Sie sind auf Seite 1von 328



  
  
!"#
%&'
:
 )*
+,*#"
!! 

+*

-. -/ 




- &01*'2 
'
 */
344 */%5

 
+% !6
% */
7
'
 2551
; !6
% */
POLITICAL ECONOMY ON BUSINESS INTEREST GROUPS IN THAILAND: A CASE
STUDY OF THE ROLE OF THE BOARD OF TRADE OF THAILAND IN
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS

Mr. Pornsil Patchrintanakul

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements


for the Degree of Master of Arts Program in Political Economy
Faculty of Economics
Chulaongkorn University
Academic Year 2008
Copyright of Chulalongkorn University




 
          !  "  # # $%" !
&$'() * % '( + ,-.: # # 01 $
1( "'( 2 ##-3 &4
#(1%, . . ,1 6*'(  '7 "4
-+%,1
'. 8(
 38 " 
6# #4,
&4
+#1 !4 1 !
8$(!-'(#,
  !.3

-3 &4
 +##%!4$ "9"  -- '7

 !  018"'( + 0% !8"'( + !%
%:$,! $ !%1,(  %:$,! $ !%
! $ !  !%8"* 
1,(! 8$(1!8"*
  + -(8   %,  ; 0 -  0,       
 *% ! #%, '(0  #4$ $, " !  '<  .#%= ,  % 
 
  
$     -  04"  0 =)=  )  $
>

 *-   *(+#4$   *   $   '(!  %-  8$(  ? %$
-)&4
+!0, "$(- 

  3  &4  
 .  #(1% , %  ;#  8$( %  "  ) ( '@ (% *
!$%$ ,  % 8$(  , $  -%,1 !" !!8$(*" $
  ##-3
6$%$" $ -8$('7'() *
#&4 -.- #
-3 "+'
*

 


# 1 "0+ .................................................................................................................. 
# 1 "0A............................................................................................................. 
 !'(.................................................................................................................. 
#=................................................................................................................................... *
#= ......................................................................................................................... =
#=4'0....................................................................................................................... B
1
 # 1
 "....................................................................................................................... C

# - 1 # 
.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 1 !
1='E=..................................................................................... 1
1.2 # ....................................................................................... 2
1.3  ;%'(1................................................................................ 3
1.4 -........................................................................................................ 3
1.5 '() * -1 "(+#................................................................................ 3
1.6  &$............................................................................................ 4
# - 2 # # 1 8 1  AB-8$( #  ,!...................................... 5
2.1 # # 1................................................................................................ 5
2.2 8 1  AB-..................................................................................................... 23
2.3  #  ,!..................................................................................... 35
# - 3 $%"!&$'() *  '( + ......................................................... 41
3.1 1 !! 8$($,($%"!....................................................................... 41
3.2 K$%"!&$'() *!+ ............................................ 41
3.3 
 !1!1'( + ........................................................... 44
3.4 %"8$('E=!1!1................................................................ 47
3.5 # *
&4" % ............................................. 50
3.6 #%#$+ 1+ !!-# #
$%"!&$'() * % ............................................................................ 53
# - 4 # # 018"'( +  1.................................. 57
4.1 # # 8$(1 !'7!018"'( + ............................. 57
>


4.2 # # 018"'( + 1,(!" !
!;# -'(# 018"'( +
0% !8"'( + 8$(!1!1+ ........................... 65
4.3 # # !1!1 18$(018"'( +

) # ,(...................................................................... 67
4.4 # # 018"'( + "08 $!
 )$ -'$- 8'$+' ) ( " ;#
(Institutional Change) ......................................................................................... 72
4.5 '- # - ## # 018"'( + 8$(
Keidanren 
) # ,(....................................................... 73
# - 5 # # 018"'( +  $
1( "'( .................................................................................................... 79
5.1 K# # 018"'( + 
 $1( "'( ............................................................................. 80
5.2  ;%'(1!!-# # $%"!&$'() * % 
 $1( "'( ........................................................... 86
5.3 '(0  !- #!-" " !018"'( + ........... 89
5.4 !-" " !018"'( +  $
(Free Trade Agreement: FTA) 8##%01- (Regional Trade Agreement: RTA)
8$( 01- (Bilateral Trade Agreement)............................................................... 92
5.5 *
* ! (Relational Power) 8$(1 !" !!01

!4$8$( " -'@ $10  #1-..... 95
5.6   " !018"'( + 1
( "'( ..................................................................................................... 99
5.7   " ,-.018"'( + #1 1
1 ! $%"  + -=-'%k........................................................... 107
5.8 SWOT Analysis # # 018"'( + 
1( "'( ........................................................................................... 137
# - 6 %'&$.8$(8(............................................................................... 146
6.1 '( + 0  # #  AB-, *  !!"......................................... 147
p


6.2 # # 018"'( +  %1)$0   '7&$!
4'8##1 !!( "8$(* 0   AB- Corporatism.............. 150
6.3 # # 018"'( + 01 
* !
(Relational Power)................................................................................................. 152
6.4 'E=8$(%'1
  -&"!01
8"'( + ................................................................................................. 153
6.5 8('#'%# # 018"'( + 155
  .......................................................................................................................... 160
01& ................................................................................................................................. 165
01&  . ; 1( "'( + '< .. 2535 r 2550
8$(' !,1)$'< .. 2535-2550................................. 166
01&  . %'!0,&4- #1( "'( ... 169
01&  1. 1 !1# 1-( "+ #14"........ 213
01&  . 8##8!4$'(# ,
  1"+ 230
01&  . 
8 $0-
#  1'$'k
  2301.20  1-+ -'4............................. 238
01&  . " $1 ! $%"  + -=-'%k 242
01&  *. 
 " -01*+ 
#

%"  + -=-'%k.............................................................. 251
01&  >. '(#8;$" " !( "018"
'( + 8$(0% !8"'( +
 
 1-+ -=-'%k........................................... 277
01&  p. 
81 !6&4'(#"3+"
" " - FTA + -=-'%k.................................................... 287
01&  =. " - #1 ! $%"  + -=-'%k......... 293
01&  B. 
'(
1,(!8$( 
 #! '(#
.................. 295
01&  C. 
 )#  #-. )>$ 1 &48 1s ;.
    -  %K !* s  #
 1-+ 8$(s..................................................... 299
'(  &4-   .......................................................................................................... 311
=

 

 
5.1 $0- 1 8$(018"'( +
'- # - ##$0- !#1 ! $%"  + -=-'%k............ 110
B

 

 
5.1 4'08'(( "018$(01* 
 " -'( +

#1...................................................................................................... 96
6.1 4'08'- # - #3  - !( "'( +
# "'( .................................................................................................................... 157
 

ITO (International Trade Organization )


: !"# $!%&'
   
           
           
  ! "#" $%&&#' (& &%%&)*% %+'
&, - &('&*.&/0"1%+' %,

(&0
* (&
& "
/ '%&, 
 2  % 
& )* 
1

!
 * -&  3   0
   %& (& 3 ,
(Cartels) ,
 " $ "
(& =& *"1
   

 &"
) (& ( &  > .. 1930 !+> .. 1939  D
  
 */,!+E,,F+ 

D"  G,! "#  &  "/ "  

 
& "0  >  "/ , HE "&   
I   
J 2K#%&  )
 "& 

%
, - 0+0&*,%&LM - &,' 


%& 
%&
 *"&
&"2#  &1&
&
 &G

&#  F+ &,
 -,
  
%& 

 'G 
,
'%+'& -
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
: #-./&01#2$# 3#456'7/8/!
 2  
'
1. !+  
 O 0..2490 -
0    2K#* "/ !(&I   
  
)  "       0( & *   
   )
 "  - 3
E,,

%** ,,0&
&*/ > 0.. 2529-2536 )
,
  - " 

 O> 0.. 2537" */
2. !+ &# 
 F+ ,
'%+')

J& "   %3  '&1  ,   "  F&#
# 0( & 
   GATT > 0..2480   
1* "/ I  
.

032 Z * E,, GATT * 2 


" '"
"0
)
&#)  
E,, GATT *.  -&#
" '"
"0)
&#) (WTO)
F+  ,
' %+'  "#  /,
'  #   )"     )
"   
%3 &1
F+   -"  %3 %& GATT   % -"/  GATT ( &>
0.. 2525  -"/  
 59
WTO (World Trade Organization)
: :/
-&#   ,
'%+' "# / ,
'&#
) (Marakesh Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization)" ' 1 
0..2538  D
/&*   
1* "/ I  032
 %&D10 Z *& 
, ,,0&& 
 , 
%+'*& )
"  %3 '&1  ,  "  F&#
#
 -"/ &1

FTA (Free Trade Area)
: %<.%=6
- . ,1+  & 
,%& .'"&
 %+' F+ ,    &(  Z  -&"*
  )
 %&& " *  G */, 

 &(   


 -
)
 " & . ,*1

*E,, 
 AFTA ( % "& F)  EFTA (" "))
RTA (Regional Trade Arrangement)
: ./&?@!304A-4
-
  (&%&
1 *1 Z *1
 . ,F+ &, "10j - k
"*& / %&*" 3 0 
 "0" "0 
 -
ACMECS (Ayeyawady' Chao Phraya' Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy)
: 7&'=.#- #--N&%'5OP!"# 0-QAR /# ="4QQ-  2& 8/!%#63@-
3"#(& . , 01/  "00   

)
0j(& 6 "%  &
 & "

 
 (&
  &"  /( &)
 "*1 
&   0j
0# (HRD)  "32"%
K

GMS (Greater Mekong Subregion)


) GMS -(&%& 6   (&  0  01/ 
 
, (1) '> 0.. 2535 )
30j & / (ADB: Asian Development Bank) -
D1*""   GMS 0('  2 2  3 "  ) 
(& 2 0(' %&)   / 2 250   &
"12#

03/ &' -,
1#* /( &)
& 1  & /*
& / &&  & / && O*
) GMS ! "# 0( &" " * 
% 
&"      "", 
 -&1%& //
*0(' *
%+' " "  0j(& )) +  &
,
*/03/  " " & " 3 0 " "  0 %
"!
')&" . ,* )
"%(&%& GMS  9 "% 
 %" ) 0
   " 
& &    0j0#
IMT-GT (Indonesia - Malaysia - Thailand Growth Triangle)
: #- #--N%<.%'5OP=-VW @:3@6%X6--%/%X6-2& (=-%"/61-%'5OP)
-(& 0( &0j . , "* % . ,"LM F+ 0(' * %
(&
%,E,,&& )
 F : ,
" (& 2K0 
& ,# ,
"  ,
 ,
11  , ,
"*   F :
. 
#  >     "&#  : ,
"% "1 E 3 " 
0
!  "# 0( &" "  " 03#  . ,   3  * */
0 . ,& " 3 0 
 )/#"1"
)
 (&

D  " "   !&


)) 0( & " "%
"!*
%%
BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation)
: #-%1-8"  #%/="0#- #--N"/"/=<&#R8/!%'5OP
BIMSTEC -& (&     7  * 2&  & 
 
  1J & 
 #    )
 -&(&

/( &  &1  & / *  & /  && O *   &' ( &> 2540 */( &
j

BIST-EC (Bangladesh-India-Sri Lanka-Thailand Economic Cooperation) )


  
D
%&   /( & - BIMST-EC ( & # % -"/ *>

,'*> 0..2546  1J  
 %   -"/  * "   /( &
E,,%& BIMST-EC '   /D1 ' ( & 31 J 0..2547   

 *  /( & 0( &" &22 %&&(&
%2 ' "/    ,,,
   % " 0( & k
"
 
"    (& Z
AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area)
: %<.%=6%X6@
 "/ & F ' 10   , (& 0( &" "  *%
 *& F -& " ,
  
&  (&
& 0-5 * 9 >  ' 1  0..2536  " '"
 1  0..2545
'      * /  ( & 
 "  3   )/#
     ' '   

  #  01/ F+  -"/ & F/"/ &(  Z ,+
D&
D)
* 

& (&& 0-5 *> 0..2549 " #
*> 0..2551  01/*> 0..2553
TAFTA (Thailand - Australia Free Trade Agreement)
: #-./%<.%=62& - =%.%/6
-,
' % "  &&"  )
 ,, k
"
(&*"%Z /        
"  (&
"%& "%&0(/ .& (&   -&"
&
  /( & -" . , */
 -&&"  
D*/'> 0..2548
TNZFTA (Thailand-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement: TNZFTA)
: #-./%=62&-@#X68/@3
 "- F
# (Thailand-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement:
TNZFTA) -
  &O+  .

 F
#  , D*/ 2  1 J 2548
CER (Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations and Trade Agreement)
: <./#-=0-Q0@&%'5OP&61?/R3!"# =%.%/68/!@#X68/@3
   !   "# 0( & "  "  "  0  3#   . ,    &&"    
 F
#*H= %+' %D )/#, k
"
2

% %&  -3 


&" %&
  *  
 
)
 k
"&" '"  1 1 D 2K# 
" &%&&""  (& F
#& & 50  "0 3
 &
 &)&
 ,
F('&)
.  %&0 0
   D*/' 1  >0..2526
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
: <./%=6%-%"@N
(& %&*,
' % " .".&   
 GF )
)
! "# 0( &%,
&""      " " 
%% -3 %)&" &" 3 *0#" E$$ %%&0 0
 " " (& 0 (&*1  D*/ ( &
 1  >0..2537
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation):
#- #--N8/!Q0^@&%'5OP
-&# " $
) "/   &
 *)
0j . ,&
%&&"/ F+  -   . ,
&)
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation):
#- #--N&%'5OP?@4A-4%%R6-8$X_`
-(& . ,  % . , (Economies) *1  & /-
F Hk "! ( &> 0..2532 (..1989) 0( & &"&& 0+  0 . ,
(Interdependence)  0 %+')
  , $  )0j  (%&) 1 
"/  0: ".z 
 &&"    F
# $ M *  "  )# & )
 F
  F 1 Hk k"#  , ,  {& E   GF ) /  1 
 
" F (2 >0.. 2541)
OTOP (ONE TAMBON ONE PRODUCT) "N  "@b1  .  /"@b1  c/ . 40 d e
-)%&. 2 1   = * //
 1
E$$&! */*0j"  )
! "# 0( &" "
  %%G
//*"!
&   &*0j&!  " " 1 E$$&!  0j0
# " " 
  ""#%&//*0jD 2K#*"&& !/ 
 j3*&!  (httt://www.otop5star.com/about-th.php) [25 "  >0.. 2551)

GSP (Generalized System of Preferences)


(& *" 3 0  -   0j*" 
    
*   0j)

&(& &% %"  &1*%

 "  3 0  ' '   D1*  "  3 0 z, - D1*  0 LM 
   
D&*
Z (http://www.thaifactory.com/Manage/GSP.htm) [25 "  >0.. 2551]

CFR (Council for Foreign Relations)


-&#& " ) %&".z '%+'* ..1921  /( & -&#
&/ & 3 0"1 "
& 
) %&".z  = 0( &" " 
 %*,*) %&".z* )
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) [25 "  >0..2551]

Keidanren (%3-) "N Nippon Keidanren (?"- ) "N Japan Business Federation
-"03#&# . , 
%+',%& Keidanren (Japan Federation of
Economic Organization)  Nikkeiren (Japan Federation of Employers†Association)*>
..2002 )
 = 0( & %  ) . ,%&$ M %&)&
,
 * 
(&Z* 
1 . ,%&$ M)
"" &/
//* -&#% ( & 0( & "1 . ,  (
(http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/profile/pro001.html [25 "  >0..2551]
 1



1.1  
 
   
 ! "# $
%&'&  ()*&+  ! ,  &)- ./ (&0, %,'
  %'  '  +     "#   (  0, ! 1 2     0
3'      %' (' &    4 %,  #' 
' 1     0 )  (   
#5" # (*'(  6 
7,03 /& 0"35*% "#(*'(! 1 ,
&+ %'" &.  2  + ,&  ! "#) ()'! 1 &
 , 3' "3 301 &)#1 
  7,03 /&
'    *'     )  (  '  + %'  *'    #   (  "#   
03 /)*)5; "36()' %'" &.  27, "#
! 1) &+ " $3' +   )*%, ( 
 ' 7,! "#,  (" &. &)
('3'  301 ,' +
#5 + 
 < (#'(*%,"#
   '  %,
= ; 
5 &'(,"#+(/
(#' (International Trade Organization #! ITO) %'')()2
 ! ,5'=5" )#N ')(/ "# + ITO '2  
(,%/ 1947 
3 (
" ,' '1 2 (,%/ (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade : GATT) ;   7,("3!   1 ( X .. 2491 %, +(/(
0, (World Trade Organization : WTO) 
7,)2 "   1 ( X(.. 1995 0
 &'
)3&(/(0,+%'X (..1995 
  59  +

)3&(/$*$( 3' ,5';  ,5'( 


*  301 &<#( X (.. 1974 (Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974) "# 
7*% ()#N (United States Trade Representative: USTR) " "3'1  #)'
,' ,  =. $"(,#'$( %, #5$(
2

! (" 5(e5  < $ *%, $(3 


"#
() "'&,(#'&$(  ! '"#7,
'=5& 0+(.&+ " )$#(%#' ( (/
 )(f )' #   (! #()  ! ) ('! # ' &(/=5
 < ('1  !  ) '$()#"3" 
  =/ +5'2  &)$#(%#' " 
    ! 7,03 /&,(#'"#)3
(/'   " 0   &)$#(%#'"
 )' '&,N ) ,) (#,55)+ )5,
 -0g , () " $( %,$*$( #!   ' FTA
(Free Trade Agreement)
1.2  
,  +%' X .. 2538 -e5 0   )$#(%#'
%,() +"  WTO %, FTA   )' '+3 )jk
($( ) 3' Thai-Australia %,
,5'( #5$( )3' ASEAN-Japan 0  2 
) (
1.2.1 ,5'7,03 /=5    )$#(%#' 
#57,) ) 5  + 1) )3&)$5)#%#')' "#f'

)3  #(  *' % ,  2) )3  %,)'  &)$
5)#%#'"   *'" #(#!)$#(%#'
 #!*'" )((5)# ; '%

)$5)#%#' 3) )(('1 3' )(7*7,#
)/ )(7*7, !+' ! )' 2
)3&)$#(%#'
 *'%,
1.2.2 ,&  +%'X .. 2538  -Xe5 (X .. 2551) ; 
  &,( #' ) # ) (
)' "#f'
" 3  (!  #5$( $" WTO () " 
$*$(  ;  - %," $( ; , %, %' -
),  -f 5k -* 

1.2.3 "3q<    ()  =/#'%,)( (Corporatism)
q< . 3 /   "#' (Neomercantilism)  !    (#/  =  &,5' 
7,03 /=5"    =5"# 5,( q< ) "#'
3

(Neoliberalism) =    =5("#)   )5%,q<  3


)  =/ (Relational Power) (!   5((,#  #!#  )-# #!
3 "# jk#  #!'" )   
1.2.4 (#/5' 5%&2 ef#5)( %,0) &)$#(%#'
" & )' '# &,(#'
1.2.5 ) % %& ! "#)$#(%#' $ "  
" %  -*
1.3  !" # 
1)  ! )&)$#(%#' " &,
(#'
2)  ! ef# 5)( %,= 5"     ! 7,03 /
  &  ,(  #'   !  "#        
)=$
3)  ! 3 +" ##2 - &)$#( %#' "  (" 

(/ )-  7,03 / &,(#'
 &+
1.4 %& 
  =/ +
) (Documentary Research) )&*, "3" 
( ( 2 $(!
1) )3+  %'  %, 35&#( )$#(
%#' %,(.'$(%,3 (.)  )-&*,
&# ' 3 )- %,))5  7,)   #! 35 
3  &
2) )3+  %' (   &' %-,./ x" # )!  /
) ) %,)   /  &
3) 2 & * , y " 2    
"3 =  )  $./ %
, (In-depth Interview) 0)$./7*#&#(%,)$
#(%#' , # '3%,(/  &
1.5 "()*# + , -".+/
1) &)$#(%#'" &,(
#'
4

2) ef# 5)( %,= 5"    &)$#(%#'


 ! 03 /&)3&,(#' 
 ! "#   ()  )=$
3) % 0 &&)$#(%#'" 
(/
)-  7,03 / &,(#'
1.6  ) 12 
  =/ +%'
6  (!
 1   
,'-()(f&ef# && -5)(/
%,= 
 2 &( % (q< %, .
 3 ,5'7,03 /&
 4 &)$#(%#' (
 5 &)$#(%#' &,(
#'
 6 )57, %,&) % 
 2

   

      !

