Chap 11 AC Power Analysis

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis
Outline
• Instantaneous and Average Power

• Maximum Average Power Transfer
• Effective or RMS Value
• Apparent Power and Power Factor
• Conservation of AC Power
• Power Factor Correction
Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 2

Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any
instant of time.
p(t )  v(t )i(t ) Power Provider Power Consumer
v(t )  Vm cos(t   v )
i (t )  I m cos(t  i )
p(t )  v(t )i(t )  Vm I m cos(t   v ) cos(t  i ) Frequency
doubled!
1 1
 Vm I m cos( v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t   v  i )
2 2
 1 
 cos  cos    cos(   )  cos(   ) 
 2 
Illustration of Instantaneous Power
1 1
p(t )  Vm I m cos(v  i )  Vm I m cos(2t  v  i )
2 2
• p(t) is periodic but with frequency 2ω
• The power is transferred from the circuit to the source.
(Because of the storage elements such as capacitors and
inductors in the circuit)

An Example of Instantaneous Power
1  1 
p (t )  cos( )  cos(2  2    60t  )
2 4 2 4

Average Power
The average power (in watts) is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
1 T
P   p(t )dt
T 0 v(t )  Vm cos(t  v )

1 T
  Vm I m cos(t   v ) cos(t  i )dt  i (t )  I m cos(t  i )
T 0
1
 Vm I m cos( v  i )
2
1
 Re  VI*  ;
2
 VI *
 Vm I m  v  i  

Two Special Cases of Average Power
1
P  Vm I m cos(v  i )
2
Purely resistive circuit:  v  i
1 2
 P  I Req
2
Purely reactive circuit:  v  i  90
1
 P  Vm I m cos 90  0
2
The resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a

reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero average power.
Examples of Special Cases
1 1 2 | V |2
ZR : P  Vm I m0  | I | R 
2 2 2R
1
Z  j L : P  Vm I m90  0
2
1 1
Z : P  Vm I m  90  0
jC 2

Phasor Domain Interpretation
I
I
V
+
V Z
-
1
V  ZI  P  Re  VI* 
2
1 1  | V |2

P  Re | I |2 Z   Re  * 
2 2  Z 

Example 11.1
Q: Given that v(t)=120cos(377t+45o)V, i(t)=10cos(377t-
10o)A, find the instantaneous power and the average
power absorbed by the passive linear network.
p  iv  1200 cos(377t  45) cos(377t  10)

 600  cos(754t  35)  cos 55 
 344.2  600 cos(754t  35) W
1 1
P  Vm I m cos(v  i )  1200 cos  45  (10) 
2 2
 600 cos 55  344.2 W
Example 11.2
Q: Calculate the average power absorbed by an
impedance Z = 30 – j70 Ω when a voltage V = 1200°
is applied across it.
V 1200
I   1.57666.8 A
Z 76.16  66.8
1
P  Vm I m cos( v  i )
2
1
 (120)(1.576) cos(0  66.8)  37.24 W
2

Example 11.3
Q: For the circuit, find the average power supplied by
the source and the average power absorbed by the
resistor.

Example 11.3 (cont.)
530 530
I   1.11856.57 A
4  j 2 4.472  26.57
1
P  Re  VI *
2
1
  5  1.118cos(30  56.57)
2
 2.5 W
I R  I  1.11856.57 A
VR  4I R  4.47256.57 V
1
PR   4.472  1.118  2.5 W
2

Example 11.4
Q: Determine the average power generated by each
source and the average power absorbed by each
passive element in circuit (a).

V
For mesh 1: I1  4 A (a )
KCL for mesh 2:  j10  j5 I 2  j10I1  6030  0 ( b)
By (a ) and (b)  I 2  12  60  8  10.5879.1 A
For the voltage source:

1 1
PV  Re  VI*2    60  10.58  cos(30  79.1)  207.8 W
2 2
PV  0. Hence, this average power is absorbed by the source.

