(61)

J. Env. Bio-Sci., 2018: Vol. 32 (1): 61-70 ISSN 0973-6913 (Print), ISSN 0976-3384 (On Line)

STUDY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT

Deepti Tomar
Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Zoology, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M. P.)

Received: 09-05-2018 Accepted: 01-06-2018

Two spotted spider mite (TSSM) is one of the most important agricultural pests that annually destroys 10-15 % of agricultural
products. Considering the number of compounds to which resistance has been reported, TSSM is ranked first among arthropod
pest species It was reported as the first resistant pest to the pesticides. Developing new acaricides with novel modes of action
has been a strategy of dealing with such scope of resistance. Plant extracts contribute to synergism that enhances the joint action
of active compounds on the insect and reduces the rate of development of insect resistance. In the present investigation the
experimental findings proved the efficacy of Cassia fistula leaf, flower essential oils and Lantana camara leaf, flower and fruit
essential oils while control groups showed the high viability rate of larval, nymphal and adult stages of Tetranychus urticae. In the
present investigation toxicity levels of essential oil are as follows: Lantana camara fruit > Lantana camara leaf > Cassia fistula leaf
> Lantana camara flower > Cassia fistula flower.
Key words: Tetranychus urticae, essential oil, Cassia fistula, Lantana camara, TSSM

Two spotted spider mite (TSSM) is one of seriously sucking
major pest in many soybeans growing areas. A TSSM
population can expand rapidly with up to 40 % per day (Shih
et al. 1976). TSSM is one of the most important agricultural
pests that annually destroy 10-15 % of agricultural products
(Raworth, 1986). Depending on the management of the crop
and environmental conditions, TSSM have the potential to cause
yield loss. Its pest status is the result of its polyphagous
character. Conventional control of this pest includes acaricide
treatments that could lead to undesirable side effects such as
death of non-target organisms (eg. predators) and development
of pesticide resistant races of TSSM because of its remarkable
intrinsic potential for rapid evolution of resistance to acaricides.
Considering the number of compounds to which resistance
has been reported TSSM is ranked first among arthropod pest
species (Whalon et al. 2008). It was reported as the first
resistant pest to the pesticides (Hussey and Scopes, 1985).
Developing new acaricides with novel modes of action has
been a strategy of dealing with such scope of resistance.
Nowadays newly developed pesticides are required to meet
the increasing rigorous toxicological and eco-toxicological
criteria. It has re-actualized the role of biopesticides (i.e.
commercial plant protection agents manufactured from living
organisms and/or their products) as an alternative to synthetic
compounds (Dekeyser, 2005; Marcic, 2012). Plant extracts
and plant-derived products are the most important sources for
development of biopesticides (Copping and Menn, 2000;
Chandler et al. 2011). Active components have number of
properties useful for insect control and are considered as safe
for environment. Plant extracts contribute to synergism that
enhances the joint action of active compounds on the insect
and reduces the rate of development of insect resistance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procurement of insect pests: Larvae/nymphs and adults of
Tetranychus urticae were procured locally from the fields of
soybean and reared on normal laboratory conditions. The known
aged egg, larvae/nymphs and adults were procured by mating
the adult insect pests randomly.
TSSM culture and colony: For greenhouse trails, a mass
culture of TSSM was maintained on potted soybean plants in
the laboratory. These mites were reared on soybean plants
that cultivated on plastic pots (20 cm diameter X 25 cm height)
in a growth chamber (27 ± 2oC, 70 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod
of 16 L: 8 D h) for at least two months (several generations)
before conducting the experiments. All experiments were
performed at the some above mentioned conditions in growth
chambers.
Plant material: C. fistula leaves, flowers and L. camara leaves,
flowers and fruits were procured locally from the corresponding
plant. C. fistula belongs to Family - Fabaceae /Caesalpiniaceae
and L.camara belongs to Family - Verbenaceae.
Plant parts were washed with running tap water and were stored
in the laboratory between 18 and 20oC in shade of the sunlight
throughout the extraction period to avoid the loss of chemicals