 " " # 
  $      
 %&'(  &)"
& +," 
 -./"0
    -./$1  &23% 
1!
4 54 #+5
2.1 

2.1.1    !
  "
   6
  
" 4 
&  6
&
&67    !& &"$&  11 +54 
  84 
(44!1& . 78
   " 54 .9 4
46 54  
4 % # ". 41
 :  (Outsourcing) G344!
4
:  "4$
       3867H(689$5% #
 4
    3 .9
464" 
 
 .9  
-./ !     4 8
1. 15 6(K1  4
(Mercantilism) 23. 18  3 
""$6$& "+( -./
 Adam Smith (V..1723-1790)54(Liberalism) &4 4+.9
464  -./ "" &%&1  $&5
5
6 464$4) (Invisible Hand)

" (Division of Labour)

Ricardian Model G3 64$& "1"" (Comparative Advantage)  
7 :  442&5& -./84416 7  44
1!%&: '( " ($41:    #4$)
  #
$4, 9
1&     % 4 8
V
1&
  &"4 ($4$&    ) 8 4
, 388
V .. 1157 46 54 Hanseatic 6 Hanseatic League $& "+(.
6

 
 & -.
V .. 1498 46 Vasco da Gama l& & 
6G354     
 4&+54  4
 %&1 448+! " 6  4

5&4   ""(K14 (Mercantilism) G33&  44 1( 4
"%& 4  4
   (6 $& &5  ( 4"
 4 "
8 4)4,K!44"   
%&!     "  5 4  5%  1  %5  +
&   -.
      "  G   4 "  3  V ..1592 6  ! 5m  G3  $&   ""
"5! (6 n  "
% & 1    4K 150 V
 8"3   46 -.
+
&!
68 
!8 " V ..1751 Benjamin Franklin
$&  "
   4 -.$442  54
 &% 
4 (G39K4) $& $ 66 Observations
Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, & etc. 8$&  23/
(K14 (Mercantile Laws) 42 4
)
 " K1
 V ..1776 4 %
  "" Mercantilism  Adam Smith :   
-./ 464$4)     $%&4 $%&%4-./
(K14 &# 73 wm$& 434 G3$4
2 
42 8 # 8wm  $&  %1
(& 
8 5: 6 5)
 &8 534
  %1 

"&   %14 &4+ $  x$41( 4"5!5
:  68 :  4   6 4H& $& )4

( )
:  %1  8 454$4
  8 41$4445.+4  
 $44(&" 234

 (&23 4$&  "  $& "2 
    3    &
 %1
8& y -./8$(4  "" 
(4
: #( :  
"&41!'(  "": ( 
 %1 
 64
"442& &
: #( 38 4
"54  &4".9 

1
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of International trade [2008, August 8]
2

&  H &, 5 .9,
 %& #& 5$, K '5

. 44K, (5(4: 4 +4, 2527)   56-67.


7

 3( 5& 4 3$&


 3
&  
$& 4 388
"&8
," 7)$442 &%"18$&
6:  %1   4(K  8 %1
&1 John Stuart Mill (V .. 1806-1873)   &4( : &
&  &% 442&6$   (Term of Trade) $& %&:
4& #. &8  %1.9  $& "8 4
"
 (Reciprocity)
 4 "" $44 " 
V ..1848
John Stuart Mill $& 9  n54 )(48   3
(6 $& (0
)
G3%"$& """ 7  4
 (054(6
 ": -.
 $)4   7 ) (4&%"    6 1 
   -.
wV ..1860
l& & !5m4
4V..1868  ""%"n 4
9‚
  
"  4% 8
2.1.2  $ (Free Trade)
 423
""  & 
" 
#  6
$ %& &9 & 84423#.
/467 1 #.
5 
4& $41#.5  1 %   %&-./  
   %1
   6   & 38$& 46:     :  %1 %&/ 
Ricardo & 4$& "1"" (Comparative Advantage) 8 4 
   &  %1   5 & .9         4 "    6  n  6 
Protectionism  7 41 1#.5  %  
/ ""6
9$4" 5    1 /& 54  & 9"   8 38
(  
 
 
97&    (Free Trade) 8
     $ 4      6    4 " " # 9   4 &  (Managed) 
$)4   84G3  38 (freer) 83
": $4)& " 441 Karl Marx
Engels 8$&
 $  The Communist Manifesto (.1185
  &&G

3
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade [2007, August 11]
8

#(  
46 4 &
 &&&4
%&  
4
 4% 8$& 4&8 "" Bretton Woods 38V .. 1946
& 4&8 4"&
.9  (6n&#
.9
4 45&  n  & 6 
wm44165 48&4 $4 "
84 7 ) 
4     4 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
4
% 
"
  5444)4&  

"" 78 54 # 4 54 (bloc)  Comecon (#
4
446.9&8 38%&#(%G) V ..1949 (6"%
: Marshall %&
45& (6 &(3(     54 445
$)4 &
"%  )4&1 John Stuart Mill $&  $
8
V ..1848    4  "
 (Reciprocity) 1
  54: 84 &4K: 84
V ..1973 ( 84
+5: & &"% 3$4 
4 "

) 
   )4
 
""6 "4

& 41
V ..1988 4    Fair Trade %& Solidaridad (# 4 
+
&) (6 5&5#.  (0
   "8
5(K14 (Mercantilism) 64235
4 (Liberalism) G34 Adam Smith :  & : #(%&
" (Division of
Labour)
 5
5& 6 x464$4)y

 David Ricardo & : #(


 %1&
: "%# $& "1
"" (Comparative Advantage) " 5 4% 85
& 54%&4(4&8 ".96 +% 
5  
 % %&44164& 38&
8&5   4 &
n4$ 384
 8 1
 H!$& &897 % 34(4&8
& &  &5 8& #.5 
$41#.5  

4
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, Third
Edition (New Jersey: Phoenix Book Technology 2005), p. 75.
5
Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, 2nd ed. (New York:Macmillan Publishing
Company, 1996), p. 75.
9

 x"y 7  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 6 GATT

K &wm 44)$& 4&&    .K
  3
$)4
4   (4 &5& 
5 )
$44&$41! ( 23H5"8)465 
$44
 &4&$$&  1 65&5#.  
( 0 G3     &)  3   7 &)      "   5 &       Doha
Development Agenda   1 23H5"8
.9
    4%  
 $5
  4 (Liberalism) 4 38  %&4  4(4 &5  &       '  4
1 (Washington Consensus) 6 x%".944y (Neoliberal
Economic Policy) %& John Williamson V ..1984%&4 !&8
1. l& ( Economic Liberalization) %&'( l&  

 5
2.  &    &   7 (Deregulation)  &    ""  9  


G & &"" 9(: / 
3. 
9 (Privatization)  1   4" +K
%& 5 
4. .2#(  &" "".9 (Price Stabilization) %&
+n &"
"54$& %&1 646 1 
&"8%"
15&%".9 8$& 2$1 %&: &%".9% 

"4&1%" .9!6
 94  -. 4 )
+) 1 
 ++" & % & 
$&  1
%"& & (4 &9.9 
 2$ 1 (G3
58 Neoliberalism 644)
 &5 )$44&$
4  4
4(4 41(4          7
) 
 $
 H!%&   8  &6(45

6
n :%".9 6# 
% #
5&4K44:
K 3  .  &  4  "
 & 5  6         (Capital Control) 
 "16 x%".9 6# 
% #
5&4K4
4:"4
 "Ky K .9 5‹ K4  29 (-.#4 2511
10

  1  "


 &  (Rules of Origin)   5"
 
  (4 5:  &3%&$46$4
1 ":   A   2"  4 "
  &(6 $&
  : "
5& 636 ""&:   4"
  5 "  A  $3 $& ": "
5&5  


55 $4$& & $
 4 (44 381 4
&  5 4 
& 4
  (041 6$   
     1  4 & '        " 
&  4 6   :     &
49  49  %& 4  : "%#
5  :   5(4 ": %&$4
 $& 
4   :$1 
""(K14 (Mercantilism)

 ""n & (Protectionism) )$44&$
 
""$83
H5"8 ""(K144 (Neo Mercantilism) 6  4-./
 Marx * )$&  ""54H5")(
 
 + && ""
Mercantilism 4 Neoliberalism # Neomercantilism   4)%
 "".9
 
4&H5"  "$5&484%
$$& 7 8

*
 V.. 1989 4644 4 4  x4G 


  4GŽ 
$4 4G)% .9 (Economic Structuralism) 4+( 44 % 
: 5&  54
1186:   H:  :  444
4            &  & 
G3   $     118   &   -
,     5 &
8 4G )(  & (Market Forces)  " 6 &&118&  1
(K 1    4 (Mercantilism) 8   9 4   
 " 5  (K 1 
  1  (K 1  5     4
(Liberalism) 9 & 
#.94""(4 38
4) 4G88( 
9
584
$4
9"5
( 4n 545& 
7
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, 3:77.
8
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InternationalTrade,History of International Trade,
Free Trade [2007, August 11].
11

2.1.3 . /"0"1 (Neomercantilism)


.9 Harry Johnson  &4-./44
"" 384
(6 n &#%&"54 
5&5&45: 9
  #
<. /"0"1
-./(K14 (Mercantilism)  H! 46 44 "" 
9
 &  .$ G344 9
(K14-./

!
& .946 
  (International Political Economy 6 IPE)10
-./(K14& 385%1. 15 23 18 G33&  
44 1( 4"    586 4
 
 ( 48 4  -. w  %5G3$& (054
  163   #54
  .
 6& (0 4G3$& &5  
 444 589
"68    4
(   + K43& 6( 47"
 K :".1 1 & -.  
 ""(K148-.,91 6 
44 6 H!4
6 44 "" 9
 & #  ""8,"(K1 4G34
3$&
36 Zero-Sum Game
(6 " 5n4
 4 )  3& &  K4 (Colonialism)
1.8 65& 384% 8332 Classical
Mercantilism & 
13  . 18 .946 416 1
Adam Smith
David Hume (V.. 1711  1776) $&
&4&)$4)& " ""
Mercantilism  8)45. 4
+‘ 6 &1 

(   &  44 " 


+( 4&8$  ""#. 9 (+94
 31 +4 V.. 1833
V ..1839 Richard Cobden (V.. 1804-1865)
John
Bright (V ..1811-1889)
   -.$& :      ,4
 Corn Laws G3,4&   G35&$& 2 $ 4

9
Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, 2: 75.
10
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, 3:26.
12

/4 V..1846 !! .K 4 5.9 -.8



. 1850  4
$)4
&823
4  $& """&
):1!H! 4
%&'(  4% 8( % 
"14)G3
   "".9# (K144 (Neomercantilism) "44
" V ..1989 G3V ""44 4   "".9 "4
:&5&4K6" 3&8

 ""(K144)45&4 Professor Hermann Levy $&  $ 46
11

6" 90 V& 4&&&6  6  $4 &



 
  54)29"54 9" /46 ""(6
"54+:  91 #../"5+5" 54"  &4694
$4&5

4
  !  ""(K1  4
(K1  446 54 $ & "
 %19
  ""(K148968+(.
:  %1

 54 4
 ""(K14411$&   ""84&$ 9$4$& :  6
   $
 ": " 1 6 "  
 115$& " n%&
/44 +
:  %1$& 2 $ 5$&
# 4% 8 .9  844164%
:(
4 38! (%&'(   ""44 4 V.. 1989)
 1 4 %&'( 94
-. (4& "" 
  4(6  4 &
   & ""(K14

   K  4  5 &  (4 & 8               
International Trade Organization (ITO)
$4)69#9$4" 
 
""   $& #.5 
  General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
$&8 % V .. 1995
G3444%& &128
:
+%  5  
  9‚ $&
 154%
4
346 Bretton Woods 4 9 New Hamshire 94
)
11
Richard M. Ebeling, February 1991 Democratized Privilege: The New Mercantilism Freedom
Daily, Available from: http://www..fff.org/freedom/0291b.asp The Future of Freedom Foundation [2007,
August 11]
12
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization [2008, August 8].
13

 4 &  4&‘"


4&8 384 8
6 5  
+%  G3# &16 International Trade
Organization (ITO)

4 4
&8 ITO  )&644V.. 1948  Havana
Charter "
)$4$& 41 6 ++"&9‚ K 8 6 Harry Truman
(V..1884-1972) $442/"8:"#9$& 65: 
/"8 "".9# 9 5& ++"& Truman
   6 +4 V..1950  $4 "9# 9‚ 
 . (0
19‚ ) n & 
 23 &  # & l& &# & 5: &46
(644.9
9
&8)4+( 423H5"
4 l&
 &  & 38#   "55 V ..1994
)4 1 &)  
65&5 .& " 4K4V (' 5&5
. 9 V ..2002-2004 " 96,972 !9G3(4 38 &"
'  64,009 !91V..1986-1988)13
$)4  &8  $6#.
 #
"(5# General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) )&"$

&65 4 ..1947 )" 5  $&   G
&
  ITO $4$& 2&8 38  7)$6 # "
(5#8
8 4 &8," GATT 3  $%&
 GATT  x"y (Round) G3484& 7 "
" 8
 Uruguay Round G3" 5V .. 1994 "5& &8 
%  xWorld Trade Organizationy (WTO) 8
(6&
" 

  GATT $
n  &8 GATT 6 &5 & #. &6
4K
5&5 %&
  

13
OECD 6Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation 2005 by
OECD.
14

GATT   $41    GATT


"4  6
1. 8
V .. 1947 23" Tokyo Round G3!
 "  "5  
$  &"#. (Freezing
Existing Tariff Levels)
GATT 1947 45" 38V ..1947   154 The United Nations
Conference of Trade and Employment 5“ "
 1
44 V.. 1948 4 23    4   "& 
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Burma, Canada, Ceylon, Chile, the Republic of
China, Cuba, the Czechoslovak Republic, France, India, Lebanon, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Southern Rhodesia, Syria, South
Africa, the United Kingdom,
The United States of America  4 &
#.  45,000 G31 & (4 10,000 !
9‚ 6  20   % 84& K 8
GATT 1949 "V .. 1949 46 Annecy  
w(6 &#.   4 38 4K 5,000 
GATT 1951 "4V .. 1951  Torquey  -.
 &#.  8,700 G34 #.1 V
..1948
2. 4" 8
V ..1959 - 1979   &#. $&
 GATT
xDILLIONy V.. 1960-1962 "    
V .. 1960-1962 8416 94 9: G34
 #"84   &#. K   4,900   !
9‚
$8 54.9#(5% (European Economic
Community: EEC)
GATT xKennedyy V.. 1964 - 1967 "%&816
  3  ++" &&8 4  &#.&4  40,000  
!9‚
4 &44 , GATT 
1& 38
GATT 1973-1979 ")&% V ..1973-1979
42 &5     6  8   &#.    4   300,000  
!9‚ 4667 1 &G68& %&9 &
15

5  (Customs Valuation) 5&5 4"% 5&5


9 4"% 54 & 49
5! 
3. " Uruguay 8
V ..1986 - 1994 G3  "    $
423647 1 (H!! "  5
.
Uruguay Round V.. 1986-1993 4V .. 1986 ""
8n4$ "676(4l&(684 1  "
5 (H!!
.
 " Uruguay )V ..1994 4&8 % 
World Trade Organization V4 (1 44 V..1995) 41  GATT
75  48#(5% 8418 V4  52
 $&  " 4   41 (4 38
 " 23 8  41 4 8 8  153
  (K  23 /4V(.. 2551)  $414 59
  &8 WTO
) 465 V  Ministerial
Conference 6  9-13 +4 V..1996   %   30
(- 23 3 +4 V.. 1999 G
 9‚,   9-13 (-
V.. 2001 5%&“     10-14  V .. 2003 46

 4)G%
5&   13-18 +4 V.. 2005  .9(.“
 41 WTO    $& "  "#46
Non-Governmental Organizations % 8#.)    8$4
+4  (0462" (0 54 Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (   845&55
# .9G348#.485&5#
 (
 4K 400,000 !9‚ 5V) 8 46  
& 4 H!
4   + ( ".   41 +%  $) 4      15 4 
G
 94   $ "4)  "  
 &"% 8
 $)4  "74)$4$&    4
46G
 
4 "8 5
141 •  46

 4)G%)4 ,K  8618 ""  % #  
WTO 4H!4%&'( H!&"  (06 (0
 5&
66  (0
 (4 "  ""8
 4&5 (6& %1
5wm
16


& &886
"" 814 54(6

   Asia Pacific Economics Conference (APEC) G3 "& 
  21   6 94
&   "$ 1   “ %&G
!5m   4 G 4)G% G
& H  l l G % $
$
&4 )6: & &  (Free Trade)
l& &G316
42   ""(K14 4 &
 
$:  "5
45.1
1 4
$)4  
l& && ) 4   (Dilemma)
94 Robert Gilpin  $  x&46(   &  
 5
$44 
&
(4 " "54%& 5  4 
&
4 )
4
9)  &
"" 4.98"1  54

:  %1
9$   &)6$& 4G34.9G3 &
: #((4 38
&: $  9)63&
"54 ""%
.9
 45y14

&8$-./4 (K144 (Neomercantilism) G3&46
54 1n &#
)$48 &4.44
9
.9
#(
%" (K144)6(4  ""(6 &n &1#.
  (465 (K14)  72  38 %146

.9  
1
4   38(64$& "
54
#  #(4)6(4 &5    45&8
& #.  
4$41#.6 1 %   64 
 1 ""5 4
5 4(61
," (01 4$& "
 /K–   4&   (0$442 x 23 &y $&
8n4$
%&5

4  7 (4
 $ :&( & "" 4

-./(K144(K144)4
 8  %&'(  (0

)3& &4 & 44
4%&4 
 "54 6 5
4&%&9 3

14
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, 3:26.
17

 "" (K1448


 
: 4&$ 6
&4 &
  6$46  4 &
 4 38
# 
 $9 
 #+5441 G3
".4 &!
 )3 3.
 -./& 
 
&
%"          8   %&'(  ( 0 
   $4 $ &
 
 $5.15
4#   +" 415 6
442
 +5%&'( +54 
  &"
 8  4(  5wm 8
: : 25&" 8  8 
85&  (6 &
 5: 
 $& 49( H5"% $&  5 x% #G344423
4164% 4(4
&(0 38 4 54K– .9 46 4

 0 +4y15 
 4448 ) &  46       $4    4 H ! 

