c






This section talks about the cabling used in today's networks. There's a lot of different type of cabling in
today's networks and I am not going to cover all of them, but I will be talking about the most common
cables, which include UTP CAT5 straight through and crossover, Coax and a few more.

Cabling is very important if you want a network to work properly with minimum problems and bandwidth
losses. There are certain rules which must never be broken when you're trying to design a network,
otherwise you'll have problems when computers try to communicate. I have seen sites which suffer from
enormous problems because the initial desgin of the network was not done properly !

In the near future, cabling will probably be something old and outdated since wireless communication
seems to be gaining more ground, day by day. With that in mind, around 95% of companies still rely on
cables, so don't worry about it too much :)

Let's have a quick look at the history of cabling which will allow us to appreciate what we have today !

  

We tend to think of digital communication as a new idea but in 1844 a man called Samuel Morse sent a
message 37 miles from Washington D.C. to Baltimore, using his new invention µThe Telegraph¶. This may
seem a far cry from today's computer networks but the principles remain the same.

Morse code is type of binary system which uses dots and dashes in different sequences to represent
letters and numbers. Modern data networks use 1s and 0s to achieve the same result. The big difference
is that while the telegraph operators of the mid 19th Century could perhaps transmit 4 or 5 dots and
dashes per second, computers now communicate at speeds of up to 1 Giga bit, or to put it another way,
1,000,000,000 separate 1s and 0s every second.

Although the telegraph and the teletypewriter were the forerunners of data communications, it has only
been in the last 35 years that things have really started to speed up. This was borne out of the necessity
for computers to communicate at ever ncreasing speeds and has driven the development of faster and
faster networking equipment, higher and higher specification cables and connecting hardware.

 
 
 


 

Ethernet was developed in the mid 1970's by the Xerox Corporation at its Palo Alto Research Centre
(PARC) in California and in 1979 DEC and Intel joined forces with Xerox to standardize the Ethernet
system for everyone to use. The first specification by the three companies, called the 'Ethernet Blue Book',
was released in 1980, it was also known as the 'DIX standard' after their initials.

It was a 10 Mega bits per second system (10Mbps, = 10 million 1s and 0s per second) and used a large
coaxial backbone cable running throughout the building, with smaller coax cables tapped off at 2.5m
intervals to connect to the workstations. The large coax, which was usually yellow, became known as
'Thick Ethernet' or 10Base5 - the '10' refers to the speed (10Mbps), the 'Base' because it is a base band
system (base band uses all of its bandwidth for each transmission, as opposed to broad band which splits
the bandwidth into separate channels to use concurrently) and the '5' is short for the system's maximum
cable length, in this case 500m.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) released the official Ethernet standard in 1983
called the IEEE 802.3 after the name of the working group responsible for its development and, in 1985,
version 2 (IEEE 802.3a) was released. This second version is commonly known as 'Thin Ethernet' or
10Base2; in this case the maximum length is 185m even though the '2' suggest that it should be 200m.

Since 1983, various standard have been introduced because of the increased bandwidth requirements, so
far we are up to the Gigabit rate !

p
j
 






Unshielded Twisted Pair cable is most certainly by far the most popular cable around the world. UTP cable
is used not only for networking but also for the traditional telephone (UTP-Cat 1). There are 6 different
types of UTP categories and, depending on what you want to achieve, you would need the appropriate
type of cable. UTP-CAT5 is the most popular UTP cable, it came to replace the good old coaxial cable
which was not able to keep up with the constant growing need for faster and more reliable networks.





The characteristics of UTP are very good and make it easy to work with, install, expand and troubleshoot
and we are going to look at the different wiring schemes available for UTP, how to create a straight
through UTP cable, rules for safe operation and a lot of other cool stuff !

So let's have a quick look at each of the UTP categories available today:

Category 1/2/3/4/5/6 ± a specification for the type of copper wire (most telephone and network wire is
copper) and jacks. The number (1, 3, 5, etc) refers to the revision of the specification and in practical
terms refers to the number of twists inside the wire (or the quality of connection in a jack).

CAT1 is typically telephone wire. This type of wire is not capable of supporting computer network traffic
and is not twisted. It is also used by phone companies who provide ISDN, where the wiring between the
customer's site and the phone company's network uses CAT 1cable.