NAAS Rating (2017)-4.43

 TOMAR
due to direct exposure to sunlight. The shadow dried plant
parts were crushed into uniform powder using pulveriser. The
powdered samples were stored in closed container or air tight
polythene bags until use.
Extraction and Isolation: The essential oils were extracted
by hydro-distillation of the different plant parts for 3-5 hrs on
Clevenger-type apparatus according to the method used in
British Pharmacopoeia (1980). Colored oil with aromatic smell
was obtained. The oil obtained was dried over anhydrous
Sodium sulphate and analyzed by GC/MS. The identification
has been carried out by GC/MS and KI while quantification
was done by FID.
The interpretation on mass spectrum GC-MS was predicted
using the database of National Institute Standard and
Technology (NIST) having more than 62,000 patterns. The
name, molecular weight and structure of the components of
test materials were ascertained. The relative percentage
amount of each component was calculated by comparing its
average peak area to the total areas. The spectrum of the
unknown compounds was compared with the spectrum of the
component stored in the NIST library version (2014) and Adam's
(2005) mass spectrum library.
Cassia fistula : Thirty compounds from leaf and twenty-six
compounds from flower were identified representing 100 % of
the leaf and flower volatiles respectively. The composition of
the leaf oil was characterized by the abundance of phytol
(16.1%) followed by tetradecane (10.5%), esters (10.0%) and
hexadecane (8.7%). The flower oil was dominated by the
presence of the sesquiterpene (E)-nerolidol (23.8%), followed
by 2-hexadecanone (17.0%) and heptacosane (12.8%).
Lantana camara : Sixty-four constituents in leaf, fifty-four
constituents in flower and fourty-four constituents in fruit
essential oil were identified representing 100 % of the leaf,
flower and fruit volatiles respectively. Among which Trans-  -
caryophyllene (17.65%), Sabinene (9.11%),  -humulene
(7.14%) and Bicyclogermacrene (5.77%) were the main
constituents identified in leaf essential oil. Trans-  -
caryophyllene (21.80%), Sabinene (14.18%),  -humulene
(9.29%) and Bicyclogermacrene (8.49%) were the main
constituents identified in flower essential oil. Trans-  -
caryophyllene (21.42%), Trans-nerolidol (18.85%), -
(62)
humulene (9.97%) and Sabinene (5.13%) were the main
constituents identified in fruit essential oil.
Essential oils and components were kept under freezing until
used. Series of aqueous concentrations of each essential oil
were prepared with Triton X-100 as surfactant at a rate of 0.1
%. The stock solutions of different concentrations of essential
oils were used at room temperature for the experimentation.
The experiments were done in triplicate.
Experiments: For the bioassays, a 35 mm diameter disc of
soybean leaf was placed in plastic petri dishes containing
moistened cotton wool. Insects were divided into several groups.
Each group contain 10 male and female insect pests and were
transferred onto each leaf discs with a fine brush. Experiments
were performed with different concentrations of essential oils
of C. fistula and L. camara and the values of LC100, LC50
(Probit analysis method adopted after Finney, 1971), LC0 and
sub lethal concentration were detected out for each group
separately and data was summarized in Tables 1-10. Three
replicates of at least four concentrations causing 0-100 %
m ortality were tested with each plant essential oil
concentration.
Control groups of T. urticae male and female were applied
topically with the same concentration of solvent as used in
experimental groups. All the experimental and control groups
were provided with sufficient food and water to avoid the stress
of starvation and dehydration respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Life cycle of T. urticae was studied on several important aspects
as follows:
Mating Period and Copulation: Adult male and female mite
mated soon after emerging from the last nymphal stage. Since
only the first mating results in fertilization in female TSSM,
adult males guard quiescent deutonymph females, those at
the stage immediately before maturation to ensure paternity.
Therefore, the cost of pre-copulatory guarding time seems
considerable for males.
Immature development times as well as the duration of the
pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition phases were
determined. TSSM females typically oviposit on the undersides
of leaves, attaching eggs directly to the leaf surface, often
(63) STUDY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT
against leaf veins. Pre-ovipositional adult females are most
likely to exhibit dispersal behaviour, which is an important
element in the biology of TSSM as a colonizing species
(Mitchell, 1973). In the present investigation control T. urticae
females have the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-
