE]8 R K 8<E GQE I@JR [dK RR GQI 8<E J E JDFD^Y 8 R=J
; 9%6 5 96 5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 _ 9%6 5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9;L9 ;L9 6 ;LN6 ;
I E G\[E&V V][IJ G8 K I GE E G:V I@J G8 K I GQE E S K GQE]G G T
; 9%6 ;; 9 5 ? ;; A 6 ;L9%6 96 ;A 5 ; 9%6 ; 9%6 57z
8#E],G 1 E D I@G\[J 8 JK D I CG K JE T JRU 8I E G:[XG JoI@J Ge8
;LA ; 6 ;L9 9 5 5765 A 9<5 5 N 9 S 6 ; ; 96 ;LN¡A 5
K I GQE E E]GaC E]j%C D^Y8 R E 8kYGQI K7E Y#E T 8<E]G1 E I@JEFRtG JRU 8
; 9%6 AB;L9 S 6?@5 5 l ? A 5 N`6=5:5:9 9%6 5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 ; 5 ;L9 z
I E GJ c<| V E]G JU GBc I@J GB8 K I GQE E G\[¡K RR GQI 8
9 S 6=; N`6=5:5:9 ; 9%6 ;N¡A A 5 S 5:9@5 6 ;L9 l ?@5 9%6 5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 S 5:9
E c I E G J E JD8 R=J E V I@J Ga8 K I GQE E EF|
6 ; ;; ;L9@5 ; 9 9 S ; 96 9 9 6=?<5-;6=?@5 ; 96 9
kY T D I@G GQC@RR C 8<E I E G x i J 8 xj J 8 RI E G x k J 8 xl
; 5 ;L9 6;M6=?<5 5 S 5:9@5 6=5 ?@5 5 6?A 5 ; 9%6 ?6? 6
K RR GQI 8@G 8 R=J GI R T E JRU 8I E G x1 , . . . , x5 GQCK J
9 l ?<5 5 N6=5:5:9 ; 9%6 A 6 ; 5 5 6=; 6=;B; 6 9
xi = x j J 8 xk = x l V G c I E G CG JD]G k JL8@8 8 M0,5 k JE
6?@5 6 5 ;LA 6 6 ;L9 l ?<5 9 5 5 ; 9%6 ?<5 5H6=?@5 6 6 A
G Jk@D K IJLK EFc@K\J E V YK:J k |#E]GQC@JD]EF 8JLG"I E G T R G RtJ C
; 5 6? ;6? 6 9 N 6B6=?<5 6 5
xi = xj K7R GG G xk = xl [ T E {i, j} ∩ {k, l} = ∅ [ G J E JLK G Jk<D
;LA 6 6 ;L9 ; 6 9<5 9 S 65\9 ; 5 ;LN 6; e;65e6=? 6
K P1 M0,5 V
IJLK EFc@5ZK\? J E 5 E]G k JE 8kYJL8@8#E K I@E G J kY
V]£LV % [ T J\|
M0,5 ' (P1 − {0, 1, ∞})2 − hx = yi

= (P1 C)2 − hx = 0, x = 1, x = ∞, y = 0, y = 1, y = ∞, x = yi,
;a6=? 6 ; 6 9@5 N ;LA 95\A-; 6
9 S 5 5:9 9@5 9 6=?<5
G J
C@R=JDFD^Y M0,5
k JE 8 R (P1 C)2 k%YBR
E]G J|#E G | FD E G:[#J 8
6 5 ;A 6 6 ;L9 ; 6 9<5 9 S 6=5:9 9<5 6;m6=?<5 5 6 6 9-N 6
G Jk@D K IJLK E]c@K:J E E`G k JE 8-kY-JL8<8<E D]E G R QG C<D 2 E E]G:[LE JLK [
6?@5 ; ; N
X
6
6 @
? H
5 =
6 ? :
5 5 ;
9 6 <
? 5 5 =
6 <
? 5 S L
; 9 -
A \
5 5 7 6
k@D T C@I P1 × P 1 J R I E G T R 8#E]J JD G y = 0[ y = 1[
y = ∞ V
¾(',¾#/²¾ ) + 9-0)#/ () +
@À z¿ {Á¿zÀ ) ZÂ2Á ',¾()¿zÀzÂf¾z¿ 8)/34)
M0,5 ¤
5 ;9 5 ;L9 6 9 S 5:9%6
K GQE]8 R D^Y J E]JD
5 ; % 9 6 96=?<59@5 S ? ; ?@;%; ;LN¡6?@5 N65\5:9A A 5 S 5:9<5 65 ; 9%6 ;LN
k@JLG I E G E
d E k R 8 c J E JDFD^Y8 R=J I E G
_ 576 5 5:N25 5:9 5"N2; 6=?<5 5:6 ? S 5:9?<5 5 ? 6=5 9 ;LNi hia% _
M0,5 V 8 JE]D 8R R K R GU K EF| R E]GK JI R=G"£J 8 V G
N; 5 ;9 5 6?@5 5 ; ;LN 6?@5Z9@5 S ? ; ?@;; ;LN5 ?MA A
R M0,4 [ T T EFDFD K GQE]8 R R JDiD K7CG E k R 8 JK J E JDFDFY
5 S 5\9<5 6=5 ; 9%6 l ? 5 ; N 9 6 96=;N2; A ;L9@9<5 65
8 R=J I E V E]G4R JDZD K7CG JDFD]G J C@R=JDFD^Y E C<RMGQE I@D^Y K K 8
5 S ;L9 96=?<5mN; ; 9 S c;L9 5 6=?<5 ; 9%6 ;LNiA A 5 S 5:9@5 6 ;9 S 5:9
R E G:[E DFD T E T J\YV GQE`8 R I E J E JDx8 R=J E EF|
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M0,[5] ¤ GJ T J 8#EF|E`G R{J E c E Y
;LN6=?<5e; 5 5 AB; 5 ;L9 6=5 ;LN6=5:9 ; 9 S ; 5 ;LN ; z
R=8 R 8 8#C@DFEGQIJLK M 0,5 K GQE]G 8 K7R G=GQE K I<E G M 0,4 [xK R
5 ;L9 9 S 6;M6?@5-6=5:9 ;LN 9 ? 9 S ;; ; 9 9 S 6 ;oA 5 ; 9%6
R GQI 8#E T J\Y<G I<E K E J4D IGQC<R=R C 8#E T JRU 8_I E G
;L9 5 6=?@5-6=5:9 ;LN ?@;; 9 S 6 ; ; 9%6 A-;L9 S 5 l ? 6?@59 6
S [ E&V V][ T J\Y<G K GQE T I E GJ c<| V C@G:[ J C<R=JD
6 ;L9M;LN ;L9>6=?<5 ;LA 6 6 ;9 5 A 65 6=?<5 5Z65:9 6 6 9 ;e6=?<5
JLK E S5 K I@JLK EFcK:J E M0,5 I R C G G G R=J J<[@J 84G
;LA 6 6 ;L9;LN ; 6 9@5 9 S 9 S 5 6 6 A 6 9 9 6 6;
K IJLK EFc@K\J E M0,[5] E`G k JE 8_kY_J8@8<E J4GQE D G R=J C J E c E Y
M0,[5] V
l ? 6 6 A ;; 56=?<5 ;6 5:9%6 ;LN 6?@5 6 5 ;LN5 ? 6 6 A
E]G¡G = R J C D U#GDFEFU j%C E M0,4 k%Y G Jk@EFDFE] R JLK G RtJ C
;LN 9 a 9 5e6=?<5 5 5-65:9 6 6 6?@5 6 5 ;LN"5 ?;L9<5 ;N; 5
M E S5 V E K R JR G R=J J<[ G Jk@EFDFE] R JLK E]G R=8 R
l 0,5 ?<5 6 6 A ; 5 ;L9 9 S 6;a6=?<5 ;N ; 9%6 9 #5
£ V G RtJ C K R=R GQI 8#E IJEFR I E G i J 8 j E]G"c 8p@yu2 un\r{k%Y
6?@5a6 9 ; 6 ;L9 9 6 5 ; 6=?<5 ; ;LN 9 5 5:9
R=J GQI GQE E (ij) [J 8MG Jk<EFD]EF 8 S D kJDFD^YMk%Y K I%Y S3 E GQE]8 S5 S E^|
5 A 6 6 ;L9 9 S 9 l ? 6=?<5 9 S 5 6 6 A 6 9 9 6 ;LN
kYMJDFD I R C J E G{c E i J 8 jV CG GE D G R=J C J E c E Y M0,[5]
;LA-; ? 6=;>6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6a;LN S ; 6=? 6 9 S
E]GmE`G RI E]K j%C E M 0,4 k%YJ R C@I S 3 × {±1} T E S 3 JK E JLG
9 6 9 S 6 l ?<5 N`6=5:5:9 ; 9%6 ;LNA A 5 S 5:9@5 6 ;9;L9
C@GQCJD J 8 {±1} JLK E RE^|#E]JDFDFYV c I E G J E JD8 R=J E
6? 5:5m;LN ? ? 5Z;L9>5 ?>;LNi6=?<56=5:9 ; AB5:9 ;L9 6 6 5 A 5
M0,5 [ R T E]K DFE JLK K 8<E GQE £mG R=J J#[<JR JDFD JI@I 8
6; 9 S 5 ; 9%6{;LN A A 5 S 5:9@5 6 ;L9 9
J-GQE D I E J E JD 8 R=J E E M0,[5] V
63 87 #/
) ²¾ Â2À
02 - 2 À Á {¿ Â*'Á ) ) 4- 8)#/ / ,- ²¾ ) l ?@5 576=5 A 9 6 ;L9;LNX6=?<5-; N2;
8 R E J E Rk@E D]8
6 6 5;LN 5 5 6=?<5 576=5 A 9 6 ;L9;LN 6?@5 ; 9%6 ;LN 5
G RCK C<R M0,[5] T JLGdI@R IJR 8k%Y 8 R E J E I E G GQI K7E`JD
6=;LA-; ? A S ; 9 N; 6?@5; N; ; 9%6 ;LN 5>57 6 6=?<5
JC RI E`G R C@IE M0,5 [ R Rk@E D`8I E G M0,[5] JR JK D^Y
A S 5 L
;
N =
6 <
? 5 5
E J G G V
5 6=? 6 6=?<5 5 5 5 N65\5:94;L9<57z A-5\9 ;L9 ; ;LN ; 9%6 ;LN 5 6=;z
¤ GJ T J R T R c 8#E GQE JDD K:E I E G GI K7E`JDiJC
A-; ? A S ; 9 5 ?;LN ? ? 6=?<5 576;LN #5 ; 9%6 ;LN;L9@5{;LN6=?<5 N`z
RI E]G R C@IBE M0,5 [ JK T E]K E]G G c 8BI E G c
65:5\9 ; 6 ;LN%6 ;{6 9 ; 6 ;9 9 l ?@5 5 5 A 65 6?@5 6 ;9;LN
T G E S5 V S5 V
\ ?I@;LR 9<5 8<C@K S G ; 6
R=J GQI GE E
5 S ;
YaJR I R
;LN 9
C 8ak%Y
; 9%6 5
JLK E
#5 9
JLK E]G D k@JDFDFYG Jk<E]DFEF 8k%YBJ D4 GQC<k R C;LNH6?@5 5 ;
GQI K:E]JD D K:C@GeE M 0,[5] [E GQC BK G 8 GK:REFk j%C E G D K:E
6 6;LAB; ? A S ; 5 ;L9 5 6?@5 ; ? ?
kYE G JC RI E]G R C@I D4 V¤ K GQE]8 R D K:C@G (0, λ, 1, 1/λ, ∞) [ T E]K E]G
5 6; ; 9%6 5 #5 9 S ; 6 z
j%C@JD P1 − {0, 1, ∞, −1} [<E]GHI E T E`G c 84k%Y {1, (15)(24)} J 8 D kJDFD^YoG J
5 ?@5 5
k<EFD]EF 8k%Y {1, (15), (24), (15)(24), (1254), (1452), (12)(54), (14)(25)} [ T R (15)
6 9 6 l ?@5-; N2; ;6 5:9%6 9 5
JLK GakY λ →
7 −λ J 8 (1254) JLK Gak%Y λ →
7 −1/λ V Rk@E D]8j%C E K:J k
; 6 9<5 96 ; 6=5 6 5 ;6 5:9%6 6?@5 ; 9%6 5 6 ;L9;N6=?<5 S ;
k JE 8E T G I@G:V¦EFR=G T j%C E k%Y I E T E]G JLK E GQC@k R C@I
; 6 9 9 S 5 ;%; 9 S 5:9%6 6; 6 6=?
{1, (15)(24)} [ k JE E JeGQI@JLK D UE E]8 E]K\JD P1 − {0, 1, ∞, −1} [k@C T E
66 ?@5 6;M5 ? ; 9%6 l ?<5:9 5 ;6 5:9%6a6? 5 6=?<5 5 S 5:5B¢
J Z/2Z J JLK 8 JLK I E V [ T j%C E E]GdGQI@JLK k%Y 8 R
A
JI
1 2 1

z + 2 .
2 z
l ?<5 1 6? _A
5 9 S 6 ; 96 9 9 ;L9<5 5 ; N2;
E]GJ P T E R GQC@D
E]GGQE I E G:[ 1 J 8 ∞ [ J 8 G I
D`8 K7E`JD Rk@E
; 9%6 ? ?>? ;L9 6?@56 ; 5 A S 5 9 l ? ; 5 5 N2;
I E −1 [ T E]K JG ^D Y T I@R E J G i J 8 −i V E]G Rk@E
]D 8E]G j%C@EFI@I 8
6 ?
6 5 ? ; % 9 6 9 6¡6=?<5 5 ; N2; ; 9%6 l ? ; 9%6
T E J Z/2Z J JK I E J 8>J Z/4Z J GQI : K E]JD Rk@E D`8>I E V È G¡I E
ò uu´
µ
; 5 ;L9 6=;a6?@5
; % 9 6 ;LN 5 6=;LAB; ? A S ; 9 S 5:9
K RR GQI 8@G I
E G GQI K7E`JDJC R=I E]G R C@I Z/4Z E M0,5 E^| kY
9 6;LAB; ? A S ; S \
5 <
9 5
6 5
(0, i, 1, −i, ∞) J 8 (0, −i, 1, i, ∞) )JC RI E]G R C<I RtJ 84kY (1254) V
e; ;L9 5 6=?@5 ; 6=5 ; N2; ; 9%6 ;LN 5 6? 6m6=?<5 ;AB5
T K GQE`8 R E]G D]J 8 R=k<E D]8_I E G M0,[5] Vd¤ GJ T J YK
N ;LA z 5 ¢z 5 9 z 5 9 5 ?;LN ? ?? ;L9@5 ;N #5
R
; 9%6
% KcY<;LK79 D G:[ 5 K6Y<?@K75 D GJ 8 ;N ' K#Y<5 K7D G; E 9%6 S5;[ Ni¢Jz K
5
T E]K
;
JLG IJE]R
6=?<5
c
57z
8
I E G\V GQE]8 R IJE]R=G c 8I E G K7Y#K:D G:V k%|#E C@GD^YJD]D IJEFR=Gk
;LA-5 5:9%6 5 9 6N 6?@5 AB; 5 5 6 6=? 66?@5 ; 5 ;L9 z
K
9 S 6;;L9@5
E`8 EFc 8eE M0,[5] VWC
6 ¢z 5
C<R R R [ T
? ?
1QC@G G5:J 9 T 9 J I@JEFRXK RR GQI 8
S
E I@JR E]K7C@D]JR KY<K7D [ (1254) [ T E]K E]G E^| E M0,5 kY (0, i, 1, −i, ∞)
9 5 ;LAB5 9 S 5 ; N2; ; 9%6P;L946=?<5a;L9@57z AB5:9 ;L9 5:z
J 8 (0, −i, 1, i, ∞) k K GPJGQE D [ Rk<E D]8MI E 8#E GQE JD GQI
; 9
K7E]JDiD K7CG E M0,[5] V
a A 6?@5 ;LN #5 ; 9%6 ;LN z 5 5 ;LAB5 5:9%6 5 9 ;
6? 6
E EFD]JRD^Y%[
5e;9 9@5:5
I@JEFRtG
;L9 5
c 8I E
6=?<5 A
G
-
5
;
N
% 6?@K5 Y<K7D Gk ;LN K 5 E]8 ; 9%E]6 c ;L8NE ;L9@M 5
0,[5] [xG
z 5
S
J T
6=?@5Z;L9@5 S
D^Y
5:9 ¼
8K
9 a5 6 ;L9
GQE]8 R E J
5
I@JEFR
9 AB5
c 8oI E G % KY<K7D [
GJ\Y E^| E K E %<V %<V]£L[#c 8>k%Y (135) [ J D^Y
−1 + √−3 −1 − −3
√ −1 − √−3 −1 + √−3
0, , 1, , ∞ and 0, , 1, ,∞ .
2 2 2 2
l ?<5 5B6 ; ; 96 5 ;LAB5 5:9%6 5 9 6?@5 AB; 5 6=?<5 5;L96=?<5
G T I E Gak K E]8 E]c 8E M0,[5] V¦C@R R R [JLG YDFE
; 9 6=?<5 A S 5 5 96=?<5o;L9<5:z AB5:9 ;L9 5
D K7C@G (0, λ, 1, 1/λ, ∞) E M 0,5 [ E]RE J D]E GE 8<E GQE JDPGQI K7E`JD
; 9
D K7C@GHE M0,[5] V
l ?@5 AB5d?@; N; 6?@5 ;LN #5 ; 9%6 ;LN6?@5 z 5 5 ;L9 5 6=?<5
GJ
5:9 9¼a%5
D]8<G
6 ;L9
R IJEFR=G
#5
c 8MI E G
9 BA 5
' KY<K7D :G V¤ K GQE`8 R
S
I@JEFR E^| E K E %<V %<V]£L[#c 8>kY (12345) [ J D^Y
1 + √5 −1 +
√
5
1 − √5 −1 −
√
5

0, , 1, ,∞ and 0, , 1, ,∞ .
2 2 2 2
l ?<5 5d6 ; ;
9 6 6=; 9 S 5 ; %
9 6 9 ? ? ; 5 ;L96?@5 5
G T I E GPIJLGG J GQE
D I E E M0,[5] [ T E]K JD]G DFE G GQI K:E]JD
;
D K7C@G:V
x(i( >. . 3 @/. 1 L( l ?<5
; 9%6 ;LNi6?@5ZA-;
E I G 8<C<DFEiGI@JLK
5
M1,[2]
5{6=; 6=?6 ;eA 5 ; 96 5765 A 9<5 6;6 9 6 ;L9 5 5P6=?@5 5
JR RE T E T JRU 8I E G¡8 R E 8C<I R=J GQD`J E VXW K\JCG YJR
576=5 A 9@5 ;L9 6;6 9 6 ;L9 5 9o6 5 9 5 5 5 5:9%6 6 5;LN5 ?
8 R E 8 DFYMC@I R=J GQD]J E [ T K\J JU JC E]j%C R I<R G J EF| JK
; 9%6m;LN S 5:9 95 6 5 5 5 6=?6 ; ; 9%6 9
I E M1,[2] E^| k%YoJ E T T G P J 8 Q
?6? 6 \ 5 DFDFE]I E]K-? K7C@RQ| 54? j%C<E]I<9 I 9 8 ; E 6 ;L9 I E
6Q6=5:9
GQC@K J P + Q = 0V | RQYGQCK K7C@RQ| JLGBJ E | DFC E T RE z 7→ −z
;L96=?<5-N 9 A-5\96 5 ; S A ; 9_65 A ;N"6?@5 ; 9%6
C 8@J JDI@JR=JD]D D R=J [ R (x, y) 7→ (x, −y) E R G I E G [
? ?57 ? 9 S 5 9 l ? 5 5:5d6=? 66=?<5; 5 5 A-; 5
T E]K K J G P J 8 Q V C@G T G J R=8 R 8 8<C<D]EGQI@JLK M 1,2 E`G
; 9%6 5a6?@5 AB5 6 5 5 6=? 9 6 ;L9 ; N2;
I E T E]G G=J JLG M1,[2] [<k@C M1,[2] E]G j%C@EFII E V
Á ' ' )¿ *) ,+ -0/1)
ZÂ/Â ¾ ' Â + #2
Γ1,2
{¿ )
Γ1,[2]
l ?<5 5eA 9 S S ;
I<C@R JI@I<E K7D]JLGG R C
9 6 6 L
; 9 =
6 <
? 5 %
; ; @
? ; 9 9 5
Γ1,2 E]G S R=J 8>k%Y & T E]G G σ1 [ σ2 [ σ3 JD
S
D IGHG T E ¦E C@R
S
%<VF£l 'V ?@5 6 6 N 56

6=?<5 5 6 ;L9 576 5:5:9 6=?<5 5
T E]G _ G GJ ]E G Y G C@GC@JDek<R=JE]8 R D]J E Gk T σi [eJLG T DFD-JLG
4 l ? L
; B
A ; ? =
6
; =
6 <
? 5 ;6 5:9%64;LNa6=?<5B_ 6 9
(σ1 σ2 σ3 ) = 1 V CG Γ1,2 E`G4E]G RI E]K j%C E R E k<R=JE]8
S ; A-; ; 6 5:9%65 l ?@5N A 9 S S ; S 5:9<5 65
R C<I B4 8<C<D E G-K R\V C@DFD JI@I<E K7D]JLGG R C@I Γ1,[2] E`G R=J 8
6=?<5 54A 9 S S ; 6=; S 576?@5 6? 9 S 5 5:;LAB; ? A
kY I<C@R JI<I@E K7D]JLGG R C@I R T E JGQE D 8<EF RI E]G K7D`JLGG
57 ? 9 S 9 S 6?@5Z6 ;A 5 ; 9%6 b 6 ;L9 5:9 5:9%6{6=;B6 5d6? S 5:9@5 6=; 6; 5
K J E T JRU 8MI E G E E]GPK | E JU E]G R=J R k
6?@5 ;6 6 ;L9 ; 9 6=?<5 5 6 9 S 5 l ? ;6 6 ;L94? ; 5
R J E c JR C 8 | R E]K:JD J E]G E ¦E C@R %<V]£'V E]G R J E JLG R=8 R
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ òõ
σ1
σ2
σ3
+

!