5
4
 7 1 %"n &" (
 4
&&5  $& "  1 9‚
 84% .942&& " 
 $& # &823
4  &5  
#
5)42&3 " 
 $& 5&)
(6" 5 (0
 1 -./(K1 4

&+5
48 )$&     $"!5m 
8 !5m)$&  16 4  4:4 
   G3$4241  8$84
  &49 8$ )$442,"$&  
&& "
#  $416   FTA $%&'(  
(0 
 4  $4   FTA 4   6 5 4 
5 4  (6 1 (Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures 6 SPS) & WTO 6 !5m$44 4  6
SPS
 $ 4446
8  (0
4& &)1&
: &
 1$"$ %&$)$44"(6
 1  " 9‚ 1 "$

15
 1 , 24 % #,
 %& (#( 5&4+( (5(4: 3.
(04 K 9 5‹ K4 , 2550)   27.
16
  Positive List !5m4 xSection A: Compositional Standards for Foods in Generaly of
xPart I: Foodsy of xMHW Notification No.370 (Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, etc),
1959y.
18

6(H!!6  +‘ (Patent) .%%& 45 4 38


20 V  25 V  1746&8 : )$49‚ &
!: 44)6 9‚ ) $&  %1  84$
 #(
  "41&  4 &"
36 /
 ""    5 &8# 

 $ 3 "4 41    45&64


4
"#9(6 $&  &5&
2.1.4 < $"1 (Neoliberalism)
-./44 (Neoliberalism) 6-./44 (Wealth)
+$& 4 
44 H! 9&%"+K :&( & ""51
 618"5&" 34
"  44 $)4$4 

6 H!8&988 &8 5&  %"44
6 &""9
(4"" #1 (6$4 H! +#(  &
%" 443  4 &  "".9 
9
.n  9" 48+K 
l& &8#
 &%   8 
 &#(
& 4& 4425 (Material Prosperity)18
  #
 $"
Francois Quesnay (V..1694-1774) :  541!w416 Psysiocrats or
Les Economistes $&  K4

G 9 "" &6  8 
4  44 %1 G3 "  54 8 xLaissez-faire, laissez
passery (let be, let pass) 6 x     $y
 45" 381. 18-19
.9 46416 6
Adam Smith, John Maynard Keynes (V..1883-1946), David Ricardo , Friedrich Hayek
V.. 1899-1992),
Milton Friedman (V..1912-2006)
41!4
&6#(# /4 + "5
 &
(6  Corn Laws  -.V ..1846) 1!816+41
45.8
 %&1 5
:
16$
4 45. )
%&+41

17
6 %" ". %G  :
 9‚ 23&  50419‚ 6
"   $
9‚ 54#(+ 2547.
18
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, 3:64.
19

:  %1 &8424$&  G3 4"-./


(K14G316+4145.     1"5
$41688
 3)644 .K & 6"5+"5
)$4)
& "1 9
"" 2&G3,(&  Adam Smith (..1723-1790) 19 x5
4   55 45& $41(64
  %14
& )& 9"55.$4  # 
%&1 4(418

 5 #1y
& ++"&+K91 Vaclav Havel G3&

8
 2 54#(+ V..1993 23 2 54#(+ V..2003 20x ( "& ""
.94 +: 86 "".9 &G3544+‘
42354
4":&1"  ""84G34
 .9  4$&  
4 3$443 ' &(  4"54&
y
8)4 John Stuart Mill  %&594""&
 
("6"5#+5

 $ 5&
4 4   &(6$
4& 3821
K 8)1!  Adam Smith  x464$4)y (Invisible
Hand) G34234  &8  4"" 9 4"
  " 
&8 22 "" 41 . 20
 4% 8

4&  4!""" 9" "&.9(6


&  (Full Employment)
.944 9 

G &

"4$

& 8&   4+( 5&4K.945$ 
"5  &&  4 H1
& 94
""&
# 4% 8 (V..1944) : &%"+%  5
  
  9‚ $&  154%
4
346
Bretton Woods 4 9 New Hamshire 94 (6&8 &  4
&‘"
4&8 384 86 +% 
5
   G3# &16 International Trade Organization (
&8 "
19
Ibid., p. 48.
20
Ibid., p. 47.
21
Ibid., p. 54.
22
Ibid., p. 55.
20

4 4 ) %&8"


&  4 &" 384"&
  
5$%&45& (6 &43&  "".9  
&4 64 84  (0
 (0 
5K85&4  0 -./4)#( $
 &G3 6$ $ 46 1+$ 6 "" &4
  & " "
, "" 7 &+54
54  &
""9&  
54 (9)
 &#.
#+5
"5
4 29$ 54:  %1+58%&&& 38
1& V ..1989 46 ""44 4 
 "".944 4 
  ""54 &(
&3&
 1. 1990 .9+%  5
  
 9$& 4'4%"448
 & (0
 54.94 &7&'48
16 '41 6 Washington Consensus G3
4& "5+
(0 % 4 4% 8G34 4! ""9


G "".9  %&n  5  4 () " #.     38  #
5+&
 ) 
:.9&4 4 7 (8

:
 
""44$23
:
"" Indicative Planning " ) 8
9‚ 1.1960 )44
  Keynesianism ˜™1
.1940
1950  4!""" 9
 H!%&1
%" Demand Management
-./44-./.91 49" -.#  
944 )
+)1 (Margaret Thatcher) 1&
94
  4 (-.#4 V.. 1979 - 28 (- V..1990
 ++"&9‚
5% & 
 (Ronald Reagan)  ++"&8
 20 44 V..1981 -
20 44 V..1989 1 
9 -.
9‚ )44
&#. & / ""7 (6  &  )4 38 &6 
Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stainslaw: The Commanding Heights23

23
Ibid., p. 55.
21

x ""
+)14 6  %# 4":&1" 1
9 
44
4  4$4)& " ""8   
#. 1980  
.9 
+)18)4"$  7 % y
%&-./8 9$& &"" 
:2$+51G3 -./
44    %&$4 3  23   !  9 "8  )4   -./ 8  Market
Fundamentalism 6 Neoconservativism
K & "".9% )4& ""
 6

 $$6#.
 6 General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade G3
 4 International Trade Organization  4
  && 8)6$5.95% # G38
"-./4
4824
K -./44  
( &))45"K4 38( 4
 ""#  "".9%  46'41&$&  4
  
"5 5      "8  
     &     % V   4
(V.. 1995)
:  "& 38,K8  & 24 38     (0

(0 5& 4442$
$"  " "".94
4418 (04& G3: &%" +51 44
""
4 384
 Neoliberalism 3 & John Kenneth
Galbraith (V..1908 - 2006)  &$ 
x
& .9  
        $ 44 4  x y   

&8$446 +5 &! $44 #(


 1 6
9 Galbraith 16  &$4$& "54+5 &!
2+5 &!"54
4 4 4H! xy $ 4:  4%":&( & 1 
6: & +5 &!+54 +#(5&
42&4K
: 44%&1  ""%•.K 5  : "%#G68 4 38
%  $4$& 4 $ & &4 $
:&   $

:
 ""
:8: &  x%
y (: 1!&  
7) 1 : " : & /4 "!1 .9 $4  $)
4  "".94444
:88 54644)1

24
Ibid., pp. 46-66.
22

 ""
:  5  4
:$415&4K
4 "G"G  
 ""%% 4425y
 154K 4+5.
 # 
 
$ 8 4/2550  6  V(.. 2550 6$& ""
 +5 &
!(4 384  GATT 85&  G3
& )$& 1&
4 9 4

)$& 2 & 671K ".1 #(5%
9‚ 
+5   &!4  &49  . %&4 54
 Consortium 6 British Retailers Consortium (BRC) 6& 1
Walmart   49
 """          7  4 & 
49 6  49   %&  16    7   1  EurepGap
(European Good Agricultural Practice) G3#   GlobalGap 46&6 V
(.. 2550 :  "   & 38    "  .  :          ( 0    $4 4
442"6 &"5 
5  446"#9(6 $&
49: &        ( 01  GG
& 26
"“427 "
"G 44) (4 491& 38
%&4$& 43.68 &)  " .9 & )
49& 4 &
 "49G3&%&9" 6  
8 (4#  5& 28

,68  54#(5%)6#(‚44
   ":&1"491 8
)$4)4 &)%
 
6  18
&7  (067)$4
&4)
$29

25
1 V™4(, .946 % "  ""
 
 
(5(4: %(4(5‹ K4 , 2538)   21.
26
G/SPS/GEN/766 , Private Industry Standards, Communication from Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, 28 February 2007
27
G/SPS/GEN/764, Report by the Commonwealth of the Bahamas to the WTO-SPS Committee on
Private Standards and the SPS Agreement : The Bahamas Experience, Communication from the Bahamas, 28
February 2007.
28
WTO : 2007 News Items, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, xPrivate standards are a mixed
blessing, committee hearsy , 28 February and 1 March 2007.
29
Debate on Private Sectors Standard: Bridges Trade BioRes. Volume 7 Number 13 6th July 2007
http://ictsd.net/i/news/biores/9123/) 9 August 2008.
23

8 (0,+  $& ""4916


)6 +5G3$4 $  &G3)44: :  
$4$ & 4 91  8)$ 4 42 $$& % & 
4    $& 4 9 
  6".  84 &4 5: !:  
 8 &49( 4 : "%## 
,K 8 
( $" 54 54
"
 $41 %& 5: (441(6n
& 4

 3)$& 1&
 ". &!$& (4 38679$442 ""$&  8 
%&'(   
& (0$4& $"(6 44&5  ""
.9H5" & 38
K7 4 )# ""  23 44
4
1 %" 
""(K1   4  4    4&    
""4 7
& 4&$41#. (Non-Tariff Barriers: NTBs) G3 %
! $
# 
 $  
#+58

  ( $$442 #(& 49 $& ) 
:  4  4 38
 K &) $&    (23
4  4 &#.
   :  ) ( 49  $&  2,+: "%#
 :  
 K &  :   4 $$4    
494( $$44/46""1 /4 & +#(6
4  : "%#     449
# 
 $ 34""
  $1&

&
4144 -./8G3 H1 1 : "%#
 K &9) 4

G
"%
 4"9"    (6 &58#.

$41#.( 484 #( ":   $& 49
(04 
: "%#$&  649
5 4(6 #(
   $
%&'(  .
G3 54 5 n ($4 4 4)
6 5 4.( 4"5 4 : "%#& 45&5& 

45 4(61
 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: SPS
2.2 
 8 $&    23  -./ 41 (6   " " # 
 
 $9 
 41 $44"#9  
   4 &6 8 

24

#9 & 1!


 5 4&8#
 
 $4 
5&$46 :1!"H!& 38
 $4%"     
2.2.1 
?  @ / $A.AB0 (Relational Power)
4 " "     
: (+
& 38421 -./.946  +"G3423164%
 547 19
+5 " &
"" :  

    $& (44  )
 &   $& 8 

"" G3 : "  81 4 44 


"
""1 6
""$414  
wm  
     !      3  ) 6     & " 8 8  4  4G " G  6  4
  41 # G3423 14 (+ (Relational Power)

1%  (Structural Power) 6 &" 4 1"H 9 6
 ""%    1& 44 :   6 &" 

4&1416 ""7 1 .9 


""(K1 4 4 6
% 4 (4G)  30
$)4      821  
 8 14(+ (Relational Power) & (6 5&6 $& "
4"
& %15&:    84wm$& (6
Win-Lose)64  4446 $& 8wm(Win-Win) &8""

   # 
 $ 6    -./ 8(64 "9
(6 9$&  5+2 (6$$&  %15& 1 !5m 1 
%&4K46 4 5$(4 38
 "$%&  $
2  " ! 1    "
 $  5 +   $(6   $ &
 %1   5 &     6    K  &
  :  %1    +5     5 4

# 
 $   (Positioning)   
1 442
  4  54 
"644 &
 1#. 
  "" :    

30
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, 3:pp.17-18.
25

# 
 $  (41 ( 44-./1
4(+ 6 1 44(+: &#9 $& n  
(6
(4% 44)4 38 # 
 $   23: 4$& 
 & (6: "5 &)7 1 &)l& & 6
 6 1 8 68$&
1
) !5m8.4$4)& l&
 &    .
 K &    ) 4 :   "     )  &  3       #
 
 $  $ Lobby  8 "5 &)7 1 &#.
 %&K : : $ ":   1 Lobby 9" !5m$ :  "
9‚ ,"68441 1 FTA  $"9‚ 8 54
:   $ 2
2 9$& 4("
 : " # 

 $
 4  $l& & 81&8
3  #(4"#9& $4((
 
&8 # 
 $ &1 641$%&4"
#9(049:  &%G5 & (6 $& 1   7
!! & %15&
&   8  4
)4 (& 38"6$ 4 4
) 
( 5&$8
1.  
:  H  ""54  &4(   

: 4#(

 4 $& " 6 7 1  4
4  (0
54 1 94  54 #(5%
!5m
(41   .9 " & (0 

: %&: $ +(.#.5  (Generalized System of Preferences:
GSP) G3 )" #.  (61 6 & (0
 K & 
)$&  %1  2
1+5  
$ 5:  87  : $& "+(.8  5&&$&
2  6K36: & 4   " & (0
(6 %(4 &
 
" 
2.  H5"   4  $"4
 +#(  (0
 44 " K &)  ""
 6  1  K  .9   4   $
" # 4 # 1  
V.. 1997
26

8  )$$& 46 $64( 


42 6$& )3$3 &8 321  646
5
)$$&  &)$&  (0
: & 5 l& 
 G344 4   6 5  $44
4
)
& 8   4& $4 2"(  
 "".94846 1(  1
3. 4
%%    1144 
4%%   44
#(:  (Leader) -.,54 
 4 &.9

461 James Watt :  ("6$8
(0%% & 38 &  &8  &44) 4( 
1    5
46  & %&'( 4& 
5+5%+K
4. 0+4 1 0+4 " 6 & 38%&$44
 4$ 4(K148 (0
 3& & 
(0(65&  &+54 
K &):
(0+4 
& 13. 4 "%# 

4    H5"
67 21 646:
(0+41#( & 
 "%#

 1 & 615& :$  
0+421  646  
46$& :
6( 46
2 $
%   "486  (0
31  5+8
 " & (0$& :
 & (03 ' &  6


 0+4 %1
1
  3.+&5&+3
 $ 6"82"%&'( 
 4#41 (6$414
5. 6  4 (     ""6  
 4 26      : 4 (     
"% $& ( 4 6 ( 
!554&  G5
      " 81  8 &8 7 3(4  &  4

6 H5" ) (0
   %% 
H ""
4
6%&4(0 &  &83243.$ 
& (0   2"$ " 9" (4 $4+(
"6%& $  6l&6 4:
( $4 %1
27

 1  8)(6 $  5& $& (  


1 6 " 
6. 6( 5  4(
4 6465+%+
K45&( 41 ( 3& 6(6 +( 46

 
 %   1 K9‚  3& & 
 
8% 46
.9 (364624443&
46:  +5 5+$&  %1
 44n 
(  4G3 :  %1
 
 & 
 : "G3 ("1 xy &8 3 
44 23 .K  &"% 4
 
8321 (6$4#( 954 
, 4 ( + 1 "  96 79&4  4
)
) $&  "8 1 1 
4(+ (Relational Power)
1%  (Structural Power) 31
Relational Power 6 14(+ "5 369342
&61 wm36$4 32
Structural Power 61%  G3 ! 3867 8
1 &%  .946% G3(68967  2
&  4833
8   8  16  4% "        &      4

1 # 9‚ 2:  1 6"2 43 World Trade Center

Pentagon 46 11  V.. 2001
 2)$&  1 69‚ 
 4 &6&
 H! 
41 4 &
1 9(G3& 38  4&&   (Relational Power) %&
9‚  : "
%&1 4 6 &#.   2%&1
 ""+(.#.5  (Generalized System of Preferences) G33
 4
  Structural Power 6   9‚ 3& $&
)
 
  ""&4  "" 68G3  % 
46
.9G349‚ : &
&
31
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth, Introduction to International Political Economy, 3:18.
32
Ibid., p. 18.
33
Ibid., p. 18.
28

 848   241 %& 7


   # " -./1  (+8
2.2.2  " A $A.AB0 AF$A  (Corporatism)
-./ Corporatism 6 Corporativism 6 -./#9-4&8

 54:  %1%&9  ""8   (Corporations)  9  ""8 
  ""
468$4$ %   "".98 2
"
 # 1 #
  
:  "1('( (Professionals)
 Associations 6 Syndicates /48 Syndicates  

,"9 : &
-./8+"  :  %1 1$& " &
: 2"  
%&"1( ( 644& 46 (are not politically articulate)
3  :   543: "&2" 8 G3  8)  

" H 4&)1 Gramsci (V .. 1891-1937)  ,./8 
Corporativism (6(. ""G 3
36(6+"
,K8 .K $  ""45G3 44:  %1
&'( #".
 44544 8(6$ 46$& & 8
 +"$" 46  54
1188 )6442
4$$ -./ Corporativism34

&!  Corporatism 6 4
.9 2& 4 54
:  %1 &!

 
 #8
 $ H!%&+

 4
4
&8wm"
: 1
441  +5
54
& &)6 %& $)4 9!)1
 &H! 8G3 &"-./&  Corporatism 2  38  "" 
  9 &
 #   4$&  " 45  + 4 %&n   
4"5     


:  %1
!# "" 1!.946 Corporatism
446&5 6 4 $4 4&"#+51 &"3
K &) 
41"+4% 9" "8 ""8)2 Third Way 6 Mixed
Economy 6  :4    ""5    4 "   4  4
  4   
 4  6   ""
.946


 
4

34
Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, 2:99.
29

 "!  Corporatism 6 9"  4: &"44!7"


44 
(6
"4446"5
(0%" 9

 89)4""

G "".9 4%&'( 6
"%")(65& "54n%& $4""6
 &      
   
"   %"  $&    %"    ""
Corporatism

4 -./ Corporatism $45 
4 3  11
 ""
.9% 8!8)1  ""8,"6$%&$4  (%&+41)35
&
""#9-4 (Corporatism)  44544644(+  54"
9
 $
4    &8 4 "   54 :  %1 7424 + (  
%"4/47 9"
)169
&44 
4 4  4
4 & 
   ! 6   9    &%  
44(+"#4
& ""44(+  547
#4 8 54 &8 &"18
3164% "9" &8

    5 4 3 4 &6 4 


 $ 4 &
   ! %& 
 &" #4 6%&   #9 8 &8) 544$&
(: "5%"
 44":&1"# 4"
$& "
4"4 4  936
5K+"-./#94 6    44 &
 
  547
5&9 : & 1 6& &#.  
"+56$n 6  ) %&94"# 1$,"1& 154
(6 5
$9(6&85&  6 K(".    6
(". 1(&  9" #  ( 55+ 5  V(.. 2550 61
9" .K  4" $4 (V(.. 2544) 8$& 1!
# 

  $ #5 4


  $
44+$$ 154

4"4 H!(6(K 1  # 
 $ 6
&8 5&"   (Export Document)

35
Available from: www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/coporatism.htm-The Economic System of
Corporatism [2007, August 11]
36
&.   +4, 4.946$: 6$ 44+5
(5(4: (4("$, 2539)   20.
30

(6  &  :   One Stop Service Center 6 6
4 $ 46
1  
&4  Corporatism 6 :44 $ " 9

3. K 4
3.$4 &5K
  
  V(.. 2475 9" 4( . (" 4 &
%".9
""14 "5 ( $844  384(6
 "( 
(6$4 ( 4+( 4$ K 8
V (.. 2509 # 

 $
 $)$& &8 38# ( 1"!! $ V(.. 2509
44( -./‘ + 1 (4
 $ (44V (.. 2550) ( 86 28
425 V(.. 2498 49" 4( . $& && ""
& "
.K 444/4 # 3$& 49 "5
84)
6&8# 
 $4%" 932 "54
 1&14& 3 & 44  4 21  )" 6 x446"
9" 4  54  6+56&.925
 y
4 23 x  44   44 
"  :  $6$&  
 41 6 
&46y 5: 48(  K 89" 
:&)
 
(  +444-./%&4%3$4  4
&8(468
$4 3&$4 44
46G3,"86$$4$& ( 6 
.98
6 
)(  4:  # 
 $$&
  $4     446   1  $&  "
  8   9 4 "   41  # " ! ! 