oviposition periods, which lasted for 1.96 days, 10.53 days
and 2.48 days respectively, whereas in treated groups the
pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods were
of 1.70 days, 8.00 days and 1.80 days in C. fistula leaf
essential oil; the pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition
periods were of 1.90 days, 10.40 days and 2.40 days in C.
fistula flower essential oil; the pre-oviposition, oviposition and
post-oviposition periods were of 1.50 days, 7.00 days and 1.50
days in L. camara leaf essential oil; the pre-oviposition,
oviposition and post-oviposition periods were of 1.80 days,
10.00 days and 2.00 days in L. camara flower essential oil
and pre-oviposition of 1.00 day, no oviposition and no post-
oviposition periods were observed in L. camara fruit essential
oil treated pests. The preoviposition and oviposition periods
were variable in different insects, no oviposition with abrin while
the pre-oviposition period was about 12-18 hrs, 2nd oviposition
period was about 24 hrs and 3rd oviposition period was about
18 hrs after cerberin treatment on Bagrada cruciferarum as
observed by Rai (2005). The duration of oviposition varies from
60-100 hrs in D.similis but second oviposition was not seen
with Dhatura alba seed extract treatment, while the oviposition
was totally arrested in D. regia treated D. similis as observed
by Agarwal (2006). Tomar (2010) observed that duration of
oviposition usually varies from 2-3 hrs in Oberea brevis. First
oviposition of 1/2 -1 hr was observed while second oviposition
was not observed with Quercitrin glycoside. No oviposition
was observed with Flavonol glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-
trimethoxy,flavone-3-O-  -D-galactopyranosyl (1  4)-O-  -
L-xylopyranoside treatment in Oberea brevis. The duration of
oviposition usually varies from 2-3 days in S. exigua. Oviposition
was observed with Quercitrin glycoside and is of 24-50 hrs
while no oviposition was observed with Flavonol glycoside 3,4'-
dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy,flavone-3-O-  -D-galactopyranosyl
(1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside treatment in S. exigua.
In the present investigation mating period was of 60-80 hrs in
control T. urticae whereas in treated groups it was of 80 hrs in
C. fistula leaf essential oil; 90 hrs in C. fistula flower essential
oil; the mating period was of 72 hrs in L. camara leaf essential
oil; the mating period was of 83 hrs in L. camara flower
essential oil and mating period was of 70 hrs in L. camara fruit
essential oil treated pests while about four days in B.
cruciferarum and five days in D. similis as observed by Mourya
(1995), about 4 days in Bagrada cruciferarum by Rai (2005),
about 5-8 days in D. similis by Agarwal (2006), about 60-100
hrs in Oberea brevis and 80-120 hrs in S. exigua by Tomar
(2010).
Egg Laying: TSSM emerge from hibernation during March
and April. In spring, female TSSM spin a web on the first
feeding site, mate and lay eggs. It starts laying eggs in late
April or May on suitable host plants within 3 days or when
they are 36 hours old or 1 to 2 days after becoming an adult
for up to 30 days. The pre-egg-laying period for females is 1 to
7 days.
The female TSSM can lay up to 100 eggs in her lifetime, 10-19
eggs per day and then live only for 3-4 weeks more. Females
deposit small, round, pearly-white, clear to yellowish spherical
eggs singly on the underside (bottom) of the leaves usually
near the leaf veins, often suspended in a fine web of silk and
feed on the leaves. Webbing produced by TSSM, helps fasten
the eggs to the leaf surface and makes the eggs difficult to
see. After the first batch of eggs, the female TSSM lays more
eggs within 1 to 2 days. Any eggs that remain unfertilized
becomes males, the fertilized ones females. The less humidity
in the air, the faster they reproduce.
In the present investigation control female of T. urticae laid up
to 100 eggs in her lifetime, 10-19 eggs per day, whereas treated
female laid up to 24 eggs in her lifetime, 6-8 eggs per day in C.
fistula leaf essential oil, up to 45 eggs in her lifetime, 12-15
eggs per day in C. fistula flower essential oil, up to 18 eggs in
her lifetime, 4-6 eggs per day in L. camara leaf essential oil,
up to 30 eggs in her lifetime, 9-10 eggs per day in L. camara
flower essential oil and no egg laying was observed in L. camara
fruit essential oil treated female TSSM whereas Adams (2000)
observed Drosophila melanogaster laid some 400 eggs, the
eggs were about 0.5 mm long, Mohammad (2002) reported
that eggs of Poekilocercus pictus were usually laid in July to
August and hatched in September to November and the number
of eggs per pod varied from 70 to 200, Rai (2005) reported
Bagrada cruciferarum laid about 60 eggs per female and
average weight of single egg was about 0.49 mg, Agarwal (2006)