For the current source:
V1  20I1  j10(I1  I 2 )  80  j10(4  2  j10.39)
 184.9846.21 V
1 1
PI   Re  V1I1     184.984  4 cos(6.21  0)
*
2 2
 367.8 W
PI  0. Hence, this current source supplies power to the circuit.
For the resistor:
I1  40 A
V2  20I1  800 V
1 1
 PR  Re  V2 I1*    80  4  160 W
2 2
For the capacitor:
I 2  10.5879.1,
VC   j5I 2  (5  90)(10.5879.1)  52.9(79.1  90)
1 1
 PC  Re  VC I*2   (52.9)(10.58) cos( 90)  0 VC
2 2
For the inductor:
VL
I L  I1  I 2  2  j10.39  10.58  79.1 IL
VL  j10(I1  I 2 )  10.58( 79.1  90)

1 1
 
 PL  Re  VLI L   (105.8)(10.58) cos 90  0
*
2 2
Finally,
PV  PI  PR  PC  PL
 367.8  160  0  0  207.8  0

Maximum Average Power Transfer
For maximum average power transfer, the load
impedance ZL must be equal to the complex conjugate
of the Thevenin impedance ZTh.
Z L  Z*Th
2
VTh
Pmax 
8RTh

Derivation of Maximum Average Power
Transfer
ZTh  RTh  jX Th ; Z L  RL  jX L
VTh VTh
I 
ZTh  Z L ( RTh  RL )  j ( X Th  X L )
2
1 1 1 2 1 VTh RL
P  Re  VLI*   Re  Z LII*   I RL 
2 2 2 2 ( RTh  RL ) 2  ( X Th  X L ) 2
To find the condition with maximum power,
VTh RL ( X Th  X L )
2
P
 0
X L  ( RTh  RL )  ( X Th  X L ) 
2 2 2
P

VTh
2
( RTh  RL ) 2  ( X Th  X L ) 2  2 RL ( RTh  RL ) 
0
RL 2  ( RTh  RL )  ( X Th  X L )
2

2 2

Derivation of Maximum Average Power
Transfer
VTh RL  X Th  X L 
2
P
 0
X L  ( RTh  RL )  ( X Th  X L ) 
2 2 2
 X L   X Th
P

VTh
2
 Th L
( R  R ) 2
 ( X Th  X L ) 2
 2 RL ( RTh  RL ) 
0
RL 2  ( RTh  RL )  ( X Th  X L )
2

2 2
 RL  Rth2   X th  X L 
2
 RTh ;  X Th  -X L 
XL  0
 Z L  RTh  jX Th  Z*Th
2 RL  RTh
2
 (X Th  X L )2
VTh
 Pmax  RL  RT2h  X T2h  ZTh
8RTh
Example 11.5
Q: Determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the
average power drawn from the circuit. What is the
maximum average power?

4(8  j 6)
From Fig. (a), ZTh  j5  4 (8  j6)  j5   2.933  j 4.467 
4  8  j6
8  j6
From Fig (b), VTh  (10)  7.454  10.3 V
4  8  j6
Z L  Z*TH  2.933  j 4.467 

2
VTH (7.454)2
Pmax    2.368 W
8RTH 8(2.933)

Example 11.6
Q: In the circuit, find the value of RL that will absorb the
maximum average power. Calculate the power.

j 20(40  j 30)
ZTh  (40  j 30) j 20   9.412  j 22.35 
j 20  40  j 30
j 20
VTh  (15030)  72.76134 V
j 20  40  j 30
RL  ZTh  9.4122  22.352  24.25 
VTh 72.76134
I   1.8100.42 A
ZTh  RL 33.66  j 22.35
1 2 1
Pmax  I RL  (1.8)(24.25)  39.29 W
2 2
RL

Effective or RMS Value
The effect value of a period current is the dc current
that delivers the same average power to a resistor as
the period current.

Effective or RMS Value (cont.)
1 T 2
PR   i Rdt  I eff
2
R
T 0
1 T 2
 I eff 
T 0
i dt  I rms
1 T 2
Similarly, Veff 
T 0
v dt  Vrms
The root - mean - square (rms ) value of a periodic signal x(t )
1 T 2
X rms 
T 0
x dt

Effective or RMS Value (cont.)
The effect value of a period signal is its root-mean-square
(rms) value.
2
V
P  I rms
2
R  rms
R
For the sinusoid i (t )  I m cos t , the rms valus is

1 T 2 I m2 1 Im
1  cos 2t  dt 
T
I rms   tdt  
2
I m cos
T 0 T 0 2 2
Similarly, for v(t )  Vm cos t ,
Vm
Vrms 
2

Example 11.7
Q: Determine the rms value of the current waveform. If
the current is passed through a 2-Ω resistor, find the
average power absorbed by the resistor.