1"  4
4& 4 6"5444  4 28 x
44 & V
&: & 44  154
! "&5
  " "&5 $ "# &
4""
4 154!y
4 30 x846 4
44   $& " "#&4""
86
 4 2  "): $& "8 48: G3$449
4644 (-64 645#.944
  64"" 6 +4&  11  "4
$4"& ": 84 44 y
31

.K &8 
44 8&8 "
"" 1
5%"114 (Corporatism 6 #9-4)
  (
"":&) Fascist) G3
423 :44 $ " 9
K 415&
8$&
K 94
118: !48$&  $
"
# 1  8 4K 6 &6 46414
(434 154 6415&2 3846 22 +4 V(.. 2498
 ) 48
& )1&
  #  .9
19: &8
4 146 1( 6: "4&8
88(6(689& $44K 9" 58
# 
4 +55 )449" 58  +515

&44K 9 (K
8
 "".9 $8)4 .K
.954"" (Authoritarian Capitalism) 6 "".9G (the Fascist
Economy) 437

4 # 4&8#54
 $ 38V (.. 2530 )4
)
4"54 4&,( 1"!!&8#544& 4 
"54 9 )" 4 6 #54
 $ 64 "
6
 $  &7, &/4 %" 9" 64K 946
"" 46&
 K 94(6"
 )$& 9" " 1 &4
K &1)
(39 7 6& 1 1  "5#96" 4K1 
4G3
 V)$4  (%#  .
K
. V( .. 2549  5 " V(. 2550  5 " , %#
 54 V(.. 2549  5.3 " V(.. 2550  20 "

5  (K1  V( .. 2548  26,388,200 " V(.. 2549 
28,562,640 "
V 2550  16,712,850 ")
9$4"5& 
#1  +48& 
 5 41 (4$$& 8 4)6 4 8
&4
8$44n41&
$44 " 6 & %1)4


37
K ()1 9,  5454: & $, (5(4: %(4(50,
2519),   24-25.
32

4(648G3:&$#( .K,#
 8 4442
 +#((3 #+5
.9%&4
49" ( 11 15K  94 -./ Corporatism $& &
4 4  ( #144&%".94 38 ( 9" 8
9" 4 "" 1+$)4" (4944 68)
4%"
.94%&  4" (%&) 4  318
#9-4
"" (Liberal 6 Societal Corporatism)38
5 9" .K
1 8 "4( - 4   &
   6 9"  . &" 44 
1
,")"1 4%&'( K  
 %&49" : &  &6$ 6"%&
.911# 
 $$4$& 44 4)&7
1 6 "
%&5: ((8 8
44!1.9$$"""(-4 9" 4"
& ""1%&1 
"""
""+514 G3  
%&$#+5 4""4&
6&"
  89" ) 1 %&$4$ & 6#+53 ) 5 8 ""
Corporatism $& &4 4  #(4  8 
  6    ! 7
  9 " #
 9 4   . K )   1  1  & 4 6      3  6  4 4   ""
Corporatism 8     $4  0  6  $  "".9  % G3  + " $&
4 &"5K8
 
 46 $V (..2516 G31
&5K Nixon Shock ( ++"&  9‚ 2 ""
Bretton Woods :  9 &)) #1$& (02"
 4
) 38( 4"(0.9 181&(0+5 &! 46
18G35 1+$"")4
#+5 "$4$&
&""4

 "5 "" #(
7 G34&5&
  44 (58
 +# 6" 5) , V (..2519  &9" $4
4!" 54748 54+5& 
18+5!7 6# 

 $ #54


 $
44+$ "4

38
&8K 44 3 2"416 . &6425V (..2520  
 
 9" 5( &‘ 14  (V(..2520-2523) 59" )

38
6&,   21.
33

4! #+54 38%&)$& 4"5 #+5 944 38


4+ 1
H!.9 &)!( &‘ 46  &
&5   48 
 V (..2498     4 &  8  (     &‘ 3   4 "  & 8 
K 44#9
1 (.) 4K 441 3 2"&6
(-.#4 V(..2521
&)$4"66#+5)9" $4

 H! K &)4H!.9G  384(   3884
 OPEC8V(..2523 5 9" ( &‘  
 ""#  9   4$&   "    $5   9 " ( 4  K  
(V(..2523-2531)%&)$& 944#+5(4 38449"
( &‘&8 (&‘ 1 V(..2521  2  &‘ 2 V(..2522  9 

&‘3 V(.. 2523  5  4 1 V(.. 2523  17  4 2 V(..2524
 12  4 3 V(..2524  17  4 4 V(..2526  21 
4 5 V
(..2529  21 )    K &( 4) 4!&8
K 415 &8%&"    +
 & 4  154  44
5&6%&4n4 #9
144
 H!.9H!
64%&'( 8
 4 Plaza Accord 5& ( 4   &"
V(.. 2524  4K  8
V(.. 2527  4K  15 G3
 H!!
6     &    ˜š     5   4   "".9  #   
(4  +#(& . " 5%  & &54  G3 &46
#1 4""
)$444+( 69"  " Keidanren !5m

)$418( 9" 42,+  #+54


4   9 " ( 1 1  15 K   K G3     9 "  4  6  8  #
9+4! x)4"y %"&& .93l&  389" ( 4
( 114%"l&  $ 4 3846  4" 
4    %&   " (  + 
& 5         (IMF)
4l&  $
66%"   1& 
 "+51# 
 $) $
""

""'""  . 1 4( 4) 8   ""& 23
 +5 !7 %&4 38 8  4 &8K  3  .15& !G3  5 4
54 (1 $&‘ 15K K 5 2$ (&‘ !!)  4
1& .9%&'( %"&: 
 & 
34

 ""#9-4:  4( #+544 4 


:: 
1K  3 .6  4 9" %& 94 6  3 . 9 4 .9 
8 

% #& $
V (..2532  $)$&  48"
4446.9 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)%&4n4
(6(0 #4#
%  APEC 441 21   $&
 9‚   !5m
 "$
& 1  “ %&G   4 G 4)G% G
& H 
l l G % $ $
&4  $  $4 54"
 7 &8 ( 4"67 $ 441
""
G3  # ) 6 :(" ""4 " 6%&44
 5( #+5  $44G3# 
 $)$& &8
K 4 APEC 38(64"94 38 .K (3(
6
 "" Corporatism 58 Liberal Corporatism
9"  H15 " V (..2534  9 %&
 ( 5&   %" #  ""44$ 9" 8
44    ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) (64 
 %& &#. 
 4$41#.#G 4
4468$  " $
 (0 ASEAN Economic Community
6 AEC  46V (..2545 %&: G)1" G&
 14.9G " European Economic Community 6 EEC 
4  n4 "8)6G 4 14.9#V (..2563 %&
 4 &
9: 4 (Single Market and Single Production Base)
8 $   41 4446 .9 " Asia-
Europe Meeting 6 ASEM
4 1548
 $V (.. 25394 
94"   1  41   "&  "$   %& G 4 G 
l  l % $ &4  +K9  !5m  "  4 l
&
w 4 $
&   G4"G +
& %5  &4 &
-. G 4n4(6 (44446.9 411 5 
4 &   
4 9" .K 1 "4446.9: 
    ( 4   38  41 4         $ " ! 5m 
35

  G
& &
4"  54G4"!5 & 
  & 
0  ""#9-4 $ 
 $4(0  5+

& "".9 $# 44 48


4( 4 K 
G3&8"4446 9
1%&49" : 
%&&&
4%&&
& #9$& & &" 67 8( #+5$&  444 386
#+54 234! """4446.9$& (4
4 386744""
&& % 6   
" WTO 6" $161 
$)4
4 #+548# 
 $ 4""

44 38"   &$&  4)4
9): &6
!7 1  6  &   
2.3  
2.3.1   " A 
$I 
   !J"1  @@
   !
54( 4(1 (V(.. 2545) $&  &4
5"" # 

 $ $  16 x 54:  %1"46$y 39# 



 $  54:  %11&3 6 4 "5 4 4& &"

62#("5 444& 4"&944

444 Associational Interest Group


# 
  $&8 384( 1"!!  V( .. 2509
%&$# 
 $  
41"9" 6
:  %1 7 1  K ,' "" 281 6 & K– & 
 "+5 &  6  K ,'"" 322  & 4"54
 1    %&4
425"" # 

 $ 4 .K &8
1. 4 
.9 1
2. 446
 3.
 
 1

39
.&. 54( 4(1,  54:  %1"46$ (5(4: %(4(
4 5% +4+1, 2545)   8-9.
36

3.  54:  %1 ( (.


( "9"
"" 
"" # 
 $& 
& 4,
4
 9
1&11V (..2515 K : "$& 4"K :
 
 &"94& 4446.9
1 K 5$
6+K9
 11 13 5 4 V(.. 2515 (6%4   4 $&
    "V
""& 4 4(+$4 " 8"""
!
44&4 6 4 "K :
  44
5# %  1 & !5m  ‚ ‚ K !5m8$& 4
  (6 1 $ !6   %(&8
V( .. 2505
6!5m      !
& 34n4  8
 6-7 (-.#4 (.. 2513 V

%&:K 4 K 4446 $-!5


(Thai-Japan Joint Committee) :
 wm!5m6 $& (Keidanren) 6(Japan
Federation of Economic Organization)
  54( 4(1
4 !183 6 x 54
5: & $y K ()1 9 G3 23 44 44
   
# 
 $ 8
&8""   "5$ 

$45&& K4188 (-4  54( 4
44  .K : & 
""&8 444
+( 9
 "  &  44 411 8G3 "".9 % 

"  864
44 #  "".948 ""  
 $ %&(3( 54!G3& "" 
4)4 4  $3 "  
""#67

7 $(   
""(54$4& 38 44 3141
 
""#1 1"!5m5V(6  G68  %(&
 67

H5"8#(  
 $4( 2:  "   (5(
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
"#7 "" 44
 3 " $ 1   "41%&4"#9   
7
+"541"542#(
  G36 8)
 3.""48 1 "41$& 46 
$ $
"" # 
 $ &   
  ! 1&44!.948 6 %(&

37

&n 4    & 


) 4   &  K   8
 (K1$& 4" # 
 $ "54  "
 40
2.3.2   " AKL 
M$1 ?  
$I 

  !J"
K ()1 9 $&  23H!
5& # 

   $$    6  16  x 5 4 5    4:  & $y   & "



6  +#(&)"
" 4 # 
 $   
446""1&&  G38""4 
 6 3. 
" 7 44!.9  G3
 4 &
4$1  %1+5$& 4
46"""
67   
) "   46H!&  65 K

   4 6 !5m
  & "   6    446         6    $
44
54$$4$& , 38&8$ 3 4" 5  + 
 $ $& 4(4&8+554
 $(6
& 1(61 6:  "54
441
& 8 84$& )   
4454 4" "4 38

488)$4, 38&8$
&"4 n  4 54448(6 &
 $4
1& 
 &
  &4
 41 6
  
4.:  %1 41 54 $)4 K
()1 9 $&  $ 6 4&41 )& 38$& 446 54
81 ( $& 4 54$4+44%&41: &6 4
67
   K ()1  9  $ &   23 H !
5 
& # 
 $
   51 K 66
x 54:  %1.9$ : 3.K44 !"""& 

40
K ()1 9,  5454: & $, (5(4: %(4(50,
2519),   53-201.
41
6&,   53-201.
38

   y $&  K3.44 !"""& 


    %& &) 6"" 44+5 
  5 446 44 "$ 44:  !4K$

6  & " 44: :  # K–   8 



1  6 
)  $ 44  4 
  $
44:   $
%   1 &
# : 44 ( 44 4"41 1

164%"  44 8444""
 &  3
$& "&  4  6$  &%  "  5++5
 $&  &)    $) & 3  .8 ) $ 4 $ &    23  6      "
 5  +  
"  (6 "" 7 4:  " +5 
 54:  %1 84! 36
3.44  8
 4:  "$

 $ H!:  "  $ &)3 .
(+8
2.3.3   " AI AF-$A  (Corporatism) . /"0"1
(Neomercantilism)  $"1 (Neoliberalism) 1  $A.AB0 " AF
$I 
   !J"
   4  6 x""  54:  %149"  ""
1  11
(0 y  &) &844 
#
 
 $4+( 9 

G%&'( K&8K
4  4# 9
1 (.)4   9 " ( 4  K   H  5 " 
K 48 $
 K &9) 

G  67
)4

"" "516
44 44  $ G3
 3.(3(9
""8  %1(0.9
""4
G34
 &6$4
  +4   x4.946: 6$ 44
+5y (V(.. 2539) $& 4)

 14wm  ""
46$ V .. 1977 6wm) ""4+$ $

 "45446%& .K #9-4
wm3) ""
46$$&  (  ""4+$$

8
1. 1980  4
118  ( /›4 ()$&   444464 38 )$& 1&:   
&%".9$4$& 4'(
:  1
8
45& 
39

94+( & # 


 $ &
 " "& ." 1 %(&
68 #
 
 $: &&
 5 K ()1 9 
6 x 5454: & $y (-4 44 
 
 $.919: &8%&4
 9: "
486 "".98.954"" (Authoritarian Capitalism) 6
 ".9G (Fascist Economy) G3&.9
""".4
(Corporativism) &
  54:  %1
& &" 8$4
 

4 &$ :  9426%" ( 5,"%&


:# 
 $ .K &   &: &%& 54 +5 
$& 
    41 $&  2344(+ # 
 
$"9 %&'(  (K1 $ 616 x44(+  54
+51
1"46$y42  # 
 $
 #(4
# G3$& & "49" ( . (" 4%&425 (6
4 ( $
 %&4K 411
 
&8: "9" 1  + 6 ( :  # 

 $2" 9" &8 384(64 +5#1

:  & %""9"   # 
 $: 3 
x# 
 $$412"( 8 38 2" (K1
8 384(6 
9" &  œ44(+'( # 

 $"  (K14 44(+ 1&4 &(  :    &œy
 ""8 5
# 
 $" "( +5
% " &)# 4% 8 4 ( 0+4
(3(9wH
# 
 $ &4&
& 4
:  "(0
   4048
. 12 %&4 (0
:
&6$   &4:  &4 64 8.9  7
 # 4% 8 2 V.. 1944  (0
$& 34&8
42
  41, x44(+  54+51
1"46$,y (+
!!4"K–  46
 K 9 5‹ K4 , 2526),   180

187.
40

  International Trade Organization (6&  


  &45+4
1 &5 6#.
$4)
$)4(6 &5 )&4#   General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)  " 5: V.. 1994
&8
 % 6 World Trade Organization (WTO) V4

&4
 548 "" 14 38( $& "+( 

&  John Williamson  '41 (Washington Consensus) &8


"" # 
 $9 
 413 44 
5K

% 4    
1   (0

    &  
"5"" 9  54:  %1
.9 & 
&4
)
 38(6" 5 47"" 

& 4    548
 3


  


     !"#$ $%
& '()* +!
"!) ', "!) - % . !/'% 01)$
, $'$2 "!)
   '"!)#, 3!#,)
 -
3.1 "# $ %&'

 ) ) $'    ! +4  01 )    !  01 )          ( !   !
5'+ / $4#14+ $   $4#1)3  ' %)! )$ 
'"1.  $,(() !)"!)" , 4)
 6!  + )
!)  .
 ,) " !)
)#  )"!)  !  !   ))  *    )   $  ) 
% 7 % 7#!    % $  + / $ ) ' !   $ + /  !  )# '
  )! ! $+ / $)
!89 "!) $ $,#$ )89 ! "!)!  
(#!)
)#))) (Social Structure)  (#!)%& (Norm) "!)
 +H('5'%('  '"!) (#!) $ ,  ' %)!  )$   
/'
 $ $  !)) , ,")"  !  ! 
  ' $  !)$! "   +  '  (#  (#!)
'"1. +!%) !$(0 )"!)  (#!) $ ! 4
$   1)
89 )$"!)"#)(# 0#+'9$ "!)!.) 1)#$
  01) $($"!)%))%!!+'4 # %(, )!
0 3+ %$($ ('(! $) (%& $ (! 
 ' ))$ 1

  3, $($   (Associational Interest
Group) 6 
 ' 1) ($! )"!)
 3 . #, !)

1
-. . +  '+ ' , 
%!) ()+ :
)+'+
$'  
" //' , 2545)  # 8-9
42

)-  !)! 3+,)) +!# /'


 ,)"!) '"1. "!)
  
5'$('!( /'0!$! !/'(  "!)$) ,  !%$ 
'/'3+ !4#!)!!  !&%2

  01) "!)% $+  % 
Y+ ! )

  $(     $ $ .   
  ! 4   '       *# ,   

 Y+ !  ) (Specific or Specialised Interest Group) !   
(Associational Interest Groups) !  (Pressure Groups) 89 "!)$
! )!) % % # #)  
  ($, "!)
! 
!  1)
 Y+ ! #!), 
$"!)  Y+ !)
 $'   (Darwin Cart-Wright) , !  $' 7 ! (Alwin Zender) #
$ "!) d  e $   01 ) d$($ "!)!)    ! 4  $  + /  + ! 
(!% !)$(#!)+. & "!),( % 1) !)!! ) 1) ##71)
$(#!) +. & "!)f $ !/! !g %   (Arthur F. Bentley) #
$ $ de  01)$  8 $ + ' $ ,
f ,(    #+!##71)
 )!) ) , -8&'
 
 )!) ) , -8&'  

"# $"#!)#$ #$ ( .%
1) "!)4 3
3.2 ##&)
 * +
'    ) )  4  0% '   "1.     + %6 
+ !##! 4$71) $  +$, ) #(.) 4"!)(
!,7!( $    ,(#'l$ mm , d
#e+!+'8

"!)+$( , +! ' ' $%!) # .,) ! 4,%%%%%)%#
&%5'%('("#! #!)  #&% . 4#1$04
 
 . n  $%3 )1) #! 01)!'/'+) $('-((!- ('
"!)# #&!)$$ (!$ )"!)&  %!%!) 
!( 1)(#!)#  4,")"!)
)0% ! 
"# .), +!  %%!) ,%% d!  ' "!)"# e . 0!$

2
!) $ ,  # 43.
3
( 4   , d$+ / $)/'! , "# %!) ,e $'  '+ /
'%9o'( "!), !) 9 &-( p)9$'  , 2526),  # 173.
43

')) 0 3+"!) #! & ) .  '"1. #


 (#!)#%$6 !%4#! &) . ()*  (#!)! 43 (#$%"!)&
$ !(.)  +! 8!,$)
  0% )
!), )  $ d
e  59  )
!)  $))s+.-. 2515
 Y+ ! ) '))(9 ,))!)
! ( +.-. 2516 71) $)!)89 t"1.
  $ ) ! +.-. 2516 $  + /  $  )   /  '   %    . ) ,
+ !
 Y+   "!)!+ . +' %4 ) , !+H8n'u /  ( 
$+ /  ')!03 71)89 "!)$+ /)$ .0 3+"!) '
/'! % #$ 
 vw ! +1)+, d"1. e (!
   /'(#!)$+ /%"#  89 . + $ $)
)$ %%!) $) .   %%!( /'(   %%6#t
!
# /'"#$ $)!), 6! /' )#$($ ! )
  $, 
89 "!)
 !)   ,*  89  )
 ' 4 !  "!3+  #!)! ! , $ )% ') ! .
'  "1.   )   89 "!)!' )  !  $  + / % %  !%  %  +
$+ /$ ($!/' $"#!) $!
"!)
! )6( 3 )s +.-. 2516 71) $) ,) ' ! "#) ,)

()* +  #)%%( !)+!#$ $ (' !
 
% "!)& 
'"1.  $))$ ..)'"1. !)
 !' ,
'"1.
 !- ! & ! )6( ()* )$ ! $+ /
 $)   ')+ /'(! 89  ')!03! ($ !
) $)  %
&% )  $ & +2 -8&', !)
 f% 59   #! $%%"!)/')+'4)"1.
! ) ,#)$ )%"# 
 Y+ %%%(() 
/'#"#$ $
 ()  %$ )!)
 Y+   
%
"!)&, 01)" %% 9 &%# )(9, f  $
 #! ( ) ! $) (s+ .-. 2516  /'!   4 "0" 
%%)-8&', !)#! )(6, $#)"$)
 , $
#$ "#%%
, "# 
 Y+  ! (! #
44

! )6(  !) /'"#! )!) . 6 ) 


0#)$,"6),)  ) )  $ &#! ) '/'3+ +
$", #), ,%)f 
 f!)'( #! "!)&%%'# $)
. * + 045'$('&   1) )%#$ (#!) #$!  

  )-8&'   0%'   -!   )   '  /' 3 +  ) .   $ ) .
$+ / $) , 
)-8&' ) (#!)! 4 89
+1)+71) ,  (!
 3&6 )!  !$! 4! ' )&% +!
#(.)9 $3&, ! 71) !%#$ !# 3!(m
, /   
 !$ !. +!$ ,#"f)-8&'
3.3 ,-. " "/* 
 ,
)#))-8&'"!)   %%t(.),(
%9) #
' $ d### # #)#e   +!" ,) %! (!
 01) )(
'  ,( (# * . )/# $) - 
  )01)  4 3 )76 %') s+.-. 2398  (#  6"#4 #
 $) -"1. '(# )!!' #8(
 "#$ ' #
"#$ '(8(+''(, )!!)' #8(! *"!)
(! 01) -8&') s+.-.2475 (s ,)!)"!) ) 71) $)
-8&'
(( (Great Depression)
 $) $)s +.-. 2475-2500  %%-8&' # ,)
)#)
',# 3  %!%!'$ '(  -+! %# !+ . +'%4)
 #
% (' ' )# -8&' (.)&$'' +!
)!)