reported D. similis laid various number of eggs between 100-
130 and average weight of single egg was about 0.85 mg while
about 75 eggs were laid by D. alba seed extract treated female
and average weight of single egg was about 0.70 mg and no
egg was laid by D. regia treated female insect indicated its
antiovipositional activity, Tomar (2010) reported that O. brevis
female laid about 80 eggs with Quercitrin glycoside while no
eggs were laid by female with Flavonol Glycoside 3,4'-
d ih yd r o xy- 7 , 3 ' , 5 ' - t r im e t h o xy, f l a vo n e - 3 - O -
galactopyranosyl(1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside treatment
and Spodoptera exigua female laid about 90-110 eggs were
laid with Quercitrin glycoside and egg laying was not noticed
with flavonol Glycoside 3,4'-dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy,flavone-
3-O-  -D-galactopyranosyl (1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside
treatment.
Egg : TSSM eggs were counted on all leaves under a
stereomicroscope with a transmitting light. Adult TSSM lays
really tiny eggs and are quite large, in fact larger than the
mother is. Eggs are found from mid March to May. The eggs
are 150 mm in size, which allow observation of the complete
development under the microscope, 1/50 inch (0.1 to 0.15
mm) in diameter, miniscule, round, shiny, colorless to straw-
colored, smooth, almost clear, spherical and translucent when
first laid but become opaque with age, become greenish-yellow
color as they are near hatching and can be found scattered
about the webbing. After an incubation period of 3 days (75oF
or 24oC) to 19 days (50oF or 10oC), the eggs hatch into white
six-legged larvae depending on temperature.
Immature Damaging Stage : There are 3 stages of immature,
one larval instar and two nymphal instars i.e. protonymph and
deutonymph and all of which occur on the undersides of leaves.
Each immature stage goes through three phases including
active feeding, a resting period and a molt. The eggs hatch
after 3-8 days and undergo a larval and two nymphal stages
i.e. into protonymph stage which later molts to deutonymph
stage in the 5-10 days before the mites are fully developed.
Juveniles will hatch a few days later and begin feeding.
Larva : The first stage is larva which is small and of reduced
size. Spotless, round shape, clear greenish to brownish and 6
translucent legged (3 pairs) larval stage hatch from eggs. The
larval instar was distinguished based on larval size and on the
TOMAR (64)
presence of larval exuviae. During the larval stage, little food is
consumed. Larva and nymphs complete development in 5-10
days depending on temperature.
Nymph : Nymphs are numerous, pink-red colored really small,
less than 0.002 inches long. Nymphs have 6 legs, developing
two more legs (8 legs) as they mature. The nymph looks like
an adult but is smaller than adult and not sexually mature. It
goes through two stages, protonymph and deutonymph before
 -D- becoming an adult. Protonymph size is larger and more oval
shaped than the larva. It takes about 5 to 10 days after hatching
(depending on the temperature) before mites are mature and
begin to produce eggs. Adult male and female mites mate
soon after emerging from the last nymphal stage.
Adult : Adults are tiny, 1/50 inch long, have 8 legs (4 pairs)
with long hairs on the legs and spin webs. Their body is small,
oval, wingless or with no wings, they are highly mobile,
disperse by crawling, by "ballooning" in the wind on small
silken threads that they secrete while feeding and by airborne
movement they are carried along by air currents on silken
threads spun from top of plants. Both sexes have dark spots
on either side of the top of the body on each side of the dorsal
midline ending abruptly just beyond half the length of the body.
In TSSM pigmentation appears as a well-defined spot on each
side of the body hence the name Two Spotted Spider Mite
(TSSM).
Females about 1/60 inch (0.4-0.6 mm) long and are the largest
mites present. It is typically larger and more robust; oval
shaped than the male and has a rounded posterior (abdomen).
Females live 10 to 30 days (2-4 weeks). Males are triangular-
shaped, diamond shaped, slender, elliptical with the caudal
end tapering, only about 1/80 inch (0.3 - 0.9 mm long) long
and smaller than the female. Males live 15 to 40 days (2-5
weeks).
TSSM female lay from 50 to 100 eggs during her lifetime.
TSSM reproduces through arrhenotoky, a form of
parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males.
In the absence of males, females can reproduce asexually,
producing only male offspring. Females develop from fertilized
eggs (diploid). Males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid).
The proportion of sexes during the most favourable growth
periods is 53% females and 47% males.
(65) STUDY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT
TSSM have relatively short life cycles (under ideal conditions,
a generations can be completed in a week's time) and because
hot dry summer conditions favour developmental rates, with