Γ1,2
#
9 ; 6 5:9%6 ; 9 5 6 ;LABA 65 6=? 6?@5 6?@5 AB; 5 5

J 8E
k%|#E @C GD^YK E`G R JD"GQE K
t E K C G T E JDFD σi V¦C@R R R T
? 5 9 5 9 59@;5 : 5 AB5:9%6e;LN¡6?@5 5A 9 S
J\| Γ1,2 ∩ hci = {1} E GQE]8 Γ1,[2] GQE K
S ; 9 5 A 65Z6?@5ZA 5 ; 9%6 a%; 5 D 9 6=? 6 I<C@R JI<I@E K7D`JLGG
R C<IMK:J I R C JRU 8>I E G:V T c 8 J
Γ1,[2] ' Γ1,2 × hci ' (B4 /Z) × Z/2Z.

l ?@5H; 5 5 AB; 5 9 5 5:9%6 5 6=?B6=?<5 ;6 5:96;LN
R=8 R 8 8<C<D]EGQIJLK M1,2 K\J k E`8 EFc 8 T E jC M
6?@5 S ; 5 A 6 9 S 6?@5 6N2; A 5 ; 96 ]q9 5:E 5 5 ? 0,5; k9%Y 6
GC<k R C<I S 4 ⊂ S 5 I R C E c<R=G C<R JRU 8I E G:V 8 8i[ JLK I E
;LN"6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6 5:9 9 9@; 5 5 5B;LN 6 9 6 ; 9%6
j%C E M0,5 /S4 E`G S E^| k%Y_J C R=8 R 8j%C@JL8<RC<I@D 8#E]G E K I E G
9 ;L9<5 6 ;L9 ; 960b@6?@5 5 5:65 A 9@5 9o5 6 5 S 9 S
J 8 JL8<8<E E JD I E j%CJ8<RC@I<D 8 R E GPJ DFDFEFI E`KeK7C<R| 2k%Y E^|#E
6 9@; 5 5 A 6 ;L9 ; 9%6 9 6=?<5 N6? ; 96 9 5 5:9%6 5 6=?6=?<5
E G C R=8 R 8R=J EFcK:J E I E G [<J 8 c I E K:J k E]8 EFc 8 T E
z ;; 9 65m;LNx6=?<5 ; 9%6 ? ? 9 5 5:9 5:9%6¡;LNi6=?<5 ?@; 5;LN 9
x K R=8#E J I E P − Q T E]K E]G¡E 8 I 8 K E`K P J 8 Q
6;-6 9 6 ;L9 ]q94;6=?<5 ; ; 9%6 ;LN 5 5 5:9%65
CkY (0, 1, ∞, λ, µ)
6;m6=?<5 ;LAB; ? A ;LN6=?<5 5 6 5 S 5:9 6=?<5 5 5 6 5 6 ;L9
)E]G RI E]G K7D]JLG=G DFDFE]I E]KPK7C<R| E^| k%Y ¤ E RtG R=JLGG j%C@J E
5 5 =
6 ? 9 L
; "
N A 5 ; %
9 6 9 6=?
y 2 = x(x − 1)(x − λ) [ jC@EFI@I 8 T E G P J 8 Q T E
; ? 9 S 9 S 6?@5e;
J YI@JEFR
5 ;LN6?@5eN;
JRU 8I E
6 ; 9%6 S 5 5
µ = x(P − Q) V k%|E CGQD^Y[iK J E R=8 R C@Rc<R=G I E G EF| GRE]G
6; 9 ;LAB; ? 5 6 5Lb 5 A 6 9 S 6=?<5\A 9 5:6 9 9 S 6=; 6 9 N2; A
J E]G RI E]K DFD]EFI E]KZK:C<RQ| I R C E J 8R C@R E G J 8<JR=8 R
;L9 ? 6=?<5a5 5 6{;N 5 9 S ;L9<5Z;LN 6?@5 5
D^Y JLG K R I@D]JLK7E λ kY GQE |JDFC G 1/λ [ 1 − λ [ (λ − 1)/λ [
9 9 ;LA-; ? 5 6 5
λ/(λ − 1) [ 1/(1 − λ) [ S E^|#E S J E`G RI E]K DFD]EFI E]KdK7C@RQ| V
l ?@5BA ; 5 ;L9 6;M6=?<5
JI@G M0,5 → M0,5 /S4 ' M1,2 → M0,5 /S5 = M0,[5] K RR GQI 8
5 5:9 5Z;LN?<;LAB;LAB; ? A ;LNN 9 AB5:9%6 S ;
G j%C K R=I E]G G C 8<J JD R C<IG
Γ0,5 → Γ1,2 → Γ0,[5] .

l ?<5 9<; 5 5 AB;
5 5 6 ;>6=?<5 ;6 5\96d;N 6=?<5 z
C Rt8 R
8#C@DFEXGQI@JLK 8 M1,[2] ]E G % j C@JD jC E M1,2 kY JLK
6 L ; 9 ;LNP6=?@5 S ? ; ? #5 5 ? ; 9%6 6 9 S 6?@5 9 ; 6 ;L9 ;N6?@5
E R C@I hci [ T E]K c G J K
L I E &JLK E JLG E | DFC E
; 5 ;L9 9 S 5 6 5
K RR QG I 8<E DFDFE]I E]KdK7C@RQ| V
Á¼Â2À ()34/
´Á ¾ ' À ) ) ²À )¾z¿ ¾ - )#- 87 9-0) l ?<5 5 5{6 ; 7 9%6
5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9
M1,2 R JR T I@J G"8 K I GQE E G
;LNi6=?@56=; ; ; S N 5 ?<; 9 9 S 5
; @
9 m
5 ; 6 @
9 5 9 ? 9 S
I D E]K:JDGQC<R JLK S1,2 &G T E ¦E C@R %<V]£' [ k JE 8>kYI@E K E
6 ;9<;L9<z 5 6 9 S ;%; 6; ; 9%6 9 6=?<5;6?@5 ; 6 9@5 9 ? 9 S 5 z
T G I@JR=J E D IG I E GeJ 8 R k JE 8k%YI<E K E JG I
6 9 S ;; 9 9<;L9<z 5 6 9 S ;%; l ?@5 5 ; 5 ;L9 6=;46?@5-6 ; ; 5
JR=J E D IJ 8J G I@JR=J E D IV G K RR GQI 8 T I GGEFk<D
S 5:9 S ? 6=?46 ;6 S 5:9 9 5 6=?<5 5Z6 ; 9%6
CGa£ R=JI G T E T JEFD`G:[ E^| k%Y J 8 V"¤ K\JD]D G T I@J G
ò: uu´
µ
5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 9 l ?@56 ; S ? ; 5 ;L9 6=;e6 ; 5 5:9%6 6 5 ;LN

8 K I GQE E G P 1 J 8 P2 V T R=JI G¡K RR GQI 8 T 8<EF R YI G
5 S \ 5 9<5 6 ;L94;LN 945 6 5 6?46 ;A 5 ; 9%6
8 R J E
= J D]DFEFI E]KK7C<R| T E T JRU 84I E G:V
l ?@5 S ; 6 ;9o6?@5 6 5 ;LA 6 6 ;L9 ;5 6 S ;
R C@I S 5 JLK G G Jk@D K IJLK E]c@K:J E M 0,5 [JLG{8 G{E GGQC@k R C@I
9 6?@5 ; 9%6 ;LN<A A 5 S 5:9@5 6 ;L9d;LN 5A 5 6=; ; 9%6 ;LN<A z
S4 [J 8 I E G J E JD#8 R=J E M0,5 JR JI<I 8 I E G J
A 5 S 5\9<5 6 ;L9;LN l ?<5 ; 96 ;LN A A 5 S 5:9@5 6 ;L9
E JD 8
;LN ;
R=J E
5 ;L9 9 S 6=;
M1,2 ' M0,5 /S4 V
9 A 5 9 S ;LN6=?@5 S
%oI E ? G ?M6=? J 6PE 6=?<J5 D 8 6 9 R=J ?@E 5
S
M0,5 K RR GQI 8#E J C k R=E R=JI GQC@K J 8<E]G E C<E]G 8
5\96 6 9 A 5 5 5 5:9%6-6=; ; 96;NA A 5 S 5:9<5 6 ;L9 ; 57z
)K R=JD JE]DHE]G C k R 8 'JR G I E J E JD{8 R=J E K RR
;L9 9 S 6; 9 56=?@; 5 56?@5 S ? ?@5 56?@5N; A 6 ;L9 ; 9%6
GQI 8#E P1 [GQE K G JR RtJI G T
9 A 5 5 6=;{¢ ; 5 9a6 ; l ?<5 5:A R 9 9 SPS C@? RR=J ; E]9%c@6 K:J ;LE N#A I A E G
C k R 8B£ K DFDFE]8 E T I@JEFR=G\V £ R JE E R=JI G"2I E G J E JD
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S ; 9 S 5:9@5 6=5 9 l; 5:5 ? 6 S ; ;LN
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6 ? 9 6
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K GQE`G G D^Y E]8 E YJ 8 R=J GQI GQE E (12) V E]GBG T G J
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9 6?@5 ; 6 ;LN6 ; ; 9%65 N 5"57 5 6 5 N bL5 ?
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K JE G T R JDG GZR I@R G E J E]JDkJLG I E G:V R=JLK E
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R I@R G E C<R J E`JDkJLG I E G:V JK E R=J GQI GQE E E`G
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O{576 6 9 S ;L9%6;e6?@56; 9 5 N2; A 9 S 6?@5 2 6 5:9 6=?@56; S 9
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J R=C@G:[k<C T R JD]D C@R J E`JD#k@JLG I E
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576 56=?<5 5 6 5;LN5 6 ;L9
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576 5"6 ; 6 9 6 ; 96 ;L9 [ 576 9
5X6?@5 z ;; 9 6=5";LN
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6?@5 ; 96 e;6=56=? 6 5765 A 9<5 6?@5 9<; 5 5 ;N ; 9%6 5: 6
I E P −Q V J µ8 R E G C R=8 R 8aI@JEFR I E G P, Q JLK D^Y
6;e6 9 6 ;L9 ]q9 5\5 N 0 9 0 6?@5:9
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; 0 0 c
L
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G µ = x(P − Q ) = x(P − Q) V | R=G DFY[E x(P − Q) = x(P − Q ) [ E R
ó uu´
µ
9 ? ? 5 5a? S 5 b 5766 9
P 0 − Q0 = P − Q [<E T E]K K:JLG T J\| P 0 − P = Q0 − Q G E T = P0 − P [
5? 5 0 9 0 ; 5 5 0 0 9 ? ? 5
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b :
5 Q
6 6 9 S -
5 ? 5 9
P 0 − Q = Q0 − P G E T = P 0 − Q[ T J\| P 0 = T + Q J 8 Q0 = T + P V
eP;6=5m6=? 6 5:9 5 6? 6
J µ 6= ∞ GQC<R G J P 6= Q V
l ?@5ZAB; 5 9 5 AB576 5 ; 5 6?
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9 AB; ; 9B5 5:9 5 5 6 ;9N2; ? ? 9
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5"5 5:96 N 9 ;L9 6=?@5"5 6 ;L9 2 9 2
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0 5 5 ;LAB; ? 5 9 ; 5 ;9 6=; 0 9 5 6=?<5 ;LAB; ? A
λ ) 8 GK:REFk E]G RI E]KZK7C<RQ| G:[#J 8 µ K RR GQI 8@G µ C 8 R E]G RI E]G V
l ? 5: 6 S 5:9 6?@5N; ; 9 S 5 5:9 5 5 6 L
; 9 S ; 9 S 6=?@5
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K R `D J E R C<I@E IJEFR=G
9%6;B6=?<5ZN2; ; 9 SS ; ; N
L
(λ, µ) ∈ P1 − {0, 1, ∞} × C E DFD T E R <C IG GQE
1 1−µ
1 µ
(λ, µ) ∼ (1 − λ, 1 − µ) ∼ , ∼ ,
1−λ 1−λ λ λ
1 µ
λ λ µ

∼ 1− ,1 − ∼ , . 1−
λ λ λ−1 λ−1 λ
l ?<5 5 ; 9%6 9 5\9 5 S 6?@5 9 l ?@5
GIK7E`JD I E G{E EF| M1,2 JR kY IJEFR=G (λ, 0) [ (λ, 1) J 8 (λ, λ) V Y
S ; 9%6; 576 576 ;LN6=?<5aN; A
R C<I4E G C@I@D G R
1 1
1 1
λ λ

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1−λ 1−λ λ λ λ−1 λ−1
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8<C<DFEGQIJLK [ C 8<J JD R CE G R JDFE] R{E]G E^| k%Y
NormΓ1,2 (ϕ) = hσ3 σ2 σ3−1 , σ3 σ1 i.

l ? S ; ;L9%6 9 5 5:AB5:9%6M;Nd; 5:9%6 5 9 AB; ; 6
]E G R C@I K ϕ JLG>JK
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= ?@5 5 9 5 6 9 5:9@5 6=; ;LN
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B3 /Z [
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;LN6=?<5
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5 ; 9
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9<;L9 9 ; 6 ;L9 9 6 6eN ;LA 6=?<5; 5 M5 5\A-5\96 GQE]8 R 8
K:J E]K:JDE | DFC E E Γ 1,[2] V_WC JI@JR R R=8 R D (σ3 σ2 σ1 )2
5 6 5 6?@5Z;L9 ?45 5:AB5:96 6=; ;L9 S 6=?<5Z; 5 ¢B5 5\A-5\96
JDFR JL8#Y>G C@8<E 8i[
l ?<5 ; 5 ;L9
D^YMGQC@K
9 S 5
D
; 9%6;L9
)C@I K 1 C 6?@JL5 KY ; E`9%G 6;L9d6?@R=5 8 R 5 D ;
σ3 σ2 σ1 V K RR GQI 8<E GQI K7E]JDI E M1,2 E]G I E GQI K7E]JD#D K:C@G
;LN 5 5 ; 5 6=? z 5-5 6; bi6? ; 9%6 ; 5 ;L9
(σ3 σ2 σ1 )2 8 GK:REFk 8Jk | T E λ |JDFC j%C@JD −1 E]GZI E K RR GQI 8@G
6;6=?<545 6 5>;LN{5 6 ;9 2 3 ?
? ? =
6 L
; B
A ; ? A S ;
DFDFEFI E]KMK:C<RQ| jCJ E y = x − x T E]K JLG-JC R=I E]G R C<I
5\9<5 6=5 5 5 6=?A 5 ; 9%6 6?@5
Z/4Z S RtJ 8k%Y (x, y) 7→ (−x, iy) [ jC@EFI@I 8 T E JRU 8I E G (∞, ∞)
; S 9 9 l ?@5N 9 AB5:9%6 5 ; S A ;LN6=? 5 6 5 96?@5
RE E J 8 (0, 0) V C 8<J JD"IJR=JDFD D R=J E]G DFDFEFI E]K4K7C@RQ| E
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ * ñ
5 ? Nz 9@5 5 6=?<5 9 6?@5A 5 ; 9%6 5 9

C<I@I R JD I@D]J H
Gj%C@JR E]Gh1, ii [J 8 JRU 8I E GeJR z = 0 J 8
;6? #5
5 6?@5 ;6 6 ;9M;LN 6?@5 9 5
z = (1 + i)/2 [<k c 8>C 8 R R J E Gj%C@JR V
x(( >. ./
n
# @/ .
1 ( ]96=?
E]GG K E
5 6 ;9
[ T
5
DFE E
A 6-; 5
C R=G D^| G
@
5 6;
9 5 6 S 6 9 S 6=?<5 ; 9%6 ;LN 5 6;LAB; ? A S ; 9
6 @
? 5 5 ; 9
E | G E J E I E G GQI K7E]JDJC RI E]G R C@IJ 8 GQI 7 K E]JD"D K:E"E
6?@5 S 5:9 5 ;AB; 5 N; 6 ]qN ?@5 5 6? A 5
C@Gd R 8<C<D]EGQI@JLK G RJRk@E R=JRQY n V S E]GeJoGQI R T E n JRU 8
; 9%6 6=?@5:9 9 65:zf; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6 ;LNx6=?<5A 9 S S ; 6?@5
I E G\[ Jdc E R=8 R D JI<I@E K:D]JLGG R CJ J E`G
jk+1
1 j
2
j+1 2j
j+2
(k−1)j+1 kj
(k−1)j+2
jk+2

-
"

!

!$ #
*
l ?@5e9@; 6=? 9 ; 6 ? ; 5 A ; A 9@;6 5eA 5 ; 9%6 6m6?@5 5

R J 8_G C I D G J\Y R J\Y k JRU 8_I E G:[ik<C YJR
6=?<5;L9 9 ? ; 9%6 N; l ?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ; 65 6=; ;6 6 ;L9
JD T J\Y<G D^YMk@R=J K I E G R ϕV I R C J E JG=G K:E]J 8 JR J E
;LNi6?@5mN; A ?@5 56?@5 5 ; 9%6 5 ;LN 5:9 S 6? ?
ϕ E]GHJD T J\Y<G R c1 · · · c k [ T R ci JR 8<E]G1 E KY<K7D G D j GQC@K
6? 6
J  N 6=?<5a9<; 6=?
9 ; 6=? ; 5 5Z9@;6HA 5
 jk = n E
N;L9<5Z;LN 6?@5Z6 ;
R J 84G C
; 5
I D G{JR
A 5
JRU 8
jk = n − 1 E T I D G E]G JRU 8
 N ;6=? ; 5 5aA 5 ; 9%6
jk = n − 2 E k I D GHJR JRU 84I E G:V
]q96=?<5>N; ; 9 S 6=?<5:; 5\A 5 ;LA 6=56=?@5 ; 96 ;LN 5 6=;LA-; ? A z
DFD T E R [ T K I@C I E G GQI K7E]JD JC RI E`G JLG
; 65 6; 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ? ? ; 6a;LN ; 9%6 5 ;LN 5\9 S 6=?
G K:E]J 8 J4I R C J E [ϕ] T E]K E`GaJ4I@R 8#CK k 8#E]G1 E KY<K7D G D
;L9 9_6=?<5 5 5 ?<5\96=?<5e6 ; #5 ; 9%6 ;LN 5-A 5
j D^YE K:JLG jk = n − 2 )E&V V][ T T c 8I E G ϕ JR JRU 8
; 9%6 9 5 9M6=?<5a;6?@5 6 ; 5 6?@5 5 ; 9 6H6=?<5 A S 5
I E G [GQE K E R T K\JG G:[ GI K7E`JDiD K7CGHE M0,n E]G 1 CG E J
;LNi6?@5m;L9<5 5 ;LA 6=5Z?<5 5 9 ; 9 5 6=?<5mAB; ? A S 5\9
T K I@C R E M0,n+1 R M0,n+2 [#C 8 R RI E]G EF| k%Y
5 9 S 6=?<5Z5:%6 A 5 ; 9%6
R=JLGQE R=J JRU 84I E G:V
Á,¾ Á ,

r: S ~trvnqp¥<r7}=r Xu22¥ n

!v} Lrt@

~tr7}=rtdp@yu2n[v>w]r: ϕ
~=r2¥<rd}yqv)ufynt¥<yu2 3XuF#}=r <% VF£ [
u)¥ n = jk + 2 utVrV2¥<r
rtZp@yunyQ ϕ
v}r

!
v} Lrtmp@yu22nyQ S [n\y2¥<v

[ϕ] = 1 · · · j j + 1 · · · 2j · · · j(k − 1) + 1 · · · jk .
Gϕ ⊂ Sn ~tr2¥<rBn@~q}=y0p%r7r7}vqrt_~ +2¥<r4u`n)\yu2s0+s:w]rn c1 , . . . , ck yQ [ϕ] V
r:
r:
4

T ~trd2¥<rey}\~7u :ywF 7y)u&r7 S/ϕ [ ¥%ufs¥¥<v
n k v} Lr=mp<yu22n u22¥>}=v u stv2ufy !
ur£4v !
v} rtmp@yu22n
u)2¥4}v

) V
u stv)u&yuxr
7 uu´
µ
2E
" ¥<rn\r7ayQ
LrtBp@yu22n>yQ [ϕ] u22¥<r4y}=r7}=rt

y0#w u nqp@vstr M(S) sty<nu`n72n>yQ

|(Z/jZ)∗ | u`n)\yu2¡sty@rts:frtsty p@yr72nPu*r7~0+

Cζ = 1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , a1 , a1 ζ, . . . , a1 ζ j−1 , · · · , ak−1 , ak−1 ζ, · · · , ak−1 ζ j−1 , 0, ∞ ,
(3.5.1)
¥<r7}r

ζ u)2u*r j /2¥}=y0ynoyQ@u),+V {vs¥sty
}<n>2¥%}=yL¥2¥<rp}u

p@yr7u`n

un\y (P1 − {0, 1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , ∞})k−1 u%n2¥<r j(k − 1)

+ yQ
y}qp¥%ufsqyvs=ytp
"
s
w urn ai = ar ζ 7y} r 6= i [ 0 ≤ s ≤ j − 1 [vxBu`nd2¥%%ner rty *r7} Q V
ab

2EFE ¥<ranqp@rts7u&vLwwFy0s7n-yQ ϕ u2¥<r 7@y)ufr7"nqp@vstr M(S)/Gϕ = MGϕ (S) vw n\y4sty/

nun2nByQ |(Z/jZ) | un):yu2Hsty@rts:qrt4sty
∗
p@yr72n Cζ [2¥<r-u v\%rn-yQ2¥<r Cζ u2
2¥<r 7@y)ufrnfp@vstrV Hvs¥ Cζ unZun:y

y}qp¥%ufsaqy
(P1 − {0, 1, ∞})k−1 − ∆ ' M(T ) ' M0,k+2 , (4.2.2)
* r7}
vBunZ2¥%%nr rty
Q
b
¥<yr0*r7}a¥<rer

~trtu2n M(T ) → Cζ ⊂ M(S)/Gϕ
2
¥<ry}=r7}=rt
* r7}
v}=rer rty Q ab V

2EFE]E
vnuLw]rsty@rts:qrts=y
sty<nun2nyQ
y}qp¥%u&soqy2¥<roy}=r7}=r=

y0#w udnqp@vs=r
p@yr7
y\#w u CV
du`nMu`n\y
M([S]) [2¥<rnqp@r=s7ufvwPwFy0s7%nyQ ϕ
nqp@vstr M G (T ) ¥%u&s¥u`n¥<r 7@yL2ufr7myQ M(T ) 0~ +2¥<r-}=y

p G yQ )v

untntuf~:wFr
p@r7}

#qv)u&y@nL[PuVrV][p@r7}

<qv)u&y<noyQ

v} Lrtp@yu2nMyQ2¥<r>n:v

r4}=v

u stv)u&y !
u2ri[{v2¥<rnqp@vstr MG (T ) vxo2¥<r4r ~tr=u MG (T ) → C ⊂ M([S]) v}=r

r rty
* r7} QV
& ¾Z¾7 [5:6 ; 9%6;9
M(S) k S E^|
5 5:9 6 9 5 5 5 5\96 6 5 ?<5 5
2E JPI E k%YdE G C E]j%C R I@R G J E^| JLGJGQI R
6? A 5 ; % 9 6 ?M6=? 6 9 ]q6
T E n JRU 8MI E G (x1 , . . . , xn ) GQC@K J x1 = 1 [ xn−1 = 0 J 8 xn = ∞ V
A-AB5 6=5B6? 6m6=?<5 ;LA ;L9<5:9%6 ;LN 5 ; 9%6a;L9 9 5
E]GmE 8<E]J J K I G Cζ %<V 'V]£ JR JDFD"8#E]G,1 E M(S) [GQE K
6?@5 ; 9%6 5ZA 5
I E G 0, 1, ∞ JR JRU 8iV
l ; 5\5-6? 6d5 ? ; 96a;LN¡5 ? ;LA ;L9<5\96 #5 6?@5 6 ;L9;LN"6?@5 5 z
G J JLK I E JLK K I E]Gac 8kY JLK E I R
A 6 6 ;L9 6 5 6=;M9@;6 5B6? 6Z6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 5 5 A 6 z
C J E [ϕ] [E GQC K G E]K J I R C J E E]GaR JDFEF 8k%Y C@D EFI@DFE
6 ;L9
l ; <
? ;
6 ? Z
6 =
6 @
? 5 5 ; %
9 6 e
5 =
6 @
? -
5 L
; 9 ;
9 6 #
5
k%Y ζ
−1
K:J E V G T J G I E GdJR D^YI E GZc 8k%Y [ϕ] E]GaJ
6 S ?%6=N; ;LA 6 6 ;L9 9 ; 96¡;LN 9 5 5765 A 9<5 ; 9%6
G R=JE R T JR=8K I@C J E V¦E JD]D^Y[<JdI E Cζ C E]j%C D^Y8 R E G JdI E
6 L
; 9 5 5 6 5 5
5 =
6 ;
(a1 , . . . , ak−1 ) ∈ (P1 )k−1 [k<C K | R=G D^Y[J C<I@D (a1 , . . . , ak−1 ) S E^| GRE]G J
; 9%6";LN N 9 ;L9 N6?@5 ;LA ;L9@5:9%6 ;LN 5 6 9 6
I E M(S) |#E]J %<V 'V]£ E J 8 D^Y-E K I G %#(V 'V]£ JR JDFD8#E`G E K [
5 N 9 6=?@5 N 6=?<5 9@5 6 ;L9 6 ;L9 ;LN
E&V V][<E J 8 ai C<D]c<DFD JDFD E j%C@JD]E Y4K 8#E E G )E V
l ?<5N 66=? 6e6?@5 ; 9%6 ;LA ;L9@5:96 5:A 9 ; 9%6 96=?<5
)EFE JLK J |(Z/jZ)∗ | 8<E]G 1 E K I GR JE 8#E`G 1 E E
;6 5:96 5 N2; ; ABAB5 65 N ;LA 6?@5 A 5 5:A 6=? 6 5 ?
jC E GQIJLK M(S)/Gϕ D]D T G E 8#E`J DFY R GQE I@D R JR=U J JK
;LA ;L9<5\96 6 5 9@;6 ; 9%6 5 #5 6?@5 ?<; 5 ;LN#6=?<5 S ; ;
K I Cζ E`GG Jk@EFDFEF 8M I E T E]G c 8 k%Y T D R C<I Gϕ [LG
6? 6 6?@5 ;LA ;L9@5:96 5:A 9 ; 9%6 l ?@5 6 ;L9e;LN ;L9 9 5
J K I G Cζ = Cζ /Gϕ R JE 8#E],G 1 E V JLK E Gϕ Cζ K\J k
6 9 6=5 96=; 9 6 ;L9d;L9Z6=; ; ;LN A 9 =
6 <
? 5
R=J GQD]J 8aE J JLK E J{K I%Y (P1 −{0, 1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , ∞})k−1 E C@G
9@5 s N2; bN2; 6?@5 zf6? S 5\9<5 6=;
j(k − 2) DFE G ai = ar ζ R r 6= i [ 0 ≤ s ≤ j − 1 R i ≥ 1[ (i + 1) R=J R
5 6?@5 z 6 ; 96 5Z;LN 6 N2; l ?<5
2E&V V][ (i + 1) G 8<E]G 1 E KY<K7D [ϕ] JLK G¡|E`J a i →
7 a i ζ R 1 ≤ i ≤ k − 1 V
;6 5:96 6? ;LAB; ? 6; AB576 5
jC E E]G CG E]G RI E]K (P1 −{0, 1, ∞})k−1 [I@JR=J REF 8kY (b1 , . . . , bk−1 )
6? N2; 5 ? A 9 6=?<5 S ;L9 b<6=? 5 ;AB; ? 6;
T E bi = aji R JLK i [ E CG 8<E]J JD]G bi = bj E]GGQI@JLK E`GHE]G RI E`K
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ * ô
d; 5 5 5 ?M;LN6?@5 5:A 5 9 S

M0,k+2 ' M(T ) V T | R\[ JLK |(Z/jZ)∗ | k 8<8<E G fζ : M0,k+2 → Cζ
5 5 9@5 ; 5 9 5 A 6 5 5 5
JR 8 c 8 | R Q ab GQE K ζ C G k
GI K7E]c 8iV
9 6?@5 5 ;LA 6=?<; 5 ; 5 ;9 9 S 6=;-;6=?@5 ;L9@5:9%6 5
)EFEFE ¦E JDFD^Y[@JDFD G K I GZ)JLG T DFDJG JDFD G K R R GQI 8<E R
;6 6 L ; 9 ? 9 S 6=?<5 A-5 5e6 5 5 ;LAB5 5 9%6
: 5 96=?<5 9@; 5 5
R J E G J\|#E GJ KY<K7D YI JLG ϕ k K E]8 E]c 8 E C R=8 R 8
A-; 5 9 5ZN2; 9 ∗ 6?@5 ;
8<C<DFEGQIJLK M([S]) [<GE K R{J Y i ∈ (Z/jZ) [ D 7 K C@G
Cζ i =

1, ζ i , . . . , ζ i(j−1) , a1 , a1 ζ i , . . . , a1 ζ i(j−1) , · · · , ak−1 , ak−1 ζ i , · · · , ak−1 ζ i(j−1) , 0, ∞
5 N L; A
8#EF RtG R