CAT2, CAT3, CAT4, CAT5 and CAT6 are network wire specifications. This type of wire can support
computer network and telephone traffic. CAT2 is used mostly for token ring networks, supporting speeds
up to 4 Mbps. For higher network speeds (100Mbps plus) you must useCAT5 wire, but for
10Mbps CAT3 will suffice. CAT3, CAT4 and CAT5 cable are actually 4 pairs of twisted copper wires
and CAT5 has more twists per inch than CAT3 therefore can run at higher speeds and greater lengths. The
"twist" effect of each pair in the cables will cause any interference presented/picked up on one cable to be
cancelled out by the cable's partner which twists around the initial cable. CAT3 and CAT4 are both used for
Token Ring and have a maximum length of 100 meters.

CAT6 wire was originally designed to support gigabit Ethernet (although there are standards that will allow
gigabit transmission over CAT5 wire, that's CAT 5e). It is similar to CAT5 wire, but contains a physical
separator between the 4 pairs to further reduce electromagnetic interference.

The next pages (check menu) show you how UTP cable is wired and the different wiring schemes. It's well
worth visiting and reading about.
_
 
j






We will be mainly focussing on the wiring of CAT5 cables here because they are the most popluar cables
around ! You will find info on wiring the classic CAT1 phone cables as well. It is very important you know
how exactly to wire UTP cables because it's the base of a solid network and will help you avoid hours of
frustration and troubleshooting if you do it right the first time :) On the other hand, if you are dealing with
a poorly cabled network, then you will be able to find the problem and fix it more efficiently.

 
 j


We are now going to look at how UTP cables are wired. There are 2 popular wiring schemes that most
people use today: the T-568A and T-568B, that differ only in which color coded pairs are connected - pair
2 and 3 are reversed. Both work equally well, as long as you don't mix them! If you always use only one
version, you're OK, but if you mix A and B in a cable run, you will get crossed pairs!
UTP cables are terminated with standard
connectors, jacks and punchdowns. The
jack/plug is often referred to as an "RJ-45",
but that is really a telco designation for the
"modular 8 pin connector" terminated with a
USOC pinout used for telephones. The male
connector on the end of a patchcord is called a
"plug" and the receptacle on the wall outlet is
a "jack."

As I've already mentioned, UTP has 4 twisted

pairs of wires, we'll now look at the pairs to
see what colour codes they have :

As you can see in the picture on the left,

the 4 pairs are labeled. Pairs 2 & 3 are
used for normal 10/100Mbit networks,
while Pairs 1 & 4 are reserved. In Gigabit
Ethernet, all 4 pairs are used.

CAT5 cable is the most common type of UTP around the world ! It's flexible, easy to install and very
reliable when wired properly :)
The left and center pictures show the end of a CAT5 cable with an RJ-45 connector; used by all cables to
connect to a hub or to your computer's network card. The picture to the right shows a
stripped CAT5 cable, indicating the 4 twisted pairs.

And to be a bit fancy, don't think that UTP CAT5 cable only comes in one boring colour... those days are
over ! You get a wide range of choices today :

....... ........
 !"#$ !"%

Ethernet is generally carried in 8-conductor cables with 8-pin modular plugs and jacks. The connector
standard is called "RJ-45" and is just like a standard RJ-11 modular telephone connector, except it is a bit
wider to carry more pins.

Note: Keep in mind that the wiring schemes we are going to talk about are all for straight through cables
only ! Cross over cables are examined on a separate page !

The eight-conductor data cable contains 4 pairs of wires. Each pair consists of a solid colored wire and a
white wire with a stripe of the same color. The pairs are twisted together. To maintain reliability on
Ethernet, you should not untwist them any more than necessary (like about 1 cm). The pairs designated
for 10 and 100 Mbit Ethernet are Orange and Green. The other two pairs, Brown and Blue, can be used for
a second Ethernet line or for phone connections.

There are two wiring standards for these cables, called "T568A" (also called "EIA") and "T568B" (also
called "AT&T" and "258A"). They differ only in connection sequence - that is, which color is on which pin,
not in the definition of what electrical signal is on a particular color.

T-568A is supposed to be the standard for new installations, while T-568B is an acceptable alternative.
However, most off-the-shelf data equipment and cables seem to be wired toT568B. T568B is also the
AT&T standard. In fact, I have seen very few people using T568A to wire their network. It's important not
to mix systems, as both you and your equipment will become hopelessly confused.

c   
 !"