• The period of the waveform is T = 4,
 5t , 0  t  2
i (t )  
 10, 2  t  4
I rms 
1 T 2
T 0
i dt 
1
4 
0
2
2
4
(5t ) dt   (10) 2 dt
2 
1  t 3 2  1  200 
  25  100t 2     8.165 A
4
 200 
4 3 0  4 3 
 
PR2  I rm
2
s R  (8.165) 2
(2)  133.3 W

Example 11.8
Q: The waveform is a half-wave rectified sine wave.
Find the rms value and the amount of average power
dissipated in a 10-Ω resistor.

• The period of the waveform is T = 2,
10 sin t , 0  t  
v(t )  
 0,   t  2
V 2
rms
1 T 2
  v (t )dt 
T 0
1
2 0

2

2
(10sin t ) dt   02 dt 

1 100π 50  sin 2   2 1 

2π 0 2
( 1  cos 2t)dt  t 
2  2 0
 ; 

sin t 
2
(1  cos 2t ) 

50  1 
    sin 2  0   25
2  2 
 Vrms  5V
2
Vrms 52
PR 10    2.5 W
R 10

RMS of Sinusoidal Signal
For the sinusoid i(t )  I m cos t  i  , the rms valus is
I m2
 i 
1 T 2 1 Im
t  i  dt  
T
       
2
I rms I m cos 1 cos 2 t 2 dt
T 0 T 0 2 2
Similarly, for v(t )  Vm cos t   v  ,
Vm
Vrms 
2

Power Representation Via RMS
Values
Given i (t )  I m cos t  i  and v(t )  Vm cos t   v 
1 1
 The average power P  Vm I m cos( v  i )  Re[ VI* ]
2 2
Vm I m
Represented by RMS: P  cos( v  i )  Vrms I rms cos( v  i )
2 2
V I
Denote phasors: Vrms  , I rms 
2 2
1
 P  Re[VI* ]  Re[Vrms I*rms ]
2
For resistive load: v  i
2
Vrms
 P  Vrms I rms  I 2
rms RL 
RL

Complex Power
Complex power S (in volt-amperes or VA) is the product
of the rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate of
the rms current phasor. Its real part is real power P and its
imaginary part is reactive power Q.
S  Vrms I*rms
* 2
V I 1 1 | V |
S  Vrms I*rms    VI*  | I |2 Z 
2 2 2 2 2 Z*
| Vrms |2
S | I rms | Z 
2
Z*
S  Se j  S   S cos   jS sin 
S  P  jQ  P  jP tan 

Summary of Terminologies
Terminology Unit Form

1
S  P  jQ  VI *
Complex Power VA 2
 Vrms I rms ( v  i )
Apparent Power VA S  S  Vrms I rms  P 2  Q 2
Real Power Watt P  Re(S)  S cos( v  i )
Reactive Power VAR Q  Im(S)  S sin( v  i )
P
Power Factor pf   cos( v  i )
S

Summary of Terminologies (cont.)
• S is called the complex power consumed by

the load Z
• P is the average or real power.
– The power delivered to the load
– The actual power dissipated by the load
• Q is the reactive or quadrature power.
– Unit: volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
– A measure of the energy exchange between the source
and the reactive part of the load.

Summary of Terminologies (cont.)
• S is called the apparent power which denotes

the power the provider provides.
• pf: is the power factor in [0,1]. The power
factor is an index of the load reaching the
satisfaction of the provider; the larger the
power is, the happier the provider is.

Power and Impedance Triangles
2
1 1 | V |
S  Vrms I*rms  VI*  | I |2 Z 
2 2 2 Z*
V Vrms Vrms
| V |2
Z   (v  i )
S | I rms |2 Z  rms* I I rms I rms
Z
S  Se j  S   S cos   jS sin 
S  P  jQ  P  jP tan 
Power triangle Impedance triangle

Passive Load
Z  R  jX | Z | ( v  i )
R  0    ( v  i )  [90 ,90 ]
(1) Z  R    0 : Resistive load

(2) X  0    0 : Inductive load; S in the

first quadrant and the current is
lagging the voltage by 
(3) X  0    0 : Capacitive load; S in the
fourth quadrant and the current is
leading the voltage by 
Power Triangle (cont.)
Inductive load
Resistive load
Capacitive load