Cζ = 1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , a1 , a1 ζ, . . . , a1 ζ j−1 , · · · , ak−1 , ak−1 ζ, · · · , ak−1 ζ j−1 , 0, ∞
;L9 5 A 6 6 ;L9
D^Y>k%Y>JBI R C J E V
l ?@5 5 ; 96=?<5 9<; 5 5 A-; 5 ;LAB; ? 6=;
GQI K7E]JDD K7CG C E C R=8 R 8 8<C<D]EGQI@JLK M([S]) E]GE]G R=I E]K
AB; ; 6 6 5 9 l ?<5 5:N; 5 6=; 5765 A 9<5 6 59@5:5 6;
Cζ 8<C@D E GmG Jk<E]DFEF RaE Sn = Sjk+2 V R R [ 8 R E E [ T 8
576=5 A 9@5 6 6 5
8 R E E G{G Jk@EFDFEF R\V
5 5 S 9 576=5 A 9 9 S 6=?<5d; 5 ;LN 6=?<5 6 5 ? ? 6?@5 ;6 5\96P;LN
¤ k E k%Y48 R E E R=8 R G Jk@EFDFEF R\[ T E]K E]G j%C E
6=?<5e9 A 5 ;LN 5 5:9%6 ; ; 5 ;L9 9 S 6=; S ; ?<5 5
|Sn | k%Y C k R 8#E] R D K7EK RR GI 8<E R C<IG hαi T R α ∈ Sn
5 A 6 6 ;L9;N6?@5 AB5 5e6 5 5 5 ;LN 5\9 S 6=? a; 5
E]GJI R C J E GJ KY<K7D Y#I JLG [ϕ] [E&V V][ k K7Y#K:D G D jV T
5:9 AB5 6=5m6?@5 S ; ?<5 5 ; 6{;LN z 5
C R=J R C@IG hαi [ T R α E]G{J-I<R 8<C@K k j KY<K7D G:V
l ; 5 S 9 6? 6=?<5 5 5 n ;LN ?<;; 9 S 6 ; 9 5 #5 ?
k E T E [ R JR T J\Y<G K GQE T E 8<E]K G-c 8kYGQCK J
5 A 6 6 ;L9 d 9 S #5 2 ? ?@; 5 5 ; 9%6Z6?@5 ;LN 9 S 6=?<5
I R C J E αV J\|#E c 8GQC@K JMK E]K [ T K C T J\Y#G 8#E^|#E]8<E
5 A 6 6 ;L9 ;LN{6?@5 5\A 9 9 S ;A ;9@5:9%6 9%6; S ; l ?@5 5 5
I R C J E G R JE E jk K I GeE R C<IG hαi V R JR jk
; 5; 5 9 S ;LN"6=?@5 5:A 9 9 S 9 5 b S 9 S
6 @
? :
5 A %
9 =
6 ; z 5 5
I GGQEFk@D R=8 RE G R JE E E 8#E`K G IJLK=UJ E E j KY<K7D G S EF| G
5 9 9%6 5 ;L9;LNm6=?<5 576;LN ; 5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ;LNm6?@5 S ?%6>N; A
JR 8<C 8@J | R=GQE G I GGQEFk@D I R C J E G α RE R V
6e5 ?;LN 6?@5 z 5 9 5 665\9 9 5 5:96 S 9 S 6?@5 AB5
WC JLK k j KY<K7D GeK:J k T RE E j 8#EF R T J\Y<G EF|E GJ
5 A 6 6 ;L9 5 A 6 9 S 6=?<5:A 5 6?@5 AB5 5 A 6 6 ;L9
I R C J E )k%YdKY<K7DFE]K\JDFD^YI R C E [E&V V][ (12345) E`G GJ I R C J E
9 N 6?@5 AB; 5 9 5 A 6 6 ;L9;N6=?<5 ; 9%6 5 AB;L9 S 6
JLG (23451) [iJ 8 C@R R R J YoI R C J E k 8<E]G 1 E K7Y#K:D GmJ G
5 ?;6=?<5 S 9 S 5 6?@5 A-5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 l ?@5 5\N; 5o6?@5 5 5 k
JLK R>J JE EF| G GJ I R C J E V R R R JR jk/(k!j )
; 5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ;LN6=?<5 S ?%6HN2; A 9 S 6 ; S 5:9 9 5 5 6
I GGQEFk@D I R C J E G α RE R [#c E T E^| E 8<E]K G:V¤ JK CJDFD^Y
96P6; ; 9%6{6?@5 S ; ; 5A 6 5 6?@5d9 A 5 ;LN ; 5 ;LN
T J K C R C@IG hαi [G T C@G 8<E^|#E]8 k%Y C k R I T R=G α
? ? 5 ; ; 6 ;LN z 5 b<6=? ∗ 9 a
5 ? 5
T E]K JR JD`G I<R 8<C@K G k j K7Y#K:D G E]G{E]G φ(j) = |(Z/jZ) | V¦E JD]D^Y[ T J\|
N; 9 n k 5 5\96 S ; a 9 56?@5 ; ;LN #5 ; 9%6 ;LN
5
C 8
? 2? · jk/(k!j; φ(j)) ?
8<EF R
;L9@9<5 65
R C@I@G hαi V
;LA
E K
;L9<5:9%6
D K7CG
9
c 8I E
5
G
9
S
JLK GQCK K7Y#K:DFE]K R CK IK G¡E R=8 R 8 8#C@DFEiGQI@JLK M(S) RHJDFD 8 EF R
< αV
l ?<5 ; ;N6?@5 6 5 5 ;LN;9@5 ;LA ;L9@5:9%6 6? 5 6=; 9
6 @
? 5 ;
R=8 R G Jk@EFDFEF R K I E]G CG jCJD 2j k k! [J 8 D K:C@G
; 5 ;L9 9 S 6;-6?@5 ; 96 57zf6 5m;LN ;LA-; ? 6;-6?@5 ;6 5:9%6H;LN
K RR GQI 8<E 8<E]G1 E KY<K7D Y I
# α E]G E`G RI E]K j%C E Cζ
;LN 6 6 5
%#V('V]£ k%Y>E G{G Jk@EFDFEF R\V
5 949@; 5 ;LA 65Z6=?<5 6 5 ;LN ;L9<5Z;LN 6?@5 ; ; 65 6;
¤ K\J T JLGQEFD^YMK I<C G Jk@EFDFE] R Cζ [ D K7EJLGG K7E`J 8
[ϕ] = (1 · · · j)(j + 1 · · · 2j) · · · ((k − 1)j · · · jk).

ò uu´
µ
]f6 S 5\9<5 6 5
= 6=? 5\5¡9 S ; 6 b6=?<5 6 ;LN@; 5 ; 5 ;9 9 S 6;
R J
t E]G 8k%Y R J
C@R=JD#GQC<k R C<IG c<R=G [ Rt8 R k! [LK RR GQI 8<E
5
6 9 S A
6 ?@5 ; 96 5 ;LN 6=?<5 5 ;L9 ;LN; 5 k ? ? 6
I R C E k 8#E`G1 E KY<K7D G [ϕ] [ G K 8x[ R=8 R j T E]K E]G{JK C J DFD^Y
6 S 5:9@5 6 5
6=?<5 5 6?@5:A 5 5 9 6=?<5-6=? ;LN"; 5
1 C5:G 9<5 65 [E]G 6=?<5
G ϕ R=J
5 A
8k%Y
6 6 ;L9
j KY<K7D G G DF| G:[ J 8 E]R=8x[ R=8 R 2 [ E`G
i
S
R=J 84kY I R C J E
N 5 5:9
(1, jk)(2, jk − 1) · · · ((jk/2), (jk + 2)/2) · (jk + 1, jk + 2) E jk E]G | [
τ= N ;
(1, jk)(2, jk − 1) · · · ((jk − 1)/2, (jk + 1)/2) · (jk + 1, jk + 2) E jk E]G 8@8xV
l ? 6 5 A 6 6 L
; 9 5 5:5\96=; 6 5 9 5 9 S 6¡6=;6=?<5 ; % 9 6
E]G¡D]JLG I R C J E E]G JGEFD^Y>G G Jk<EFDFE] Cζ GQE K JI@I<D^Y#E E I E
; 5 ;L9 9 S 6; S 5
K RR GQI 8<E (a1 , . . . , ak−1 ) E^| G

ak−1 ζ j−1 , . . . , ak−1 , ak−2 ζ j−1 , . . . , ak−2 , . . . , a1 ζ j−1 , . . . , a1 , ζ j−1 , . . . , 1, ∞, 0 ,
9 6?@5:9 9 S 6?@5aA 9 S S 5
J 8 JI@I<D^Y#E JI@I<E z 7→ ak−1 ζ j−1 /z E^| G

1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , c1 , . . . , c1 ζ j−1 , . . . , ck−2 , . . . , ck−2 ζ j−1 , ck−1 , . . . , ck−1 ζ j−1
6? 6 9 S ? ? ; 5 ;L9
T E cm = ak−1 /ak−m−1 T R E E a0 = 1 [ T ]E K JD`G DFE G Cζ V
]q6 5\A 9 ;L9
6=56=?<5 6=;
;6 5:9%6;LN ;A 6=? 6 5 5765 A 9 9 S
R JE G ^D Y K I@C j%C E Cζ k%Y ]E G G J k@EFDFE] R\[
k%YZ8 R E E
6?@5 6 ;L9M;N6?@5 S 5:9<5 6; ;LN 6?@5 6 5 ;L946 ?@5 5 5 6 ? 6
=
JLK E R=J R=G G Jk<E]DFEF R ai V¤ JDFR JL8Y4GJ T J
Cζ /Gϕ = Cζ ' (P1 − {0, 1, ∞})k−1 − ∆,

AB576 5 l; ;6 5\96 6=?<5 5 6{;LN 6=?<5 6 5 5 5:9#z
I@JR=J b1 , . . . , bk−1 V
REF 84k%Y jC E k%Y R G G Jk@EFDFE] R\[ T E]8
6 N 6? 5:9%6 N 9 S 6?@5 ; 9%6
E Y (P1 − {0, 1, ∞})k−1 − ∆ T E M(T ) = M0,k+2 [{k%Y E]8 E Y#E I E
6=? 6=?<5_; N2; ?@5 5_;LNa6; ; ; S 6 5 ? 9 A 5
(b1 , . . . , bk−1 ) T E Rk@E D]8 GQI R I D E]K:JD Y#I T [ J\|#E S JRU 8
; 9%6 ?@5 5 9 ? 5 ; 65 A 6 ;L9 9 57
I E G (1, b1 , . . . , bk−1 , 0, ∞) T R 0 J 8 ∞ J\| JG=G K:E]J 8R=J EFcK:J E E 8 j
9 ? 5 ; 65 A 6 ;L9 9 57 l ?@5:96=?<5 5 A 6 6 ;L9
J 8 1, b1 , . . . , bk−1 J\| JLGG K:E]J 8>R=J EFcK:J E E 8 1V I R C J E G
;LN6?@5 ; 9%6 5 ;LN 6 5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ;N 5 5
k 8<E]G1 E KY<K7D G [ϕ] JLK DFEFU I R C J E G b0 = 1, b1 , . . . , bk−1 [E&V V][ T
;6 5:96 ; 5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ;LN6=?@5dA 5 ; 96 ;LN ;LN A 6 ;L9
jC E k%YMJDFDI GGQE]k<D I R C J E G JRU 8MI E G T R=J EFc@K\J E
9 57>5 6; 9 6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 6 5
E 8 j%C@JD £L[<J 8 I R C J E τ JK GHDFEFU
τ
(b0 , b1 , . . . , bk−1 , 0, ∞) −→ (bk−1 , bk−2 , . . . , b0 , ∞, 0)
= (1, bk−1 /bk−2 , . . . , bk−1 /b0 , 0, ∞),
6?@5 6 6 ;M6
d 5 5 5 5\96 9 S 6?@5 A-5 ; 9%6 96=?<5AB; 5
D]JLG T C I<D GaR I@R G
@ E GJ I E E 8#C@DFE"GQIJLK M(T ) |#E]J
6?@56 9 N2; A 6 ;L9 9 6?@5:9 5 9 6=? 6-6=?<5 5 ;
R=J G R J E z → bk−1 /z V¦E JD]D^Y[ [ T c 8 J GQI K7E]JD D K:C@G
;LAB; ? 6=; ? ? 9 6 6=?<5 9<; 5 5
C ⊂ M([S]) E]GE]G R=I E]K M(T )/Sk ×(Z/2Z) [ T E]K E]G J C<RtJD]D^Y C R=8 R 8
A-; 5 ;LNx6=?<5m; N; 9 ? ?>A 5 ; 96 ;LN 5 5\96 A-z
8<C<DFExGI@JLK M([T ]) Rk<E D]8 T [E T E]K JRU 8I E G 8#EF R R=J
6 ;L9o; 5 9@9@;6 5 5 A 6=5 l ? AB; 5 5 9@5 ; 5
EFc@K\J E R=8 R=G{K\J k I R C 8iV E]G 8#C@DFE GQIJLK E]GP8 c 8 | R Q [JLGHE`G
6?@5 ;LAB; ? A 6?
E]G RI E]G T E CV
½¾¾#/1/1) "
wFy0s7u
u)¥

¥<ru`n\y y}qp¥%u`n
nyQB2¥<r u}}=rt@s7uf~:wFr>sty
y0#w uxnqp@vstrnHudp@v}72n2EFE v)EFEFE yQ ¥<rty}r

p<yxr72nyQB2¥<r
%<V('V]£a¥<ywF":y}mv
" +
nqp@rts7u&vw

@u2qr /

y}%r}er7w]r r ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) V
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ *
& ¾Z¾7 9 6=57zf; 5 6?@5 ;L9 _P9 S 6=54;LN ? 9 S 5 A 6 6 ; 9 ;LN

6?@56
Yc E
;LNl @ ? 5:; 5:A
R=8 R ϕ E]G
5 ? ?
K 1QC J#5 ;L9 J ϕN; J\;L|#9 E 5\9 J5\9 I 5
R
C J E
;
N; 9
Y#I [ϕ]
;6?@5 ;
R
6P;LN
%<V('%V]z £L[ T 5 E]K ;LT 9<5d JLG c
9@5:5
8 D^Y
6=;A-;
R{K |
N 6=?<557
E K
5
V
;L9
k|#E CGQD^Y[
b
RJ Y RPI@R 8#CK k j KY<K7D G:[ 8@G 8<E Y I<R GGQE ,%<V('V]£
5 5 6? 9 S 5 5 946=?@5 ;;LN 5 6;-6=?<5 S 5:9@5 5
| RQY E D]G E I<R IJLGG G R=JDK:JLG V
" @!$ P!$ " !$ ¡$
?<5\9 5 9 S 6=? 5 ; 9AB; 5 6=?<5>AB; 6-9 6 5 6 ;L9
¤ 8 JDFE T E GQI K:E]JD¡D K7E E 8#C@DFE GI@JLK [ G J C@R=JD jC G E
6; l ?@5 5\N 9 5 6? 6

JLGQU_E`G ¥<v *v}u&r:)ufrn>stv vtpp@rtv}

k<RE T
]J 9G N 6 RE]6=G ?@5 J 5 2¥<rnqp@; rts7u&vLwX;LwFN y0s7u
wFy0y r7} +
* @s¥w u r y\<w uZnqp@vstrtno2¥<r n\r:w *rn7V JLK [ GQI K7E]JDPD K7CG J
9 65:zf; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6 9_AB; 5-;LN 6=; ; ; S N 5 ;LNX6 5
c E R=8 R D ϕ E 8#C@DFEXGQIJK J I D E]K:JDXGC<R JLK S YI (g, n)
; 5 5 6=5 6;6=?<5AB; 5;LNx6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6 l ? ; S ?<; 6"6=?
E]G K7D G DFYR D`J 8 8#C@DFExGQIJK jC E T = S/ϕ V R C C E]G
5 6 ;L9
G K E [ r>s=y@ntufr7}y(w +o2¥<r>stv
n\r ¥<r7}=rvw2w"~7}=vs¥p@yu22nyQB2¥<r>sty *r7} S → T

9 6
v}r

! v} Lrtep@yu2nyQ T u v\%rnyQ
5Z;LN 6?@5 5 ;

946?@5aA-;

!
v} Lrtp@yu22ny S [J 8 T
5a;N
9 5 9 5 6 S 6=5-6=?<5
E | G E J
J C<R GQI K7E]JDiD K7EE 8<C<DFEGQIJLK SV
O{5 N ;LR A a%5 6 ;L9 6? 6 ; N; 6=?@5 ;6 5:9%6X;N A ;L9#z
K:JDFD R K E V]£ J Jdy0y0 Rk<E D]8 M E]G j%C E JZGQE I<DFYBK
9<5 65 6; ; ; S 5 5765 S ; 6 9 S ; 5 ;9%6 9 ;
K 8 I D E]K:JDGQI@JLK T kYJa8<E]GK7R R C@I Γ JK E I<R I RD^YB8<E]GK E C CGQD^Y
6d9@;69<5 5 N 5:5 9 6=? 6 6=?@5AB; 5 ;LN¡O 5:A 9@9 N 5
k<C K GGJREFDFY R D^Y%[J 8 J JDFD 8#C@DFE"GQIJLK G E J GQC<R JLK G
5 ?; N2; l ?@5 ;L9o6=?<5d; N2; 6=?<5
JR GQCK Rk@E D]8<G\V w]y0s7%nByQZnqp<rts7ufvwy}\~7u 7yw]ap@yu22n Rk@E D]8 M E`G
576¡;N ; 96 9 ? ? 5{6=?<5 A S 5 ;LN ; 9%6 9 ? 9 S 9@;L9%6 ;6 ;
G I E G"E M T E`K JR E J G I E GE T J\|#E RE^|#E]JDE]G R I%Y
9 _ ;LN ; 9%6 9 9 576 ;LN6?@5 ; ;LN 5 ; N2;
E ΓV nqp@rts7ufvww]y0s7%n I E G¡E M E]GHJ YGQC<kG D K7C@G GQI K:E]JD Rk@E D`8
; 9%6
I E G\V
7 0@Á )¿ )À )¾z¿ ¾{À ²À )¾{¿
() [576
S k J
5 6; ; ; S N 5-;LNX6 5
(g, n) [ J 8D
9 576
I D E`K:JDXGQC@R JLK Y#I
5 ; [
:
5 6 :
5 <
9
; =
6 H
5 =
6 <
? P
5 ; 5 5 B
A ; 5 <
? ; 5
G ⊂ Sn k JdGQC@k S R C@IiV M(S) 8 R=8 R 8 8<C@DFEGQIJLK Mg,n T G
; 9%6 5 ;LAB; ? A 5 ;LNO 5\A 9@9 N 5 ;LN%6; ; ; S 6 5 9 576
I E GJR E]G RI E]G K7D`JG=G G E J GQC<R JLK G I D E`K:JD YI S [J 8ZD
5:9<;6=56=?<5 ;6 5:96 ;LN%6?@5; 5 5 AB; 5 6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9
MG (S) 8 jC E R=8 R 8 8#C@DFEGQI@JLK M(S) k%Y I R C J E
S ; [576 5:9@;656=?@5 5A 9 S S ; ;LA-; ? 6;
R CD Γ([S]) 8 C@DFD JI<I@E K:D]JLGG
S ; 5 ; 6=5 N2; 6?@5 5 A S 5;N 9 5 6?@5 9<;L9
R C<I Γg,[n] V4¤ JD]G T RE ΓG (S) R I@R E J G C 8 R K\J E]K:JD
5 6 ;L9
GQC<,R 1 K E Γ([S]) → S nV
]qN 9 65:zf; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6o;N6=?<5N A 9 S S ; 5 5:6
ϕ E]GoJc E R=8 R D C<D]D JI<I@E K7D]JLGG R C6=?<5 A S 5 9 ;LN{6=?<5 5:6B;LN ; 9%6 96?@5Ml5 ?@A 5
MG (S, ϕ) 8 E J E MG (S) G I E G-E E]K DFD R
5 ? ? 5 #5 9 5 6?@5 9@;L9 6 ;L9o;LN ;L9
GQI@JLK T(S) = Tg,n T E]K JR c 84k%Y ϕ C 8 R K\J E`K:JD JK E Γ([S])
5:5 a5 6 ;L9 l ? ; 5 6=?<5 ;N 9 N
T(S) &G K E V]£ V E]GdD K7C@GaE]GK:JDFD 8 nqp@rtsufvww]y0s7%n ϕ E MG (S) E
9 ;L9 N 5:9 9 S 6? 66=?<5 ; 96 ;LNH6?@5 ; 5 5 ; z
DFYE ϕ ∈ ΓG (S) [
J 8
N; ; 9%6 ;LN
6=?<5 5
GQC<R=E
5
J
9 a5 6 ;L9
I E G
5
D K7CGeJR
A
GQI K7E]JD
6?@5 ; 9%6
Rk
ϕ T T T %#[ T
E D`8I E
;LN
MG (S, ϕ) I E G T E
G
; 9%6
V
6=?
R E`G [iJLG
GI K7E`JD JC
5
GJ
6=;LA-;
E
RI E`G
?
K E
A S ;
R C@I V
GQE I@D^Y_K:JDFD
e;6=56? 6d6=?<5 I 5 E G
J GQI K7E]JD
; 5 5:9 ;L9 ;L9 6=?<5 ;L9 S 9 ;LN6=?<5 S ;
D K7C@G MG (S, ϕ) 8 I 8<G DFY [hϕi] [ K 1 C JLKY-K:D]JLGGXE ΓG (S) R C<I
S 5:9<5 65
R=J 84kY ϕ V
\ 5 S ; ;N 9 65; 5 ;LN 9 5 5 5 9 6=;LAB; ? A
| RQYMGQC@k R C@I c E R=8 R Γ([S]) K:J k R JDFEF 8JLGPJ JC RI E]G
;LN ;LAB5¡O 5:A 9<9 N 5 ;LN@6; ; ; S 6 5 l ? 5 6 ;L9 S 9@; 9 6?@5
G E J GQC@R JLK X
9
I D
5
E`K:JD Y#I
N2;
SV
S ;
E]GR GQC@D [D U
9
T JLG
; 5
u&r:w n\r7_}rtvw u -0v)ufyp}=y~:w]r )J 8 JLG Y RKY<K7DFE`K R C@IG hϕi [ T JLG{c JD]D^YMI@R | 8
uu´
µ
a a5 ?@; 0 ]q6 A 5 6=? 6d6=?<5 5 ; ;LN