 #!4## '"# 4#%' ,(


% ."%
% "!)&!'71)'
%%"1.  )
+  4# )
.)!), $$$ %!%
!'$ '( "#!%) () - !'
 (H8n Domino) 1) %  #
+!H8'u /  1! &%!+ . +'%4)
) . !'/'+"!)&m  # -8&'6'+'"1. ! * '(.),( $ $)
, + 2 -8&' 
     (. ) 3+ 2 -8&'  ,  ) , ) (' , 
9  ) )') +!# "#4 %% ' 71) $ )%
!+ . +'%4)
  $ )$ . 3!  )  % %  ,# $       (. )   "1. y ! )

"!) ', (!!)%&%71)$   $
45

%%)#!+!# $ )   s +.-.2270 +!# !)


!#1)#(.)  ))!#
+#   $%#  $) ,  
#,) .6  1)  *+!# (.)"1. +!$%#(
!()*  
d!)/'!    (.)"1.    3 (s+.-. 2367-2394) +!+'8

# 4,%%!.)  ,(04%#)%    4 (s+.-. 2347-2411) 
!) $%4%vtz , %%%!.)        5 (s+.-. 2396-
2453) !!+  %(' (10 ( s+.-. 2440 !.-. 116) $%!.)  !.) 1))%
!.)
s +.-. 2451 +$+!# #'$!.), # %  d

)+e  89 d
#e 6+!+'8
"!)+$(
  6 (+.-. 2424-2468) #(+  %('"1. , # %$##$ $&
! '# 6 $ ! ( (!$)% %#! "!)/9 #

#  , +9' (  )*$($  ,  %  d+9'  e ,  $  11
+H-'  s+ .-. 2468 #   -( $n ,+ ) , +9'  ( 17
s+.-. 2468 #+9'   '('% 3e4
(& +%#"!)+!# $  !) ,! 7$
0)6 !#,)!7$0 71) ' %'$9+6)$(0 ) 
# $))+m%!)7$0  .(.)    $)- ')
 0 %
$ , s(.)#,  ! (%! .04(.)"1. ! 9 50-60 s! 
. 7 7   ,)!)"!) 6 (s+.-. 2454) !  9s
+.-. 2400 ,) . "!)+!# ,(#'l$71)   $ !+ +!)

 !)# !)!' "!)+!# $    $ %  - !
+!#  !) . ) $%& &!)6# !) 3 ."!) $
 #$ &  $% .1)#  ,(& ! 4,  $
! *!
)!)g)+m  s +.-. 2439  $($"!)+!#"#$ $
/'
)"#$

4
9) +6  '&,  ' 4"  - , ()+ :
)+'+)$2 ,
2519),  # 1-7.
46

 01)$  29 +H83 s+.-. 2457 &%# - #+  %('


 ' %8 #(.)"!)+!# $ ,  % %&  $ 
 9 60-80  $5
 6 $  $) $)'(# t)# ,* . $"!)+!#
 +$ $   71 ) 0 !$    n{  +  ,*"!) 71 )   (!)
$2 /(!) ,)!) s+.-. 2475
((.)"!)+!# $ . ! (#!)4, $%#,#$ )
04 (# (.)#"!) $ 
"#(.)%'8#"  
 !)# 6 !  
 )-8&'$  +!+' 8

"!) ' ! -   %%#,
% # ,%%#
 ,")" , ) ')
)#"1. +!8
"!),( vw
# # $ +!,")"  !), +!#! ,")"
, (!!)%vw ! * 1)'"1.
! +  %('# - # +!# $ 71)#"  ' # $
#$($  4"!)#  ,#$
  %  de (n  
+!#+ , !) +!# /'
),, !) $ +!#
" ) .,"6) +!#,g +!# 4%  (# 71)$#$(.)
' # ' $ ,#$# .6  '"!)!# ! 1) (!
!+  %('# s+.-. 2509  - #!$  26 8 s+.-. 2509
# .6&  #(+  %(' s+.-. 2509
(  - #+  %('# s+.-. 2509 6! d !)
$ . )5 $#$ #
 Y+ #()*! 4# % 
/( $5 ,+), +9' ,($(0 ), $'/ ' "!)
# !,(()%/ ! , # !!'/'+
 $%#, -8&'"!) -, ! ' ! #'$fz w$ ,(
#   !()' . )   -, ! - !   *!  

5
+9 %$6, 89 "!)     $) $) 2457-2482: % $)
 4

- 5, ()+ : + /', 2545),  # 242-252.


47

 % ! !) +"!)  #1) $ , #!!


/ 6
(  - #+  %('#  6 #$&% "9 .
)$ ,$)!'/'+"!)#$ 71)$fz w$ (!-8&' 1)(#!)!!
5 +!$%#
 Y+
3!#,) -  0% )#&%(.)"1. +! -4 
$"!)/'3! , 4#  ) #
% %)&% # #3!#
,) - 4# 1)$$ d|.3!#  0% +!#(.)"1. !) 
0%  $)+9' (.)"1. +! # 4 (,&%# # #, 
&%)# # ||# ! ( ) (' ! +!#  + )$ #!  !)
%&% 4#"#!6') )# 6(.)3!#"1. |.$+ /Y+ 3
!#% $)+9' $+ /# '(!+ " 4## '|..7
 $ #(.)$ 01)"9 . (s+.-. 2550)  $ 512 
 % %+2 /'#  $)+9'  .)(.)! 4 )+,  ())$
($, "!)/''(   !,  !,"6)  )#   #
)- , # %'   /  71) %$!%!%%"
/', ! + ! . $($"!)
)/' ) 4,%%(.)
   # ) $ 408  9 $  1 +H83 s+.-. 2550 () $
$ -   )+m +%  !) +)) 346(   ) +'89
  (# 71)!%
 /'   $

 H8n,#$ $ "!).)!) 3$ 6+! %%# 
(!!)
"!),( )5'%(' . 6 !!) 1)()$# #!
+ )+ ) $'  ') % % ! Terry M. Moe , Montri
Chenvidyakarn $' , $'9$#71) $' (!
3.4  -
% 12$. " "/
Terry M. Moe #" $'9%%"!)#$
   )! ! The
Organization of Interests s .-. 1980
 The University of Chicago Press   89
)($! )(! .

6
( 4   , “$+ / $)/'! , "# %!) ,” $'  '+ /
'%9o'( "!), !) 9 &-( p)9$'  , 2526),  # 176.
7
!) $ ,  # 180 , 187.
48

d!%#!  #'%"!) # . #% %   '%)$  $


#! "!)e 8
d$($  # . ,# ' ,)!!,(6 "#$'
()!)#$ e9
d$($   6 + ( )/' ,( 
!6(# !)"#  
%%)!)    !) $%5 !+  4"((! |||e10
d )"!)"#  '"!)%) . ()!),# 
,)!! ! ) 9"!)!#  (# ! )6( !+'9989 $
.),#$ 6 $y "!) .  +!(#!) %   'e11
, %$"!) (  $'   Political Control and Economic Influence: A
Study of Trade Associations in Thailand "  89 '% Terry M. Moe  
dState Corporatism ! , $)(.)
 &"#%% (.)
!0%  ($, 
 * !  ) )
 #  

 .% % "# $  !,
% , $  ! %'
%
-8&'"!)&
 & %  $ "#$"!) /' 0% )$+#!.)
$%#$ ('/'" , 3+,)) "  .  #% '
"#$ 0% ,(% - 3+,)) )'#% !%4)%
/', #"#$ $ !.e
"#    !%$ ,# ! 4 !)6( (
  . + $"%  Y+ )   , $ '((!
71)() !)  -( $ ( 12
! )6( ,# !) $  1)'$  (.),(6 )
89 ) #!  ! 4%#)604! &"#,
 # %  !

8
Terry M. Moe, The Organization of Interests (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980)
p. 192.
9
Ibid., p. 198.
10
Ibid., p. 198.
11
Ibid., p. 199.
12
Montri Chenvidyakarn, dPolitical Control and Economic Influence: A Study of Trade Associations
in Thailande Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, the University Chicago, 1979), p. 74.
49

"#  %4)04 ' 4#!    $%-18 ! $2 / 89
  .  !% $13
 (  ! 6 () Moe
  ( !$  9 & 4)#'
+!# $ ) &, +!#) ,$% ,(,)) # !%4)vw /'
"9  Moe  !(,(()
)  89 # 1)% -! *  !7 ( $ !!Y )(# .!6 $
+!# 4##)f#)!  % ! ( (!) ( 1) . !
$,(()) .! (' 14
/' # ", #)%  !)"#01)$!! ,!"!)0%
"!)( ) . 1)(#!) '(% $ ) &+!
  $15
! .  %%-8&'& 4#%% !(*#
)'$4#1, "# )$+!# .  4#(#!),( .  %%-8&'
(' '  . #+!# 04!)$  %   )   $# %) $# '% 4# 
&%16
89    1)"!)$ $"!)#!04# d0% e

   3!# ,)  -  01 ) & !' /' + !%)  ! 4 3!#  , )
 - 04 !),%%3&-) ' 1) (Artificial Corporatism) 71)$
$  !) !  # %  ! % &$  ($, "!)3/',   %  

% -8&'"!)& 17
+!#$3+89"!)# .   $89 "!)
!'/'+,#,(*.)  !)! $()*   !%"!))

 $1)  #&   %$ (' * !)"+)   + 


 ' $ #! #"f !))' , "4#%'$0 ')$ .
 )(#!),")" %4#!'/'+! 43 !!#$
!!  . (#!'/'++!(!(' "!)& !)
%
/9  
(!18

13
Ibid., p. 74.
14
Ibid., p. 88.
15
Ibid., pp. 88-89.
16
Ibid., pp. 88-89.
17
Ibid., pp. 88-89.
18
Ibid., p. 430.
50

!! ()* )$"#)(# .  $')(! !) $ .'(.),(!)


)' 71) f   ' ) "!)3!#,) -  ,( s )0 
6% '#+ )+!% # .)1)(#!)'()*     ,")"
!g ! . ) (#!)+1) )' &
)Y+ '     # ' )
  () -+!)# !%()*s
)#)%') #
 ,)#"#%0 9 ,)"!)
 3!#,) - )
#(.) $ ) "1. %') ! )!! +    / m (#!) 4#4# $ 
%', ('() 71)    # %'8 "!)( !)71)  $,  ! ,
(! !)!  / ($  /  6 (#!)!)! 
(!  ! )   $0   / #,( " f    . 6!
   / # , !  1)!$  )$'$( 
d  e   ) . 1) !)  $))  .
 '  ,+  !(& (+9'  $)s +.-. 2550 - 2551#389,
4#" !$  19 3+ / s+.-. 2551  %  , $$' )$$ d')3!#
,) - !3! "!4#%'$, $'  1)(#!)(.) $ ) Y+
) !! +"# $ |..e
  6 "!)$ !0!"!)&(!3!#,) - . 6 ) #! ! 4
 !) $  ' ,( !)   '"!)3!#,) - 9
$  31 / $ s+.-. 2550 $ - 26,859 %'8 . 71) $ #! ! %%
%'8 % .) 9 s +.-. 2551 ! 549,277 $ $%&6+! #
& !#$ ($, "!)3/') . &1)(#!)+1)%'8!! *  !)"#!4!
$'6 $  !)!) . ,# "#!##$ $)!),( / 3
!#,) -   6# & (    4 %!)  !% $( 

+/'+)8 7  (# #5'/#$!) .-!)    ( /$)-
 / 3!#  , )  -  f   % #  #   389 ,  4#  "  ! $  11
3+ /s +.-. 2551 $ d%) #"#+!(#!)((#"1. )(, )
)!)+!%,#f#3/',( )() "#(#!)"#+! #3
!#,) - ((#4(, ))!)$e
3.5 4*/, 5-$
#6 
-1 801)! )-8&'"!) $ -8&'# $,#$ .  6 #$
 $ /'!/'!  #! )-8&'"!)(
 $%!4"
 ," )/'( !) !%'! 4 !  #!'/'+)-8&'"!)( !%)
%
51

, (' "!)&%#!!  89  !#!)% 


"!)( ) .
 -18 #! )-8&'"!)/'"  1)$ +'901)"!%"(
 #! "!)/' . #$ $!  (#!)+'94$/'"  .  #! )
-8&'"!)( ! 4,(Y+  ," )/'"!)( ! #! )-8&'"!)( +!!%)

% , (' "!)&%   . "!,%), "!%"( #! "!)  /'
) .
3.5.1 */,6 -4
 #! )/'
 ()  .  01)  $ /'!/'$01) .  #
! )/'! 4,(Y+  ," )/'!$ /'(  $"#!)
 ()    4#$%
( ! $%'(' #!%'$ $# ,( $ /'!/' .  
0 #!'/'+)-8&'"!)( !%)
% !(' "!)&%
 #! )/'
 () . 0 $' , ,)#6 
4/#
  #$'/)0'(', $4#)-8&-( !)!71)"#!4 # 
$! )/'
 $ #, + ' , !" ! % "!)%'8 # $
,#$ $"#!! .
3.5.2 */,",
 #! !%))-8&'  .  01)  9 $ /'!/'
 $01) . !  #! )/'
 () $% (,#$ ) #!'/'+)
-8&'( ! 4 . !%)
% , (' "!)&%!#$ +!# 

% , (' "!)&%!! 89 !#!)%
"!)( 71)
(' "!)&%)$ .   %(!-8&'"!) -
 $ $
! )6( $'  #! !%))-8&'"!) $ /'!"!)
/' . 0 ,)#6  89  4/# ,(+ ) .#6 $
/' . !!%)
% , (' "!)&%#! ) , !   (!
-8&'"!) -
 $ $#! )
 #! !%))-8&',  #! )/'
 ()"!)/'
 $ $"#!)
 () /' 1)! )/'
 ()6
!  #! )/'"!)( . !%))-8&'#   /' 4#$%(
!$%'(' #! )! ) 1)$# /' . 6 !  (!!)%
&%4) , !!%)
% , (' "!)&%# ($!  )  
))
!( .  (,  $ !#!   - 0 #! )/ ' "!)(
!%) !#! ,  .( 3   -#  (# ! )6( +)
52

! /',(+ )!  ) $  /'! 4 ! #!/'%  01)  #! !%) )
-8&'"!)/' . # ,( (#!)489  !%/'! )! "!)/' .
 !%#$ ($! )  &$'''(,    ,ggy  -
0# $01)! )/'
 (),#$  6 #$! 4" ,(
&$' ' )  $ !  !%)
% , (' "!) &% ,(  
&$'' .  # (#!) !)(!%
% "!)&%  (#
! )6(
 $,#$ $'  #! !%))-8&'"!)
/'   # $ + ' ! !" "!)/' .  '(#  $' 

  (#!) !89  !%/'! )! "# !%#$ +! 4$ !%
+H(')/'"!) $ /' .  !  (!!)%&% #! , !
! 0!%)
% , (' "!)&%#! ) %"#!4 $%
 !%+H(')/'"!)/' 04  !%$' !%)"!)
/' . 
 4#" "!  !  ! Y+ "#! 5  !)()% 6 
 $%$'  '+ / .   19
1. 89 "!)' #, %''(
2. 89 $%"!)&
3. $+ /)!)
4. $+ /%"#  . 4#
5. 
 
 
 
    
 !!" # 
 $% & ' (" 
 #)
!    *+* ,$" - ' ." .! *./0+
,$"$"&
6. /' $) -
7.  # #  + /
8 . $#)+ ) %' !()' ! 4)
 !) #! "#)$%'8"#$ !)/'! +!

"!)( )) 1) ($! )  %'8 4 7 (  ( )  s+.-.
2549 4#% '"# % % !#  , 3!#   $ 26  , 

19
' (' +'+2 /, d$' 89  #"!)/'"   - e
!$'  " 14 0%  -18 $'  /-(, 2525. (!(+'+ ,+)
53

(, ) / m , !) /  3!#,) - ! . )4#%'


 $ 3   3!( (, )4)  !) / !$
 , "/' %'8
+2 +'%4   ( )  $ 4#%' .)!)3 9  )3!#,)
 - 2  ! .  )   3! ( , )  -  !' 
33 9 o
4#%' .)!)3 4  )3 2 
! )6( $ $ '"!)!)!  ."!)/'" 6
 + )+  $'  , )' "# %  +!# ' )  
! ) '/'3+"1. "#!)(6! '"!)!) (#!)%($#$  !)
$,"6),) (#!)'3  !)!)'Y . 6 (#!)+1)+%'8* (!
,(  6 !%))-8&' . ) 
! # % 1),($
# 
 Y+  9"!)"#!()#  !)&% (#!)+'9
 f   , 0 $ )   $  )

 $#$
 Y+   ) * .  !)  
3! !!,)$'6    9"#!()# %w ,
 %&m  9"!) %w . "#! #!) $%$ ) # '),$#!
 6  "#' # $' # +'8, + ' )f  6  $
 # $)() -(#!) )!$"#,  %&%w  .)
!) 6 $  ' y!)'),$#!, ' "!%"("!)"#!() WTO 20
 9   %  &m . (#! )   +  *    )  $ )
 $)$  9-13  s+.-. 2549  !) ' "%$  #$)!)! 
 !) +  ' )f  !)  8
 (  # $  #  9 "!) (#! )!!
! )6("#!() .(#!)  ) !)&m "! + 
 ,))!)"!)  $  19   s+.-. 2549
 !#)($&%
 & m  
% !%#    %  -     & % !(. )
(non-elected government) ,(6 )($ "9  $ &m ))"#!()
%%) - !(.)   !6!
 %
!  (#
3.6 .&. &*$/"/  *
 6 
   5 " ) &   "#   % )'  !  & %  .  
 !%! + 2  3 !  "# ,   $  , #" ! 4
20
Letter issued by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Royal Thai Government No.0200.7/18178, April 3,
2007
54

!"!) $  ,))-8&'"!) $)s +.-. 2353-2453  "!)5'4


.) (  5)  $+ .))(), )!#!%4# !% $ !+2 
"!)+!# $  "(!)71)(!-8&' !) $  $ %% $"#!)
(!-($8! )
.) 1 $! $%#"!) $ ('%
("1.
+#!* %$#$ #, $"!)+!# ),   #  ! . $
 )"#$%'#
)!
)g $%'#)!!-)"# , "#4 %%
/  "!) $
f $  (.) ,(!(#$ $ ) "1. ) ,)
!)  & %9 8n1 ) #  ' % f   .  +'  9),#  "
   (. )
9 /'+'9f!)  "1. 9  1) 9 & (#)('#$)
%
5'%(' $% f $ 3 , $) ! )
3' )!) , )$%
, $).) 3   . &%9 8n#  #,#f $% $ (!(.),(s
+.-. 2475-2481
&%"!)9 8n# '
% -8&'(! $ 2 89 !21
1.
% $%%%# -8&'"!) $
 () ,
2.
% )'# $ %%)-8&'  3  !
() (.)!# &%6 $  ' ) "!)!# # $
  !  )-8&'   1 )  ) '  #+ ! #  $ $( $  # 
 !",&  8 ! 23./. 2476 )!(.)6%%
    '  #  , +9'   + + ! #   $  ('  ,
 #!
(") (. ) 3-8&'  , ) ('
  & %)('   (. )  ! ' ) s
+.-. 2476  #!#  ! ' !(,
+9' 
 $'/&%#$ $ $ ! ,( ' ) 6
 %(y
() (.)&$''()* /'#"!)  "9 . (! 4 !"!)
$ ()#$$#!  90 "!)/'#()*.) &%1)"#
%% )/'#()*!) +!%%+!# $

21
( 4   , d$+ / $)/'! , "# %!) ,e $'  '+ /
'%9o'( "!), !) 9 &-( p)9$'  , 2526),  # 36-37.
55

!'(# "!)(.)
)/'! ) )
 &%
4#  '  (# , .   71 )    
 / (' ,  ($    !  % (. )  

"!) $   ,  6 $ %6($) !)f
$2 /$( $ f   , + ))'  f !), #$ ( 
#  ! $  28 '0  s+.-. 2498 . &%!+ . +'%4)  
%
 %%)-8&'"!) $ !22
1. )'#  %%)-8&',   #$ )'# # !
, 9"!)  (5  ! +, $'  +()*Y+   (.)
3-8&',) (' (+.-.2493)  #$), -8&'#&% 10!
, $)5'%(' 1)(.) 8 !",& !$  28 '0  2498 +! !)
$%  0% -8&'  !   - ,   )% 9" 
&$''+!#" ,")+!# $ #'/'+'-8,+!#   
 4')"!)#) 
2. ,#f!%!)' "!) $ ,
3. $%/'#"!) $

 01)% $+  #$ 
%)! )$
71) '     .(.), ! )
 % %
$'  '+ /% 3 ##  ! "!)
)-8&'"!) -
$'$2 "!)3!#,) - ' 
 3#
, 3!#  , )  - (! $' $ 2 $  + /  $  ) & ,  


 .#6 01)'(# ))  + %6+ !##! 4$
(  5)  . !(.)"1. +!+'8/'"!)( ,#$ ) ' ')!)
,  #!'/'+%)%&%#'- ('$$! (!$ )
"!) -1) (# (! n  $% #! 01)! &
   6 (s+ .-.2424-2468)#(+  %('
   $ &
! '#6 $ ! ( (!$)% %#! "!)/9 , 
 -( $n ,+) , +9'  ( 17 # +9'   '('% 
 3  '"!) .  !) . ) $%& ! )6

22
!) $ ,  # 52-53.
56

( $ #%(.)6+'"1.   $ 


 ,  /'Y+   
+!#,g +!# 4%  (#
(! s +.-.2509 # - #+  %('##$ ("#!!
1. )n  $%#
 Y+
2. &%6 $#!'/'+(!-8&'"!) -
3. +!&% #4,# '
3!#,) - #04(.)"1. (+  %(' .
 9 4#%'
& 4#!(.) 89 (.) . (.),%%3&-)1) '(# "!)$
!! ,!"!)!) .+ ! , !'/'+(!&,($'$2 "!) %%#


 Y+ $)3 ))


.)!)! 3!#,) - 1)! *+'
%%, ! (!!)%&"1. ! * ($'$2 )-8&'"!)
,
%
"!)& ()*,# f # ! *    $+#!))' %
 (# 71) #$' ,  !,  %(!
 4


  



   
 ! " #
$$%&  &%''(
" 
   )* * *$+
", &
(
%'# && "*!-( ,'& &*$#$* "
* &.( $/ "
% *0 
   ")'*$* " " ( !0'
1"")'  ',  
4.1 "#$%$
  

%2 .. 2509 *0$"/8%
'*)* & &
   &9& 
'*)* ")':$** /#*&$$!0'#+ $ ,1)*0
 %8 ; '  + %
*0$"&':*<  = &
'&<  &
  '*0$"";  . *=& &#,)1$)

"/ &>"1< /'1)))  &&<& "&*$( *0$"%)*$


  &#* (  < /')
; 
  ? &
&<'*1)&
'* *)/'* *) '** &&<& &

*  "  )


   ,)&' " " ? )
')$&;* 28
&#/ 2..2498 %&**0$" '&" .$+" & *0& &(
 
(  !0 ( -<%C''/$*) 1)&*#/ , *8 ;%

 &(  
 " 
   % % & "'*)$$
*$
 &* %
,! " (
.'' *$!0' 
/&
( >"  "* "  *0$"
/>"%'*)* "
" ( ; '*0$"%(-*)
'-.  