Example 11.9
Q: A series-connected load draws a current i(t) = 4
cos(100t + 10°) A when the applied voltage is v(t) =
120 cos(100t - 20°) V. Find the apparent power and
the power factor of the load. Determine the element
values that form the series-connected load.
Sol:
120 4
apparent power: S  Vrms I rms   240 VA
2 2
power factor: pf  cos(v  i )  cos(20  10)  0.866

The power factor can also be obtained from
V 120  20
Z   30  30  25.98  j15 
I 410
pf  cos(30)  0.866
• The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98-Ω

resistor in series with a capacitor with
1
X C  15  
C
1 1
C   212.2  F
15 15 100
Example 11.10
Q: Determine the power factor of the entire circuit as
seen by the source. Calculate the average power
delivered by the source.

 j2  4
Zeq  6  4 ( j 2)  6   6.8  j1.6  7  13.24 
4  j2
pf  cos(13.24)  0.9734
Vrms 300
I rms    4.28613.24A
Z 7  13.24
• The average power supplied by the source is

P  Vrms I rms  pf  (30)(4.286)0.9734  125 W
or P  I rms
2
R  (4.286) 2 (6.8)  125 W
where R is the resistor part of Z.

Example 11.11
Q: The voltage across a load is v(t) = 60cos(t – 10°) V
and the current through the element in the direction of
the voltage drop is i(t) = 1.5 cos(t + 50°) A. Find: (a)
the complex and apparent powers, (b) the real and
reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the load
impedance. (a) v(t )  60 cos(t  10 ); i(t )  1.5cos(t  50 )
o o
60 1.5
Vrms    10, I rms    50
2 2
The complex power is
S  Vrms I*rms
 60  1.5 
   10    50   45  60 VA
 2  2 
The apparent power is
S  S  45 VA
(b) Form (a),
S  45  60  45  cos(60)  j sin(60) 
 22.5  j38.97
S  P  jQ 
The real power P  22.5 W
The reactive power Q  38.97 VAR
(c) pf  cos(60)  0.4
V 60  10
Z   40  60 
I 1.550

Example 11.12
Q: A load Z draw 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856
lagging from a 120-V rms sinusoidal source. Calculate:
(a) the average and reactive powers delivered to the
load, (b) the peak current, and (c) the load impedance.
Sol:
(a) pf  cos  0.856,   cos1 0.856  31.13.
The apparent power is S = 12,000 VA,  the average
or real power is
P  S cos  12000  0.856  10.272 kW
and the reactive power is
Q  S sin   12000  0.517  6.204 kVA
(b) Since the pf is lagging, the complex power is
S  P  jQ  10.272  j 6.204 VA
SV Ι *
rms rms 
S 10272  j 6.204
Ι*
 
1200
rms
Vrms
 85.6  j51.7 A  10031.13 A
Thus I rms  100  31.13 and the peak current is
I m  2 I rms  2 100  141.4 A

(c) The load impedance
Vrms 1200
Z   1.231.13 
I rms 100  31.13
which is an inductive impedance.

Conservation of AC Power
• The principle of conservation of power is still
applicable to the ac circuits.
The principle of conservation of ac power: The
complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal
the respective sums of the complex, real and reactive
powers of the individual loads.
S  S1  S2   SN
S  VI*  V  I1*   I*N   S1  S 2 
1 1
 SN
2 2

Example 11.13
Q: The following figure shows a load being fed by a
voltage source through a transmission line. The
impedance of the line is represented by the (4 + j2)Ω
impedance and a return path. Find the real power and
reactive power absorbed by; (a) the source, (b) the
line, and (c) the load.

Z eq  (4  j 2)  (15  j10)
 19  j8  20.62  22.83 
Vrsms 2200
I rms   =10.6722.83 A
Z 20.62  22.83
(a) S s  Vrms
s
I*rms  (2200)(10.67  22.83)
 2347.4  22.83  (2163.5  j910.8) VA

(b)
ms  (4  j 2)I rms  (4.47226.57)(10.6722.83)  47.7249.4 V
Vrline
The complex power absorbed by the line is

S line  Vrms I rms  (47.7249.4)(10.67  22.83)
line *
 509.226.57  455.4  j227.7 VA

or
S line  I rms Z line  (10.67) 2 (4  j 2)  455.4  j 227.7 VA
2

(c)
Load
Vrms  (15  j10)I rms  (18.03  33.7)(10.6722.83)
 192.38  10.87 V
S Load  Vrms I rms  (192.38  10.87)(10.67  22.83)
Load *
 2053  33.7  (1708  j1139) VA
Ss  Sline  S Load

Example 11.14
Q: Z1  60  30 and Z2  4045.
Calculus the total: (a) apparent power, (b) real power,
(c) reactive power, and (d) pf, supplied by the source
and seen by the source.