ϕ K
;L9 6 ;LN
kY V R=KtU £ [ V E I@DFE G J GQI K:E]JD"D K:C@G GQE]G G
;LAB; ? A 5 ;LNO 5:A 9@9 N 5 A 66 9 S 6;LAB; ? A ;LN%6; ; ; S
E]G R=I E]G K D`JG=G G
7 E J GQC@R JLK GiJL8 E E JC RI E]G G I D E]K\JD
6 5 l ?@5 5 6 ;L9;LNX6=?<5 5 ; 6;46?@5-AB; 5-;LN"6?@5
Y#I ϕ V R D]J E GI K7E`JDD K7CG M G (S, ϕ) 8#C@DFEXGQIJLK
;6 5:96 5 N ;LA 6=?<5M9 6 A N ;LA 6=?@5 5 ; 6=;_6?@5
jC E T = S/ϕ JR=E]G G R J C<R=JD JI R GQI K7E]JDHD K7CG
A-; 5a;LN S 5:9 ; 6 9 S 6=;5 ? ; 9%6 ;LN 6=?<5 5 ; 6=?<5
8<C<DFE GQIJLK T E^| k%Y4JLGG K:E]J E JLK I E X GQI K:E]JDD K7CG
;6 5:96ZO 5:A 9<9 N 5 l ? AB; ? A A 5 6=?<5 5 ; 96=;
jC E E J GQC<R JLK X/ϕ V E]G R=I E]G JU G GI K7E`JDD K7C@GmE J
9 65 ; 5 ;N@6=?<5 AB; 5 ;LN 9 ? ?e6=?@5¡; N2; 6 6 5 ;LA 9 S N ;LA
c E K | R 8#C@DFE<GQIJLK T [LE T E]K Rk@E D]8-G RC@K C@R K E R
6?@5 5 5:9 5B;LN"6?@5 6;LAB; ? A 6a5 ? ; 9%6a;LN"6=?<5 5 ; A ;
A
I@R G
9<;6 K
5 6 JC
9 5 6
RI E]G
9 5:9 5
ϕ J JLK
5:M 5 a5 6 ;L9¢
I E GQI K:E]JDXD K7C@G
?@5:96=?<5A
J\Y
N ;LA
R
J\Y k R=E^|E`JD E JoK R JE G G &G K E V]£ V¤ JI R
5 ? 5 5 ;LA ;L9@5:9%6e;LN 6?@5 5 ; ;L9@57z&6=;zf;L9@5 9 6?@5; N2;
JLK EFRR 8#CK7EFk@D K I GI K7E`JD¡D K7CGE]G J 8 Rk@E D]8
6 6 5 6 6?@5 5 5 6 ;L9 576 5:5:9M5 ? 5 5 ;LA ;L9@5:9%6 9
G RCK C<R E]G R=E^|E`JD&[ R E]GHJBk<E 1 K E k T JLK EFR=R 8#CK7EFk@D K I J 8
6?@5AB; 5;LN l ?<5 S ; ;LN¡6=? 5 6 ;L9 6=; 6 N 6=?@5 5 6 6=5:AB5:9%6
a5 6 ;L9 8#C@DFE¡GQI@JLK
¢ 6; 576=5 A 9@5e6=?@5 5
TV JD
;L9
E]GeG K E
6 ;L9 57
E]G
6
1Q9_ C@G E Y
6=5 A ;LNN 9
G G J
A-5\96
G
K E V]£ [ 8 R E G K 8#E E G I<DFE`K7E DFYE R G C 8@J JD
S ; 96=?<5 5 ?@5 5 6=?<5 S ; S 5\9<5 6=5 6=?<5 ; 9%6 5
R C<IG{E K:JLG T R G = Gϕ E`G R C<I 8<E]G1 E
;LN 9 6=?@5d; 5 5 AB; 5d;LN a5 RtJ 6 ;L8 9_¢
k%Y
6=; ?<; 6=? 6 9
KY<K7D G
ϕ J 8 M(T ) E]G R=8 R 8 8<C<D]EGQI@JLK T K E V [ G T J E
S 5:9 5 ; 6=?<5 ;L9 6 ;9 5PN 5 9 6?@5 5\N; 5{6?@5 5 6 ;L95: 6 N;
a5 C6 G";L 9MR ¢ [ 9
K
6=; S
8<E E G¡JR
5a57 A
C<DFc@DFD 8J 8
5 a%5 6 ;9 ¢ R ¢ R 9 ¢ k<E 1 K E E`G G R¡JDFD ϕ
K E V % [@J 8 E^| J I<D Ga K E G V J 8 (V ' V 9 657zq; 5
5 ;L9 6=5:9%6 5>6=?<5 ; 6=; 5:N25 6;_6=?<5 5:;LAB; z
¤ K GQE]G DFYC@G T R=8nqp@rts7u&vw R R c E R=8 RB8<EF R
? A ; 6=;AB; ? A ;LNO 5\A 9@9 N 5 9o6=?@5d6=5 A
I E]G G RZJC RI E`G G E J GQC@R JLK G:[JLGPE R G-s7} *r u)2¥Mnfp@r /
s7u&vwv#qy
l ?<5 5:N; 5

y}qp¥%un
5

5{6?@5H6=5 A
9
n J 8nqp@rts7u&vw<wFy0s7n{v
ntn\y0s7u&vqrtZqyev @u)q0

r /Qy}=r7}Pu rty

y}qp¥%un

V
R R [ T C@G R nqp@rts7u&vw<¥<y y y}fp¥u`n ~=r: ¡r=r7 vtppu2-s:w]v
n=n }=y0pn
6; 5:9@;656?@5?@;LAB;AB; ? A 576 5:5\9A 9 S S ; 5 ;9 6 6 9
T R C@I@G T
a%5 8 6 ;L9_¢ ? ?_57 6
RI E`G
?@5:9@5 5
G-k
6=?@5 5
JI@I<E
5 6 ;9
K7D]JLGG
576 5:5:9_5 ?
K
;LA
G RC@K
;L9<5\96
E
K E V [ T E]K E]G T | R R E]GZJk@E 1 K E k T JLK K I
;LN6=?<5 5 ; 9 6?@5ZAB; 5Z;LN
GQI K7E]JDiD K:C@G{J 8 8#C@DFEGQIJK TV
i()'( X. %1 %1{1,
R
5:A 5
%<V('V]£2EFE [ T GJ T 946=?@5J 5:9JK
6=? 6Z5 )1 ?
.( ]9l ?@5:;
;LA ;L9<5\96{;LN 6?@5 5 : 5 AB5:9%6 5 ; S ;LN 9 65:zf; 5
K I GI K7E`JDiD K7CG J-c E R=8 R D ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) E C@G
5 ;AB; 5 6 5 N ;LAB; ? 6=;6?@5o; 5 5 AB; 5M;LN
R 8<C<D]EPGQI@JLK Mϕ (S) E]GE G D E]G RI E]K Rt8 R 8 8#C@DFEPGQIJK
]946=? 5 6 ;L9 5 S 5a6?@5 S 5\9<5 6 5 9 5 9 S 6=? N 6 l ?
T = S/ϕ V E]GPG K E [ T E^| RtJDI<E]K C@R C 8 RD^Y#E E`G JLK V E]G
S 5:9<5 6 5 5 5 6? 96?@5 S 5:9 5 ; 5 96? 6 9 6 S 5:9
R=JDI@E]K C@R E]G T JU R J CGZ R K:JLG [E J E JRk<E R=JRQY CG:[
5 ; ;LN 6=;6?@5_A-; 5 6>9@;6
JGQI K:E]JDZD K7CG ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) E]G_}=r:wFvqrt 8<C<DFEaGQIJLK M(T ) [k<C
9<5 5 ;AB; ? 6=; 6
K GGJREFDFY>E]G RI E`K E V
d
¤
5
gdPqb 5\5
k
5 S 9
E k%Y K7E E
; d
6 9 S
G
;AB5
l ?@5:; 5:A
A
E I R J
; 6 9%6
9 c; ; R GQC@D G
5 6 ;LN ;L9
D &
5
5 z
6;6=?@5
5
J 8
9
5
JRQ| Y
5
?<5 5

G JD]G [ R J 8 R DFD]JRQY % [mJI@I@DFE 8 K:JLG T R
6?@5 9 6=5 S ; 6?@5 ;L9 5 6=?<5 S ;
c E R C@I G ⊂ Γ([S]) Y4K GQE]8 RHE]G KY<K7DFE]K R C,+tp@r
&G [ [ V

(g, n) [PvwFr: ϕ ~=r4v u2qr Q/ y}=r7}r:wFr r7myQ Γ([S]) V ntnt r2¥<v2¥<r 7@y)ufr

T = S/ϕ unyQ{%r7@%n g 0 u)¥ n0 v} Lrtmp@yu2n[u2s:w @u2>vw2wi2¥<re~7}=vs¥p@yu22nLV !
er7yqr~0+
" #
2E

rt~0+ ϕ [v~0+ T(S, ϕ) 2¥<rmn\r:¡yQ"p@yu22n
w2w]r}nqp@vstr T(S) = Tg,n
T(S)ϕ
rt~0+v +sty )L%vqryQ ϕ V ¥<r7
2¥<r-n@~n\r:PyQPp@yu2nyQe2¥<r

r7ufst¥
"

T(S)ϕ un_un:y y}qp¥%ufsqy Tg0 ,n0 = T(T ) vx T(S, ϕ) un_2¥<r@ufy yQstytpufrtn
γ(T(T )) 7y}a}=rp}=rn\rfv)u*rn γ yQZ2¥<r NormΓ([S]) (ϕ) /Qsty
n:r:2nau Γ([S]) V
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ * õ
2EFE
" ¥<ran\r:HyQr:w]r

Γ([S]) Lw]y~tvww(+Zp}=rn\r7} *0u>2¥<rdn@~n\r: T(S, ϕ) u2 T(S)
r72n-yQ
unrvs:)w(+2¥<rZn~f}=y0pNormΓ([S]) (ϕ) V

2EFE]E 3 y}r0*r7} + G ⊂ Sn styqvu2@u22¥<r{p<r7} #qv)ufy [ϕ] v
n=n\y0s7ufvqr=qy ϕ [2¥<r 7@y /

)ufr7 Me G (S, ϕ) = T(S, ϕ)/Norm ΓG (S) (ϕ) unBun:y y}qp¥%ufsqyo2¥<ry} vw un\v)u&y
yQZ2¥<ranfp@rts7ufvwxw]y0s7%n MG (S, ϕ) ⊂ MG (S) V
[576 5"6=?@5 S S 5\9<5 ; 6 5
= ;LN 6=?<5 ; 9%6 5 ;LN<6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9
Gϕ k GQC@k R R=JC@I 8kY Sn 8#E`G1 E KY<K7D G I R C J E
65 ;6 5:9%6N; 6?@5 5 9
[ϕ] V¤RE Mϕ (S) R j%C E QG IJK MGϕ (S) = M(S)/Gϕ [J 8 Mϕ (S, ϕ)
N; 6?@5 ?@; 5-;LNX6=?<5 5 ; ;LN 9 5 ; 6=5 N; 6?@5
R T D GQI K:E]JDD K:C@G ϕ E Mϕ (S) V¤ JD]G T RE Γϕ (S) R
S ; 6?@5 5 A S 5 9 ;LN 9 5 6=?@5 5 6 ;L9
R C<I ΓGϕ (S) [ E Γ([S])
a5 6 ;L9 0 6; C 5:8 65 R A 9@5 GC<R,?<1 5\K 9E 6=?@5
I<R E J h[ϕ]i Γ([S]) → Sn V
l ?@5 5 6=5 ;L9 5:5B gd 5 ;
R E]GHJeK7RE RE &G [ K E 8 R E T GQI K7E]JDxD K:C@G
9@; A
Mϕ (S, ϕ) E]G R JDfV

e ϕ (S, ϕ) v Mϕ (S, ϕ) v}=rau`n7)u2s:u mvByw +u P2¥<r7}=rPunZvHufr v@
M

n}):vstr X yQBqytp@ywFy=ufstvw, +tp@r S ¥<y
n\r>v#qy y}qp¥%u`n }y
p G styqvu2<n ϕ

unvosty )L%vqryQ ϕ u2<nu&r
0 0
vvy2¥<r7}r:w]r r7 ϕ yQ Γ ϕ (S) [Xn@s¥2¥<v ϕ
Γϕ (S)
~7<Xy"u@ntufr G V
5_9@;
9%6 ; 5 ; ; 6 ;L9 ?<; 5 ;;LN 6=?@5 S ; ;LN7a5 6 L ; 9 ¢ 5\5
¤ T E R 8#CK JI@R I GQE E T G I<R E]G JD K E V )G
h ; ; 6 ;L9M¢
R I QG E E V V V
& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿
"
) rts:2u*rZ¥<y
¥<r7}rdu`nevstvy@ufs=vwxu \ y y}qp¥%un
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi ,→ Γ(T ), (4.1.1)
¥<y
n\rau

v\%rau`neyQ @u)qrau2rxV
l ? 5 6=;-6=?<5aA 9 5 6{;LN 6? 5 6 ;L9

E]GHD JL8@G JE R GQC@D ]E G{G K E V

& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿ 5, "

¥<r y}qp¥%un
Mϕ (S, ϕ) → M(T ) (4.1.2)
r rta~0+dv
ntn\y0s7u&v)u2Zqydv¡p@yuyQ Mϕ (S, ϕ) ¥%ufs¥dun 2¥<r u`n\y

y}qp¥%un s:wFv
ntn{yQ v

Hufr v@n}):vstr X v u)&)u# ϕ v

nPvMv#qy y}qp¥%un 2¥<r 7@y)u&r7 X/ϕ ∈ M(T )
u`nv>sty *r7}u

vtpyQ @u)qrerq}=rtrV
& ¾Z¾ 7 [576 5

X k JI E
; 9%6
T
?@5 5
Mϕ (S, ϕ) E`G
9@;6B9@; A 9 ; 5>6=? 6
R R JD&[¡J 8GQC@I@I G J
9 5 ¢ 5 N6e6?@5AB; ? A ¢ 6; e
X 7→ Y ∈ M(T ) C 8 R> V]£LV V¤ D]E RI E]G V]£LV Mϕ (S, ϕ) k%Y
5:9 9 S 6?@5 ; 9%6 9 S ; 5 6; 9 5 ?<; 6? 6 6=?<5aAB; ? A
G 8#E JDFD I E GHD^Y#E Jk | X Y [<J 8 T G T J RI E]G
e ϕ (S, ϕ) → M(T )
M (4.1.3)
;
9 S A 5;LN 9 65 5 S 5:5 ]f6 5:9<; S ?6=; ?<; 6? 6e5 ? 5 5
E]GeJK | RE JI c E 8 R V E]G C G T J JLK EFRR 8<C@K:EFk<D
; A
L ;L9<5\96m;LN 5 9 6=5 ; 5 9 S ; 6=? 5 5-l ?<5:; 5:A+¢
K I M (S, ϕ) S EF| GmJc E K | R E VZ¦ R ]E G:[ T CG R V]£LV]£
9 h ; ; 6 ;9¢ϕ 6 9 5 5 5 5
# ; 9% 6 ;LN 6?@5 6 ;L9;LN
J 8 R I GE E V]£LV V¦EFR=G D^Y[#GQE K hϕi c G | RQYI E T(S) ϕ[ JK E
N 6=; 6=? ; S ? 6=?@5 ;6 5:9%6 S ; 9 6=?<5 5
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) JLK R=G R C jC E R C@I NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi [@J 8 R
9<;L9 ;L9<5:z&6=;zq;L9<5 ; 5 ;L9 5:9 5
E]GHJK:J E]K:JD K RR GI 8 K

T(S)ϕ /NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) ↔ T(S)ϕ / NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi (4.1.4)
uu´
µ
6=?<5 5 5:9 5 576 5:5\96=?<56 ; 5 ? 5 9 96=?@5;

: N; 6 6 5 5P6;
8 EF R
# K k T T GQIJLK ¡ G E]G E]8@8 E R k@E ]D 84G R=C@K < C R < 8 C
6?@5 6 ;L9M;N 9 S 5 ? ; 9%6
hϕi c E
eJL; K E 9 S l ?<5\; 5:A ¢
JLK I E
¢
V
¢ 9 h ; ; 6 ;9¢ 5B? 5 9 6
T [iCGQE R VF£LV]£L[" V]£LV J 8 R I G E E ]V £LV [ T J\| J J <C R=JD
5 5:9 5Z;LNA-; ? A
G j%C K R=I E]G G

e
T(S)ϕ → T(S)ϕ /NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) ' M(S, ϕ) ↔ T(S, ϕ)/ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi

' T(T )/ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi → T(T )/Γ(T ) ' M(T ). (4.1.5)
l ? ?<; 6? 65 ? 5 5 ;LA ;L9@5:9%6B;LN ; 5 ;LN
E]GG T G J JLK EFRR 8#CK7EFk@D K I Mϕ (S, ϕ) E]GJK | R M(T ) [
9 6=?<5 9 65:9@5 ;LN 6 5 S 5:5-N2; ; N ;A 6=?<5BN 6m6=? 6
J 8 c E GG E Ga8 T Norm (ϕ)/hϕi
;LN 9 6=5 9 57 9 h ; R ; 6 ;DF9M D
¢
G R
JLK J Γϕ (S) E]G
c E E 8 E Γ(T ) R I GE E V]£LV V
l ?<5 S ; ;N6=?<5{9@576 5 6 ;L9 6"N ;LA ; 9 S h ; ; 6 ;9¢ 6=; S 5{6 ;
JD G K E [JI@JR R I<R |#E R I GQE E V]£LV [LE`G EF| T
;L9 6 ;L9 ;L96=?@5PN 9 AB5:9%6 S ; ? ? 55 5:9%66;6 ; ;L9 6 ;L9 ;L9
6?@5
K 8<E E
; 5 9 S A
G C 8<J
¢ ?
JD R C@I@G
?46
T E]K
5:946=; S 576?@5 AB5 9M6? 6 ¢
JR j%C<E^|JD T
K 8#E E
; 5
G
JI V]£V % [ T V]£LV % E]G JLG{K7D G
I GGQEFk@D
;
K | RE
5{6;
J
9
E]G
;LAB;
RI E]G
? A
E]K
S
[ E^|
5:96?@5
JU
8#EF R
5 5:9 5 9;
R
K E
J
N;
J
6
Rk@E D]8G RCK C<R 8<C
6 5 5H6;a6=?<5
JLG
S ;
R C<I hϕi V
i( ( X. %1
/ 1 X. 3..
,1 ", / ( ]96=?
E`G
5 6 ;L9 5 6 6?@5 576 5:5\9 A 9 S S ;
G K E [ T G C@8#Y nqp@rts7u&vw{¥<y y y}qp¥%u`n nk T JI<I@E K:D]JLGG R C<IG
;LA 9 S N ;LA6?@5 5 AB; ? A
K E R GQI K:E]JD RI E]G G
Mϕ (S, ϕ) → M(T ),
; 6?@5 N L
; A6?@5 N 6 9 S
RHR=J R\[ R FE R{DFE E G
e ϕ (S, ϕ) → M(T )
M
9%6 5 ; 9_6?@5 5 ; 5 6 ;L9 l ?@5:; 5:A ¢ 6=?<5; N; N 9 A 5\9#z
-
E R
8<C@K _ 8 E I@R # | E CGZG K E VW"Y R V]£LV]£L[ Rk<E D]8 C 8@J
6 ; ; L P
N 5 ? 5 5 ; L A L
; <
9 \
5
9 B
6 L
; N
JD
S
R C<I JLK EFRR < 8 CK7EFk@D K I
e ϕ (S, ϕ) E`G NormΓ (S) (ϕ) [¡G 6 ?@5
M

;
A ;
- ? A ¢ S 5 Z
5
6 ; ? @
; B
A L
; B
A ; ? A ϕ
RI E]G FV £LV % Ê | G{ R E]G J RI E]G
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) → Γ(T ).

l ?<5 S ; ;LN6=? 5 6 6 L
; 9 6? 6=;
AB; ? A 9 S 6=?<5 5:9%6 6 ;L9;LN6=?<5
E`G"G JD E]G K E
G @ C 8#Y E]G RI ]E G ) C@GQE E]8 EFcK:J E
A S 9 S
; =
6 4
? ; =
6 5 =
6 L
; B
A ; ? A S ; L
;
N N 9 B
A :
5 %
9 6 S ;
JI@I<E K7D]JLGG R C@I@G T E C R JC
H R=I E]G R @ C I@G C 8<J JD R C@I@G [
9; 5 6=; ; 5B6=? 6e9<;6;L9 ;%5 6eN 6; 6 ? ; S ? 6
E R=8 R I@R | J D^Y8 GdE JK R R C NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi [k<C
6? 6 6=?<5 9 5 A-; ? A
J E 8#CK 8 RI E`G
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi → Γ(T )

9 9 5 6 5Z?<;LAB;LAB; ?A 6=? A S 5;LN 9 6=5 9 57 l ? 6=?<5 9 5 6
E]G J E 1 K E^| RI E]G T E E J c E E 8 V E]GE]G c JDR GQC@D
; N{6=?
L 5 6 ;L9 h ; ; 6 ;L9¢ S 5\9 h ; ; 6 ;9 ¢ ; 5 ]q9; 5
E`GG K E R I GQE E V V E^| JLG R I GE E VF£LV Jk | V R=8 R
6; ; 5 6 5 ? 6=5 5e6=?@5B9<; A 5 ;LN 9 6=?<5 576d;LN 9<5 6 z
I<R | E [ T K JR=JLK REF R JDFE] R ϕ E Γϕ (S) JLG G E R E]J
5 5 9 S ; 65 6;LAB; ? A ;LN ? ?5765:9 6; 5:5M[ 5:ABA
I<R G RQ|#E C R-JC RI E]G G π1 (S) T E`K 8 π1 (T ) &G J
¢ 9 ; 946=? 6 ;9%6=576
V V % [@J 8 T R=UE J K V
[ 576 5 6=; ; ; S N 54;LNH6 5 9 65 N2;
S k J I D E]K:JDHGQC@R JLK YI (g, n) [J 8 T RE Γ([S]) = Γg,[n] R
6?@5A 9 S S ; ;LN 5 A 6 9 ; 9%6 9 N2; 6?@5 5
JI<I@E K7D]JLGG R C@I S I R C E S I E GJ 8 Γ(S) = Γg,n R I@C@R
A 9 S S ; [ 576 5 9 65:zf; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6";LN 9 576 b
JI@I<E K7D`JLGG R C@IiV ϕ k JZc E R=8 R D Γ([S]) [%J 8-G T = S/ϕ
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ *
}=vs¥dp@yu22ndyQ2¥%undsty *r7} vB2¥<r7u2}p}=r7u !

rv
ntn
[5:ra6 2¥<0v5:v9<w2wi;~76=5 6=?<5 S 5:9 ;N 9 0 6=?<5-9 A 5 ;LN"A
v\%rn v}=r
5 ; 96 i
v } Lrt

b 6=?<5
p@yu2n7V g 8 C@G T J 8 n C k R JRU 8I E G
N 9 AB5:9%6 S ; ;LN S 5:9 S \
5 9<5 6=; 9 5 6 L ; 9
C 8@J JD R @ C I T E]G EF| k%Y RtJ R=GHJ 84R D]J E G{JLG
D Yg0 E

π1 (T ) = a1 , b1 , . . . , ag0 , bg0 , c1 , . . . , cn0 (ai , bi )c1 · · · cn0 = 1 . (4.2.1)
i=1
O{5 6? 6H6?@5 S ; ;LN 9@5 6 z 5 5 9 S 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 5\9<;6=5
K:JDFD J R C@I E R E]J I@R G R|E JC RI E]G G π1 (T ) [@8 8
∗

Aut [π1 (T )] ,
5 9<5 6=; 5m6?@5 S ; ;LN 6;LAB; ? A
E]GH8 c 8 k R C@I JC RI E]G G

ψ ∈ Aut π1 (T ) | ∃σ ∈ Sn such that ψ(ci ) ∼ cσ(i) for 1 ≤ i ≤ n0 ,
?<5 5 AB5 9 ;9 S 6=5m6; V¤ 5 5\5dl ?<5\; 5:A 6=? 6
T R ∼ J G E]GHK 1QC J GJ T )G R V V]£ J
Γ([T ]) = Out∗ ([π1 (T )]), (4.2.2)

6?@5 ;6 : 5 9%6;LN _ 97a5 ; 9
6 L 5? 5 9 6
j%C E Aut∗ ([π1 (T )]) %
k Y Inn(π1 (T )) V GE K E V [ T J0| J J C@R=JD
5 6 5a?<;LAB;LAB; ? A
GQC<R,1 K E^| RI E]G

Aut∗ [π1 (T )] → Sn
(4.2.3)
ψ 7→ σ,
? ? 5 6;
T E]K IJLGG G Out∗ ([π1 (T )]) V
5 5 5Z? 5m6=?<5a57 6 5 5:9 5
W K:JC@G T = S/ϕ [ T J\| JLK G jC K
1 → π1 (S) → π1 (T ) → hϕi → 1. (4.2.4)

l ?<5 ;6 : 5 9%6 9; 65 6;LAB; ? A S ; ;LN ? ? 9 6
j%C E hϕi E]GaJ C RZJC RI E]G R C@I π1 (S) [ T E]K E]G J C@R=JDFD^Y
5\96 5 6=?6=?<5 S ; ;LN 5:546=?<5MN; ; 9 S
E]8 EFc 8 T E GQC@k R @ C I hϕi Γ([S]) = Out∗ ([π1 (S)]) [ G DFD T E
5:ABA
D J#V
)
Á
"
¥<rZ¥<y y y}qp¥%un
π1 (T ) ,→ Aut([π1 (S)])
(4.2.5)
t 7→ inn(t)|π1 (S)

) r=s:)u*r[vu22nZu v\rw ufrnZu2 Aut ([π1 (S)]) V
∗
u`nZu2 \
& ¾Z¾ 7 [576 5
ϕ̃ k JDFE E S
N6 9 ;LN
ϕ
6; 9
π1 (T ) E V V V
¢ ¢ ]N
r E]G
6?@5; 5 ;LN
ϕ[
6?@5:9
R=8 R

; 5 5 5 :
5 B
A :
5 %
9 m
6 L
; N 9 5 Q
6 =
6 :
5 9 =
6 ? 9
ϕ̃r ∈ π1 (S) [G | RQY D π1 (T ) K:J k T RE sϕ̃m T E s ∈ π1 (S) J 8
a ; 5-6=? 6 A 6=;46=?<5 5:9%6 6 9 ¢ ]N
0 ≤ m ≤ r − 1 V C<I@I G J sϕ̃m JI@G E`8 E YE V V' V m = 0[
6?@5:9 5 56?@5 5 6 6 ;L9;LN ¢ 6; 9 5 6 5 9 5
s = 1 k K:JC@G R G RE]K E V V' π (S) E]GdE 1 K E^| [GQE K π1 (S)
5:96=5 zqN 5:5 ]N 6=?<5:96?@5 A
1
S 5M;LN m 9 5 6?@5 9 5
E]GK R R V 1 ≤ m ≤ r − 1[ E J sϕ̃ C 8 R E 8#CK 8
?<;LAB;LA-; ? A
R=I E]G
π1 (T ) → Aut([π1 (S)])/ Inn(π1 (S))
5 9<;L9%6 6=;
9 5 m ? ? ; 9<9@;6 5 9
E]G j C@JD
% ϕ [ T ]E K E]G R EF|E`JD"GQE K 1≤m ≤ r − 1 [ G sϕ̃m K\J DFE E
6?@5 5 9@5 ;LN ¢ l; 5 5m6? 6 6=?<5 A
\ S a
5 ;LN ¢ 5 9 9<;6=5
U R D V (V ' V G J E J V V(' DFE GHE Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]) [
ó uu´
µ
6? 6 5:9@5 6=5 9 9 6=?<5 A S 5;LN 5 6 9 5

J π1 (T ) E]G S R=J 8k%Y π1 (S) J 8 ϕ̃ [ J 8 E J π1 (S) K R JE ^D Y_DFE G
9 6 ; ;5 6=?@5 A S 5a;LN 9 5 6 5 6 ;L9oA-; ;
E Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]) V¡WC G 8 G E J ϕ̃ [GQE K E GPR 8<C@K E 8<C<D π1 (S)
5:9%6 5 6=? 5 6=; ? ? 9
2E]8 E]c 8 T E Inn(π 1 (S)) E]G j%C@JD ϕ[ T E]K E`G"E Γ([S]) = Out∗ ([π1 (S)]) V
Á )