"* , *8( !0'(  &;
)0!0'( .)&)
 
!0'( ''8/ ; )
. &;),/'  = + %$$ $$ >*
#+
  1)>+
$
%$)
<"< "! "

),1)& &$$ $$ >#+
 " %
),+ %"*!-<  
58

.'* !0'(  -*0&' &&&;* 29 * 2.. 2497


* -&( - ;),'*)* "
" )* 
1. ",'>   &
2. "&*  &1 &
3. "1 "$*-I/' &
4. "1$*88* *) - / &
5. " 1 &
6. /  ")& &
7. *<  < *)K & &
8. !& * L & ""(/
-&M )* " '-. %
'*)* 
(%+& & ;%

#$*" ( * /'/</!$/'%* 
(
  

>+
$>" /&   ** ( "
; = * 
;%

)
,
%
& &&;*$*0$" %), & "'*)$$

 ")'%
(
 ). ,! (
.'' " , ,  *0$"%; *$

    >+
$
*$ <  " & &&* 
" *$(
  >+
$
)
*
-&M )
'*),$$(
$* *$( 
 ")
')$& &
%
&"9&  "-< &;* 28 &#/ 2.. 2498 
' &0
$/ "&9&*  $*)*
& ? "* ')$ )
&  *
-&<* (),%&( 
   &* ;
&'*)</&%8 &*8 "";* -&
   </) 
   -&<*  ( 
   $)
  &
& 4  )*  ;
1. 
/  (
%C''/$*)
2. 
* N!
3. & &*/''  
4. 
)
-&<* )* " (
 
)
$ %&
  
 "&- 6 ); '* %);* & 2.. 2498 ' )
&";* -
&( 
   *  1)&>+
)
*$";* & 13 
59

? &;&,)
& "
)* 
1. ",'>   &
2. " 1  &
3. "&*  &1 $-*!
4. "1+ && : &
5. *<  < *)K & *88
6. /  ")& $
7. !& * L "(
8. "1 " $*-I/' &
9. "1$*88* *) - / &
10. 
/ M (
%C''/$*) &
11. 
* N! &
12. & &*/''   &
13. & &*/') &
 &%2 .. 2509   >*O!0' "* &  < P$*$  2 '
%<
$* *$ (  2 .. 2510 - 2514) %&**0$" M-M '&"#& ('
*0& ? <  "*0$")
%
&, *8 $$(  < & 
 & *O!0'( &(1)'-.  "'*O!0'(
%
$"/&R& ',
 )
*$$ ")
*$ & &&;  %"
<)
' <" P* ;%
& &&;   *0$"*$ <$"/*#/  
)* " (
 
 ' 
 *$"1  
 " ,',*) &( #$*
(  <
%&  &* , )  "
( #$*" %& )
 *  1)%
&$ $

   '& &
 9&)& ;%
 *$ *0$" >")
%)*$   * "1< !0'( 1)  & *0$"' )

<$*88*
 2.. 2509 ( P (-)*.)
<$*88*
& &
 (P< )* &*  />")* " (
 
 
' )
*$
"<;%& & &%& 6 " 16  <$*88*
 2.. 2509 
"
  " 1)&
 3  + %
<$*88*)

;
 
   "
'* *)1
1
+" &<*, T &*&*  "/ &/'< "(
<*$&; ,U 
88&$*-I (&; "  -*0 '/V" -&"*, 2526), 
 180-
181.
60

*  


   )
' )$ *$ $ 
 ', 
'* *)  "$/ &;* 4 & & 2.. 2511 $"( 4/2511 &0

 &<$* 8 8*  )* "   &'# /  *   1 )&  
  % )
 !0 ' &
9&,))*  & 28 %<$*88*
 2.. 2509 ,)
(

)* 
1.  &
 /& !&   "!0'1)* < 
$&# >  ( 
 '**$
 "!0'  &
   %$*$ " ,)( 
  &0  /-(

 '$&0
 '*)* "),#!*$

 "!0' *-I
 '*)  ) 
 
/81/"<()(
 

2. *$! "%
(
 ,  &<*$
 /& !&
 ;!0' "< , &)  =%),/'(
&<
3. %
,! "(
 ,  *0$";*O!0'( 
4.  % 
  >+
$
*$ <:$*';=
&  '&9&$/%

( 
;&<&$&
(
$* *$( 
   2.. 2548
&) 1 *#/ 
(
 3 *#/ ( 
  &)* 
1.  &&;*$
 & &
 *0' "-% & "'*)
$$

2. %
,!(
.'' "%
& &&;  *0$"*$
 /&
!&  ! ";=& &, *8 !0'< 
3. &
 *&*& 
*$  
4. ! ,' "'**$;   =&" % (2) (
  ")'
$&# ">  ( 

5. %
!$& %
&+
" &<,8%)

 /&
!& ";=&" % (2)(
 

6. ,)&0
 ")' ) ',&- ,* $$ ;
<%<
$'/
61

7.     >+


$')
*   >+
$'*$
 < "  >+
$'*$>+
$1
8. %
,! , "%
&< ";   
 >+
$/&
!& "';=& &&# "1',
9. *!>"1<% 
 /& "!&( $/ ")* " %
(
 (8)
10. ,
/81/"; *$'(
 

11.  &0 "*!( >+
$'% 
 /&
!&   "!0'
12.  &0 "*!( >+
$'% 
 /&
!&   "!0'
13. :$*';=&  '&9&$/%

( 
 
;&<&$&;&
  
.&  "& (*) & 29  <$*88*
 ..2509
14. & (
 *$&;
&) 3  "
( &<
(
 12 &</ "/ &')
*$ &< "; "  %; 
*$
 /& "!&'
   ',%

)
&&  "& 
 
&&& 29  <$*88*
 2.. 2509
(
 14 &</ "/ &' & ).;%
, ,  -&
%; %)=*$' ":$* %
( 
  ;
,&? &'8/ ; ( 
   "!0'
( )

$$(
,)( 9&*$*#/  "
( &<

   "
 '.   
  )
),  &
9&, )&)/ (
"*< %; (  &
 >  (
&+"(  %

,!  *$ *0    *%") " &(


&(
( )*$:$*
")'>+
,;>+
&( 
  %  "*(
  ; '
(
',*)( 
  &&< *O&( &*"*!-
"&= 0  & (.  " &&#( $/ "1)P(
',*)
, *8 ;#+ $ ,'*0,%

  & &#),'&
    
' >"%
''(
" 
  =&C8% ( *$+

"&     &  " ? % & 


 <  $ GATT   #* )&
 
62

)
(
&  &%'&"  &(&*O &(
&(
(
 1"* )
 &+
" &(
%'' ,%
)*$( (
&  &*$ *0&
(1)&*  ..2531 ; &**0$"( "<<
&
$' " " " "   
"


1. ",'>   &#/ - * & ..2498
2. *<  < *)K &   2 ..2499 - 2501
3. '/" ",?,   2 ..2501 - 2502
4. $') <"'-   2 ..2502 - 2508
5. /    2 ..2508 - 2512

   (*  * 4 & & 2511 
&)
6. '+8 $/8;   2 ..2512 - 2516
7. $ /*   2 ..2516 - 2522
8. '' *O/   & &-* & 2.. 2522
9.  & /* 8'   2 ..2523 - 2530
10. / - #"   2 ..2530 - 2534
11. / * "   2 ..2534 - 2537
12. 1 ! ",?,   2 ..2537 - 2540
13. < <$+"   2 ..2540 - 2544
14. ). < "   2 ..2544 - 2548
15. & /    2 ..2548 # C''/$*
  .& -&  "</).)
,)*#/  "$$
)
&
*   
#()*+
, (</)C''/$* 2.. 2550-2552)
1. ;#$*" %  
 "!0'    <*$
 *0$"
2. ;%
(
 ). "(
  *0$" *$1$ "& &*O
" 
(C8$/' "*O!0' "
( 
3. ; &
(  * 
% "
   &*  &
& &&; 
 "!0'  
63

4. ;%
$(  "(
 !0' 
 ") ")'>  
< " !'**$!0' 
 "" /%
&< "  
(
 $
 
1. & &&;*$ *0$"*$*O!0' "
 
  
 &$ $
 %* ( >+
 $
  < %
1$ "),    <*$ *0$" 1)%
,!   *0$"
"  <  = *$ 1$ "  
 (C8!0' &*
*$/ " & (  &*$ *0$")

2. *$/ " &$/' < 
   &

%
,! "< "; 
(C8%$/' *)'$$ "$$
<   ">"*)*%
& 
(C8 "/ %$/' 
 ; "* *$/%
 /'<)
&1+
  $/'%

*&* )
(*$/!/[\$& '*)(* % "   '* *
'* ) %
& $    * $ (
    
 1)   / 8 1/ "  ",  
&(
 
&;&
  &* %
$ ,
*!/",( (
<*  (ATA Carnet) "* ;*$ &0

 )

3. *$ /(
 " & &&; !0'*$   &

&*&* " & &&;)
/' "
*$  = <  *$/'*)*
-& & 
 "!0'//' ; & & &&; 
 "
" /  * &* *$/ ""(   "" ->+


  ) ">  
 , &) "< ";*/'%
) /'  * 
. /' ACMECS 
  )
(
 &  &%'*),
/ & &&; !0'*$;$
 &:88/ & >+
,
)
" & & &&; 
")
& '*) * , * / ' ACMECS
 <(
  
(. 1  * O !0 ' %"/ & / + &   "/ & ,  1( (Greater Mekong
Sub-region: GMS) 
    <"*%(
 &
</& ;).  = %
*$ *0,'- 1);mno#,*$
64

,*"( %
*$ GREATER MEKONG SUB-REGION Business Forum: GMS-BF
")
&'*)* -&%
$ GMS ;< %
, & (
. 1  * O (!0 ' &[z    1)  ?  -&"?  - 
 
  <",*O 1)&/'< ) %

IMT-GT  &' Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Growth Triangle  %€)


!0' %
+ < ;&/ '!0'
 ")&/+  %

%
&*$1  
 >" &'
  )*$)
" /-<(
<<%
)(
. & &&;""( < "!0' (Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation: BIMSTEC) 
 
 )
(
 &</& Business Forum ;).  = %
*$ *0
,'-%</& Economic Forum ? &'*) $$ Back to Back 1)&/ 

%
&& & - 
" /  &< %
&&( "+
  '- &*$ *0%'*),(
 BIMSTEC '* &
 * 
 "/& BIMSTEC ? &,* "(/<* 
"*  ;"( >"*)* & &&;%
& &+&& (%
 
4. *$/$$
 "& &
% &*O " 
(C8/'

   )
*$  / &
   ( 
-< ;*$/& &
  = %
)
&1&'& ? '1< 
),/'( &< & <  '*)%
& ) ">  
%  
&
 &*$>)<$( /'  & 

5. !)&''(
 FTA 
   *#
>"$ /' %''(
 ' )
* ,*  FTA ;!)&
 >"1< ">"$ (/'  = '&,(
" (

  *$  = ? &,>"!,  *0 ">  (
&+"
 &<
*  #/    (  
   )* "    *  #/    ( 
-&</)C''/$*? *$"%
&&*$"""? &$/
; ( $
  = <  
 ) %
$ 
   )
%

&%'%; " &( %)


65

4.2 
  
./$#$ $ *( #
  
  +)  $ 
 " $$'
%<  30 2> & *0$")
&$$%
 <(
&&  &%*O
!0'(   ' '* *  >*O!0' "* &P$*$ 3 (..2515 - 2519)
1)P   %* O #$*     /  & "/   ' ! %
<$*88*(
 *$!0', *8.)
,)%
&*  <(
 &%
),    &<$* 8 8*  "%<  >* O MP$* $  4 "5)
&  '* ) *
-& & *0$"-< ; 
(C8!0'+
'**%&  . "
% >*O 5 . )
,1$' &%
<&$ $%*O!0'(
(  =&(2
*0$" ""/ &/'? $)
& &
 "
  
)
 &**O#$*/'(&)*$ &;& 2&1)'*)* T -& &
 *0$"<; 
(C8!0'U ? &<;   . ? *$*  
% $$ State Corporatism , *8
'*)* . *0$"€) %
"/ &/')
(
 &%,)1$
",1$:$*%)*$+   ( 1$ &%
 <&  &
%*O < )&/;*O  &&;%+ #$*/',%

 <&$$&(% )
1$ "  
C8/ 
!0'
&*$ &'8$1 !0'3
%&**0$"" *)K  /'+
>)*  , ( -&
 &* ( "  ; &
-&'%
&%'*$mC C8( (  & &#&
&% :$*%)=>"& ; '#( -&  
!&  = ' & &>">+*%
  (  (
 *$:$*%$ *
%&**0$""& . )*$<$)
* ' /' "
*0&*$>)<$'!0'  &" " % )(  , *8. ;
*0&(
&( -& "  * "( -&*O
!0' "* &  <(
&"(/( -&

2
& ', $$( "/ &>"1<& *0$" $$< << "
*O, (/ & : +'* -*0 &"*&, 2528), 
 4-5.
3
; )*, 
 11.
66

1)"* -& .   &( *0$" " /'&/ , ;
 
(C8!0' "/', *8= 1)*  > &# &
  "
, ,%
 *  % :$* -&"<   %
 /'C8
" &
  *0$"& *0$"' %)  /'
C8 "). /',(
+ '-( . *&# )

3 , *8=   (%
") &" <
( $$< ":-I(
& )
/  ), (  /' "C8*!+   ; ,
1),* "(/  . )
 &
 &&#( $$!0';
  $$$!* &);&/ ) )+)" /'   '*))
;")
1)&*0&*
 -4
%<  "*<  &''$
 !* N!  GATT
  &  :"*0  -& &&#$*< "*0 (.) ')
 "  #
/- "C8"
/>" ''&'*#/ "*( . '*)* (*  
 )*  ;
. '-C8 "/ ), (  *0$" "< "'*)$$
 ; *) 
(C8%
"/"  1).
(.  '*), > "1   &   *0$" "<%(
!0', *8
. '- &$$( #$* < ;*$/*O!0'
( 
  N&;'& . &*  </& ; T'-C8 "
/ ), (  *0$" "< "'*)$$ ; *) 
(C8
%
"/"  1).U &*#/ (
  %8 '" )
 '( . *)

#+ & " '-%)


 (   T  ;  
 ((
 (* )(
 %),   /   '
',*(  <U '/)"*
& ( . .&C8)
 ; &C8 &   %< *$+
; &(
%'
   . + &&  '%"/ &$/ ""/ &%8 /).  . 
 ; 
((
(*)(
 %
*$ < .* & &(
%' #(     *
 "  ; -&;'

)*$+ ( . & &(
%' *$*#/ <
4
 " &*, & !0'&; >  ";( & &/'
(/ & : 1  '*)& $m, 2546), 
 89-91.
67

  .  T  & &&;U )


 &,'%'P*
*  "$* *$$*8<%"*!-( T& U  %)& ?  *(
&*$ &
(
%' " &+
( '

)*$"  " -& . %  '* *)1)P 
 -&' <%'* *)  =)* * C8"* (    . '
'-*#/  3 )
)* "  ' + *$C8; T &(
%' " & )*  
.U '/)"*/)5
%&* * 0$""<< *  &, * 8( .")"  &  </ & .
)*$
 * " &;$$*$</&%<  
( *0$"&,)

);" 1 * %<  *0$"<<&</&. )*$ 5 * ; %2.. 2531


', 4 * %2.. 2532 " %2.. 25336
"* '*
& . .")$$" ;= '&)%&**0$"*!-
<*? *0$"& "''(
" 
&/)$$*$*0$"/</)
> & % :$* "
*0$"*!-)
" ." ""</&$*$
 <? $)
 "&$  (
 ).C8%(-*
(  < 3 #$* ; 
   /&  
" & &  ;'*)"*!-  work shop ;& $(  /'
&(   .)
  .& )
; ''(
 
*, *8%</&"   &).C8P
 "
= *$</&
. > = &%)
. )
"**  *0$"*!-'* $*) 1)/ "
&  &(

  % ( . *& )
&$$%>"*)*).%;
''
%
GATT ; FTAs " ? ;  )   ; '
  & $&$+- "&&%>"*)*)., *8; '
>+
$%
&%' "&  &
4.3 
$$ "   
.1 2
'/
1$( *0$"// /&*> &* &"*!-(  $ /& ),'&
( & &  =1)P'& )
&; & &  =& &1(
&  &%
5
).  *& "&, T !1  &>" ; # $$ C8
"  
(*$ & &&; *0 "<U , ,*  -&*O
!0' "* &  <, 2529 
 12, 15-16
6
).  " &*, & !0'&; >  ";( & &/' ,
 97.
68

*)1$( [z$" &


% * &1,1$$)
 

;")
/'*))
 Logistics  -, ( 
  
'*),( ",%); & & 2.. 2545  +  $$$.).' (One Stop
Service Center) &R&;") %<
' )
'*), 1)&  
* 0     (
 %
 + % +       )   <  &/ "  && &/ *  
&        
 ;  %
 '*) +      &      

   >+
$ *0& "*0&-<&*$ 
1  )  *0$""*$& /&*%

  ), *0$"
"*$ T)U 1   ),  1)* +   & &   
-<*  *& /- ) %
. *0* %<
,'%
$$ *0-* & 
<*)'
()
+". (")  3
% (( +"&<* ; &*&*  "/ &/'< "(
<
* $ &;   
 134-135 )

 #  '*  ( / '  $/ 8 $   * $ *    ( 
(
<& /'<$ (
<
" 78.41 &*  ),/'<
 %8 ; (   1<%
*$* " , # 1< &
&
"
" 65.91 . */' %8 P1.  )

(
<
" 70.45 . */' &&*',/# '$"/# '/)&
(  &  *'#+
 ;& .& "
" 61.36 . */'&;&) *$
<&*'"" & :$*&:-I#
',%
1<
(
<
" 93.18 . /'<',
 & $ /&#
& $ /& "

/'<'&/  1< &'* >"  & ">+
$ ,#&%
'*( /' $/8$  
" 72.72 . *0$" ' $ /&/'<&&(?