females producing as many as 300 offspring the first month
after maturing, their populations rapidly escalate however, under
cooler conditions a generation (egg to adult) may take a month.
Normally, 12 to 14 days at 21oC are required from egg laying
to adult transformation but during hot and dry spells, this time
can be reduced to 5 days at 30oC. TSSM matures from egg to
adult in 5 to 20 days for males and in 5 to 50 days for females.
Its development is optimal between 23 and 30oC and at a relative
humidity of less than 50%. Eggs hatch in 2 to 4 days however;
they might become dormant if the temperature is below 11.7oC.
Larval immature stages and nymphal development lasts 16
days at 20oC, 7 days at 31oC and adults can live up to 21 days
with better survival in hot, dry environments. Depending on
temperatures, TSSM generations are completed in 4 to 14
days with the fastest developmental rates above 91oF. 6 to 7
summer generations. The generations follow each other and
the mite is found in vast numbers. Thus, populations can quickly
increase substantially with only one generation to reach
adulthood and begin producing offspring. High humidity can
reduce the egg laying rate of TSSM. The mean generation
time of TSSM ranged from 23.37 to 34.82 d. Percentage of
egg hatchability ranged from 88.25 to 94.20%.
TSSM feeding reduces photosynthetic area and accentuates
drought stress. The result is reduced pod set, seed number
and seed size. Pods from infested plants may also become
more prone to early shattering before harvest. If leaves drop or
plants are killed, pod fill is stopped in its tracks. Pods on mite
stressed plants are more likely to shatter, which compounds
yield loss. Only a 10-15% reduction in effective leaf area, yield
losses will justify an insecticide/miticide application. TSSM
will generally create webbing on the underside of the leaves
and often in the middle part of the crop canopy which can
make control measures very difficult.
In the present investigation development time of control
Tetranychus urticae male was of 12-14 days, while 7.6 days
in C. fistula leaf essential oil, 5.76 days in C. fistula flower
essential oil, 7.34 days in L. camara leaf essential oil, 7.78
days in L.camara flower essential oil, 7.17 days in L. camara
fruit essential oil in treated male respectively and control T.
urticae female was of 15-50 days, while 7.71 days in C. fistula
leaf essential oil, 7.95 days in C. fistula flower essential oil,
7.54 days in L. camara leaf essential oil, 7.54 days in L. camara
flower essential oil and 7.16 days in L. camara fruit essential
oil in treated female respectively. Barbara (2000) observed the
total development period in American cockroach from egg to
adult was about 600 days. Adams (2000) reported that
developmental period for Drosophila melanogaster varies with
temperature. The shortest development time (egg to adult) 7
days was achieved at 28oC while development time increases
at higher temperature (30oC, 11 days) due to heat stress, the
development time at 12oC takes 50 days. Mohammad (2002)
observed that the Poekilocercus pictus hatched in April and
May showed faster development and became adults in June
and July. In this case the hopper development period lasted
about 50-88 days and they hatched in September to November
showed slower development and became adults in January to
April, in this case the hopper development period prolonged
(157-230 days), while moults were inhibited in Cledron inermis
as observed by Yankanchi et al. (2003). Miryam et al. (2005)
evaluated that temperature and relative humidity influences
life cycle, mortality and fecundity pattern of Triatoma rubrovaria
and found that the time from egg to adult development lasted
ten months while ambient temperature took four months longer.
Rebecca and Thomas (2006) observed Tribolium castaneum
and Tribolium confusum life cycle takes 40 to 90 days and
the adult can live for three years. Tomar (2010) observed that
the fourth moult of Oberea brevis and fifth moult of Spodoptera
exigua took some twenty days and three days respectively in
normal groups while this period was variable in treated insects.
More mortality was observed in larval instars development of
Oberea brevis and S. exigua after Quercitrin glycoside and no
oviposition was observed with in Flavonol glycoside 3,4'-
dihydroxy-7,3',5'-trimethoxy,flavone-3-O-  -D-galactopyranosyl
(1  4)-O-  -L-xylopyranoside treated O. brevis and S.
exigua, Ahmed et al. (2010) studied the effect of plant extracts
in suppression of insects pests of sunflower. Mukta et al. (2011)
observed insecticidal activity of neem oil on Epilachna
vigintioctopunctata (Fab) and Rumape et al. (2013) observed
antifeedant activity of Riccinus communis on E. varivestis.
More mortality was observed in eggs, larva, nymphs and adults
treated with essential oils. In case of adult emerged from F1
generation it not survived upto F2 generation. In the present
investigation the experimental findings proved the efficacy of
C. fistula leaf, flower essential oils and L. camara leaf, flower
 TOMAR (66)