ϕ ~tr>vr:w]r r7yQ @u)qr>y}=r7}Bu2 Γ([S]) v T = S/ϕ v
n
r:
¢ ¢
%n@vw[n:y π1 (S) ⊂ π1 (T ) v
ndu2 V V V evv#qy y}qp¥%u`n yQ π1 (S) rqr7
nqy

vv#qy y}qp¥%u`n yQ π 1 (T ) [2¥<r7u) rqr7
nZ@u 7@r:w(+V
& ¾Z¾7 [576
r 8
5:9@;65-6=?<5B; 5 ;LN 9
ϕ [J 8_D ψ̃ k J JC
576 5 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN
π1 (S)
R=8 R RI E]G
5765:9 9 S = 6 ; a ; 5P6=? 6 9 56 ;-5765\9 ;L9 ;LN 6; 6=;LA-; z
8#E π 1 (T ) V C@I@I G J Ψ J 8 Φ JR T GQE G ψ̃ JC R
? A ;LN 9 576 ;6? 6 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN
I E]G G π1 (T ) [xJ 8G χ = Ψ ◦ Φ−1 [xG J χ E]GmJ JC RI E]G π1 (T )
? ? 5 6 6 6=;6=?<5a6 6=;LA-; ? A ;L9M6?@5 S ; [ 576 5
T E]K R G R=E]K G RE^|#E]JDJC RI E`G GQC@k R C@I π1 (S) V ϕ̃ k J
N6 9 S ;LN 6; ; \
5 <
9 5 =
6 5 9 l @
? :
5 9
DFE E ϕ π1 (T ) [G π1 (T ) E]G S RtJ 8Mk%Y π1 (S) J 8 ϕ̃ V χ(ϕ̃) = sϕ̃m
N; ;LAB5 9 ;LA-5 6=? ; 0 5
RG s ∈ π1 (S) J 8G m T E 0 ≤ m ≤ r − 1 V>¦ RJD]D s ∈ π1 (S) [ T
? 5 9 5 @
9 ; A 9 6 A 6
; 9 #
5
J\| ϕ̃−1 s0 ϕ̃ ∈ π1 (S) GQE K π1 (S) E]G R JDE π1 (T ) [%k@C kYJLGGQC I E [ χ c G
5 5:AB5:9%6 ;LN ;
D G π1 (S) [G
ϕ̃−1 s0 ϕ̃ = χ(ϕ̃−1 s0 ϕ̃) = χ(ϕ̃−1 )s0 χ(ϕ̃) = ϕ̃−m s−1 s0 sϕ̃m .
l ? m−1 L ; ABA 6=5 6? N; ; 5 96?@5 5 9@5
CG:[ sϕ̃ K C G T E s0 RJD]D s0 ∈ π1 (S) [ G sϕ̃m−1 DFE GaE U R D
;LN6?@5d?<;LAB;LA-; ? A ¢ l ? [ 5:ABA ¢ m−1 ; 9
R=I E]G V (V ' V CGHk%Y J V V]£L[ sϕ̃ = 1 [G s = 1 J 8
l ? AB5 9 6=? 6 5 6=?<5 5:9%6 6 ;L9 ;LN
m − 1 = 0V E]G J G J χ(ϕ̃) = ϕ̃ [<EfV VF[ χ E]G E`8 E Y JDFD π1 (T ) V
Á 5, )
r7 ϕ ~trv @u)qr / y}r7}r7w]r

r4yQ Γ([S]) V

¥<r7 ¥@r_}y0p
"

NormΓ([S]) (ϕ) un4rvs:)(w +_2¥<rn@~q}y
p yQ>r7w]r rn ψ yQ Γ([S]) = Out∗ ([π1 (s)])
∗
¥<y
n\rdw u t)u2naqy>v<qy y}qp¥%un n ψ̃ ∈ Aut ([π1 (S)]) r qr7qy>v<qy y}qp¥%un neyQ
π1 (T ) V
& ¾Z¾7 [576
r
5P6=?<5; 5 ;LN
ϕ E Γ([S]) [J
9 9 5 6
7 5 `N 6 9
ϕ̃ k JdDFE E S
;LN
ϕ
6=;
π1 (T )
9
k R=8 R 8D E
¢ ¢ b 5 ;L9 5 9 6=?@5 9 ;L9
V V T K GQE]8 R ϕ̃ E Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]) |#E]J E K:DFC@GQE
∼
π1 (T ) → Inn(π1 (T )) ⊂ Aut∗ ([π1 (S)])
;LN`[5\A-A ¢ [ 576 ;B6=? 6 N; ;AB5 [ 576
J V ]V £LV ψ ∈ NormΓ([S]) (ϕ) [G J ψϕψ −1 = ϕm RPG mV
5 9 6 N6 9 S ;LN 6=; ∗ b#6?@5:9>6?@5 5Z57 6 ?
ψ̃ k J JR=k<E R=JRQYDFE E ψ Aut ([π1 (S)]) R E]G G s ∈ π1 (S) GQC@K
6? 6
J
ψ̃ ϕ̃ψ̃ −1 = sϕ̃m , (4.2.6)
?<5 5 5:9%6 5 6=? 9 ∗
T R s E`G ]E 8 EFc 8 T E inn(s) Aut ([π1 (S)]) V
E
l @ ? 5 6 ;L9 ;LN6=?<5 6=;LA-; ?;L9 A 5 ; 5 5 ;L9 S 6 9 S
6?@5 ;
JLK E
;LN 9
JC
5
RI E`G ψ̃ π1 (S)
5\96 5
E]GoR
6?
K | R 8 k%Y K 1 C
9
J E
5
∗
π1 (S) K I%Y E GQE`8 Aut ([π1 (S)]) [iE]8 EFc 8 T E Inn(π1 (S)) [kY ψ̃ E GQE]8
]9 5:5 N; 5 5 5Z? 5
Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]) V 8 8i[
0
R | RQY s, s ∈ π1 (S) [ T J\|

(ψ̃ inn(s)ψ̃ −1 )(s0 ) = (ψ̃ inn(s))(ψ̃ −1 (s0 )) = ψ̃ sψ̃ −1 (s0 )s−1
= ψ̃(s)s0 ψ̃(s)−1 = inn(ψ̃(s))(s0 ).
6=?<5 B A ; 5 ¢ ?@; 6? 6e6=?<5 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 5\9 ;L9#z
¦@C@R R R [{ V V G T G J JC RI ψ̃
E]G π1 (S) S EF| k%YK
S 6 ;L9 9 5 5 5 5 9 5 S 5\9<5 6=5
1C J E k Y ψ̃ E QG E]8
% Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]) I@R G RQ| G π1 (T ) GQE K π1 (T ) E]G RtJ 8
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ ñ
9 ;o6=? 6 6 S 5 9 6=;LA-; ? A ;LN l ? ; 5 ;L9@5

kY π1 (S) J 8 ϕ̃ [G J E E^| GJ JC RI E]G π1 (T ) V E]GI<R | G
5 6 L ; 9M;N 6=?<5 5:ABA
8#EFR K E D J<V
e; 5>6 5 ?6=? 6 9 N`6 9 S ;LN 6;
T [ T JU ψ ∈ Γ([S]) = Out∗ ([π1 (S)]) GQC@K J J YDFE E ψ̃ ψ
9 6=;LAB; ? A ;LN 5:%6=5:9 6=; 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 9@;65-6=? 6 N
J JC RI E]G π1 (S) 8<G J JC RI E]G π1 (T ) J E
;L9<5 N6 9 S 5765:9 6=?<5\96?@5 ; 9 56=?<5 5 5 5:AB5:9%6 ;LN
D]E E 8<G Y>JDFDi8 GQE K Y8<EF R k%Y D G Inn(π1 (S)) V
l ?<5:9 9 5 5:9@5 65 9 N6 9 S ;LN 6; 5dA 6
GQE K π1 (T ) E]G S R=J 8MkY π1 (S) J 8JDFE E ϕ̃ ϕ π1 (T ) [ T CG
? 5 2
N ; L
; -
A 5 9 L
; B
A 5 l ?
J\| ψ̃(ϕ̃) = ψ̃ ϕ̃ψ̃ −1 = sϕ̃m RG m J 8eG s ∈ π1 (S) V C@G ψϕψ
−1
= ϕm
9 a 9 5 ;L9 S 6 ;9 9 6=;LAB; ? A 5 9 6? 6 A 6 5
E Γ([S]) V
5 6 5
E K
AB5Z6;
K 1 C ; J E 9<; k%Y A ψ̃ E]G 5
J JC
9
RI E]G [ T c 8 J m C@G k
R D]J E^| D^Y4I<R=E r [@G ψ R JDFEF G ϕ E Γ([S]) V
7
0@Á )¿ )À )¾z¿ [5:6
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) 8
5:9@;65d6?@5 S ; ;LN
Aut∗ ([π1 (T )])
;L9
6 9 S
GQC@k R C@I K GQE]G E
;LNH5 : 5 AB5:9%6 ? ? 5 5 56=?<5 S ; l ? S ; ;LN
D G T ]E K I@R G R| GQC<k R C<I π1 (S) ⊂ π1 (T ) V E]GeGQC@k R C@IE`G
9 65 9 57 9 ∗ 9 5 L
; N 9 =
6 5 9 7
5 -
9
6 @
? 5 9 6=5 S \
5 <
9 5 =
6 5
c E E 8 E Aut (π1 (T )) [%GQE K π1 (S) E]G c E E 8 E c E D^Y R=J 8
S ; O{5 6 6 ;L9oN ;LA 6; S 5 ?@;LAB;LA-; ? A
R C<I π 1 (T ) V G RE]K E R π 1 (T ) π 1 (S) E^| G{J RI E`G
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) → Aut([π1 (S)]).

]q9 5\5 5Z5 5:5Z6? 6H6? 5 6 6 ;9 6 S 5 ?<;LAB;LAB; ? A
8 8x[ T JGEFD^YMG J E]GHR G R E`K E JLK C@JDFDFY E^| GHJ RI E]G
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) → Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]), (4.2.7)

9 5 5 5 6=; ; ; S ; 5 ;LN 9 ;; ; 9 9 A 5 ; 9%6
GQE K k \ K JC@G S E]G"J I D E]K:JDK | R T [%J Y-D IGQC<RR C 8#E S J JR=U 8BI E
;L9 A 6 5 ;L9
6 -
5 L
; N ; 5 L
; N
; ; ; 9 9 =
6 <
? 5 ; 5 L
; 9 9 S
S CG k JMK 1 C S J J4I T R J>D IGQC<RR C 8#E
S
K RR GQI 8#E
A 5 ; 9%6;LN ;M6=?<5 5 6 6 ;L9;N 95 5\A-5\96-;LN A
6
6 @
? 5:9
JRU 8I E T [G R G RE`K E J D Aut∗ ([S/T ]) CG
5:9 6{6; ;L9 S =
6 m
5 L
; N @
9
;
6 @
? 5 ?
; ;
G 8>E JBK 1QC J J R{GQCK D IV
)
Á
"
¥<rZ¥<y y y}qp¥%un
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) → Aut∗ ([π1 (S)])

¢
yQZ ) rts:)u *rV
V V u nau \
7
& ¾Z¾ ]N ∗
ψ ∈ Aut ([S/T ])
5 9 6=?<5
M 5 @
9 5 6 9o5 :
5 AB5:9%6;LN
Aut∗ ([π (T )])
D]E GPE U R D&[E E]GPJ
6? 6 6 56=?<5 5\96 6 ;L96=?<5 S ; [ 5:ABA D ¢ Z6=?<5:9 ?<; 1 6? 6
J JLK GD]EFU E]8 E Y GC<k R < C I π1 (S) V J V V G T G J
6=?<5 5\96 6 ;9
ψ E]G E]8 E Y π1 (T ) V
Á )

Aut∗ ([S/T ]) stv~trZufr7)u rt u)2¥>2¥<rmn@~q}y

pyQ Aut∗ ([π1 (S)])
yQav<qy y}qp¥%un nyQ π1 (S) ¥%ufs¥orfr7qy π1 (T ) V
& ¾Z¾7 l ?@5 5 ; 5:ABA ?@; 6=? 6 5 ;9 9 5 ∗
I@R |#E C GD JG T G J T K:J
K GQE]8 R Aut ([S/T ]) JLG>J
S ; ;LN ∗ 9 5 5 5 5 5:AB5:9%6M;LNd6? S ; 9
GQC<k R C<I Aut ([π1 (S)]) [mJ 8 K7D JRD^Y | RQY D E]G4GC<k R C<I E]GMJ
6=;LA-; ? A ;LN ? ?576=5:9 6; l ?<5 5:N; 5 5M;L9 9@5:5 6;
JC RI E`G π1 (S) T E`K 8<G π1 (T ) V R R [ T D^Y 8
?<; 6=?<5 ;9 5 5 5 6? 6 N ∗ 9 6=;LA-; ? A ;LN
G T K | R=G [E&V V][ J E ψ ∈ Aut ([π1 (S)]) E]GZJ JC RI E]G π1 (S)
? ?_5765:9 6=; 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 6?@5:9 6 5 9 l ?
T E]K 8@G J JC RI E]G π1 (T ) [ E DFE GZE Aut∗ ([S/T ]) V E]G
A-5 9 6? 6 5HA 6 ?<; 6? 6 N 9B5 5\A-5\96 ∗ :
5 %
=
6 :
5 9 =
6 ;
J G J T CG G T J E J D ψ ∈ Aut ([π 1 (S)]) 8<G π 1 (T )
6 6=?<5:9 6e5:%6=5:9 6=; 9 9@5 6 z 5 5 9 S 6=;LAB; ? A ;N 5 6
J JDFD&[ E 8<G J E R E]J I@R G RQ|E JC R=I E]G π 1 (T ) [E&V V][E
S 5 9M5 5:AB5:9%6P;LN
E^| GHJ D Aut∗ ([π1 (T )]) V
7 uu´
µ
[ 5:ABA ¢ N 5765\9 6=; 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 6 ?@5:9 6 ;5 ;

WY ψ π1 (T ) [
9 5 [576 J V V [ E
5m6=?<5 9
8@G
5Z5765:9
J JC
; 9M;LN
L 6;
RI E]G
b 5 9<5:5
Z 6=; ?@;
E 8
6 ? 6 6
=
G G
P
C E]j%C DFYV Ψk C E]j%C GQE ψ π1 (T ) T 8 G T J E
5 9
DFE GHE Aut∗ ([π1 (T )]) V
O{5 6=? 6 5 A-5Z6=? 6 9 ? ; 9%6 ;LN 6?@5 ; 5 5ZA 5
K:JDFD J T JLGGQC J JDFDik@R=J K I E S → T JR
; % 9 6 ;L9 A S 5 ;LN A 5 ; 9%6 ;LN [ G 576d6=?<5 K A | R 5 ; 9%6 ;LN
JRU 8
5
I E G T [E J G JRU 8I E G SV n JR=U 8I E G S k
5 5 9 6=?<5 A 5 ; %
9 6 L
; N 5 5 5 [
7
5 6
D]Jk D 8 (x1 , . . . , xn ) J 8 n0 JRU 84I E G T k D]Jk D 8 (y1 , . . . , yn0 ) V
5 ;; ; 9 N2; A 9 S 6-;LN S \
5 <
9 5 6 9 S
6 :
5 A L
; N
c1 , . . . , cn0 k D I@GBJR C 8 y1 , . . . , yn0 R E IJR J RtJ E G Y<G
9 ¢ 9 576 5 9 ; ; ;; ; 9 ;9
π1 (T ) JLGE V V]£ [J 8D e1 , . . . , en k J JD S CGD I@GZJR C 8 x1 , . . . , xn
59<5\5 6=; ?<; 6=? 6dN2; 5 5 L
; 9 S =
6 B
5 L
; N
S V¤ 8 G T J k ∈ {1, . . . , n0 } [ Ψ(ck ) E`GdJMK 1QC J cl
N; ;LA-5 c?<;R ; | 5 RQY 9 ?@;; 5 9 ?6? 66=?<5
RZG l ∈ {1, . . . , n } V 0
G k [xJ 8K G J i ∈ {1, . . . , n} GQCK J
A 5 ; 9%6 5 ; 5 l ?<5 5 6 6 ;L9o;LN 6=;-6=?<5 S ;
JRU 84I E xi ∈ S DFE G | R yk V R G RE]K E Ψ GQC@k R C@I π1 (S) E]G
5 6; ; 5a? 5 N2; ;LAB5
ψ ∈ Aut∗ ([π (S)]) T Ψ(ei ) = aej a−1 R{G j ∈ {1, . . . , n} V
[j%57C@6 JD 56?@5 A S 5 9 1 ;LNi[6G ?@5mA J\|
5 ; 9%6 l ?<5:96=?<5 ;;
yl k E J E T JRU 8I E xj ∈ S V D I ei ∈ π1 (S) [
5:5:9 9M5 5:AB5:9%6P;LN ;9 6=5Z;LN ; 5 ;LN
G JLG{J D π1 (T ) |#E]J π1 (S) ⊂ π1 (T ) [E]G{JK 1QC S J JBI T R ck [
r −1 @
? 5 5 =
6 <
? 5 A 6 L
; 9 9 7
5
L
; N a A
6 @
? 5 ;;
GJ\Y ei = bck b [ T R r E]G R=J EFcK:J E E 8 yk V E E]D]JRD^Y[ D I ej E`G
;L9 S 65;LN ; 5 ;LN ?<5 5 6?@5 A 6 ;L9 9 5:
JK 1QlC ? J JI T R cl [GJ\Y ej = dcsl d−1 T R s E]G R=J EFc@K\J E E 8
;LN
yl V CG
Ψ(ei ) = aej a−1
9 5 665:9
K:J k T RE JLG
Ψ(bcrk b−1 ) = Ψ(b)Ψ(ck )r Ψ(b)−1 = adcsl d−1 a−1 ,

;
G
Ψ(ck )r = Ψ(b)−1 adcsl d−1 a−1 Ψ(b).
eP; N : 5 5 S ; ;L9 9 6=5 A 9 S 5\9<5 6=; 6=?9@;Z6; ;L9 9 6=?
T R [
R C@I π1 (T )
c E D^Y E`G"J J Y R=J R=G:[ T E R=GQE [%J 8 E]G
A-5 9 9 5 ?M6? 6
6=? 6 N o
9 =
6 ? S ;
6 @
? :
5 M
9 =
6 <
? 5
5 7
5 6 9
J G J E x J 8 y J R QG C@K J xr = y s E E]G R C@Ii[ R E]G GPJ
5 5:AB5:9%6 ?6? 6 9
6 ? l 9 S 9
D z QG CK J x = za J 8 y = zb T E ra = sb V JUE x = Ψ(ck ) J 8
6? ?@; 6=? 6{6?@5 5a57 6 9 96=5 S 5
y = Ψ(b) adcl d a Ψ(b) [
−1 −1 −1
E]G{G T G J R E]G G z ∈ π 1 (T ) J 84E R=G
6=? ?46? 6
a[ b T E ra = sb [@GQCK J
Ψ(ck ) = z a and Ψ(b)−1 adcl d−1 a−1 Ψ(b) = z b .

l ?<5S ?%6Z? 9 5 5:AB5:9%6 A 5 % ; ; ; 9 6 ?<5
= ; 9%6 ; N
L 9 6=?<5
J 8 D RE
E]GZJ>GQE I@D D I JR C 8
I E yl T [J 8JLGB
;L9
6=5P;LN N 9 AB5:9%6 S S :
5 @
9 5
6 ; L
; N 6 @
9 9 <
; 6 5 9 @
; %
9 6 ; 5
K
;LN 9
1QC J ;
J C 8@J
l ?
JD R=J R π1 (T ) [E :K J k J RE^|#E]JDI T R
J Y z [@G b = 1V C@G
Ψ(ck ) ∼ cal .
[576 5;LN 9 5-6=?<5
5:6 9 5
l ?@5:9 ? ?
Φ R=G k Ψ [ J 8G w = Φ(cl ) V
E | Φ(cal ) = w a ∼ ck [ T ]E K
A-5 9 6?@5 zf6?6=? ; 5 6;N ;L9 S
6
5 L
; N ; 9 5 9
J G J ck E]G a I T R JK 1C J5 w [{G GQE K J S JE ck E]GJ
N 9 AB5:9%6 S :
5 9@5 6=; ;LN 5MA 6? 9 l ?
C 8@J JD R=J R π1 (T ) [ T CG J\| a = 1 J 8 Ψ(ck ) ∼ cl V E]G
?<; 6=? 6 ∗
G T G J Ψ ∈ Aut ([π 1 (T )]) V
Á )

r: T = S/ϕ 7y}ev @u)q0 r /Qy}=r7}r:w]r

r7 ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) v
nZntvwq
V xr:

A = Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (S)) ⊂ Γ([S])
B = Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (T )) ⊂ Γ([T ]).
" ¥<r7 ϕ∈A v hϕi u`na2¥<r Lr7}r:w yQZ2¥<raxv2#}=vwn}):rts:)ufy
g : A → B. (4.2.8)
Á*)
[5:ABA ¢ 9 ¢
W Y
" JLG V V %BJ 8 V V('%[ A = NormΓ([S]) (ϕ) V
& ¾Z¾7 [576
ϕ̃
5 N6 9 S L ; N
ϕ
6=;
π1 (T ) V
l <
? 5\9 [5:ABA ¢ 9 ¢ ¢ 5
k JDFE E k%Y JLG V ]V £dJ 8 V V [ T
? 5 9 ;L9
J\| E K7DFCGQE G
π1 (T ) ⊂ Aut∗ ([S/T ]) ⊂ Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]),
9 ; e; 576 5 9
J 8 ϕ̃ ∈ π1 (T ) [@G ϕ ∈ Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (S)) = A ⊂ Γ([S]) V T [<D ψk E
6 ?@5
5 9@5 ;LN 9 576 5 N6 9 ;LN 6=; l ?@5:9 9 5 9
U R D g [J 8D ψ̃ k J>DFE E S ψ Aut∗ ([S/T ]) V GQE K ψ E]ZG E
6?@5 5 9<5 ;N 5dA 6? 5 N; ;LA-5 9 5 9 6 5
U R D g[ T CG J\| ψ̃ = inn(t) RmG t ∈ π1 (T ) [J 8 T K:J T RE
2
N ; L
; -
A 5 9 L
; B
A 5 5
t = sϕ̃m R{G 0 ≤ m ≤ r − 1 J 8MG s ∈ π1 (S) [@E&V V
inn(t) = ψ̃ = inn(sϕ̃m ) in Inn(π1 (T )) ⊂ Aut∗ ([S/T ]) ⊂ Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]).

(4.2.9)
l ?<5 5:N; 5
R R [
ψ = ϕm in A = Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (S)) ⊂ Out∗ ([π1 (S)]) = Γ([S]).

l ? ?@; 6=? 6m6?@5 5 9<5 ;N 5 9 5e6?@5 S ; l ;
? ;
@ 6 ? 6 6
E]GmG T G J U R D g DFE G E GQE`8 R C@I hϕi ⊂ A V G T J E
5 6; 6 5 6; ?@5 6=? 6 6 5 N 5 9 6=?<5
4 5 9<5 6 6=? 6
H ;LN
E]G j%C@JD hϕi [<E GQCK G K K=U J ϕ E G D DFE { G E U R Df"
V WC J ]E G
; 5m6 5 9 5 ; 5a? 5
K C<R=G RC [@GQE K ϕ̃ ∈ π1 (T ) ⊂ Aut∗ ([S/T ]) [@G T J\|
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) → A = Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (S)) → B = Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (T ))
ϕ̃ 7→ ϕ 7→ 1.
l ? ; 5 6?@5 5:ABA
E]GHI@R | G D J V
#
5 9%6 ; 5Z6=?<5ZN2; ; 9 S 9@;6 6 L
; 9MN; 6=?<5 S ; ;LN`[5:ABA ¢ a576
¤ E R <
8 C@K DFD T E J E R R C@I B J V V V
Γ[S/T ] = Aut∗ ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (T )) ⊂ Out∗ ([π1 (T )]) = Γ([T ]), (4.2.10)
9
J 8
ΓS/T = Aut∗ (S/T )/ Inn(π1 (T )) = Γ[S/T ] ∩ Γ(T ) ⊂ Γ(T ). (4.2.11)

& ¾(',¾ZÂ*)À+))¾z¿

Gϕ ~=ro2¥<r4n@~q}=y0p yQ Sn %rxr7}vqrt~0+2¥<run):yu2
r7

s0+s:wFrnyQe2¥<rmp@r7} <fv)ufy [ϕ] v
ntn\y0s7ufvfrt4qy ϕ [¡vMw]r: Γϕ (S) ~tr2¥<ren@~q}=y0p yQ

Γ([S]) ¥%ufs¥4und2¥<r{p}=r7u v\%r-yQ Gϕ xr7}d2¥<rdn})\r=s:)ufy Γ([S]) → Sn V -rd¥<v *r

¥@raun\y y}qp¥%un n
∼
NormΓ([S]) (ϕ)/hϕi −→ Γ[S/T ] ⊂ Out∗ ([π1 (T )]) = Γ([T ]), (4.2.12)
∼ ∗
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi −→ ΓS/T ⊂ Out (π1 (T )) = Γ(T ). (4.2.13)
3#}72¥<r7}

y}=r[¥<r>n@~q}=y0pn Γ[S/T ] v ΓS/T
v}=ryQ @u)qr>u2ru2 Γ([T ]) v

Γ(T ) [}=rnqp@rts:2u*r:w +V
ò uu´
µ
& ¾Z¾7 [ 5:ABA ¢ 9 ¢ 6?@5 S ; 5 6=;