  C''/$*/'<&&%$/'(  "'&
) "
 *$1<( -)

(
<
" 94.45 . /'< '& &*$>)<$ * && 
+ ? 
" 65.91 .  /'()%8 & &*$>)<$&  /'()". "
(
<
" 78.41 &*$ /'<&%$) (  <
* ( */'#+&  .  )
*.; &); '/'&R&
,,%
&/) )* * <& & */'>+

'
 $ /&  )
', %
& 
 & $ /&   =, &? /'; '*0&  &#$* *$ %<

9&   & "1 %)* '*!+ ")& C''/$* [z<.* &  )


69

<)+ ' ,%


/ &%
 & &&;  *0*$<1)P%
&''(
" 
  ; '*  [z  & 
%'? * "*' ,
%
*0& )
*$ & &&;' /'%%
(
&+"    &)* '* )
 
$( </&  < "<'"*!- T  U * '
$ [z &&;*% >;''*$ + ''
(
&+"( +" &<*(
 
' ,%
.# ,'( *0&+ ;"/ &/'<
  +& &
 *O&' = "&"" " ;(( 
),/'%C''/$*$$( *0#+")" &1)P%*O  %
$$( *0.* &%
.) <*); '*$*O&( * *&;
(
< "<*   (
 <
,%
/ %
 *%
( (*  &*  ! 1980 
&
*0$"& && 
 %'* & &
  = ; ' &( <' "
<  <* >+()!0'( <+ "*!-,%
*0$"* & & )'
 $ /&
),     ' &( & &
 "
   =+  ;  '(
 <* & &
)"* " !0'( & &  = '$ ," &&* ( *0 <<*
 
(  * & &*&**%)*$,& "()* '$
(* !0' & &
  =* &'*)  & (
& (.   "* &
&<  + 
  & C 8 )
    () "*  ;  = &* >+
,  ( & & &
&&#*>",%
& &
  = () &;;"
 "()'&'
R *>"1<( &<%& &)
7
' &%& &
  =;>"*)*1$  *0$"*
',)
; '%& &
  = .& &#'" *)
;&*$&
( </& >+
+8>"1<.&*'& %' < -; 1$
(
1) %

  ?  #$* + /)  
  & 
   &&; *$ 
<.& &.   2 "/ &*$; 1$ 
 "/ & 
 %
&

1)', %
$ !* ( ? * & &>"  
  &1%<
()
&&#( 
()
 "/ &.
 %
&$$1 
'%
1<  "/ &
& %&*$ /* 
  &>"*)*
7
+" &<*, T &*&*  "/ &/'< "(
<*$&; ,U 
88&$*-I (&; "  -*0 '/V" -&"*, 2526), 
 189-
190
70

1$
 $$1 
%(- & +*#/ *0&  -<? .
  '%

 "1$*0$"&**%
&
 >+
*;%8 '%
&

 $$ ;,' &/ ? &%
   1$

(
1)%&*& +*#/' €)*$' ",*88*$8/z
)* ,"  
T>&. *(
1)&& ") , *8 
 (
1)' 
" %
1) ' + >&.  ,
*$8/z8/z")(
1)
%8 (  &
 '%
 , .&  .& )
& & &;,(
" *$8/z'

&& %
 ;†.. &
',*$8/z. " %)
;=)
 ' &;%)
. (
1)";
&  8/z ' &,)1 
(  [z . 
',)1 
  " ? < "; 
††     
*$< 

. %'< &   " %
& 
 ,  %
&  (") &
 
(
1)&& %+ (††.*
  .& &.
 *††..( $  "/ &††.,' 

††.U8
&%& &
  =;  & &(+ *$>"1<(
&<  ", *8 1$$   %
1<  "/ & "/ &.1<
.'
 ($
 <  1$
 (
1),%
 (
1)+ (;="/ &1 
*.'
 );)
'1$ (
1)*#/)$"* &;(
1)  (
*.
  ()
   *'+ (& )
& $ /& #
" %
(
 (  ;*  =.
 + (&)
 %"/ & 
*/' "
 %)
>"1< *.'" *)
#
>"1<(*)*.'
 ( L *
& &
 
 "
  *& )
&$$%
'(
,)1$-1) * ,)1$&*'; ( (
<
',    &  '/ )   ( #$*   
 (  < ;  &  &#  "/ &
>"1<&#&**    %''  )
1$*$ *0$"
)
/#+ / & 9&' *0$"1),)'&',)
&
*0$"'
'*)* 
  (&;+&( #$* 
  =*0$".
&)
%

  &,'
% $ /& 
)
* )
' ,
$" ( 0 $/ "(/$
    & &&;
( (
< " <& &&;*&( )&* -&(&"

8
; )*, 
 194-195.
71

-1) *0$" "


<8<(
 &)
"*!-( %
& &&;!;
*  %$$
     = #$*  (  <&# '  $ / & *  
)
<   
'
((  %)
 &<& &
 "%
& &
%

*= *$ %

*$ "%
,*  &*$ ' '')$

%
,%
& &
&,'(  ( ,')* " * + (
<
*0$"& )
%
,'
  ,
&*#/ %
'*)*  
%)& ),<; % 

  & &,'" 
? %
,'  -&% $ /& 
% & )"   < '<; 
%C''/$*&; 
    
%)& ).& &>"# &
&<& &
.* &#
()

%)
(  ( #$* 
 .()& (
& (.  &<  "
*   >"1<%'( & & & "'( 
 ( (**%
 
' ,%
& &(*) 
  &<)
*,'%>"*)*1$'  " 
)
& ) *$'

( *0 *;>"1<P( )
9
'1  
 )* "  ( *  >"%
 ''(
 " 
 %$;  =
<  WTO *$"")'%$?*$ + '';=*& )
*$
& &&;  .&' /'*0* ,*>+
, "%(-)* /';

  .* &1  
 "*O&& (.  '"*$$$
( %
&>+
,; &,)1$ "& (
 
 "
'. ,)
1$%; ''(
" 
'& & (; ' &/ ( (
,)
%& 190 ( *0&+8P$*$ 2.. 2550 ('& 190 ( *0&+8P$*$,%


  & &<;  *0'& >+
&
''%$%& =%
"* !- [z ; Bilateral '%$?%$*0%
/>"  
'
 ), ; '  ( ?) )* * 
  
'
  "*%& "), *  !(
&+" >  (
&+" "
 
*$/'/  1)P * & (NGOs) ', %
)(  )
>"

  '
 *$/ " " 1  
 "*O&(  
(? ',%$ 6) %
"/)
'$$ *0-* &%
)
; +
*$" "

9
; )*, 
 194-195.
72

( $$!0'%& (New Economic Platform)&'/)&


'N!9&%& *$
 
4.4 
  
) 4#" $2"""

254 

 *( (Institutional Change)

  )
> " " ( $$!0'1"&"
* *$*  "*  &1" *  & '' GATT '* # WTO "# $$
(
" $$ FTAs  $$.& )
" " * =%/ ( "& -+"
*0&)
'*)* -& & *0 "< ()
 '#;1
*  ) $$%
 .  '*  !   &# ' (
 &   ,  * 8 %,  )1$
-)
 .& &#,)
(& ,%
*&!-  >+
(( 1 ! ",?, "<
") "'! &  ( &; ( $$*$'8$1
 !0'? Dynamic & "
.'. 
   'P1,
*%
(.  " '*0)
   .* ,&  )
(- (2 ..2551) '   '
<  " '  '/ )  & 
   
  '
  )  ' * $ /
" " $%& ;')
,
*  ", /'(
+  ( (*%
$( !0'1"/ %& 
& ); ','*0)
#+")"  %<
(
" 

(
&  " / /'"0%& (Economic Platform) "& Dynamism 
>"%
/'
 ),&9$$" "9$$( <,)()

1)*0& &#(*)( )

%  </&( 


   ">+
' /''
%? <   1 " m€"€ $ >+
" .& )
&  &&%
  *0$"( ( ,"* ''(
" 
? :- "
=*$
(  '%
*&!-  >+
(( Juliana Giam Deputy Director (ASEAN) Global
Business Division ' Singapore Business Federation  1&;* 24 /&*
2..2551 / M "   T " ; ( *0$"  %8 <'),/'
( ;=U   ,#&%/-* "" *1")
*$>"$' Nixon
Shock " Plaza Accord * Juliana .%
,$< )*10 >+
'm€"€ Ryan Patrick
G. Evangellista, Deputy Secretary General Advocacy, Research and Corporate Communications
.)
%
&.%"*!-)* &  &(  /'%''(
" 
 

10
Letter issued by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Royal Thai Government No.0200.7/18178,
April 3, 2007.
73

*0$"'>+
), "%
*  ( JPEPA (Japan Philippines Economic Partnership
Agreement)   (-* & >  *$  ( *0; ' < "&< *0
$  * & .<$*$(
"  )
(! ( "
*$(
" 
  *$8/z
)
$/(
 &< )*  & 
(1)*0&  ( 8/z;*"
"*!-*! 8/z& & &* %'' (!&
(-$$!0'1" (Economic Platform) ,"* " "   ).')
 ))*%
* "
 
 (
" 
 "&**"/ &=&(;=
)
(
 &*$"/ &%? 9 %(*$0' &&;
*%)*$
  AFTA  ASEAN Economic Community ; AEC &(
" 
""&  <  " /  ";
  
 ;ASEAN ,"* 
 "/ & "

*$"/ & EU ? ;  *$/         . ; &&#(  "

  %*$*%
 *$#-)
   %$; 


  '
 !*O( EU ""/ &>"1<%/1 &
*$*  %" " ")"*> &'" EU%C''/$*
4.5 
  
" Keidanren .1 
2 '/
*  $$$$( 
   "*!0'
8/z (Keidanren) %,)1$-&;)/-$)*(
*0%* 15   & 2 ..1971 " "" /"*0*$ ,
(suspension of the convertibility of the U.S. dollar into gold and a float†. "%<
&.$
!! (surcharge) 10% *$
,(
11 )* 
/-%* 15   & .. 1971 &;$)* *$
"" 8*0*$ ,? "(
" Bretton Woods System "
,)%
.$!,(
! 10 %  
,(
>"%
 /";%/1 "8/z&
(. (&*&
 (. (  ' 360   8*0M  (
 ).%"**
,%
)C8  >+
$  &1)P>+
$ ;? &<(
&*/'& "+ ( 8/z Keidanren . )
& 
 %
*0$"<)< &

11
Robert C. Angel, Explaining Economic Policy Failure: Japan in the 1969-1971 International
Monetary Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.) pp. xiv, 80.
74


 ()/'* ""%& Keidanren *$/
 )
 &
 %
  '& (. 
&*
&;* 11 * 2 .. 1971 Keidanren )
 (

     *0$"
%
>  $ /& "" ; ' $ /&&>"$    .&
>"*0$"8/z&R&'< $!*()" "".1)%<
1$;  & %<
* ""
<  "%"
=* Keidanren )
* -, ( </);),)) 
* $    /   ' ( * 0 "/ 1 % 
C 8   N         Businessmens
Diplomacy ),
 &
%
*$ *0( 8/z?   (. 
")
*$<;#;&&")
'* %* 26 /" & 2 .. 1971 Keidanren * &$$%%
,!
;  %*$/ $$'*)( *0 &
 '& )>"%
*0" " 
&  .)
,%
*0)
*$+
  /'& %'%),'*); * ""
( *012
%<  ")  *    &  9"*  0%)=  
  )

),  (. (  $&;$$*$$$( Keidanren


%<  ")/-  2.. 2512-2516 
 
 ; '+8 $/8;   %
*
%%
*&!-   T8/z&
   
 #+ $;  " " &  )

  %8
1)P
/* ',
 * ?;'8/z &
%C''/$*  %8 
'#; 
)"""*.& 8/z)
&%
&*   1)P
()%8
 + ? (  100,000 8*0M (  8/z,)%
#; "*13
'%
*&!-( 1  ", ?, (
  
%<  2 .. 2537-2540)  >+
(;* 
  & )
&&%)=
1)P/-)(& "

(
$$(
 
)
) # &   ( $$ ""* (  <*
 )
) "<*)' &
  Keidanren " 
  '&"*!- "
*+
 ;& %<  )* (  /'* &) "& &,''$* *$
&<%
,&)
(&<&#' ) &. ",'/); *0  )
12
Ibid., pp. 150, 161, 189, 193.
13
>* : *,  ( 1"-  $ (/ & : &"*!
2514), 
 220.
75

 Keidanren .)
) %
. &;# "&& "', "
 .
 ) $$
>+
,
$$/- ;"* /- TPlaza AccordU 2 .. 1985  )
(.
(   ; $ * ( (*( $!* 
()" "".
 $$ *%
*0$"8/z&< ";"  < 1   +
)$,? )
*$

   /  '*0M 1)
  &%
/)/& &
(*)*$9( GATT *0$"8/z' 
 "%
&< ";'< $!*>"
; >"; / %  (-)**0$".*$/%

>+
$" /%  1)P%*0M
(-(*$*+ (;=  
   "/& (MITI)
)
%<
&/
!0'  )
*$$*$  .<'&*!0'
; Keidanren ; '>+
,&*M*$/1$:+( *0&1?14
'* Keidanren * )
  ;  Takashi Ishihara (
 -, 
*0&1?* (%* 31 /" & 2 .. l985 ;!&1$
!0' "* &&* $$'*);$ " " ( $$!0'
( 1"1)& Haruo Maekawa )>+
  8/z& ? &
</&** &) 19 * %" 5 ); "%* 7 &! 2 ..1986 -, .)

, %
*0&  $ * .#+  Maekawa Report15
%  $ 50 2( Keidanren &$*$$ "),"
  (  /-*  
&",)*$< %<  ) Nixon Shock * Keidanren )

'$*$/&$  # >"$"   &" ),/&


    %/- Plaza Accord * Keidanren ')
  Takashi Ishihara (

 &%'*),  The Report of the Advisory Group on Economic Structural Adjustment
)* )
" & "
* )
'*)* -& Economic Structure Adjustment ;;
  = ")
'*), TOur View on the Economic Structure AdjustmentU )
16

14
Yoichi Funabashi, Managing The Dollar: From the Plaza to the Louvre, 2nd ed. (Washington D.C.:
Institute for International Economics, 1989), pp. 101-103.
15
The Report of The Advisory Group on Economic Structural Adjustment for International Harmony
printed by Cabinet Secretariat in Tokyo on April 1986.
16
Keizaidantairengokai Gujunenshi : Editing and Publishing: Keidanren Japan, First Edition,
Printer:Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Year of Print 1999.
76

%<  ")* "  &  :"*  0  


  )
&  
 (
 ). *0$"  (. (      * %&( 

  &  1  ! ",  ?,  )
% 
* & !-  
  1)  %8 "


  '),&*0&$&1)P   

( *0 "

  '& & '(
/  " &
 %$*(
-& & *0$" "<; 
(C8 !0' (.) P$*$ $$
17 2 1),*  -& & *0$" "<; 
(C8 !0'
(.) ,*  -&*O!0' "* &  < (<.) );* 2..
2541 .& &,; )* "     %)
)* * $$(  <%'(
& ,)1$-1)
%+( %<
#$* 
 ;   ' & )( ,*$%$$  (
(
<* &,'+ * )
,*$,)1$- 

&%"*!-(  &&;!;*   *0$" " < )* ')

"  


", )* $ '* )* ( 
  *   ) & + $$ 
" &* "& ' 
;+ $$ *0-* & (Corporatism) ?
*0&,' $ ,*  '*)* "(
  ? $ &
%"* 2 .. 2516 '&
  ? 
" .&  ,'( *0.* + " " >+
"  *
;  ' "(/   &  <&(   * O & "   ) ( /   ' . * &
" " ' ,'*0 $$$!0'%
1  
 "  )
,%
"" $  , *8( * & ; )
1 " )"
&
>"%
)>"$ (
 /  <  &";&", !0'&(;= 
&
*  )"
 &  &  )
* $ )+ "
 &= * $ * O /  & *    . ; 
&&#%*$*(   /&"* '
 ( (**$'? &

/  ,   "',  &  "
/( %*!mnom+
 )"
& ",,"* 'C8%8 % *%"

77

" '  


( 
   '&#*$* ",
&<%
mC[z ( 1"* * ? &
  <
=*   &1" *  /)
" "/  (;= 1)P"* 2 .. 2537 
& ''$//*.'"
,%
)>"$ $$!0'€) ;   Market Economy
%
1  
 ( &%& ,'*0#+"  ,'( $!*(
&<"*$&
&(
$$* * ( 
  *$
8/z.&
&&;*+ ;*0&"%'*)  *O( *  #$*  * >"%

''(
" 
& &)
$ "$  *)
)* 
'/)&
(  * 
%8/z    ;%2 .. 1877 &;*0$"
&'. '
 
 *88& "-< & &)
, 
*  2 .. 1858
*$*%; '*).$! *0$"&'. &, *8 $$( */'
 ',; %; )* *9&
 (Chambers of Commercial Law) '
#+%<
%2 ..1878 ; ''*)* 
 &
 ( *0$" )* *
*0' *$/  ;),'&%
&  ( ,' &; 17
 * O ( 
 8 /z   & *      ! 1880 &;  8 /z   & / (
/&*&*1)*0$")
&")$$" ; 'C8  ( *0$" 
*0$"./8%
& &$* *$.$  &<)
(Compulsory Dues) "'/)&

& &
&&'*018
"*  &1" *  1 / &( 8 /z  & (
 + / &*  (Heavy
Industry) ? '/)&
( "/ &$!*()%8   Zaibutsu $!*" )
 *
Industry Club Of Japan (ICJ) % .. 1917 & &+
 
& )
$ &

 ( 

*
1"* &'/&P$*$<$*-I# &#  > ,' "  ; "/ &&,'
/&* * "8/z>+
,1"* 1"* (). &'/&P$*$&<
&# "*!-) )   = ( 1"?   &"*!- !0' &; "*O& 
$$P(  
 (
 && &* &*  *   %"
< ) " = &"* !- &* & $$ >
&/ %& '/)
 1"*
&*$<;&1 ( !0' &; "*O&  '
) $ ,;& * &(+ *$*(  "&  &+ %N!9%& 
17
Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto, Trade Associations In Business History, (University Of
Tokyo Press, 1988), pp. 5-6.
18
Ibid., pp. 15-19.
78

ICJ   "? *0'mC & ). ',9&%& =


* >+
!9 (Diet) " ICJ  >+
%
,)&*!0' (Federation Of
Economic Organizations) ;+
'*%<; Keidanren %2 ..1941
Keidanren '   /' "* /  & *  
&19
8/z&  /' &- 88 21)&1  
  "
 " *%< 
&
 ;*0>+
& "&"%$'*) $$ Corporatism
%-( 8/z"( *0' =")" &*O!0'( 
"&; <&&()%8 (' (.  &'"*$&" *0%,)
1$-? *   '-(  &  <  
 
. * & &     "  * 0 "
 ( Keidanren &
 '  
/& "
 ($$)
<<   /& "!& 60:10)
; )
/"*%; ( *O&&"/ &? )
  " %$ 6
/)* " ,%
''(
" 
  ( 1)P(
" 