Note that the odd pin numbers are always the white with stripe color (1,3,5,7). The wires connect to RJ-
45 8-pin connectors as shown below:

Color Codes for T568B

Pin color - pair name
1 white/orange (pair 2) TxData +
2 orange (pair 2) ........ TxData -
3 white/green (pair 3) ..RecvData+
4 blue (pair 1)
5 white/blue (pair 1)
6 green (pair 3) ...........RecvData-
7 white/brown (pair 4)
8 brown (pair 4)

The wall jack may be wired in a different sequence because the wires are often crossed inside the jack.
The jack should either come with a wiring diagram or at least designate pin numbers.
Note that the blue pair is on the centre pins; this pair translates to the red/green pair for ordinary
telephone lines which is also in the centre pair of an RJ-11. (green=wh/blu; red=blu)

c   
 !"#

The T568A specification reverses the orange and green connections so that pairs 1 and 2 are on the centre
4 pins, which makes it more compatible with the telco voice connections. (Note that in the RJ-11 plug at
the top, pairs 1 and 2 are on the centre 4 pins.) T568A goes:

Color Codes for T568A

Pin color - pair name
1 white/green (pair 3) ..RecvData+
2 green (pair 3) ..........RecvData-
3 white/orange (pair 2) TxData +
4 blue (pair 1)
5 white/blue (pair 1)
6 orange (pair 2) .........TxData -
7 white/brown (pair 4)
8 brown (pair 4)

The diagram below shows the 568A and 568B in comparison:

   
  &

The most common application for a straight through cable is a connection between a PC and a hub/switch.
In this case the PC is connected directly to the hub/switch which will automatically cross over the cable
internaly, using special circuits. In the case of a CAT1 cable, which is usually found in telephone lines, only
2 wires are used, these do not require any special cross over since the phones connect directly to the
phone socket.

The picture above shows us a standard CAT5 straight thru cable, used to connect a PC to a HUB. You
might get a bit confused because you might expect the TX+ of one side to connect to the TX+ of the other
side but this is not the case. When you connect a PC to a HUB, the HUB it will automatically x-over the
cable for you by using its internal circuits, this results Pin 1 from the PC (which is TX+) to connect to Pin
1 of the HUB (which connects to RX+).This happens for the rest of the pinouts aswell.

If the HUB didn't x-over the pinouts using its internal circuits (this happens when you use the Uplink port
on the hub) then Pin 1 from the PC (which is TX+) would connect to Pin 1 of theHUB (which would
be TX+ in this case). So you notice that no matter what we do with theHUB port (uplink or normal), the
signals assigned to the 8 Pins on the PC side of things, will always remain the same, the HUB's pinouts
though will change depending wether the port is set to normal or uplink.

This pretty much concludes our discussion on straight thru UTP cables !
CAT5 UTP X-Over Cable

Introduction

The cross-over (x-over) CAT5 UTP cable has to be one of the most used cables after the classic straight-
thru cable. The x-over cable allows us to connect two computers without needing a hub or switch. If you
recall, the hub does the x-over for you internally, so you only need to use a straight thru cable from the
PC to the hub. Since now we don't have a hub, we need to manually do the x-over.

Why do we need an x-over ?

When sending or receiving data between two devices, e.g computers, one will be sending while the other
receives. All this is done via the network cable and if you look at a network cable you will notice that it
contains multiple cables. Some of these cables are used to send data, while others are used to receive
data and this is exactly what we take into account when creating an x-over cable. We basically connect
the TX (transmit) of one end to the RX(receive) of the other !

The diagram below shows this in the simplest way possible:

CAT5 X-over

There is only one way to make a CAT5 x-over cable and it's pretty simple. Those who read the "wiring
utp" section know an x-over cable is a a 568A on one end and a 568B on the other. If you haven't read
the wiring section, don't worry because I'll be giving you enough information to understand what we are
talking about.

As mentioned previously, an x-over cable is as simple as connecting the TX from one end to the RX of the
other and vice versa.

Let's now have a look at the pinouts of a typical x-over CAT5 cable:

As you can see, only 4 pins are needed for a x-over cable. When you buy a x-over cable, you might find
that all 8 pins are used, these cables aren't any different from the above, it's just that there are cables
running to the unsed pins. This won't make any difference in performance, but is just a habit some people
follow.

Here are the pinouts for a x-over cable which has all 8 pins connected:

Where else can I use a x-over ?