W"Y
9
JLG %A J
[5:V ABV ¢
8
V V('[
9 5
GQC@k R C@I
6=?<5
A ⊂ Γ([S]) E]G jCJD
S ; 5e; 6 9
NormΓ([S]) (ϕ) [xJ 8k%Y J V V [xGQE K Γ[S/T ] E`G GC<k R C<I B [ T k JE
9 9 5 6 5d?<;LAB;LAB; ? A
J E 1 K FE | R=I ]E G
g : A/hϕi ,→ B
? ? 5: 6 ¢ ; 6=?<5 5 ;L9 6 6=5:AB5:9%6 5 6e; 5 56? 6d6=?<5
T E]G E]K JLK D^Y V V]£ VM¦ R G K 8G J [ T c@R=G k@G RQ| J
5 6 L 6 ; 9_;LN6=?<5 9 5 6 ;L9 6=;6=?<5 S ; ; 5 9 A S 5
R G RE]K E E 1 K E g GQC<k R C<I NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) I<R 8<C@K GPJ E J
? ? 5 9 5 6 ; 9 5 ]9 5:5 576
T E]K DFE G-E GQE]8 Γ[S/T ] [Xk@C JD]G E GQE`8 Γ(T ) V 8 8i[XD ψ ∈ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)
9 576 5 N6 9 S ;LN 6; ∗ l ?@5:9_6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ; 6=5
J 8D ψ̃ k J>DFE E ψ Aut ([π 1 (S)]) V I R C J E JLGG K7E]J 8
6; 6 6 ;L9;L9_6?@5 ;; ; 9 A 5 ; 96 ;N 5 9 ? ?
ψ 2k%YE GdJK E D IGZJR C 8 JRU 8I E G S D]E GaE Gϕ [ T E]K
A-5 9 6=? 6 5 A 65 ;L9 ;; 9 ; 9 ; 9%6 ;LN ? ?MA 6;
J G J ψ̃ I R C G D^Y4D I@GHE π1 (S) JR C 8>I E G S T E`K JI J
9 S 5 ; 9%6 9 l ? 6?@5a576=5:9 ;L9o;LN 6=; 9 6=;LAB; ? A ;LN 5 9
GQE D I E E TV CG GQE ψ̃ J JC R=I E]G π1 (T ) DFE G{E
;B6?@5 A S 5a;LN 9 5 9
Aut∗ (π1 (T )) [@G E J ψ̃ E Γ([T ]) DFE GHE Γ(T ) V
l ? ?<; 6=? 6Z6=?<5 A S 5B;LN 9 5 ¢ 5 9 5
E]GaG T G J E J NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) C 8 R V VF£ % DFE GaE GQE]8 ΓS/T V
6 N 9-5 5\A-5\96X;LN 9
N 6 9 ;LN 6;
WC E φ E]GXJ D ΓS/T = Aut∗ (S/T )/ Inn(π1 (T )) J 8 Φ E]GJmDFE E S φ

6 @
? :
5 9 7
5
=
6 :
5 9 =
6 ; H
;
6 @
? 5 A S "
5
; N 9
Aut∗ (S/T ) [ Φ π (T ) Φ Aut∗ (S/T )/ Inn(π1 (S))
5 9 a 9 8@G 5 6 1 ; [
G 65 E 5 J A 6 6 ;L9 E 9 9@5 6 z 5 5 9 S
DFE GmE NormΓ([S]) (ϕ) V E K E GZJG=G K:E]J 8I R C J E JGmJ E R E]J I@R G RQ|E
6=;LA-; ? A ;LN 6 6 ; 6=5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 9 9<5 6 z 5 5 9 S
JC RI E`G T E]G RE^|#E]JD&[E GJLGG K7E]J 8I R C J E JLG"J E R E]J I<R G RQ|#E
6=;LA-; ? A ;LN A 6 5 9 ; 6 9>N 6 5 9 ? ?
JC RI E`G π1 (S) C@G D]E E Gϕ [<G E E JLK DFE G¡E NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) [ T E]K
; 5 ¢
I<R | Ga V VF£ % V
; 6=?@5 6 6 6=5:AB5:9%6 5 6? 6 ∗ ? 9 65 9 57 9 ∗
¦ R D]JLG G J [0R K:JDFD J Aut ([S/T ]) JLGxc E E 8 E Aut ([π1 (T )])
9 5 ;LN 9 65 9 57 9 5:56?@5 5 9 6 ;L9;LN ∗ 9
GQE K π1 (S) E]G c E E 8 E π1 (T ) &G 8 c E E Aut ([S/T ]) [J 8
L
; N 9 =
6 5 9 7
5 9 l ?
Aut∗ (S/T ) E]G c E E 8 E Aut∗ (π1 (T )) V ∗
CG Aut ([S/T ])/ Inn(π1 (T )) =
;LN 9 6=5 9 57 9
Γ[S/T ] E]G c E E 8 E
Aut∗ ([π1 (T )])/ Inn(π1 (T )) = Γ([T ])

9 ;LN 9 6=5 9 57 9
J 8 Aut∗ (S/T )/ Inn(π1 (T )) E]G c E E 8 E Aut∗ (π1 (T ))/ Inn(π1 (T )) =
l ? ;L9 5 6=?<5 ;%;LN
Γ(T ) V E`GHK
I<R V K7DFC8 G
0@Á 7 )¿ )À )¾z¿ 6? 6 9 6=57zq; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6 5 6 5 6=?<5
£ ¤ GJ0Y J Jac E R 8 R D
= ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) GJ E]GQc G n}0/
N 5 5 5 5 5:AB5:9%6;LN 5 5 5
)\6=rt?<s:5 2u*0u),+Zst;yu))u&y-E Γ9M S/T = Γ(T ) [E&V V][ | RQY

;
6 @
? 5 ;
6 @
? Z
5 ? @ L
; B
A L
;
D
-
A ; ? A
Aut∗ (π1 (T )) I<R G QR | G
¢
S
GC<k R C<I π1 (S) [<E R T R=8@G RI E`G V V]£ %
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi → Γ(T )

5 6
65 A 5 6=? ]9
AB5 9 S 5\;AB576
6=? 6H6=?<5 ; 5 9 S A
E]G{GQC@R,1 RE]K K R EF| G:[ VE]G J G J K | RE JI
5 5 ;LA ;L9<5\96{;LN
E]RR 8<C@K7E]k<D K I
e
Mϕ (S, ϕ) → M(T )
;LN ¢ ;L9@57z&6=;zf;L9@5 ;L9 6 9 S ;L9 9MN; S 5766 9 S 6=?<5a; N; 6 6 5a;LN
V]£LV % E]G [@K GQE`G E DFY>E R E Rk<E D]8MG R CK C<R
Me ϕ (S, ϕ) 8<C 5m6;B6?@5 JLK 6 E ;9M;LN ϕ V
5 6 ? 6
= 6 5 6=?@5 N6?@5 5 6 ;L9
¤ GJ\Y J ϕ GJ E]GQc G nfpxw u)&2u24styu2)ufyE GQC<R 1 K E
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) → NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi ' ΓS/T

6 b 9M;6?@5 ; N 5a? 5 5\A z 5 6 ; 6
GQI@DFE G E R T R=8@G:[<E T J\| JBG E <8 EFR K I@R 8#CK
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) ' hϕioΓS/T . (4.2.14)

0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦
?@5:9@5 5 5 ?
{ 5 ?@5 5 6 5 ;6=?B6?@5 5 6 6 9
¤ R T J\| | T = S/ϕ [ T R ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) GJ E`GQc GXk GQC<R,1 K E^|#E Y J 8
6?@5 6Q6 9 S ; 9
L 6 ;L9 5Z? 5
GQI@DFE E K 8<E E G:[ T J\|
hϕioΓ(T ) ' NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) ⊂ Γ([S]);

N; 5 ? ?<; 5P;N 66 9 S 5 96? 5 9<5 9@;L9#z 9<;L9
R JLK K E`K GQI@DFE E [ T K:J C@G8 c K:J E]K:JD nfp@rts7ufvw#¥<y y y}0/

p¥%u`n n
Γ(T ) → Γ([S]). (4.2.15)
]q9 S 5:;LAB576 6 5 A
= 6 ?
= A-5 9 6? 6
e ; 5P6=; ; 5 9
6?@5ZN; ;
R E]K
=
9 S
R
5 9 5
:
G:[ ]E G
l ?<Z 5 AB;
J G
? A
J Mϕ (S, ϕ) ]E G¡JLG¡K7D G
¢ S 5:9
M(T ) L J G"I G GQEFk@D #
6=?<5 N2; S 5766 9 S 6?@5
[ E
6 L ; 9
D]D T E VF£LV % E`G
;LN
hϕi
A
JI
G G V
R=I ]E G Ê | k%Y R E JLK E

T(T )/NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) → T(T )/ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi
;LN ¢ _ ; 9%6;LN%6=?<5 5:N`6zf? 9 5 9 5 5 5 5:9%6=5 ?@5 5
VF£LV(' V I E D J 8aGQIJLK K:J k R I@R G 8Zk%YZJ IJEFR (t, h) [ T R
6?@5 A S 5a;LN ; 96 9 9 ?@5 5 ; 9%6{;LN 6?@5
t E]G E J J-I E E T(T ) J 8 h ∈ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) [ T R JLGHJBI E
S ?%6Qzq? 9 5 9 5 5 5 5:9%6=5 ?<5 5 6?
RE J 8dGQIJLK K\J k R I@R G 8JLG (t, h̄) T R h̄ ∈ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi V ¤ E
6?@5 66 9 S ;L9 6 ;L9 6=?<5 6 ;L9;LN 9 5 5 9@5 ;9 ? ? 6?@5
GQI@DFE E K 8#E E [ JK E hϕi K:J k 8 c 8 M(T ) [ T E]K E`G
S ?%6Qzq? 9 5 ?<5 5
RE J 8GQIJLK [#k%Y ϕ(t, h̄) = (t, ϕ · h̄) [ T R ϕ · h̄ ∈ hϕioNorm Γϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi '
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) V
l 5:946=; S 576?@5 6=?<5 66 9 S 9 5 6 6 ;L9 6 ;L9 A-5 9M6=? 6 ¢
JU R\[ GQI@DFE E J 8MGQC@R,1 K EF|E YoK 8#E E G J J VF£LV % E`G
; 5 ; 5-6=; 9 ;LAB; ? A 6?5 ? 5 5 ;LA ;L9<5:9%6 S 5:9
JLGZK7D G JLGZI GGQEFk@D J E]G RI E]G T E JLK EFRR 8#CK7EFk@D K I [ EF|
6?@5 5 5\9 5d;N; N; 6 6 5 ]q9¼a5 6 ;L9o¢ 5 ?<; 6? 6 ?<5\9
8<EF R K Rk@E D]8MG RCK C<R G\V K E V% T T EFDFDG T J T S E`G
;LN S 5:9 5 ; 5 5 9 65:zf; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6 6 5 ;6?_6=?<5 6Q6 9 S
C@GZ R [ | RQY_c E R=8 R D ϕ ∈ Γ([S]) GJ E`GQc GZk GQI<D]E E
9 6?@5 5 6 6 ;L9 6 ;L9
J 8 GQC<R 1 K E^|#E YMK 8<E E G:V
i(x( . \.
. ./i( ]96=?<5
K\JG
5{;LN6=?<5 S 5:9
CGX R
5 ;dAB;
8#C@DFEGQI@JLK G:[
5 6=?<5
5 6 ;LN"6=?<5 5 ; 5 6 ;L9 5 ;LA-5 A 5 9 AB; 557 60b9@;6;L9 5
R GQC@D G I@R |#E CGaG K E k K GQE I@D ReJ 8 R I<DFE`K7E D^YJR
6?@5 66 9 S ;L9 6 ;L9 6 5 l ?@5:; 5:A ¢ 5 6=?@5 5 6 6
GQI@DFE E K 8#E E JD T J\Y<GGJ E]Gc 8M R V %#V]£ JLG T DFD<JLG GQC<R 1 K E^|#E Y
;L9 6 ;L9 l ?<5\; 5:A ¢ 6 6=?<5 5:A z 5 6 ; 6 ¢ ¢ 5 6
K 8<E E R V %<V [k<C G E 8<EFR K I@R 8#CK V V]£ E]GJD J\Y<GJP8#E]R K T
; 6
I<R 8<C@K
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) ' hϕi × Γ(T ),
9 9 S ; 6=?<A ; 6; ;LA 65-6=?<5 6Q6 9 S AB; ? A
J 8 J JD REJDFD T Z G CG K Γ(T ) → Γ([S])
57 6 ;;LN@;LNl ?<5\; : 5 A ¢ I<;m C
6? 6 5
GQI@DFE E
6 ; 6 9
RI E]G
AB576=?<; N2; ;LA-z
I<DFE`K7E D^YM2I@R R V %<V [LG J T JLK C@JDFDFY k JE J 8 RK
6 9 S 9<; A 5 ;LN 9 65:zf; 5 5 5\A-5\96 9 S 5:9 5 ;BA 9 S S ;
I<C E R JDFEF R=G c E R=8 R D
l ; 5 S 9 6? 5 5 N ;LA a%5 6 ;9 GHE 6=? 6 CN G R JI@I<E
?@5 5
K7D]JLGG
6=? A
R C@I@G:V
5
k E T E [ T R K\JD]D R K E <V '
% J E S E]GHJeGI R T E n JRU 8
; 9%6 6=?@5:9 9 65:zf; 5 5 5:AB5:9%6 ;LNx6=?<5A 9 S S ;
6 @
? 5
I E G\[ Jdc E R=8 R D JI<I@E K:D]JLGG R C6=?@5Z9@576 S 5
J-R J E JR C 84J J E]Ga&G ¦E C<R VF£ IJ V
]9 S 5:9@5 6?@59<; 6=? 9 ; 6=? ; 5 #5 ; 96 ;LN¡6=?<5 ;6 6 ;L9 A ;
R=JD&[ R J 8G C I D G2c 8I E G R J E J\Y R
A 9<;6 5-A 5 ; 9%6 6 9_6? 6 5 5 5 6 6d; 5 5 6=;>6=?<5 5
J\Y k JRU 8_I E G:[ik@C E E]GaJR E]K7D T R G RE`K C@R=G DF| G K:JLG
?<5 5 9 ? ; 96 ;N 5A 5 ; 5>;L9 ;L9 5 6=?<5 5 ?<5 5
T R JDFD¡k@R=J K I E G T JR JRU 8i[XG T D^YK GQE`8 R K:JLG T R
6?@5 5 ;6=?A 5 l ? 6=?<5 5 A 6 6 ;9 ; 65 6=; ;LN6=?<5
YJR k JRU 8iV C@G\[ I R C J E JLGG K7E`J 8 ϕ E]GZJD T J\Y<G
N; A ?<5 5m6?@5 5 ; 9%6 5 ;LN 5\9 S 6=? ?>6=? 6
R c1 · · · c k [ T R ci JR 8<E]G 1 E KY<K7D G D j GQC@K J jk = n − 2 V
l ?@5 96 ; 5 96?@5 5 ; 5 6 ;L9? 6?@5N2; ; 9 S
nqpw u)&2u2styu))u&yE R 8#CK 8E I@R |#E C@GG K E JLG DFD T E
6 ;L9 S N; A 9 S 5:9 5 ;
G R R E CG R V
uu´
µ
jk+1
1 j
2
j+1 2j
j+2
(k−1)j+1 kj
(k−1)j+2
jk+2
"

!

!$ #
*
Á,¾Á 5,
r: S ~trBvnqp¥<r7}=r u)2¥ n

v} Lrtap@yu22nL["v

ϕ v @u)fr /Qy}=r7}
u Prty

y}qp¥%un

yQ S ¥<y
n:r
rtp<yu22nav}=r

!
v} LrtV r: T = S/ϕ [wFr: [ϕ] rxyqr
ϕ [XvwFr: Gϕ ⊂ Sn ~tr2¥<rm}=y0p%r7r7}=vqrt>~0+¥<r
¥@rHp@r7} #qv)ufyv
ntn\y0s7u&vqrtqy

u`n)\yu s0+s:w]rnyQ [ϕ] V r: Hϕ ⊂ Gϕ ~=rm%r7r7}=vqrt~0+4v +>s¥<yufstreyQvww~< yr-yQ
¥@r-un):yu2Hs0+s:wFrneyQ [ϕ] Hϕ = {id} u [ϕ] unevnu2LwFr-s0+s:w]r V ¥<r7rd¥<v *r2¥<r
"

u}=rts:xp}=y0@s:"u`n\y y}qp¥%u`n
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) = NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) × hϕi.

& ¾Z¾7 l 5 S ;
Hϕ ⊂ Gϕ
96?@5 6 6=5:AB5:9%6-;LN¡6=?<56?@5:; 5:A 9
JU JGQC@k R C@I JLGE G J R [J 8
;L9 5 6=?@5m6 S ; ;
K GQE`8 R T R C@I@G
NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) ⊂ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ).

5 ?@; 6=? 6
¤ T FE DFD G T J
6=?<5 6 S ; ;5 9@;6 ;L96 9 9 9<;L9%6 ; 5 ;N b
• c@R=G R C@I48 G K JE J Y REF|E`JDI T R ϕ
6=?<5 5 ;L9 S ; S 5\9<5 6=5 6?@5 6 S ; 9 6=?<5a5 5\A-5\96 b
• G K 8 R C<IME]G RtJ 84kY c<R=G R C<IoJ 8 D ϕ
6=?<5 6 S ; 9<; A 946=?<5 5 ;L9
• c@R=G R C@I>E`G R JDiE G K 8iV
l ?<5 5m6? 5:5aN 6 6 5:946; S 576=?<5 A 6? 6 5a? 5 5:A z 5 6 ; 6
G R JLK G JU RHE I@D^Y J T J\| JBG E #8 E]R K I<R 8<C@K
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) = NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ)ohϕi. (4.3.1)

6 ;9<; A 9 5 9 6 e; 576 5 96?@5
WC hϕi E]GJD`G RNormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) [ J C<R=JD]D^Y
JDHE T ["D
GQE`8 a DFE E
9<; A S ; b6?@5:9 6 5
R JD"GQC<k R C6?@5 9%65 5 6 ;L9M;LNi6=?<56 ; S ; ; 6 9 5¢
G D ]D E HE`G G E E R=G K E T V %#V]£ [#G
R C@I@G¡E
E ]E G j%C@JD
6; 5M? 5 9 9 l ? ;LA-A
6? ;65 ;LN
£L[ J 8 T J |
\ a = b J 8 m = −1 V C@G a K C G T E ϕ [ G JDFD
;ABA 65 6? b 9N 6d6=? 9<; A 5 5:9%6 5 9
NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) K C G T E ϕ E JLK E]G R JDFE`G R-E]GeJK R JDFE]G \
= R [XJ 8
6?@5 5:A z 5 6 ; 6 ¢ 5 6 ; 6
G E 8#EFR K I@R 8<CK V %<V]£ E]G{J8#FE R K I<R 8<C@K
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) = NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) × hϕi (4.3.2)

0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ õ
946?@5 6 6=5:AB5:9%6{;LN 6?@5m6=?<5\; 5:A eP;6=5m6=? 6H6=? A 5 6=? 6 9MN 6

JLG E G J R V J E]GHE I@DFE G J E JLK
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) = CentΓϕ (S) (ϕ). (4.3.3)

]f6 5:A 9 ;L9 6; ; 56=?<5¡6? 5:5 ; 9%6 ; 5 l; 5\5¡6? 6 ;5
R JE G D^Y I<R | R I E GJk | V G J NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) 8 G
9<;6 ;L96 9 9 ; 5 ;LN 6 5 6; ;L9 5 6=?<5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ; 6=5
K JE J YoI T R ϕ [xE GQCK G K GE]8 R I R C J E GmJLGG K7E`J 8
6;_5 5:AB5:9%6 ;LNH6=? S ; b 5 9 6 ;L96?@5 5 9 e; 6=5
D G E]G R C@I k%Y8 c E E YJDFD DFE E Hϕ V T [ T RE [ϕ] =
; 6a;LN ; 9%6 5 5 ?;LN 5:9 S 6=? 9 A-56? 6
c1 · · · ck JLGdJMI@R 8<CK k 8#E`G1 E KY<K7D G ci JLK D j [J 8JLGGQC J
5:9<5 65 [576 5e6?@5 576d;LN
Hϕ E]G S R=J 8_k%Y c 1 , . . . , c k−1 V {m 1 , . . . , m jk } ⊂ {1, . . . , n} k G
9 A 5 9<;6 #5 6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 5 6=?<; 5 ; 9 S 9-6?@5 5
C k RtG c 8k%Y I R C J E [ϕ] ∈ Sn [LE&V V][ G K\K7C<RR=E E KY<K7D G
l ?@5:9e9@;9@5¡;LN<6=?<5 5 5:N`6 #5 9 9<;L9%6 ; 5 ;LN 9 5
c1 , . . . , c k V mi JR D c 8k%YJ Y REF|E`JD#I T R [ϕ] [LGQE K
6?@5 5\9 S 6=? ;LN 6=?<5 5 5m5 b#;L96=?<5m;6=?<5 ? 9 5 5 5 5:AB5:9%6H;LN
D G JDFD K7Y#K:D G ci JR jCJD R J 8 | RY D Hϕ
#5 6?@5B9 A 5 ; 9 S 9_6=?<5 5 l ? ?@; 6=? 6d9<;M9<;L9%6
c G C k R=G m i K\K7C<R=RE E KY<K7D c kV E]GdG T G J R=E^|E`JD
; 5 ;LN 5 9
I T R [ϕ] DFE GHE Hϕ V
; 6=?@5 5 ;L9 ; 9%6 576 ]qN 6 ; 65 5 A 6 6 ;L9
¦ R G K 8I E [D g ∈ NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) V E GBJLGG K7E]J 8I R C J E
5 9 6?@5:9 5 9 6 ;L9 ]N 9<;6 9 6=?<5:9
[g] D]E GZE Hϕ [ k%Y8 c E E g ∈ NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) V [g] E]G E Hϕ [
9 5 6 9 6?@5 557 6 9 96=5 S 5 ?6=? 6 9 9 5
GQE K E E]GdE Gϕ [ R E`G GJ E R m GQCK J [g][ϕ]m ∈ Hϕ [J 8GE K
@
9 ; A 5 5 \
5
5
6 ? 6 l ? ; 5 =
6 <
? 5 5 L
; 9
gϕm R JD]E]G G ϕ [ T G J gϕm ∈ NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) V E]GI<R | G G K 8
; 9%6 ; 6?@56=? ; 9%6 6 5 6=; ?@5 6? 6 ;L9 S 6 L
; 9 5 5 5
6?@5
I E Vd¦ R E]R=8I E [iE GQC K G
[ 576 K KtU J K 1
QC J E k%Y ϕ I<R G RQ| G
S ; b 59<5:5 6; ?<; 6? 6
GQC@k R C@I NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) V h ∈ NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) T 8 G T J
6 5 6 9 9<; A 5 9 6 5 A 6 6 ;L9
g = ϕhϕ ∈ NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) VW¡C g K R JE D^Y −1
R JDFE]G G ϕ [LJ 8E GI R C J E
5 6;>6?@5 5 A 6 6 ;L9_;LN 9 5 ;LABA 6=5 6=? 6=?<5 S ;
E]G jCJD I R C J E h GQE K [ϕ] K C G T E [h] R C<I Gϕ E`G
5 9 l ? ;LA 576=5 6=?<5 ;;LN ;LNl ?<5:; 5\A¢
Jk DFE`J V E]G{K I@D G I@R R V %<V]£V
eP5:%6 5 ?<; 6=? 6H6=?<5 5 6 6 ;L9 6 ;L9 ?@; 9 S 5:9 5 ;
[ T G T J GQC@,R 1 K E^|#E Y4K 8#E E JD T J\Y#G D`8<GHE C@G R V
Á,¾ Á
5,
r: S ~trvMfytp@yw]y=u&stvw nqp¥<r7}r u22¥ n

!v} Lrtp@yu2n[¡v ϕ v

"
@u2qr /Qy}=r7}u Prty

y}qp¥%u`n

yQ S ¥<y
n\r
rtep@yu2nv}=r

! v} rtxV r7 T = S/ϕ V
¥<r72¥<ra¥<y y y}qp¥%un
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi ,→ Γ(T ),

¢
¥%ufs¥>u`nZu2 )\r=s:)u*re~0+}=ytp@y
nu2)ufy V %[unvLw n\y-n})\rts7)u*rV V
& ¾Z¾7 5 5 5:9%6 6=?<5
9 S AB576=?<; N2; S ? 9 S A 9a57 6 N6 ;LN5 ?a;LN
¤ I@R G J R=J RK JR E 8 R EF|E J I@DFE]K7E DFE JLK
6?@5 S 5:9@5 6=; ;LN 6=; l ?<5 5 N`6 ;-9@;6 9@5 5
R=J R=G Γ(T ) NormΓ (S) (ϕ) ⊂ Γ([S]) V G DFE GH8 K GGJREFD^Y
; 5 ;L9 6=; 66 9 S ?<;LAB;LAB; ϕ ? A 5 6?@5 N6 ;e9<;6H9<5 5 6 N
K RR GQI 8 JeGQI@DFE E RI E]G [#E&V V][ DFE GH8 K GGJREFDFY>GJ E]G Y
6?@5 A-5 5 6 ;L9 6=?@5 S 5:9@5 6; ;LN 6 5 5 ;L9 ; 9 S 5 6 6
GJ R D]J E GXJLG R=J R=G Γ(T ) [Lk@C T JR D^YeI<R |#E GQC<R,1 K E^|#E Y
?<5 5 ; 6 5\9<; S ?6=; ?@; 6? 6{5 ? S 5:9@5 6; ? N`6
R [<G E E]G C G T J JLK R=J R JLGHJeD]E V
5 S 5{¢ 6=? 6 A 6 5 ;6 6 ;L9;LN 5 A 6 6 ;L9 ?<5 5
¤ GJ T )¦E C<R VF£ J ϕ CG k JZR J E I R C J E c1 · · · c k [ T R
5 ? 5a;N 5:9 S 6? 9 l ?<5\9 ? A 5 ; 9%6
JLK ci E]G{JBKY#K:D D j [@J 8 jk = n − 2 V T JLG k + 2 JRU 8>I E G:[
; 5\9<5 6=5 6m;L9@5e;LNX6?@5 ?6=? 6 ]q6
G Γ(T ) E]G S RtJ 8kYJDFDk<C xij GQC@K J 1 ≤ i < j ≤ k + 1V
5 5:9AB; 5 ;L9 5:9 5:96e6=; 56?@5N2; ; 9 S 65\A ;LN S 5:9@5 6=; a%576
E]G | R K | E CG DFD T E G Y<G R=J R=G:V y1j =
b6=?@5:9 6=?@5 5 6 ;L9
σj−1 · · · σ2 σ12 σ2 · · · σj−1 |#E]J R D]J E
y1j = x1j x2j · · · xj−1,j ,

uu´
µ
5 5:5a6=?
6{;L9@5a;LN 6=?<5d5 \ 6
5 A-5\96 N2; 6; S 576=?<5 6 ?o6?@5
T G J D G y1j
JDFD k<C R 1 ≤ j ≤ k + 1[ R T E
N2; ;BN2; A 65:A ;LN S 5\9<5 6=; N2;
xij R 2 ≤ i < j ≤ k + 1 [<JD]G R JBG #Y G R=J R=G R Γ(T ) V
e; ?<5 5 6=?; 5 5 9 A 5 5 ; 9%6 ; #5 5 A 6 6 ;L9
T [ S E]GJGQI R T E R=8 R 8 C k R 8aI E G:[LG [ϕ] E]GJ{c 8dI R C J E
9 a 9 5 5 5 ; 9 S 6; ;L9 S 6 ;L9 5ZA AB5Z6? 6
E Sn V E K T JR T RUE C<I K 1C J E [ T J\Y4JG=GQC J