Table 1: Showing toxicity of C. fistula leaf essential oil on male T. urticae

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Male Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 100% LC10 0
0.7 0.9 1.25 2.0 50% LC50
24 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.7 0.9 1.75 2.75 100% LC10 0
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.75 50% LC50
48 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential
oil 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.5 100% LC10 0
of 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.5 50% LC50
72 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 Nil LC0
Cassia fistula
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 Nil Sublethal Conc.
leaf
0.4 0.5 1.0 1.25 100% LC10 0
0.2 0.3 0.7 1.0 50% LC50
96 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.9 Nil LC0
0.03 0.05 0.08 0.2 Nil Sublethal Conc.

Table 2: Showing toxicity of C. fistula leaf essential oil on female T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Female Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
0.9 1.5 2.5 4.0 100% LC 1 00
0.7 1.0 1.5 2.5 50% LC50
24 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 Nil LC0
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.7 1.25 2.25 3.5 100% LC 1 00
0.6 0.9 1.25 2.25 50% LC50
48 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 100% LC 1 00
oil 0.4 0.8 1.0 2.0 50% LC50
of 72 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
Cassia fistula 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 Nil Sublethal Conc.
leaf 0.4 0.9 1.5 2.5 100% LC 1 00
0.2 0.6 0.9 1.5 50% LC50
96 0.1 0.6 0.8 0.9 Nil LC0
0.03 0.06 0.1 0.3 Nil Sublethal Conc.

Table 3: Showing toxicity of C. fistula flower essential oil on male T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Male Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 100% LC 10 0
1.25 1.5 2.25 3.0 50% LC50
24 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 Nil LC0
0.3 0.5 1.25 2.25 Nil Sublethal Conc.
1.25 1.5 2.0 3.0 100% LC 10 0
1.0 1.25 2.0 2.5 50% LC50
48 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 1.0 1.25 2.0 2.5 100% LC 10 0
oil 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.25 50% LC50
of 72 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
Cassia fistula 0.09 0.1 0.5 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
flower 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.25 100% LC 10 0
0.7 0.9 1.25 2.0 50% LC50
96 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.07 0.09 0.3 0.7 Nil Sublethal Conc.
(67) STUDY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT

Table 4: Showing toxicity of C. fistula flower essential oil on female T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Female Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 100% LC100
1.25 2.0 2.5 3.25 50% LC50
24 0.5 1.25 2.25 3.0 Nil LC0
0.3 0.9 1.5 2.5 Nil Sublethal Conc.
1.25 1.5 2.5 3.25 100% LC100
1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 50% LC50
48 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 Nil LC0
0.1 0.4 0.9 1.25 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 1.0 1.5 2.25 2.5 100% LC100
oil 0.9 1.25 2.0 2.0 50% LC50
of 72 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
Cassia fistula 0.09 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
flower 0.9 1.25 2.0 2.8 100% LC100
0.7 1.0 1.5 2.25 50% LC50
96 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 Nil LC0
0.07 0.1 0.5 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.

Table 5: Showing toxicity of L. camara leaf essential oil on male T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Male Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.0 1.25 2.0 2.5 100% LC1 00
0.9 1.0 1.5 2.25 50% LC50
24 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 100% LC1 00
0.7 0.9 1.25 2.0 50% LC50
48 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.7 0.9 1.75 2.75 100% LC1 00
oil 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.75 50% LC50
of 72 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
Lantana 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 Nil Sublethal Conc.
camara
leaf 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.5 100% LC1 00
0.2 0.6 0.8 1.25 50% LC50
96 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 Nil LC0
0.2 0.3 0.8 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.

Table 6: Showing toxicity of L. camara leaf essential oil on female T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Female Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.0 1.5 2.25 2.5 100% LC10 0
0.9 1.25 2.0 2.0 50% LC50
24 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.9 1.5 2.5 4.0 100% LC10 0
0.7 1.0 1.5 2.5 50% LC50
48 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 Nil LC0
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.7 1.25 2.25 3.5 100% LC10 0
oil 0.6 0.9 1.25 2.25 50% LC50
of 72 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
Lantana 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
camara 0.3 0.9 1.25 2.0 100% LC10 0
leaf 0.2 0.7 1.0 1.5 50% LC50
96 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.2 0.5 0.9 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
 TOMAR (68)

Table 7: Showing toxicity of L.camara flower essential oil on male T. urticae.