X-over cables are not just used to connect computers, but a variety of other devices. Prime example are
switches and hubs. If you have two hubs and you need to connect them, you would usually use the special
uplink port which, when activated through a little switch (in most cases), makes that particular port not
cross the tx and rx, but leave them as if they where straight through. What happens though if you haven't
got any uplink ports or they are already used ?

The X-over cable will allow you to connect them and solve your problem. The diagram below shows a few
examples to make it simpler:

As you can see in the above diagram, thanks to the uplink port, there is no need for a x-over cable.

Let's now have have look at how to cope when we don't have an uplink to spare, in which case we must
make a x-over cable to connect the two hubs:
All the above should explain a x-over cable, where we use it and why we need it. I thought it would be a
good idea to include, as a last picture, the pinouts of a straight thru and a x-over cable so you can
compare them side by side:
10Base-T/2/5/F/35 - Ethernet

Introduction

The 10Base-T UTP Ethernet and 10Base-2 Coax Ethernet were very popular around the early to mid
1990's when 100Mbit network cards and hubs/switches were very expensive. Today's prices have dropped
so much that most vendors don't focus on the 10Base networks but the 100Base ones and, at the same
time, support the 10 BaseT and 10Base-2 standard. We will also talk about the 10Base5/F and 35 shortly.

So what does 10 BaseT/2/5/F/35 mean ?

To make it simpler to distinguish cables they are categorised; that's how we got the CAT1, 2, 3 etc cables.
Each category is specific for speed and type of network. But since one type of cable can support various
speeds, depending on its quality and wiring, the cables are named using the "BaseT" to show exactly what
type of networks the specific cable is made to handle.

We are going to break the "10 Base T (and the rest) " into 3 parts so we can make it easier to
understand:

10

The number 10 represents the frequency in MHz (Mega HertZ) for which this cable is made. In this case it
is 10 MHz. The greater the MHz, the greater speeds the cable can handle. If you try to use this type of
cable for greater frequencies (and, therefore, speeds) then it either will not work or become extremely
unreliable. The 10 MHz speed translates to 10Mbit per second, which in theory means 1.2 MBytes per
second. In practice though, you wouldn't get more than 800 KBytes per second.

Base

The word "Base" refers to Baseband. Baseband is the type of communication used by Ethernet and it
means that when a computer is transmitting, it uses all the available bandwith, whereas Broadband (cable
modems) shares the bandwidth available. This is the reason cable modem users notice a slowdown in
speed when they are connected on a busy node, or when their neighbour is downloading all the time at
maximum speed ! Of course with Ethernet you will notice a slowdown in speed but it will be smaller in
comparison to broadband.

T/2/5/F/35

The "T" refers to "Twisted Pair" physical medium that carries the signal. This shows the structure of the
cable and tells us it contains pairs which are twisted. For example, UTP has twisted pairs and this is the
cable used in such cases. For more information, see the "UTP -Unshielded Twisted Pair" page where you
can find information on pinouts for the cables.

10Base-T

A few years ago, the 10 BaseT cables used CAT3 cables, which are used for speeds up to 10Mbit, but
today you will find mostly CAT5 cables, which are good for speeds up to 100 Mhz or 100Mbit, these cables
are also used for 10Mbit networks. Only 2 pairs of the UTP cable are used with the 10Base-T specification
and the maximum length is 100 meters. Minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters.

10Base-2

This specification uses Coaxial cable which is usually black, sometimes also called "Thinwire coax", "Thin
Ethernet" or "RJ-58" cable. Maximum length is 185 meters while the minimum length between nodes is
0.5 meters. 10Base-2 uses BNC connectors which, depending on the configuration, require special
terminators. The 10Base-2 specification is analysed here in great detail (also contains pictures) if you wish
to read more about it.

10Base-5

This specification uses what's called "Thickwire" coaxial cable, which is usually yellow. The maximum
length is 500 meters while the minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters. Also, special connectors are
used to interface to the network card, these are called AUI (Attachment Unit Interface) connectors and are
similar to the DB-15 pin connectors most soundcards use for their joystick/MIDI port.

Most networks use UTP cable and RJ-45 connectors or Coaxial cable with BNC "T" connectors, for this
reason special devices made their way to the market that allow you to connect an AUI network card to
these different cable networks.