[ϕ] = 1, k + 1, · · · , (j − 1)k + 1 2, k + 2, · · · , (j − 1)k + 2 · · · k, 2k, · · · jk ,
? ? 5 AB;;L9 5:9 5:9%6Z6? 96=?<5B9 A S 5 5-¢ 9 S
N2; ;LNS 9 S
T E]K R E]GK | E J C k
¦E @ C R RE
V]£ R E^|E J|#E]GQCJD
5 6 L5 5:9%6
; 9M;LN 6=?<5 5a9 A 5 5 6?@5ZA
; 96 ;9 6 9 6=?<5
R I@R G J E k<R=JE`8<G:V¤ C k R JRU 84I E G T k%Y JUE S
A S e
5 L
;
N =
6 <
? 5 #
5 ;
9 6 L
; N =
6 ; 5 9 9 6=?<5 A S e
5 L
;
N =
6 <
? e
5 A 5
E J c 8oI E G ϕ k 1 J 8 k + 2 [xJ 8 E J JRU 8
; 9%6Z9 A 5 5 ;L9 6=; 5-9 A 5 5 ;L9 l ?<5\96?@5 S 5:9@5 6=; ;LN
I E C k R 8 i S k C k R 8 i+1 TV R=J R xij
N2; 5 5 5:9%6=5 9 AB;6 ;9;LN"6=?<5
Γ(T ) R 2 ≤ i < j ≤ k + 1 E]GaR I@R G 8_k%Y_J>k@R=JE]8i[ J 8_kYJ E
; 9%6 9 S 5Z¢
I E G\[@JLG E ¦E C@R V V
i j

*

xij
Γ(T )
#
\ ?e;LN6?@5 5 S 5:9<5 6; N65 6; AB;6 L ; 9;N ; 9%6 ;L9 A ; 5

JLK G R J
= R=GE]GDFE 8 J E I E G S GQE I@D^Y-kY j K I<E G
;LN 9 S a
5 ¢
xij [@JLG E ¦E C<R V %<V
i j
i−th row
j−th row

1 1
#

xij Γ([S])
l ?@5e5 : 5 AB5:9%6 ?<; 9 6=?<5-AB;6 ;L9_;LN ; 9%6 96=?<5 S ?%6zf? 9
D y1j ∈ Γ(T ) E]GZG T k%Y E I E GZE RE J 8
6{;LN S Z
5 ¢ ¢ 9 `
N 6
6 B
;
6 ? {
6 L
;
N =
6 <
? 5 :
5 `
N
6 f
z ? 9 5
I@JR ¦E C@R V [<J 8>DFE G J D J 8MGQE]8 V
d 9 S 5 65 N65 5 ?;LNP6?@5 9 6=?@5 5M9@; A 5 9
J\|#E y1j J 8 xij [ T T
5:A ]9dG 6?@I5:JA R=J 5 DFY 5
DFE
6=?<5 5
8 JK
N6 9 S ;P9@;6 S 5\9<5 6=5 ; ;LN 9
JU
5
J_c JD
R Γ(T ) E GQE`8 Γ([S]) V
dP; J5 RU5 V 5 9@;
G D^| G\[
6=? 6 6
G DFE E
5:9@; S ?6=;M6
G8
5
RtJ JPK I%Y
6a;L9<5;LN"6=?@5 5 S 5:9@5 6=; 6;
T | R\[ T U T J E E]G C JU JDFD"k<C G R=J R=G
S :
5 <
9 5
6 5 5 A
6 ? 6 N M
5
6 ? ; ; 6 9 L
; <
9 o
5 L
;
N
6 @
? 5 =
6 ?
R=J Γ(T ) V¤ K7D]JE J E T R T C J Y y1j T E 2 ≤
6=?<5\96?@5 N6 ;LN{6=?<5 5:A 9 9 SS 5:9<5 6; ; 5 ; S 5:9<5 65
j ≤ k + 1[ DFE G R JE E R=J R=GBJLGBJk | 8 R=J J
; ;LN 9 5m;LN 9 6?@5 5 5:9%6 ; 5 ; 6 9@5 96? 5
K IY Γ(T ) E GQE]8 Γ([S]) [#J 8 k 8<EF R K I<E G k JE 8E E]G T J\YJR
6 9 6 ]9 5\5 6 5 6; ?@5 5 6 6? 66=?<5 N`6 9 S ; 6 9<5 6=? ; 9 S
8#E]G E K V 8 8x[E E]G JLG Y K K=U-8#E]R K D^Y J D]E E k JE 8BkY R T E
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦

1

*

y1j

Γ([S])
#
; 6 6 6?@5 57
S ; ?<5 5 S \ 5 9<5 6=5 ; N
L
C y1j
JLK ^D Y E]G GQC<k R C57 6 576 ;LN S : 5 9@5 6=;
KY<K7D G ci K I R cj V E]GI@R C@GI@R |#E]8 GJ I<D]E]K7E G R=J R G
=
N; 6=?<5 S ; 9 A-5 6=?<5 S 5:9<5 6; ;9 6 65 ; 5 N; 9
R R C<I NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) [ J D^Y R=J R=GaK G RC@K 8 Jk |
RdJ Y
6; 576=?<5 6=? 6 5 N
NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) [ S R T E ϕE G D V
l ?<5"N2; ; 9 S ; ; 9 ABAB5 65 ;L9 5 5:9 5";LN@l ?<5\; 5:A ¢ 9 ¢
DFD T E K R D]D]JRQYdE]GJ E 8<E]J K G jC K R G V %<VF£J 8 V %#V V
½¾¾#/1/1)

r: S ~trvnqp¥<r7}=r u)2¥ n v}
"

!LrtMp@yu22n[-v ϕ v
@u)fr /Qy}=r7}
u Prty y}qp¥%un yQ S [vBn\r: T = S/ϕ V ¥<r7
NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)/hϕi ' NormΓHϕ (S) (ϕ) ' Γ(T ),

vd7y}>r=vs¥yQB2¥<r

k p@y
n=nuf~:wFr>s¥<yufs=rnyQ H ϕ ⊂ Gϕ [ ¡ry~:qvu2v4nqp@rts7u&vw¥<y y /
y}qp¥%un
Γ(T ) → Γ([S]).
i(i( . )._1, . ./i( ¾79À 'Á ¾79À 'Á l ?@5

S (0, 6) T (0, 4)
A 9 S S 5:9@5 ; 6=5 9 6=?

S
JI@I<E K:D]JLGG R C<I Γ([S]) ' Γ0,[6] E`G R J
= 8 k%Y
σ 1 [ σ2 [ σ3 [ σ4 J 8 σ5 T E
6?@5 5 6 ;L9 9 6?@5 5 6 ;L9
C@GC@JDik<R=JE]84R D]J E GPJ 8 R D]J E G
σ5 σ4 σ3 σ2 σ12 σ2 σ3 σ4 σ5 = (σ1 σ2 σ3 σ4 σ5 )6 = 1. (4.4.1)

l ?<5Z5 : 5 AB5:9%6 5 ;L9 5 946? 57 A 5
D ϕ T K GQE]8 RHE E]G J I@D E]G
ϕ = σ 1 σ2 σ1 σ3 σ2 σ1 σ4 σ3 σ2 σ1 .
]f6 ; 6=5 5 A 6
6 L ; 9 5 6 ;LA 6 6 ;L9 A 9 6 ;L9 6=?
GZJLGG K7E]J 8I R C J E E`G (15)(24). &mE]R K K I<C J E J EFI@C<D`J E T E
6?@5 5 6 ;L9 ? ;
< 6 ? 6
2 5 9
6 ? 5 :
5 B
A :
5 %
9 6 5 =
6 ;
k@R=JE]8R D]J E G G T G J ϕ = (σ4 σ3 σ2 σ1 ) [#J 8 E]G D E]G j%C@JD £
9 ; ;LN ; 5 ]9M N 6 6?@5 ;LN 6?@5 ◦ ;6 6 ;9 ; 9

E Γ0,[6] [@G ϕ E]G R=8 R V JLK [ ϕ E]G K7D]JLGG £ R J E Φ JR C 8
6?@5 ?<; 9 9 S 5Z¢
J E`G{G
l ?@5
T
;6 5:9%6
E ¦E C<R
;LN
(V 'V ? ¢A 5 ; 9%6 ;LA 9 S N ;LA 6?@5 A 5
j%C E T S k%Y Φ JG JRU 8I E GK E R JRU 8
; 9%6 ;N b%6?@5P9<; 6=? 9 ; 6=? ; 5 5 5 ; 9%6 ;LN6?@5 ;6 6 ;L9 ;a6=?<5
I E G S R J 8G C I D GJR c 8I E G R J E Φ [#G Y
? 5 A 6 ;L9 9 57>5 6;
J\| R=J EFcK:J E E 8 j%CJD V
5 ;LA 6=56=?<5 S ; ∗ ∗ 9 6?@5 5
¤ K I<C R C@I@G Aut ([π1 (T )]) [ Aut ([S/T ]) [ Γ[S/T ] [J 8 EFReI@C@R
5 ;L9
| R=GQE G:V
65
¤RE
π1 (T ) = hc1 , c2 , c3 , c4 | c1 c2 c3 c4 = 1i,
õ'ó uu´
µ
S
T
3
1
2 4 2
1 5
3
4
6
"

! Φ

ϕ
#
?<5 5 ;; ; 9 6?@5 z&6=?A 5 ; 9%6m;N l ?<5 S ;

T R ci
E]GmJD IJR C 8 i JR=U o 8 I E TV R C@I Aut∗ ([π( T )])
;LN S :
5 @
9 5 =
6 5 9 5 5 : B
A :
5 %
9 6 9 6 9
T E`G R=J 8>k%Y Inn(π1 (T )) J 8>k%Y D G τ 1 [ τ2 J 8 τ3 [@JLK E S |E`J
 N
 ci+1 E j =i
N
τi (cj ) = c−1 i+1 ci ci+1 E j =i+1 (4.4.2)

; 6=?<5 5
cj R T E]G V
eP; 5 5 5 S ; ;N 9 ;LA 6=5 6 9 S
TT R JDFEF π1 (S) JLGJGQC@k R C@I π1 (T ) [LJ 8K I@C Aut∗ ([S/T ]) V ¤RE E
π1 (S) = hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 | x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 = 1i,

6?@5:9 9 5 9 5 9
π1 (S) K:J k E K7DFC8 84E π1 (T ) |#E]J


 x1 = c1 c2 c3 c−1 −1
2 c1

 −1
 x2 = c 1 c 2 c 1
x3 = c21



 x4 = c 2

x5 = c 3 .
l ; 5 5>6?@5 ; 5 S 5:;LAB576 ;L9<5 96 5>N; 57 A 56?@5
R JD]EF K | R Φ : S → T RE`K:JDFD^Y[ K:J JU R J I@D
O 5:A 9<9 N 5 6=?; A 5 5 5 ; %
9 6
b
6 @
? 5 ;;
E J GQC<R JLK P1 C T E R=8 R 8 JRU 8_I E G 2, 1, 0, −1, −2 [ ∞ D I@G
9 ; ; 9
6 @
? 5 6 5 ; %
9 6
9 ; 5 5 Z
6 =
6 <
? 5 5
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 J 8 x5 S JR C 8 c@R=G c#| I E GZE R=8 R\[ikJG 8_J k@JLG
; 9%6 l ?@5:9 ; 5 ;L9 6=;6?@5 ;6 5:9%6¡;LNx6? O 5\A 9@9 N 5 2
I E iV Φ K RR GI 8@G jC E E]G E J GQC<R JLK k%Y z 7→ z [
9 6=?@5 ;6 5:9%6 6=?<5 ; 5 6 5 9@5
6 _
? A 5 ; %
9 6 9
J 8 j%C E E]G I@R 1 K E^| DFE P1 C T E JRU 8I E G 4[ 1[ 0 J 8 ∞[
; 9 5 ;; 5 6
GQC<RR C 8 8>kY>D I@G c1 [ c2 [ c3 [ c4 k@JLG 84J −1 V
e; 9; 5 6;o? 5 ? 9 5;LN 5 6 6 9 S 6=; 5 ;LN 5 ;L9 S 9 S 6;
T [ E R=8 R J\| JMK J K R G RE]K E π1 (S) [ E&V V][ k D E
95 5\A-5\96e;LN 9@9<;6 5 A 6=5A 5 ; 9%6 ;LN
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) [J D Aut ∗
([π 1 (T )]) K:J I R C JRU 8I E G T
? 9 S 5 5\96 A 6 ;L9 9 5 9 5 l ?@5 5:N2; 5 6?@5 A 9 65
J\|#E 8<EF R R=J EFc@K\J E E 8#E]K GHC 8 R ϕ V R R [ I@RE JRQY4K:J 8<E]8@J
N; 6=?<5 S ; ∗ 6=?<5 S ; ;LN 5 5:AB5:9%6 ;N
R GQC@k R C<I Aut ([S/T ]) E]G GQC@k R C@I JDFD D G Aut∗ ([π1 (T )])
?<; 5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 5 96?@5 S ; l ? S ; S 5\9<5 z
T G I R C J E GPDFE E GQC@k R C@I h(14), (23)i ⊂ S4 V E]G R C@IE`G R
65 N6 9 S ;LN5 ?;LN6?@5H6 ;a6 9 ; 6 ;L9 6; S 576=?<5 6=?B6=?<5 ?@; 5{;LN6=?<5
J 8Bk%Y-JaDFE E JLK T T T
5 S ; _ N`6;LR=NJ 6=?<G5H I GQE E
6 9
G:[
; 6 ;L9
R E
5\9
D
9
I<C@R GQC@k R C@I Aut (π1 (T )) V
∗
DFE R=J GQI GQE E (23) E]G S EF| k%Y τ2 [J 8BJ
N6P;LN S 5\9 6=?<5d5 5:AB5:9%6 <
? 5 5 ∗
DFE (14) E]G EF| k%Y D τ14 = τ3 τ2 τ1 τ2−1 τ3−1 [ T R JLG Aut (π1 (T )) E]G
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ õ/ñ
S 5:9<5 65 9 6 ?<5

= -5 5:AB5:9%6 2 2 −1 2 −1 −1 2
Inn(π1 (T )) J -
R=J 8-k%Y
8 k%Y G E D G τ 1 [ τ2 τ1 τ2 [ τ3 τ2 τ1 τ2 τ3 [ τ2 [
2 −1 2 l ? @ 5 :
5 2
N ; 5
6 @
? 5 5 A S "
5 ; N S 5:9<5 65 9 ∗
τ3 τ2 τ3 [ τ3 V R R [ I R E J
< h(14), (23)i E]G R=J 8 E Aut ([π1 (T )])
a
kY
τ12 , τ2 τ12 τ2−1 , τ3 τ2 τ1 τ2−1 τ3−1 , τ2 , τ3 τ22 τ3−1 , τ32 .
5 9 ; N ;LA 6=? 5:6X;LN S 5\9<5 6=; 9 9 5 6=?<5 5 6 ;9
¤ K:J τ2 τ12 τ2−1 R
8<R I E]GXG R J
t R G:[J B
= 8 GQE K kY k<RtJE`8eR ]D J E [
5d? 5 5 9 ; ; 6 ? 5 5:AB5:9%6 6?@5 AB; 5
T J\| τ3 τ2 τ3 = τ2−1 τ32 τ2 [
2 −1
T K J
: JD]G 8#R I E]G D V ¦C@R R R [ τ1 =
2
9 ; 5 5 5:N`6 6?M6? 5:5 S 5:9@5 6=;
τ32 E Aut∗ (π1 (T )) [@G T JR D T E R R J
= R G
=
τ12 , τ2 , τ3 τ2 τ1 τ2−1 τ3−1 .

\X 6 ;LA 6 6 ;L9 ?<; 6? 6 5 ? ;LN@6=?<5 ¡
- 5 6=? 5\5 S 5\9<5 6=; 5 6 6 6=;
I@DFE]K:E K I@C J E G T G J π1 (S)
945 : 5 AB5:9%6{;LN ∗ ]9 JLK 5:5 G
5Z? 5
R RtJ R=GR G RE]K G
JLGHJ D Aut ([π1 (S)]) V 8 8 [ T
x J |
\
x 7 x1
→  x 7→ x
 1  1 2

 


 x2 7→ x4 
 x2 7→ x−12 x1 x2

x 
 x 7→ x
2 3 7→ x−14 x3 x4 3 3
τ1 : −1 −1 τ2 :

 x 4 7→ x4 x3 x2 x3 x4 
 x 4 →
7 x 5

 


 x 7→ x5 
 x 7→ x−1 5 x4 x5
 5  5
x6 7→ x6 , x6 7→ x6 ,
 x 7→ x
 1 1



 x 2 →
7 x 2

 x3 7→ x6
−1 −1
τ3 τ2 τ1 τ2 τ3 : x 7→ (x x x )x (x x x )−1

 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3



 x5 7→ (x1 x2 x3 )x5 (x1 x2 x3 )−1

x5 7→ (x1 x2 x3 )x3 (x1 x2 x3 )−1 .
l ? ?@; 6=? 6 5MN a
6?@5 B 9
A ; 5 5M? 5
E]GG Γ[S/T ] = hτ12 , τ2 , τ3 τ2 τ1 τ2−1 τ3−1 h V
T G J K C R
@ ER R T J\|
2 2 5 5:5"6=? 6 ; 6 6?@5 5 5 6 6 ;9 6 ;9
Γ(T ) = hτ1 , τ2 i [ T G J ΓS/T = Γ(T ) [G ϕ GJ E]GQc G GC<R,1 K E^# | E YdK 8 E
< E
;LN!a5 6 L ; 9M¢ b#6? ;L9 6 ;L9 ;LN ; 5 S 9%6=5:5 9 9 S 5:9 5 ;
E K V ]E G{K 8<E E T JLG K C@R=G C@JR=J 84J Y T J\YE CG R k%Y
l ?<5:; 5\A¢
V %<V V
[ 57R 6 5 5\9<5 6=; ;LN 6 9 ;L9o6=?@5 57 6
σ1 , . . . , σ 5 k S RtJ R=G Aut∗ ([π1 (S)]) [iJK E S xj JK D^YJLG τi
6 ;L9 9 ¢ ¢ l ?@5:9 6 5 6; 5:5-6? 6 6 ;L9 5
JLK G cj E V V V E E`G JGQY G J τ12 JLK G π1 (S) DFEFU σ 2 σ3 σ2 [
9 6 5 ; 6 5
J 8 τ2 JLK GHDFEFU σ1 σ4 [@G τ22 JLK G DFE]U σ12 σ42 V
6?@5 AB; 5 9 5 N 5:5 S ; ;L9d6=?<5 S 5:9@5 6=; 9 5¡; 6 9
¦C<R R R [GQE K Γ(T ) E]GJ R R C<I R=J RtG τ12 J 8 τ22 [ T k JE

Jnqp@rts7u&vLw¥<y y y}fp¥%u`n
Γ(T ) → Γ([S])
τ12 7→ σ2 σ3 σ2 (4.4.3)
τ22 7→ σ12 σ42 .
l ? 9e57 6 5 ;L9B;N@6=?<5 ;L N a%5 6 ;L9-¢ S 96=5:5
E]GE]GXJ I@DFE]K7E | R=GQE nqpw u)&)u#estyu)2ufy K E V [ CJR=J 8
9 S :
5 9 5 ; l <
? \
5 ; :
5 A ¢
E C@G R kY R V %<VF£LV
59@; 57 96?@5AB5 9 9 S ;LN6=?<5 5 ;LA 6 6 ;L9 9 S 5:;LA-5:6 65 A 5
¤ T I@D]JE J E G K I<C J E GE RE`K R G:[xE&V V][
576=5 A 9 9 S 6=?@5 ; 96 ;LN 5 6=;AB; ? A ; 5 ;9 9 S 6=; 9
kY8 R E E I E G GQI K7E]JDJC RI E`G K RR GQI 8<E ϕ E M(S) [
9 6=?<5 5 ; ;LN 96?@5 ;6 5:9%6 A-; 5 9 5 6 9 S 6?@5
J 8 GQI K:E]JDD K7CG ϕ E j%C E 8<C<DFExGQIJLK M ϕ (S) [<J 8R D]J E
A S 5a;LN6=?@5 66 9 S A ¢ ¢ 6;-6?@5a9<; A 5
E J GQI@DFE E JI V V % R JDFEF R NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ) V
õ uu´
µ
l ?@5 6 L 5 ; 9 A 6 9 6; 9 6=?<5 576a;LN ; 9%6 ;LN 5 z

I E R [ϕ] = (15)(24) [ J 8
C J c 8 G I E G GQI K7E]JDXJC
6;LAB; ? 5 A ;L9 ;
9 S 6=; 6 5:9@; S ?6; A-5:6 56?@5 576-;LN ; 9%6
RI E]G K RR GQI 8#E ϕ [E E`G C IJR=J REF G I E G
#5 5 5d6?@5 9 5 5 5 5:9%6 6 5;LN6=?<5dN2; A
c 8Mk%Y (15)(24) VH¤ C@G C E`jC R I<R G J E^| R (1, a, 0, b, c, ∞)
N; 5 ? ; 9%6m;LN l ? ; z ;; 9 S 6m5:9 5 6? 6 9
R JLK I E M(S) = M0,6 V E]GE]G 8@8 D UE k@C GQC<R G J 0J 8 ∞
; 5 ;L9 6=;e6?@56? 9 6=?>A 5 ; 96 5 6?@5m9<; 6=? 9 ; 6? ; 5
K RR GQI 8 EFR=8>J 8>GQE JRU 8I E G:[EfV VF[ R J 8G C I D G
;LN ? ? 5 6=?@5 #5 ; 9%6 9 5 5\5 S H
5 ¢ _ 9 S 5
S T E]K JR c 8-I E GC 8 R ϕ )G ¦E C@R V(' V I@I<DFYE (15)(24) S E^| G
? ? 5 5\966=; l ?<5
(c, b, 0, a, 1, ∞) T E]K E]G jC@E^|JD (1, b/c, 0, a/c, 1/c, ∞) |#E]J z 7→ z/c V
; 9%6 ; 9%6;LN 5 6;LAB; ? A ; 5 ;9 9 S 6; N
I E (1, a, 0, b, c, ∞) E]GJMI E GQI K:E]JDJC RI E]G K RR GQI 8<E ϕ E
9 ;L9 N 6 #5 9 5 6=?<5 6 ;L9>;LN 5 N 9 ;
J 8 D^YE E E]G¡c 8C 8 R JLK E (15)(24) [#E&V V][#E c = −1 J 8 a = −b [#G
6?@5 576P;LN 5 ; 9%6 S 5:9 ; 9%6 ;LN6=?<5aN2; A
G GQI K7E]JDiI E GHE]G EF| kY4JDFDiI E G R
(1, a, 0, −a, −1, ∞). (4.4.4)

l ? 5 ; ? 9@;P; N; 6 6 5 9 5 ;5 9<;6 9 6 9<; A
E]GGQI K7E]JD%D K7CG JLG Rk@E D`8G RCK C<R GQE K M(S) 8 G [J 8aE E]G R JD&V
]f6 5 5:5\9 6=; 5 ; ;LN 1 6? N2; ; 96 5:AB; 5 9 AB5 6=?<; 5
E]G JLGQEFD^Y G k JK I%Y P T E C<RI E GR | 8x[ J DFY G
; 5 ;L9 9 S 6;B6?@5 5
K RR GQI 8<E |JDFC G a = 0, ±1, ∞ V
5m9<; ;L9 5 6=?<5 5 ; 9 5m6?@5 ;6 5:9%6 AB; 5
¤ T K GQE`8 R GQI K:E]JDD K7CG Mϕ (S, ϕ) E GQE]8 j%C E 8#C@DFExGQIJLK
b 6 6=?@5 A S {
5 L
;
N =
6 <
? 5 ; ¢ ¢ ¢
9 =
6 <
? 5
; 6 :
5 %
9 6 5 <
? 5 5
Mϕ (S) E E]G E J D K:C@GP V V E j%C E GI@JLK M(S)/Gϕ T R
l ?<5 5 A 6 6 ;L9 #5 5 ? ; 9%6 ?@5 5 9
Gϕ = h(15), (24)i V I R C J E (15)(24) c G JLK I E [ T R JLG (15) J 8
;6? 6 b6=? 6=?<5 ; 9%6 9 5 #5 9 5
(24) k JLK |#E]J a →
7 −a CG I E G a = 0 J 8 a = ∞ JR c 8C 8 R
6?@5 6 ;L9;LN 9 6=?<5 ; 9%6 9 5B57 ? 9 S 5 l ?@5 5 5
JLK E Gϕ J 8 I E G a = 1 J 8 a = −1 JR K J 8iV R JR
9<;;6=?<5 5 ; 96 9 5 l ? 6?@5 5 ; 5 5 9%65 5 6=5 9
Rc 8I E GC 8 R Gϕ V CG:[ GQI K7E]JD¡D K7C@G T JR E R G 8E [
6?6? 5:5 ; 96 5:AB; 5 9 6 ; N; 6 6 5 6=?
Mϕ (S, ϕ) [%E]G"J P1 T E
S ; 6H5 ? ; 9%6 l ?
R I E GXR
6?@5 S 5:;LAB576
| 8J 8J REF|E`JD Rk<E D]8G RC@K C@R T E
6 6 5 ? ? 5 @5 6=5
R Ck%Y
6?@5ZN 9 AB5:9%6 S ; 9 5
C 8<J JD R C@I@GHGQE K
π1 (Mϕ (S, ϕ)) = NormΓϕ (S) (ϕ)