LarvaI Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Male Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 100% LC100
0.7 0.9 1.25 2.0 50% LC 50
24 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.7 0.9 1.75 2.25 100% LC100
0.6 0.7 1.0 2.0 50% LC 50
48 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.25 Nil LC0
0.2 0.2 0.5 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.25 100% LC100
oil 0.4 0.6 0.9 2.0 50% LC 50
of 72 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.25 Nil LC0
Lantana 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
camara 0.4 0.3 1.0 2.0 100% LC100
flow er 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.5 50% LC 50
96 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.25 Nil LC0
0.03 0.2 0.08 1.25 Nil Sublethal Conc.

Table 8: Showing toxicity of L. camara flower essential oil on female T. urticae.

LarvaI Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Male Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 100% LC100
0.7 0.9 1.25 2.0 50% LC 50
24 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.25 Nil LC0
0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.7 0.9 1.75 2.25 100% LC100
0.6 0.7 1.0 2.0 50% LC 50
48 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.25 Nil LC0
0.2 0.2 0.5 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.5 0.7 1.5 2.25 100% LC100
oil 0.4 0.6 0.9 2.0 50% LC 50
of 72 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.25 Nil LC0
Lantana 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
camara 0.4 0.3 1.0 2.0 100% LC100
flow er 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.5 50% LC 50
96 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.25 Nil LC0
0.03 0.2 0.08 1.25 Nil Sublethal Conc.

Table 9: Showing toxicity of L. camara fruit essential oil on male T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult
Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Male Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.0 1..25 2.0 3.0 100% LC100
0.6 0.9 1.25 2.0 50% LC50
24 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.0 Nil LC 0
0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.9 1.0 1.75 2.75 100% LC100
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.75 50% LC50
48 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 Nil LC 0
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.7 0.9 1.5 2.5 100% LC100
oil 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.25 50% LC50
of 72 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 Nil LC 0
Lantana 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 Nil Sublethal Conc.
camara 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.25 100% LC100
fruit 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.0 50% LC50
96 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.9 Nil LC 0
0.09 0.2 0.8 1.25 Nil Sublethal Conc.
(69) STUDY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE LIFE CYCLE AFTER ESSENTIAL OIL TREATMENT

Table 10: Showing toxicity of L. camara fruit essential oil on female T. urticae.

Larval Proto Deuto Adult

Name Duration Instar Nymph Nymph Female Mortality LC
of (hrs.) Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration (%) Toxicity Values
Plant (%) (%) (%) (%)
1.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 100% LC1 00
0.6 1.0 1.5 2.25 50% LC 50
24 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.5 Nil LC 0
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil Sublethal Conc.
0.9 1.25 2.25 3.5 100% LC1 00
0.6 0.9 1.25 2.25 50% LC 50
48 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.25 Nil LC 0
0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
Essential 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 100% LC1 00
oil 0.4 0.8 1.0 2.0 50% LC 50
of 72 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.0 Nil LC 0
Lantana 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9 Nil Sublethal Conc.
camara 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.5 100% LC1 00
fruit 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.5 50% LC 50
96 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.9 Nil LC 0
0.09 0.3 1.0 1.5 Nil Sublethal Conc.

and fruit essential oils while control groups showed the high
viability rate of larval, nymphal and adult stages of T. urticae.
1.
In the present investigation toxicity levels of essential oil is as
follows: L.camara fruit > L. camara leaf > C.fistula leaf > L.
camara flower > C. fistula flower.
2.
Looking at the cost of chemical insecticides the use of natural
REFERENCES
Adams, R. P. (2005). Identification of essential oils by Gas
Chromatography Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Pub. Corp.
Carol Stream, IL. USA.
Adams, M. D. (2000). The genome sequence of Drosophila
melanogaster. Science, 287(1), 2185-2195.

plant products would be more profitable. The results exhibited
that this is of great economic importance from the agronomic
point of view in order to manage pests more effectively. Natural
product can be touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic
chemical insecticides for pest management. The findings of
the present investigations indicate that botanical derivatives
might be useful as insect control agents for commercial use.
It is an effective technique, and its easy adaptability will give
additional advantages leading to acceptances of this
technology by farmers. A study to improve the effectiveness of
botanical derivatives as insecticides will benefit agricultural
sectors of developing countries, as these substance are not
only of low cost, but also have less environmental impact in
3. Agarwal, S. (2006). Biochemic al profile in the gonads and
haemolymph of Dysdercus similis induced by some natural plant
products. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. H. S. Gour Univ., Sagar (M. P.), India.
4. Ahmed, K. N., Pramanik, S. H. A., Khatun, M., Nargis, A. and Hasan,
M. R. (2010). Efficacy of plant extracts in the suppression of insect
pests and their effect on the yield of sunflower crop under different
climatic conditions. The Jour. Plant Protec. Sci., 2(1), 53-58.
5. Barbara, K. A. (2000). American cockroach, Periplaneta americana
(Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae). Entomology and
Nematology Dept., Univ. of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville.
6. British Pharmacopoeia, 11. P. A. HMSO: London (1980).
7. Chandler, D., Bailey, A. S., Tatchell, G. M., Davidson, G., Greaves, J.
and Grant, W. P. (2011). The development, regulation and use of
biopesticides for integrated pest management. Philosophical

