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STRESS ON SIMPLE WORDS

VERBS NOUNS
Last syllable light=penultimate  Two syllables=penultimate rekɔːd
Two syllables with last one  More than two syllables with
strong=last one  penultimate strong= təʊtælɪteəriən
penultimate
More than two syllables with last one  More than two syllables with
strong=antepenultimate  neither last nor penultimate fəʊnɒlədʒi
strong=antepenultimate
*Adjectives= Same as the pattern for verbs

STRESS SHIFT

It affects both simple and compound words whose citation pattern consists of a secondary
stress followed by a primary stress in the same word. It can be applied only in attributive
position but not in predicative position.

Common cases:

Adjectives:

 Citation form: ,second-`hand


 Attributive use: I’m ‘talking about ‘second-hand furniture
 Predicative use: These ‘books we ‘bought second-hand

Proper names:

 Citation form: ,Picca`dilly


 Attributive use: ’Let’s ‘go to ‘Picadilly Circus
 Predicative use: She ‘lives near Picadilly

Initialisms:

 Citation form: ,C`D


 Attributive use: The ‘new ‘version’s on ‘CD Rom
 Predicative use: I ’have it on CD

Phrasal Verbs:

 Citation form: ,Come`Out


 Attributive use: The ‘pictures ‘came out well
 Predicative use: The ‘pictures ‘didn’t came out

Single stressed place names (***Important***):

 Citation form: Bel`fast


 Attributive use: He `lives on `Belfast Avenue
 Predicative use: The `capital of `Northern Ireland’s Belfast

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TONICITY: PLACEMENT OF THE NUCLEUS

Basic principles:

Always content words except for some special reason

 The nucleus must go on a stressed syllable


 The nucleus is usually located on or near the last word of the intonation phrase. By
definition, the nuclear accent is the last accent in the IP

Useful tips:

 In a string of several letters, initials or numerals, the nucleus generally goes on the last
one.

 In the exam/ she got a C


 My ´room number is 50’6
 ´Switch over to IT’V

 The way to select a suitable place for the nucleus, therefore, is to start from the end of
the IP and work back. Unless special circumstances apply, the nucleus should probably
go on the first content word you encounter as you move backwards.

 I think you ought to tell me about it.


(Not ”it” because it is a pronoun, no “about” because it is a preposition, not “me”
because it is a pronoun.”Tell” is the first lexical word counting backwards)

DEACCENTING

The option to downgrade potential accents is a characteristic of English rhythm. It tends to


operate whenever an accent is located between two other accents in the same IP.

 `Thank you `very much = `Thank you very much

 The downgrading principle is sometimes known as the rule of three, since it weakens the
middle stress of three. It applies very obviously in strings of letter names or numbers.

 `A, `B, C = `A, B, C


 `One, `two, three = `One, two, three

 With longer string of potential accents, the speaker has the freedom over which ones to
downgrade. BUT the onset accent and the nuclear accent are ALWAYS unaffected.

 `A, `B, `C, `D, E = `A, B, `C, D, E = `A, B, C, D, E

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STRESS ON COMPOUNDS

According to Halliday, compound words may be subdivided into true compounds and pseudo-
compounds.

The true compound is one in which the relationship of the first element to the second is abstract and
does not imply a scheme of classification for the second element.

On the other hand, pseudo-compounds are those ones in which the first element does not in fact form a
compound with the second but modifies it. Some authors consider them nominal phrases instead of a
single noun.

The outstanding characteristic is that a True compound is always stressed on the first element (single
stressed) A compound needs to become established before it tend to adopt single stress.

Following this concept, stress on compound words can be classified into three major categories:

Compounds written as one word `bedroom, `blackberry, `bulldog,


nearly always have initial `boyfriend, `girlfriend
Word Shape element stress, but those
written as two words or with
hyphen, can be of either shape.
If the compound includes a `apple pie, `paper bag, `cotton
The Manufacturers Rule material used in its manufacture, socks, `diamond bracelet
then final element stress applies
East `Anglia, New `York, Hyde
`Park, Trafalgar `Square, back
`door, bedroom `window

The Location Rule describes the Exceptions:


Location Rule strong tendency for a compound Parts of a building ending in –
to take FES if location is in some room (`living room, `drawing
way involved. room)
All street names are double
stressed except street itself
(`Church street, Tra`falgar street)

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SINGLE STRESSED DOUBLE STRESSED
N1 is the direct N1 has specific Academy
Noun1+ object of the Ballet dancer Noun1+ reference award
Noun2 agent N2 Food processor Noun2 (location, time, Kitchen sink
organisation)
Noun1+ N1 delimits the Address book Noun1+ The referent is Baby girl
Noun2 meaning of N2 Airport Noun2 both N1 and Guardian
N2 angel
Noun1+ N1 is indicates Breadcrumb Noun1+ N1 is a proper Sherlock
Noun2 the material N2 is Waterfall Noun2 name Holmes
made of London Bridge
Noun+ N is the object of Time consuming Noun1+ N2 is made of Apple pie
Verb(-ing) the V Housekeeping Noun2 N1 Bacon
sandwich
Noun is not
Verb(- subject relation to Walking stick Adjective+ Collocations Acid rain
ing)+ V. They can be Frying Pan Noun that function Common sense
Noun restated with as nouns
“for”
Collocations
Adjective+ They are usually High school Noun+ that give rise Navy-blue
Noun collocations Wildlife Adjective mainly to Tax-free
adjectives
Combinations
Adjective+ that give rise
Noun+ N is usually the Heartbroken Noun+ to adjectives Bad-tempered
Participle subject of P Air-conditioned Adjectival(-ed) that suffer Absent-minded
stress shift in
attributive
position.
Combinations
Few cases. The that give rise
Noun+ pattern remains Homesick Noun1+ to adjectives Home-made
Adjective unaltered in post Streetwise Noun2+ that suffer Self-taught
modifying Adjectival(-ed) stress shift in
positions attributive
position.
Verb+ Phrasal verbs Backup N is the
Particle functioning as Makeup Verb(-ing)+ subject of the Rolling stone
nouns Noun verbal action Falling star
in V
Combinations
The pattern that give rise
Adverb+ originates Aftereffect Adjective+ to adjectives Anglo-
Noun compounds Antichrist Adjective that suffer American
functioning as stress shift in Deaf-mute
nouns attributive
position.
The nouns street Combinations
and gate do not that give rise
take stress in Fisher gate Adjective+ to adjectives Easy-going
Noun streets names. On Regent Street Verb (-ing) that suffer Hard-working
the contrary, all stress shift in
other street attributive
names are position.
stressed.

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