V 12010
I1    240 A rms
Z1 60  30
V 12010
I2    3  35 A rms
Z 2 4045
• The complex powers absorbed by the impedances are

2
Vrms (120)2
S1  *   240  30  207.85  j120 VA
Z1 6030
2
Vrms (120)2
S2  *   36045  254.6  j 254.6 VA
Z 2 40  45
• The total complex power is
St  S1  S2  462.4  j134.6 VA

The total complex power is

S t  S1  S 2  462.4  j134.6 VA
(a) The total apparent power is
St  S t  481.6 VA
(b) The total real power is
Pt  Re(St )  462.4 W or Pt  P1  P2
(c) The total reactive power is
Qt  Im(St )  134.6 VAR or Qt  Q1  Q2

(d) The power factor
pf  Pt / St  462.4 / 481.6  0.96
Result checking: The complex power supplied by the source

I t  I1  I 2  (1.532  j1.286)  (2.457  j1.721)
 (4  j 0.435)  4.024  6.21 A rms
Ss  VI*t  (12010)(4.0246.21)
 488.8816.21
 463  j135 VA

Power Factor Correction
Power factor correction: the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to the
original load.
• Most practical loads are inductive since motors

are the most useful driving force in this world.
• Hence, we can use a parallel-connected
capacitor to attain the goal of power factor
correction

Illustration of Power Factor Correction

Phasor Diagram for Inductive Load
by Capacitor Compensation
V
IL   I L   1
R  jL
I C  jC  V
I  I L  IC  I   2

Capacitor Compensation
To increase pf from cosθ1 to cosθ2 without
altering the real power,
P1  S1 cos 1  P2  S2 cos  2  P
Q1  S1 sin 1  P tan 1
Q2  S2 sin  2  P tan  2
Applying the ac power conservation gives
QC  Q1  Q2  P(tan 1  tan  2 )
2
Vrms Vrm2 s
But S  *  QC   CVrms
2
Z XC
QC P(tan 1  tan  2 ) Q1  Q2
C   
Vrms
2
Vrms2
ωVrms
2
Note that the real power P is not affected by

the pf correction because PC is zero.
PF Correction for Capacitor Load
• Similar idea can be used to realize power factor
correction for a capacitive load.
• The required shunt inductance L can be calculated as
Vrm2 s Vrms
2 2
Vrms
QL  Q1  Q2   L
X L L QL

Example 11.15
Q: When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line,
a load absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Find the value of capacitance necessary to raise the pf
to 0.95.
Sol:
If pf = 0.8, then
cos1  0.8  1  36.87
P 4000
S1    5000 VA
cos 1 0.8
Q1  S1 sin 1  5000sin 36.87  3000VAR

When pf is raised to 0.95,
cos  2  0.95   2  18.19

P 4000
S2    4210.5 VA
cos  2 0.95
Q2  S2 sin  2  1314.4 VAR
QC  Q1  Q2  3000  1314.4  1685.6 VAR
QC 1685.6
C   310.5  F
Vrms 2  60  120
2 2

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• Instantaneous and Average Power

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 2

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 4

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 5

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 6

The resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 8

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 9

p  iv  1200 cos(377t  45) cos(377t  10)

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 11

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 12

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 13

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 14

For the voltage source:

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 15

VL  j10(I1  I 2 )  10.58( 79.1  90)

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 17

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 18

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 19

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 21

Z L  Z*TH  2.933  j 4.467 

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 22

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 23

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 24

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 25

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 26

For the sinusoid i (t )  I m cos t , the rms valus is

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 27

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 28

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 29

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 30

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 31

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 32

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 33

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 34

Terminology Unit Form

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 35

• S is called the complex power consumed by

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 36

• S is called the apparent power which denotes

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 37

Power triangle Impedance triangle

(2) X  0    0 : Inductive load; S in the

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 40

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 41

• The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98-Ω

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 43

• The average power supplied by the source is

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 44

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 46

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 48

which is an inductive impedance.

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 49

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 50

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 51

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 52

The complex power absorbed by the line is

 509.226.57  455.4  j227.7 VA

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 53

 2053  33.7  (1708  j1139) VA

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 54

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis 55