term of insecticidal hazard.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very much thankful to HOD, Department of Zoology, Dr.
H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M. P.) for providing the
laboratory facilities during the tenure of this research
investigation.
Transactions of the Royal Society, Part B, 366, 1987-1998.
8. Copping, L. G. and Menn, J. J. (2000). Biopesticides : A review of
their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Manag. Sci., 56, 651-
676.
9. Dekeyser, M. A. (2005). Acaricide mode of action. Pest Management
Science, 61(2), 103-110. pmid : 15625668. doi : 10. 10002/ps. 994.
10. Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis, 3rd edition Cambridge University
Press, London.
 TOMAR
11. Hussey, N. W. and Scopes, N. E. A. (1985). Biological pest control:
The Glasshouse Experience. Littlehampton Book Service Ltd., 272
pp.
12. Marcic, D. (2012): Acaricides in modern management of plant feeding
mites. Jour. Pest Sci., 85, 395-408.
13. Mitchell, R. (1973). Growth and population dynamics of a spider
mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina : Tetranychidae). Ecology,
54, 1349-1355.
14. Miryam, P. D., Maria, E. B. and David, G. (2005). Life cycle and
reproductive patterns of Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843)
(Hemiptera: Ruduviidae) under constant and fluctuating conditions
of temperature and humidity. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 38(5),
433-437.
15. Mourya, S. (1995). Studies on the corpus luteum, testes and
reproductive performance of some insects. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. Hari
Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar (M. P.).
16. Mohammad, M. (2002). Studies on habitats and life cycle of
Poekiloc ercus pictus (Fabricius) in laboratory c onditions.
Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zool., 22, 37-42.
17. Mukta, M., Islam, Md. M. U., Islam, K. S. and Rahman, Md. H. (2011).
Comparative efficacy of neem oil and two insecticides against
Epilachna beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab). Bangaldesh
Jour. Zool., 39(1), 121-127.
18. NIST Standard Reference Data. (2014). Available online: http://
webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/name-ser.html.
19. Rai, R. (2005). Control of fertility in Bagrada cruciferarum (Kirk) by
(70)
some plant products. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. H. S. Gour Univ., Sagar
(M.P.), India.
20. Raworth, D. A. (1986). An economic threshold function for the
two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari : Tetranychidae)
on strawberries. Can. Entomol., 118, 9-16.
21. Rebecca, B. and Thomas, R. F. (2006). Life cycle of Tribolium
confusum and Tribolium castaneum. Featured creatures. Project
Publication No. EENY-289, University of Florida.
22. Rumape, O., Warouw, J., Mandey, L. C. and Tulung, M. (2013).
Isolating antifidan compounds of kepyar castor seeds (Ricinus
communis L) to the beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, (Coleoptera
: Coccinelidae). Inter. Jour. Sci. Engin. Invest., 2(13), 19-23.
23. Shih, C. T., Poe, S. L. and Cromroy, H. L. (1976). Biology, life table
and intrinsic rate of increase of Tetranychus urticae. Ann. Entomol.
Am., 69, 362-364.
24. Tomar, D. (2010): Control of fertility of soybean insect pests by
some plant glycosides as an insecticidal agent. Ph. D. Thesis, Dr. H.
S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M. P.), India.
25. Whalon, M. E., Mota-Sanchez, D. and Hollingworth, R. (2008). Global
pesticide resistance in arthropods. Michigan State University, USA,
R. Hollingworth, Michigan State University, USA. 1-208 pages.
26. Yankanchi, S. R., Holihosur, S. N., Kallapur, V. L. and Patil, P. B.
(2003). Separation of insecticidal and moult inhibiting component
from the crude leaf extract of Clerodendron inerme. National
Symposium on Recent Trends in Biology and Biotechnology and
23rd Annual Session of the Academic of Environmental Biology.
Dept. of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Abst. No. 105, 35.