The picture below shows you a few of these devices:

10Base-F

This specification uses fibre optic cable. Fibre optic cable is considered to be more secure than UTP or any
other type of cabling because it is nearly impossible to tap into. It is also resistant to electro magnetic
interference and attenuation. Even though the 10Base-F specification is for speeds up to 10Mbits per
second, depending on the type of fibre and equiptment you use, you can get speeds of up to 2Gigabits per
second !

10Base-35

The 10Base-35 specification uses broadband coaxial cable. It is able to carry multiple baseband channels
for a maximum length of 3,600 meters or 3.6 Kms.

Summary

To summarise, keep the following in mind:

@p 10Base-T works for 10Mbit networks only and uses unshielded twisted pair cable with RJ-45
connectors at each end and maximum length of 100 meters. They also only use 2 pairs of cables.
@p 10Base-2 works for 10Mbit networks only and uses Coaxial cable. Maximum length is 185 meters
and BNC "T" connectors are used to connect to the computers; there are special terminators at
each of the coaxial cable.
@p 10Base-5 works for 10Mbit networks only and uses Thick Coaxial cable. Maximum length is 500
 meters and special "AUI" connectors (DB-15) are used to interface with the network card.
@p 10Base-F works for 10Mbit networks only and uses cool fibre optic cable :)
Ä  '()*%*+),
 






The 100Base-TX (sometimes referred to 100Base-T) cable is the most popular cable around since it has
actually replaced the older 10Base-T and 10Base-2 (Coaxial). The 100Base-TX cable provides fast speeds
up to 100Mbits and is more reliable since it uses CAT5 cable (see the CAT 1/2/3/4/5 page).There is also
100Base-T4 and 100Base-FX available, which we discuss later.

_
 Ä  )*%*+) &

To make it simpler to distinguish cables they are categorised; that's how we got the CAT1, 2, 3 etc cables.
Each category is specific for speed and type of network. But since one type of cable can support various
speeds, depending on its quality and wiring, the cables are named using the "BaseT" to show exactly what
type of networks the specific cable is made to handle.

We are going to break the "Ä  &" into 3 parts so we can make it easier to understand:

The number 100 represents the frequency in MHz (Mega HertZ) for which this cable is made. In this case
it is 100 MHz. The greater the MHz, the greater speeds the cable can handle. If you try to use this type of
cable for greater frequencies (and, therefore, speeds) it will either not work or become extremely
unreliable. The 100 MHz speed translates to 100Mbit per second, which in theory means 12 MBytes per
second. In practice though, you wouldn't get more than 4 MBytes per second.



The word "Base" refers to Baseband. Baseband is the type of communication used by Ethernet and it
means that when a computer is transmitting, it uses all the available bandwith, whereas Broadband (cable
modems) shares the bandwidth available. This is the reason cable modem users notice a slowdown in
speed when they are connected on a busy node, or when their neighbour is downloading all the time at
maximum speed ! Of course with Ethernet you will notice a slowdown in speed but it will be smaller in
comparison to broadband.

)*%*+)

The "T" refers to "Twisted Pair" physical medium that carries the signal. This shows the structure of the
cable and tells us it contains pairs which are twisted. For example, UTP has twisted pairs and this is the
cable used in such cases. The 100Base-T is used sometimes to refer to the 100Base-TX cable
specification. For more information, see the "UTP -Unshielded Twisted Pair" page where you can find
information on pinouts for the cables. All 100Mbit rated cables, except the 100Base-FX, use CAT5 cable.

Ä  )

The ) (sometimes refered as "T" only) means it's a CAT5 UTP straight through cable using 2 of the 4
available pairs and supports speeds up to 100Mbits. Maximum length is 100 meters and minimum length
between nodes is 2.5 meters.

Ä  %

The % means it's a CAT5 UTP straight through cable using all 4 available pairs and supports speeds up to
100Mbits. Maximum length is 100 meters and minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters.

Ä  +)
The +) means it's a 2 strand fiber cable and supports speeds up to 100Mbits. Maximum length is usually
upto 2 kms.

_

To summarise, keep the following in mind:

@p 100Base-TX/T4 works for 100Mbit networks only and uses unshielded twisted pair cable with RJ-45
connectors at each end
@p All CAT5 UTP cables have 4 pairs of cables (8 wires).
@p 100Base-TX (sometimes called 100Base-T) uses 2 of the 4 available pairs within the UTP cable,
whereas the 100Base-T4 uses all 4 pairs.
@p 100Base-FX also works for speeds up to 100Mbits but uses fibre optic cable instead of UTP.
+  -







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