= hσ2 σ3 σ2 , σ12 σ42 , ϕi ' hϕi × hσ2 σ3 σ2 , σ12 σ42 i ' Z/2Z × F2 .
l ?<5 N 6=; 9o6? 5 6 ; 6 6?@5 A S 5d;LN 6=?<5 6Q6 9 S ?@;AB;z
F2 ' Γ(T ) JLK RHE E]GP8#EFR K I@R 8<CK E]G E J GI<DFE E
A-; ? A ¢ ¢
RI E]G V V% V
i(( .
2.1 .
.( ¾#7 À 'Á ¾#7 À 'Á

S (1, 2) T (1, 1)
d5 5 5 ;6 \ 5 96 6; 6=?#>A 5 ; 96 ? A 6=?@5 5:;LAB;

R T j C
E J RCG S T E J RU 8I E
GdkY 8<EF R=I E]G ϕ
? ? 6=?<5 ;6 6 L; 9 ; 9 6?@5 9 S 5 6 6=? ; S ?6=?<5-?<; 5

◦
T E]K E]G £ R J E JR C 8 J ]E GmIJLGGQE | R E]K:JD]D^Y R C D V
l ?<5 ;6 : 5 9%6 6 ;
6=?M;9@5ZA 5 ; 96 9 9<; 9 ? ; %
9 6
j%C E T E]GHJ RCG T E JRU 4 8 I E J 8 k<RtJ K I E G:V
S T

! (1, 2)
#
0 ªuOu x) ûZu%0¨ xª» Z¦ õô
l ?@5ZN 9 AB5:9%6 S ; ? 6?@5 5 z 9<; 9 5 5\96 6 L ; 9

C 8<J JD R C@I π1 (T ) JLG T DFD U T I@R G J E
ha, b, c | (a, b)c = 1i,

?<5 5 5:9@;65 6=?@5 ;LABA 6 6=; l ?@5-N 9 A-5\96 S ;
T R (a, b) 8 G K C J R bab−1 a−1 V C 8@J JD R C@I π1 (S)
? 6=?<5 5 5 9%6
: 6 L
; 9
JLG I<R G J E
ha0 , b0 , c1 , c2 | (a0 , b0 )c1 c2 = 1i.
l ? S ; 9 5 5 5 S ; ;LN 6=?<5a5:A 5 9 S
E]G R C<IMK\J k R JDFEF 8oJLGHJBGQC@k R C@I π1 (T ) |#E]J k 8<8<E
π1 (S) ,→ π1 (T )
a0 7→ a
b0 7→ b2
c1 7→ c
c2 7→ bcb−1 .
l ?<5 S ; ∗ S 5:9@5 6=5 9 6 6 9
R C@I Aut (π1 (T )) E]G R=J 8k%Y Inn(π1 (T )) J 8 k%Y T E]G G τ1 J 8 τ2
;L9 S 6=?<5 ;; 9 9 S 5 ]
>
9
6 @
? Z
5 A 9 S S ; 6=?<5 5
JD D IG α J 8 β E ¦ E C@R %<V]£ %<V JI<I@E K7]D JLGG R C<I Γ(T ) [ G
6 6 6 N 6?@5 5 6 ;L9 9 3 9 9N 6
T E`G GmGJ E]G Y R D]J E τ̃
G 1 2 1 τ̃ τ̃ = τ̃ τ̃ τ̃
2 1 2 J 8 (τ̃ τ̃
1 2 ) = 1 [ J M
x 8 E JLK Γ(T ) E]G
;LAB; ? 6;
E]G R=I E]K PSL2 (Z) V
\X 6 6?@5m6 6 9 6{;L9
I@DFE]K7E D^Y[ T E]G G τ1 J 8 τ2 JLK π1 (T ) |#E]J
τ1 (a) = a, τ1 (b) = ba−1 , τ1 (c) = c
9
J 8
τ2 (a) = ab, τ2 (b) = b, τ2 (c) = c.
a 9 5 ? ;L9 ; %;L9<5A
9 6 5? 5 5 9
E K T JLG D^Y JRU 8oI E [ T J |
\ Aut∗ ([π1 (T )]) = Aut∗ (π1 (T )) J 8
5 @
? ; 6 = ?
6 6 = <
? 5 S ; S :
5 9
Aut∗ ([S/T ]) = Aut∗ (S/T ) {V ¤ G T J
∗
GQC<k R C<I Aut (S/T ) E]G E^| k Y
%
hτ1 , τ22 i V
5 6 ?<; 6=? 6 5 9 ;LA 6 9 S 6 5 6 6 ;L9-6=; b
¤ c@R=G G T J τ1 DFE G E Aut∗ (S/T ) [Lk%YeK I@C E E GR G RE]K E π1 (S)
5 9 6=? 6
T c 8 J

 τ1 (a0 ) = τ1 (a) = a = a0


 τ1 (b0 ) = τ1 (b2 ) = ba−1 ba−1 = (a0 )−1 c1 b0 (a0 )−1

 τ1 (c1 ) = τ1 (c) = c = c1


τ1 (c2 ) = τ1 (bcb−1 ) = ba−1 cab−1 = b0 (a0 )−1 (b0 )−1 c−1 0
1 a,
; 5 5 5 6 ?@5 S ; 5m9@576 ?@; 6? 6 5 9
G τ1 I<R G QR | G QG C@k R C@I π1 (S) V¤ G T J τ22 DFE G E Aut∗ (S/T ) k%Y
;LA 6 9 S 6 5 6 6 ;L9
K I@C E E {G R G RE]K E
 2 0
 τ (a ) = τ22 (a) = ab2 = a0 b0
 2

 τ 2 (b0 ) = τ 2 (b2 ) = b2 = b0
2 2
 τ22 (c1 ) = τ22 (c) = c = c1



τ22 (c2 ) = τ22 (bcb−1 ) = bcb−1 = c2 ,
; S 9 2 5 5 5 ; 6 5 9 e; 6=?<5 S ;
G J JE τ2 I<R G RQ| G π1 (S) [<G E FD E G E Aut (S/T ) V
∗
T [ QG C@k R @ C I hτ1 , τ22 i
;LN 9 7 5 9 ; @ N 6=?<5 S ; ∗ 6 6 S 5 6=5
E]G E 8 2 E Γ(T ) = hτ1 , τ2 ) [G E GQC@k R C@I Aut (S/T ) T JLX G G RÈ K FD Y R J R
õò uu´
µ
6? 9 6 ; 5 ;LN 6 6?

¡ 9<;6¡6?@5 5 9 5mN; 9 6 9 5
hτ1 , τ22 i [#E T
J C<D`8k JDFD Γ(T ) VXWC E]G¡E`G K:JLG < [ GQE K R E G J K
b 9 5\5 9 ;6?@5 5 9
τ2 6∈ Aut∗ (S/T ) E 8 8x[ τ2 (a) = ab J 8 ab 6∈ π1 (S) R T ]E G b ∈ π1 (S) J 8
? ? l ?<5 5:N2; 5 5Z? 5 ?<; 946? 6
π1 (S) = π1 (T ) T E]K E`GHJkGQC<R=8 V R R T J\| G T J
Aut∗ (S/T ) = hτ1 , τ22 i.

l ? 6?@5 5 6 6 ;L9 6 ;L9 ;%5 9@;6H?@; N2; 6?
CG:[ GQC@R,1 K EF|E YMK 8 E E
# 8 G D`8 R E]G ϕ V
; 6?@5 ; 5 ;LN 6 9 S 6=?@5 5 6 6 9 66 9 S ;L9 6 ;L9 5
¦ R I<C@RI G G G @ C 8#YE GQC@R,1 K EF|E Y J 8 GQI@DFE E K 8<E E G:[ T
?<; ;L9 5 9<;66=?<5¡A 9 S S ; + 0
6 =
6 <
? ¡
5 ;
N ;
G C@D]8K GQE]8 R JI<I@E K7D`JG=G R C<I Diff ([S])/Diff (S) k<C Rk@E D`8
N 9 AB5:9%6 S ; ;N¡6?@5AB; 5 l ?@5 5B6 ; S ; ; 9 5 9
C 8@J JD R C<I 8#C@DFEGQIJLK M([S]) V G T R C@I@GdK E K7E`8 E
S :
5 <
9 5 6
9 =
6 ? 6
5 =
6 @
? 5 5 5 9 a
5 6 L
; 9 l ?@5
N 9
R=JD&[k@C
AB5:9%6
E E]GIJR E]K7C@D]JReK:JLG Y8<EF R\[JLG T GJ T E K E %<V V
S ; S 5:9@5 6=5 9 5 6B6=;6?@5
C 8@J JD R C<I π1 (M([S]) E]G R=J 8k%Y τ1 J 8 τ2 GC<k1 K k<R=JE]8
5 6 ;L9 9 6;6?@5 5 6 ;L9 b 6 ;AB; ? 6=; l ?@5 ; 5
R D]J E J 8 R D]J E (τ1 τ2 )6 = 1 E E]GPE]G RI E`K SL2 (Z) V Jk |
S B
A :
5 %
9 6 S P
;
6 ? ; S ? 9 =
6 @
? 5 5 6 6 L
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JR C G R C J 8 GQC<R 1 K E^|#E YK
?<; 5 5 6=?<5 66 9 S ;9 6 ;9?@; ]q9 5:5 8#E E N`6
J C<R=JD]D^YdG EFD]D#8
6=;6=?<5>5 5:AB5:9%6
G D`8x[
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T | R GQI@DFE E K 8<E E D`8<G:V 8 8i[ τ 1 DFE G D σ 1 σ 3
9 N6 6; l ?<5{;L9 5 6 ;L9 6 5 9
Γ([S]) J 8 τ22 DFE G σ2 V DFY-R D]J E GJ E]GQc 8k%Y τ1 J 8 τ2 E]G (τ1 τ2 τ1 τ2 ) =
2 2 2
a
% ; P
5 @
9 :
5 5
6 ; @
? 5 =
6 ? 6 9 "
6 =
6 ?
(τ1 τ2 )3 = 1 V T 8 K K=U J (σ1 σ3 σ2 σ1 σ3 σ2 ) = 1 E Γ([S]) [%k@C
2
E`G"E]G
;LN ; 5¡6 5 9 5 ;N; 5 N2; 9 ;L9 S 6=5 6=;
K C<RtG
5 S
RC
5m6=?<5 S 5:;LA-5:6
GQE K σ1 σ3 σ2 E`G
5
R=8 R
6 ;L94;LN6=?<5
C<RE Γ([S]) &K
6 6 ;L9 _ 1
QC J
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5 5 5:9%6 6=5 9 5 ? 5 ; S A A 5 6=?B6 ;dA 5 ; 9%6
R I@R G J 8BC E]j%C D^YBkYGQC@K JaI@JR=JDFD D T T
?<; 5 A 5 6;e6?@5; S 9 ]9;6=?<5 R=J ; [ JRU ; 8 9%6¡;LE N JRU 8-I E
5765 A 9<5
G
T G GQC E]G j%CJD R=E E V R T R=8@G:[#JI E M(S) E]G 8 R E 8
;LN AB576=5 6? 96=?<5eN 9 AB5:9%6 ;LA 9;LN6?@5 6 ;9
kYJI@JEFR (τ, z) IJRtJ R=G:[ T E τ E C 8@J JD8 JE JLK E
;LN ;9 5:5 S 5 5 9 9 S 6?@55 6 5 9 ;LA 57
9 A
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5 9a6=?<5"N 9
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9 b6?@5XA
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; 9%6 5{6 5:96; 5 9 ;6=? ;9 5 5 AB; ;d6?@5 5 ; 6Q6 5 5
I E GJR JU k z J 8 −z )k K GQE]8 R 8 8<C<D I RE 8D]J E]K [EfV VF[
9e6=?<5¡N 9 A-5\96 5 ; S A l ?@5 6 ;L9-;LN ;L9e6?@5 5 ; S A S 5:9
E C 8@J JDIJR=JDFD D R=J V JLK E ϕ I@JR=JDFD D R=J E]G EF|
l ? 6=?<5 ;6 5:9%6{;N 6?@5m6=; 6? A 5\96 5 6=?@5 ; 5
kY z 7→ z + τ /2 V CG j%C E RC@G k%Y E]G JIME]8 EFc G D T R
9 5 ? N;LN6=?<5 5 ; S A 9 S 5a¢
J 8>C<I@I R JD IJRtJD]D D R=J JLG E ¦E C@R V V
τ 1+τ
τ/2 1+τ/2
0 0 1

1

#
ϕ

l ?@5
; % 9 6 ;LN6?@5AB; 5 ? ? 5 5 5 5 6?@5 5:;LAB; z
E G I
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5 =
6 @
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6 =
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5 6
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I E]G ϕ [ S E^| k%Y z 7→ z + τ /2 [ JR G GQCK J T JRU 8I E G
5m57 ? 9 S 5 6? 5:;LA-; ? A 9 AB5 A-; ;-6=?<5 66 5
JR K J 8k%Y E]GH8<EF RI E]G [ J DFY z + τ /2 = −z 8<C<D D]J E]K
l ? ?@; 6=? 6{6=?<5 5 ; ;LN 9@;6{6=?<5 ?@; 5dAB; 5 ;
h1, τ i V E]GG T G J GQI K7E]JD D K7C@G ϕ E]G T D 8#C@DFEGQIJLK [G
6 6?@5 5 ; ;LNa%5 6 ;L9 ¢ ? ? 5 6=?<5 5 ;LAB; ? 6=;-6=?<5
E E`G GQI K7E`JDiD K7CG K E %<V [ T E]K JLG T GJ T R E]G{E]G R=I E]K
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π1 (M(S, ϕ)) = hτ1 , τ22 i.
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?<5 5o6?@5 5o6=?<5 S 5 ; 9 65 N 9 AB5:96 S ; ;LNm6=?<5AB;

Γg,[n] = Diff + ([S])/Diff 0 (S),

?<5 5 5\9<;6=5 = 6 ?<5 S ; ;LNx; 5:9%6 6 ;L9#z 5 5 9 S 5:;LA-; ? A ;LN

Γg,n = Diff + (S)/Diff 0 (S),

?<5 5 6?@5 S ; ;LN ;L9 6 9 S ;LN 5:;LA-; ? A ? ?

6?@5 ; 5 A  ?<5\9 9; N2; 5

Γg,[n] = π1orbifold (Mg,[n] ) and Γg,n = π1orbifold (Mg,n ). (2.1.2)

{ψ ∈ Out(πg,n ) | ∃σ ∈ Sn such that ψ(hci i) = hcσ(i) i for 1 ≤ i ≤ n}.

l ?<59@;6 6 L ; 9 6=? 5 576 9 6 5

vOut∗ ([πg,n ]) ' Γg,[n]

Γ0,[n] ' π1orbifold (M0,[n] ) and Γ0,n ' Out∗ (π0,n )

σi σi+1 σi = σi+1 σi σi+1

a%576 9 N2; 576 9

       *!  #

u)¥ t ∈ [0, 1] [ x3 = ∞  ¡rZ¥<v *r

ci 7→ ci+1 , ci+1 = c−1

X  @ "  !$ P!$P  ¡ q$ 

R=8 R 8 8#C@DFExGQI@JLK Mg,n E R 8<C@K 8k% Y & D]E J 8 C R=8i[ T

*"!       !  1    S       (3, 2)

l ?@5 5 9%6 5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 5 9@5Z6=?<5 9 5 9 S 6=; ; ; S N 5 ;LN

p@vs:)u ¡s=v)ufy Mg,n V

JR G T R JD]DD I@G G IJ G"8 K I GQE E JR I@E K 8 I E G

8#E] R K Mg,n − Mg,n V

~=rmufr7)u ¡r= u)2¥>va}=y0pyQPw]y0ytpnZyo2¥<rdy}\~7u 7yw]By(w +eu P2¥<rds¥<y

x()'( >.   ./   /  @/.   1  (

]N 9<; O 5:A 9@9 ?@5 5 6=?oA 5 ; 9%6 576 5:9@;6=5

1 ! 0,4

5 ?<; ?<; 6=; AB576 5 ;; ;L9>6?@5aA-; 5

M0,4 ' P1 − {0, 1, ∞},

(σ1 σ2 )3 (σ3 σ2 σ12 σ2 σ3 ) = (σ1 σ2 σ3 )4 = 1,

0@Á ¿ À ) ÂÀzÂü¾z¿

l ?<5 5m6? 5:5 6? 5 ?@; 9 9 S 5 ?@5 5 6 9 5 5\5:9>6=? 6 9

2{¿ ) fÁ¿zÀ()#/ + ¾2(' S 5 ?@; 6?@5 6? 5:5 5:?@9-6 6 9

;; ?@; 9 S 9 5 5 6{6=?<5 9 657zq; 5 ;%; ; 9 9 S 6=?<5d6 ;

;L9 S 6?@5 ;; 5 9 96?@5 S 5 ; ? ? 9 5 5:9%6 5 6=?o6?@5

d; 5 5 6=?<5 5 9 9%65 5 6 9 S 6 576 9 ; 9 S 6?@5 5:9%6 6 ;L9_;LN

? ? 9 ;LAB; ? A ? 5 9<5 946? 57 5 6 L ; 9 5

G aba J 8 ba R GQI K EF| D^YV   orbifold −→ #

9 ?@5 56=?<5 56?@5 S 5\9<5 6 ;

5 ?<; 6=? ;LAB; ? A 57 6 c;L9 5 N; 57 A 5 9%6 5 ;LA ; z

M0,5 ' (P1 − {0, 1, ∞})2 − hx = yi

l ?@5 5 ;L9 5 ;L9

%<VF£l 'V ?@5 6 6 N 56

    +    

9 ; 6 5:9%6 ; 9 5 6 ;LABA 65 6=? 6?@5 6?@5 AB; 5 5

Γ1,[2] ' Γ1,2 × hci ' (B4 /Z) × Z/2Z.

Γ0,5 → Γ1,2 → Γ0,[5] .

5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 9 l ?@56 ; S ? ; 5 ;L9 6=;e6 ; 5 5:9%6 6 5 ;LN

; % 9 6 ? 5a9<; 5:5:9 5:9%6 5 6 ; 6 ;6; S 5a6 ; ; 96 ;LA 9 S N ;LA 6=?<5

NormΓ1,2 (ϕ) = hσ3 σ2 σ3−1 , σ3 σ1 i.

5 ? Nz 9@5 5 6=?<5 9 6?@5A 5 ; 9%6 5 9

l ?@5e9@; 6=? 9 ; 6 ? ; 5 A ; A 9@;6 5eA 5 ; 9%6 6m6?@5 5

un\y (P1 − {0, 1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , ∞})k−1 u%n2¥<r j(k − 1)

2EFE  ¥<ranqp@rts7u&vLwwFy0s7n-yQ ϕ u2¥<r 7@y)ufr7"nqp@vstr M(S)/Gϕ = MGϕ (S) vw n\y4sty/

nqp@vstr M G (T ) ¥%u&s¥u`n¥<r 7@yL2ufr7myQ M(T ) 0~ +2¥<r-}=y

u2ri[{v2¥<rnqp@vstr MG (T ) vxo2¥<r4r ~tr=u MG (T ) → C ⊂ M([S]) v}=r

jikmlnporqpsn$tZu$vw vzy{w|2}p|2~ |22 y'~2)yv|'r'v/ w y)'vP}p| 2w

æ ' ç èé«çêr£pëìçªí ¡ î)'ç ¢ï´ðñòµñóm$ñòµZôõ$ñò2µ`ô'ómt

"!#%$&

'()'(+*-,.%/0, 12.%34( [ 576 5:9<;6=5>6?@54AB; 5M;LNPO 5:A 9@9 N 5 ;LN

'( ( *)1..@/

'(x( . 01,-31 1 . /

?<5 5o6?@5 5o6=?<5 S 5 ; 9 65 N 9 AB5:96 S ; ;LNm6=?<5AB;

?<5 5 5\9<;6=5 = 6 ?<5 S ; ;LNx; 5:9%6 6 ;L9#z 5 5 9 S 5:;LA-; ? A ;LN

6?@5 ; 5 A ?<5\9 9; N2; 5

l ?<59@;6 6 L ; 9 6=? 5 576 9 6 5

vOut∗ ([πg,n ]) ' Γg,[n]

*! #

u)¥ t ∈ [0, 1] [ x3 = ∞ ¡rZ¥<v *r

X @ " !$ P!$P ¡ q$

R=8 R 8 8#C@DFExGQI@JLK Mg,n E R 8<C@K 8k% Y & D]E J 8 C R=8i[ T

*"! ! 1 S (3, 2)

p@vs:)u ¡s=v)ufy Mg,n V

JR G T R JD]DD I@G G IJ G"8 K I GQE E JR I@E K 8 I E G

8#E] R K Mg,n − Mg,n V

~=rmufr7)u ¡r= u)2¥>va}=y0pyQPw]y0ytpnZyo2¥<rdy}\~7u 7yw]By(w +eu P2¥<rds¥<y

x()'( >. ./ / @/. 1 (

]N 9<; O 5:A 9@9 ?@5 5 6=?oA 5 ; 9%6 576 5:9@;6=5

1 ! 0,4

0@Á ¿ À ) ÂÀzÂü¾z¿

2{¿ ) fÁ¿zÀ()#/ + ¾2(' S 5 ?@; 6?@5 6? 5:5 5:?@9-6 6 9

;L9 S 6?@5 ;; 5 9 96?@5 S 5 ; ? ? 9 5 5:9%6 5 6=?o6?@5

d; 5 5 6=?<5 5 9 9%65 5 6 9 S 6 576 9 ; 9 S 6?@5 5:9%6 6 ;L9_;LN

G aba J 8 ba R GQI K EF| D^YV orbifold −→ #

9 ?@5 56=?<5 56?@5 S 5\9<5 6 ;

5 ?<; 6=? ;LAB; ? A 57 6 c;L9 5 N; 57 A 5 9%6 5 ;LA ; z

%<VF£l 'V ?@5 6 6 N 56

+

5 ;LA ; 6 ;L9 9 l ?@56 ; S ? ; 5 ;L9 6=;e6 ; 5 5:9%6 6 5 ;LN

; % 9 6 ? 5a9<; 5:5:9 5:9%6 5 6 ; 6 ;6; S 5a6 ; ; 96 ;LA 9 S N ;LA 6=?<5

5 ? Nz 9@5 5 6=?<5 9 6?@5A 5 ; 9%6 5 9

l ?@5e9@; 6=? 9 ; 6 ? ; 5 A ; A 9@;6 5eA 5 ; 9%6 6m6?@5 5

un\y (P1 − {0, 1, ζ, . . . , ζ j−1 , ∞})k−1 u%n2¥<r j(k − 1)

2EFE ¥<ranqp@rts7u&vLwwFy0s7n-yQ ϕ u2¥<r 7@y)ufr7"nqp@vstr M(S)/Gϕ = MGϕ (S) vw n\y4sty/

nqp@vstr M G (T ) ¥%u&s¥u`n¥<r 7@yL2ufr7myQ M(T ) 0~ +2¥<r-}=y

u2ri[{v2¥<rnqp@vstr MG (T ) vxo2¥<r4r ~tr=u MG (T ) → C ⊂ M([S]) v}=r

d; 5 5 5 ?M;LN6?@5 5:A 5 9 S

& ¾Z¾7 9 6=57zf; 5 6?@5 ;L9 _P9 S 6=54;LN ? 9 S 5 A 6 6 ; 9 ;LN

a a5 ?@; 0 ]q6 A 5 6=? 6d6=?<5 5 ; ;LN

Hufr v@n}):vstr X v u)&)u# ϕ v

& ¾Z¾ 7 [576 5

6=?<5 5 5:9 5 576 5:5\96=?<56 ; 5 ? 5 9 96=?@5;

RI E]G FV £LV % ^E | G{ R E]G J RI E]G

}=vs¥dp@yu22ndyQ2¥%undsty *r7} vB2¥<r7u2}p}=r7u !

6? 6 5:9@5 6=5 9 9 6=?<5 A S 5;LN 5 6 9 5

Aut∗ ([S/T ]) stv~trZufr7)u rt u)2¥>2¥<rmn@~q}y

[ 5:ABA ¢ N 5765\9 6=; 9 6;LAB; ? A ;LN 6 ?@5:9 6 ;5 ;

" ¥<r7 ϕ∈A v hϕi u`na2¥<r Lr7}r:w yQZ2¥<raxv2#}=vwn}):rts:)ufy

v}=ryQ @u)qr>u2ru2 Γ([T ]) v

& ¾Z¾7 [ 5:ABA ¢ 9 ¢ 6?@5 S ; 5 6=;

"

946?@5 6 6=5:AB5:9%6{;LN 6?@5m6=?<5\; 5:A eP;6=5m6=? 6H6=? A 5 6=? 6 9MN 6

\ ?e;LN6?@5 5 S 5:9<5 6; N65 6; AB;6 L ; 9;N ; 9%6 ;L9 A ; 5

"

?<5 5 ;; ; 9 6?@5 z&6=?A 5 ; 9%6m;N l ?<5 S ;

l ?@5ZN 9 AB5:9%6 S ; ? 6?@5 5 z 9<; 9 5 5\96 6 L ; 9

;6 : 5 96{;LN 1 2 1 l ? ; 5 ;9 6=;-6?@5 ;LAB; ? A