  *$8/z& &   *%&  &(  /'>"%
&*$ "
1<'(
"    *

  #+ '* ) * ( '   ) ( * 0 ; 
  $ / & )+

&= *$ &
  & &&;' /' $$( 
  
& 1))) (  '(
&  &*$*0& >*O!0' "* &  <
&$/%P$*$  ='* %<  2.. 2523-2531 &**0$""& -+"
? <  &C8 !0'
  )
(
  &
&% -& & *0 "< (.) '*)* (1)*0$" '*
&
$$( 
  .&&(& !0'( 1"
"( + %
 &;1"*,)%
 /'<
 &$$
&(   .&$$" .* & &'&" *0%,)1$
"*=)
&;$$*$  "
*( 8/z ; Keidanren ? )
#+ * ('
 ) "
 " *  )
*O$$&   ; '& & (.  # '/)&*%
 ) $$&*$( *0$"8/z ' /&)
 
  
&$$ "" *0%$''(
" 
%$ JTEPA 
  Keidanren
)* ')
*  - !$$( 
  %'' JTEPA
$ 5  

19
Ibid., pp. 20, 26, 31, 33.
 5


  

 
 

 
     
  (Negotiation)
( ) ( 
  
(* +,  -.( /01   2
*2 (/*3/. 2
  ( 52      
   (*   +  ,   6  2 
) 72/.)( 0 58 / 9  /)5(
.( *:2 +5( / 9(* +,  :2633
7*5(*,32);8 6 7) ) (< +5
(*95 ( 6
) 0 = (Relational Power) /.2 9 /(

025(
   +C/(35
/. 
(*, -( 
(52 :5 /(:55/. /*);*2 (/*:2 
(
9-(D, *5(EFGH/5((-(/. /* Negotiation Theory L. /
 9);/.5(G(*2 (/*  * 0-.(:D 7*6=),) 5(
 7*/. (/  MN  *.  )/ * /. /*   Win-Loss - (  
 7*6=   )(MN  */. / *  
Win-Win (L. + /. /D2 
 ,2 0
. -(0-/. 0
.  0-.()(MN* /
7()6 ,2/. 0
. ) +5 S*28/.D, 5((:2
-(3 );( ) 0 =, /. /5(  3 58
6;/. N )T , 3=  2/ (() 5 2/* 
L/:2= ( L/* (/*, (
 /* :2/ 2/
+5
 ) 0  =  (* 3 ;/. N * ( 5  3  ) 0 = (*3 ,    
:D-(2*  =( (3 JTEPA7*6=),) :)(MN* (L. +
X * /./)  5(6 L.2*  =(*(5(MN*;/. N
9 ( 0;/. N( );*(*/.*:;/. N) C//*(6
2*  = 6
  -(E(*/E(*(*:2  (Collaboration) :5;/. N(6
2*  =/.( /*(*(  (Competition) L.9H /.D 
MN*;/. N /*(*(* 7* ]0  ^52)
< G5 6 C/
)
/.;/. N*-**E(*/(( :2 -.() 9:2;/. N9*
80

/*( 0
. **( E()
 -( 52 :2:X )2((* (/
:5/.) *9 ) 9;/. N*(  )
) *2 3 
7*. 
    +5( 
D2( (52
 (:5 
01 GT
:2S*(-. 6  (*9
5 02( 6
) 0 =/.E, 6 5(( /*);*
.:2 +5D2
  :2  )/*
5.1."#$

  
 

 

 
%&'() 2510
)<(: * 
. /33  0 
G 25107* 3 ;/. N)
 G5); 2-(70d
* d0.. 2511/12 +5  :2 -.( ;/. N + ,/.);(*
 2  (3 3  * )/ *  2     3 ;/.  N  52( 0C
6 *=
( GT 
)  (3 *)<(: * +5:()E3

 (6MN**   5 X *)(()
* ;/. N<*5
C  *-;/. N (Thailand-Japan Joint Committee)7* /CD,:(
  (Keidanren) +D,:(MN *;/. N + : -.(/. 6-7 0FG< 0..2513
)
);(3*)
 G5 60-6()5= :2( 6( 2 52
+51
-.( 3/ + 0/*5 X *)(((* L.  /D2
33  -();;L-(*
7*6=/.39 0/*) ) 0 =:2
5(MN*;/. N/.6*L-()
*   2GC/9 
5( 
 d.7)D2
5(* 2/.* +)
( 5)  6 7
()5=:2D2
5 -()5= 0-.()(( +D270 2/*)5= 
. 2
)((2 -.(*8 -.(E,6 +5E 
3 0-.(D2
5()5= :5)((
2/.* + -(:6 *9;/. N:
 5 X *)((2E,* 2
6/.** 5= C E2 +
 )<(: *d 0. 2530-2534 :2 2/.* +:2 2/.*
( ,2:27() -(:22 :5:5 

1
C= 096 )
T, 2   
* D, *, (  0 : 70
0= 1,
2519),  97, 104.
81

,
-   ''# (&.. 2529-2537)
  /3)<(: * /33(*6/. *
(52(3 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -( GATT L. 
. 5:5
2) 72/.)(:2 -.(  /35
)<(: *5
C  ,:25
5 :2  3T32 :5(*L.3*-*
(/520C
6*=* C 
55
)E02  (3(  * (d ..
1986-1993 q  *  +) 6
:55=d.. 1982) /)(/
< (6L. +D,:(<( 5) 7*T32 /*D,(3/. /.*(7*53
)
 6)
.( /D,:-(*0G=
r () ) 2 *
7= ( 5 26* :2)
  / /
*)
 3,C

))
 G5T32 +D,/ *L.)(2(3( ,2
(*(6= 52= (/5 )<(: *d0.. 2544-2548 /.
) <GC=3D, /* -.(/. 28  <0 = d0..2551  t*  +6/.*:0*=) <0
) )C=;= + )<(: * (d0.. 2523-2530)  
GATT + -.( ()<(: * + -.(/.  , -.( T32 
7* 3(< (6<T () (L.D (:29 , -.( -.( + -.(

   6 -.(*u:2T32  * E 5(*)
 G5(*,
*/.75 v :2* 
 /:0*= ((/5,5) 0-.( 
(3WTO /:2T 5/0C
6*=d 0.. 2550-2551)) <GC=3D, /*
/. 18  <0 = d0.. 2551 *-* 6 /*D,:< (6 2 / 
)
.(
:2 -.(  -(*0G=
r ()) 2:2*
7= ( 5 26* 
(*95 T32 /5C :65
*:201(
)665
:2(52.*<G/ 2:2 (*-*7*)  2
 
CT 5/ /. 25  d0 .. 2529)7* /T 5/ 0C
6 *= + 
 :2 /D,:)<(: * + (*,*C/. 6 *33
  (:55= 2    C 6 /   : 5  5 (    6
C x/. 18  <0 = d0..2530 ().C :65
*:2
01()665
:2(52.*<G/ 2:2/.1/2530) (/
6 C:5 /D,:)<(: * + (*, 0/* 3 C-(C(  
2
) <GC=  C 
55
)E0, (/520C
6*=, 15 5 2 2550.
*
L.53) <GC= (<
/ 55<C=, (/5(
3/   
0C
6*=, 6 0F
* 2550 t < G5 (6* /) (* /D,:/.)3
-(  (6= 52= :5<0  )
 G5(* G5x uv.
82

*)
 G5:2(  )
 G5 C(  * ),52 :2
C(  *2 /. /.*3 )(/ 3 C-(C(  
*  (0*=)
S;; C( x*3
:2C(  *
33:2(:55=  /D,:()<(: *
#
-   ''#
d 0.. 2538 (L. +d/. (3(  *:2 )9:2 /5(=
72 -( World Trade Organization zWTO L. /  + /:22 0
.

C: ) 6
x) /3*d()<(: *
6 0-.(-(:7*3* 
(C ) G5:2
0
C -.( GATT 7*/ G + 2 /  2  :2 3C 
) 
:22  )( 5) :2)(; C/:2 -.(3 *
Luncheon Talk -.( AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) )E<02)  -.(/. 4
0F
* d0.. 25373
*) 
 ()<(: *(3d 0..25414 /3 
)<(: * /
   0-.((3
 58  +
(=72 (WTO) ( L/* (ASEAN) (  (APEC) :2( L9 (ASEM)  /
5C  
5 . C  
( L/* :201 GT

<,
<:2C  WTO  :2 /
 3**0
G:2(( *
 ,:) 6
 -.((=72 (WTO) 0-.( D*:0 ,  -.(33
:2 3/*358 ) 6
3 + 5/* 5(< (6* 6
*<0
:* 72<
5=2*
+:/.*()<(: *d 0..25425 )<
(: * /)  )( 
 9:2( )(:5(<T32
<*5(3(=72 (WTO) ( L/* (ASEAN) (  (APEC) :2 ( L (ASEM)
0-.( +)3) : ^ )/:22 <*<,
< 52( 0-.(
+ 5/*  0( (< (6*5(D23 ^ )/ 2 /) <
(: * * t* 72<
5=v   C 12 ]33
d 0..2541 / 0-.( D*:0( ,2/. /.*(3 3/*3:2(D,058L.
3
)-( 6
;6 ;) 6
(* /. 29 0F)3//. 23 / d0.. 2538
C ( )
5 /‚(22= 7:  )
5 /  22.
4
*) 
 (*(3d0..2541  4.
5
*((*d0.. 2542.
83

 *5(
35
5 0 C/ 2 0-.( + )
) (< 

 6 +( ,2:2:35:2 0
. *<0:52
 (56
(/ 2*d5(  
  / ()<( : *9* (*, 
2GC2*3d(-( /)  ,:) 6
 0-.( 5/*  0( (3
 )/58L.:* +2GC-(2GC: +
 7*C 
)<(: * (:2(/2GC.-( +7*C  
/.
/.*( 6C  772*/)) :2)-.()7  (*7
5 *()<(: *2*d 2 

/ :22 (/* 6 5 *6 ;) 6
(/. 38 0 /.
31 / d0.. 25478 3  )<(: *5/(5 
(
*5(:3)2  *
. 5( +,*=2 
 FTA  
0/*:5((:<*(   * / 
565
 :<* 
(/*  C (* 
3CT32 *-( 
58 0-.(**2,:22  )3  6  
(3
< / : 20 < / /.     +      d 6  d 0..2544 :2 d 0 .. 2545
)<(: * :555:  6 (3  )
 50
6 ASEAN-CCI 6 )< 
 (  6 3T 5/(=
72 WTO 6 ASEM9
( )<(: ** 3(/ )()E3 
 -(
)<( 5 ) :   * :2 )  *  5  (=    / *  
C  WTO (Joint WTO Committee) -.(/. 2 / d0.. 2542 0-.()
( ,2:2:
52( *-() 
58 + (<0 )(-( 
3<Tx :56   3 )E32 E,(*:(:2 6


6
)-( 6
;6 ;) 6
(* /. 33 0F)3//. 25 / 0..2542
C (3(2, BC 6 6 7: ( /( 5(=  (5,),  18
7
)-( 6
;6 ;) 6
(*/. 35 0F)3//. 29 / 0..2544
C (3(2, B-C 6 6 7: ( /( 5(=  (5,) , 52.
8
*6 ;) 6
(/. 38 0 /. 31 / 0..2547 C ( 
 2
7:
 
2 := ( 6.  6.
9
-.( /*  7.
84

   /  6   ( *    D23  


   /.  
35
   


 /( 3 )E3* +2GC:*)(*,
 9     )<(  :   * ((  * +  )  .  ()<
(: *5 063;;5
5(*d0.. 2509)  / 

 (52 (*
5:5d 0..2545 +5  : 
( / /2 E:2:5 5 C  -.(/:59   
(*  +
,  /.6 
d0.. 2548 - 2550 3 +6:/. /:55C H 3/*3
:2 (* +*:26 (/5L. /(=(3(<T/.
/.* (3   6 0C
6 *= 2 ( 5) :2
5  +/.G (=(3 (6 /)  58 :2 (63
/. /3 3 -.(  2 / +   5 D2/.  )   +  9- (
5( /*( ,2:2( )(: (6 /.) 
7) (C 6 /((32 6 /( ,:2 -.(
);8 ]0 -.( 6 -.(()
 G5 :2:2 
)
 -.()
 ( 5)
-.( 9/. 6<G/ 52( /( .,:2 -.( 0
. *<0:
3< 
2 (52) 9:2
(/.(C 6 / //**
1. G ( ,2 0-.(:S; 2( ) :2**:22 5(
C )<(* 0-.( -( )(*<T32 
:
2. 30
C(( /* 9S;/. /.*(3 3/*3:2
  
 
() 6
 0-.( )(C )<(:
 -(*/. /.*(<T:2 (6 0-.(0
C 
:
3.  

 ) )
 ,     
/. /.*(3 3/* 3
 ( 52         3 )<C=   GT
   :2
5  :2 0-.(7*6=5( 
 
() 6


*
(. 
35
:233(C 6 /(*,:2)(d(/:2
<*56-.(C  /* C  :2)(()

**
(E()<(: * /. 015/2548 -.(:55C  3/*3
:2    )<( :  *  d 0..2548-2550 2 /. 1 )
 
d0.. 2548
85

4.  -(
 0-.(X(GD27*6=() 6
 :25
5

35
5 0 C/<*5 WTO, FTA () 6

5. 6  3*/. /.*(<6:2 (6 0-.( 
D25(
01 
6. 6-.( 7*
 ):52)) 6
()<(: *
)<,
<37*6= :2 -(3((*26

7. :55C 0-.(6*
35
5   +
8. 
35
(-.85 /.3 (3 *C )<(: 
*
C 6 / / 6 (* 5( -.(  -( 0-.(( ,2
): :2) 6
7*D website ()<(: *:2 /
( ,27* 
*2*(* +C/8 0-.(6 +( ,2
6
 *-(< (6 0-.(*(T/. /.*( 5(
( C 6 /*D,3
/. / ,:2)3C= 

 3<T ,:< (6(-.80-/.58. ,:33(
)  3) 6
((5*
5 D2/.)<(: *5() :9: 5/*  
7*6 (*5( -.(9 0) *T32G
C /7*3* (52 )/
-( FTA (* 2*(3 6 )Tx ;/. N 2/ / (
 /* , 3=  (() 5 2/*

L/:2=  3
</:2  3 2  ( L/**
:    /)     3 < T 0 1  :5 ) <( :   *9 *  /
( ) 3,C=(( ,2/.: *:2 *-/.25D, /D27*6=-(2 

/. /D27*6=<T ( ,2/.) 3,C=(), 3 
, 
5 D2/.); -( )<(: **/. +2  
6 0-.(
G 958(5 ( (* 
 /:0*= 9( /*/
) <GC=:D, /* -.(/. 18  <0 = d0.. 2551) 5(
6

*2*L.5(6 
 + 5:5 500,000 E 2,000,000 37* C5(
G
*.L. +( )(**
. -.()<(: *  /3 C
(5 (5((3<TL.9*  0/*0(  G3 -.( ) 3,C=
S;(3 C/. 2 / 
< (6);* 0. TL. +1  /.
)-3 -.( :5(/55 FGH/ Corporatism
86

( )<( :  * +(= /.   2  


(-. 6
)  58 *    9:2 *-()  ( 53
) 6
()<(: *9 +) 5 /.(

02()<(:
 *((:(2(/ :2*
.((:(  /)   /  :9 *
:95
5  (3 )/:2) E *- )(<T (
5 D2/.)   /*<0 9-()  2/ +)  ]0(6/0-(
]0 
 6)  (; C/:2 -.(3L.,
 
(5) E/. )(
( ,2/.2 (/*:22)<(: * (  /H *33
 <T5
5()  2/7*5  
35
*T/. //. 9
6
;)  2/  * ) (
)
./.)<(: *5(-(5(336 7*
  -.(LL(3)  2/ :55()33 9 t v (-.8/.) 
2/2*)  /) /.*((*,*:2 ) E-(() 7*)  
)  /* 6  9 -.(: )
.:2( ) ( *0-6:2)5= -(:2 
)

L. 9 2/ /.*7*32*8)
L.)<(: *) E /33
/ -.( /) 6
22* 

5.2 #4'
5
66
'678,5
('"% 

 

5.2.1   (( 5)     ( /./  *E  5( /
2<G/  +2 -.( (52 )/5( /  0-.( 
, )(MN*-(2*MN*2<G/ )
( , :2(55 2
( FTA :2 WTO 2-(   </5(0** 2 558/. +( )
2 L. *E<G/ 3)
:)
(D,(3E,3
6  D,  (3( 5 ) D2
5 - (  )  ((  *
 *(  2 <G/     ()
  
/*/: ,  6 /10-( D,D2
5)
 2995(T  (7* 2

10
:33:)( ,2(30
C*)
(( ()
2  S) )3/
7*)  D,D2
5 0-.()((* 0-.( )(5() GT
2 (16 .. 2546) ,3;6/
*2 -.( * (:22(5( 2)3 5 )/( L/*-
/ ((.) ]33/. 2 (15 ).. 2548) *
87

<G/ : ;/. N11 +5


( -.(<G/:2 * / /*(  ()
-(3
 -.((-.8 6
-.(() ( *:2) ( *0-6  *E /*(T5 5 5()
7*T
5)(3 5TD2
5<C…=(  6 ()(:2*(
* -.( )-(3( 5T((/. 12 :5 -.( * + 
 201  /  ) E),5 5T  )
 /.),  05
5T/.),6335( -.( 5T5(6335()
/.D2
5 *
(5  52*633 5) ( *:2) ( *0-6 Agreement on the
Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: SPS)* * 5 /* /S;( 
-.( 01:2 5 8 (( 6(*,) . ) ( C/.T32* ) E
5(375   *
/ / *    (*  9 5   /   0** /.   3   -. ( / 7 *
6) 0  =   /  0 1 :2 3   5TD2
5 )
    ),    52( 2
7* ]0)
 G5
S;/.L 5
* 0
. -( )
 G5/.   6*:* 6 2
0   0,6 :2/ L.D2
5)
 G5/.(  5T *:59 / (*
) . ) (7*3 0/* 0( C/(= (T/. /. * (  2    
5T)
  (* :9 0-.(  (D,3 
7<:2X()
*E,
3)
 /.  5T

11
()(3:E2 )<(: */)<( 5) :
 * -.( 5 )/*-;/. N  )(7*2  ( 5) 29 )<( 5) :
 * (5 0.. 2548) , () :2(*  +  526(C*:2
;/. N )3 + ) GT
 <D 1 )
 52<G/( *  459-
493 *
12
)C (:2* -.( )-(3( 5T((/.  L.
(*(5  ( 4/1 :H ]33/. 11 (0.. 2547) ((5  063;;5
(
d0.. 2522.
*
 52*633 5) ( *:2) ( *0-6 ( 2  3 () 6
5(
 5) ( *:2) ( *0-6(55( 
35
5 ( <(-( + 2-(
35
/.
 ) E(
3*(* / 5 D23) 6
L. / -.((* /*-(2*2(*, / E(C
5(5:2(C 5() 6
(-.)
88

)()
3
 ); 6-.( 7*32  <3

(3 (3* 4 (/
1. *3
    7*D, * 5 ( 
     * D,L- ( 6  
3
/.G-( 

2. *3
7*D,L-( 
  /. D,* 6 G0*32 -( ( /.*
3. 2  ,  
3
:2 
3
2
4.  2-.(**3
  3
 ,  6 
 :0*=
0*32
 (*<3
/ /.*(3 
 
 +); L. 
* 0( /. ^52(* )/  
/0** /*(  (7* *(
* ^52,:
( 9 / ( t
66/0v  *E:0*= 
 )E
L. /*(
D,   (7*) -.(D,/.5(  (35()(3D
66/0
3-(5 6 ,<G*
5.2.2 5()

0
G 6 50
G<G/ 2 (Generalised System of
Preferences: GSP)  /.01:2 / 5 6* 2-( 201-((*
01<G/ 27*2<G/ )
36
 0-.(  2/) E
0
. *()((:5 / -.( 6 5)

/5 2)(( 0
. E3.
5 C…=/.2 3
G/.3)

/ /7()/.67*6= +) 6

)<(: * D0C
6*= 0-.((D(
5.2.3 5(3(  <T / /*(< 
TG
  /*3:2 )/* /*3( (52 )/ )/*( 0-.(< 
3
3:23 5: ( 
:2 T32 / GD2/D2 )/* ( FTA
/.T32  (
 FTA *:2(() 5 2/* FTA *:2;/. N
FTA *:2 ,:2 :5< 
 33)   / /*(T
56* 2-(< 
 0-.(35<*2 )
) 2  /*( 2/
 35(3)((*6 .T32<*5(*) *  =  2= 7*
0C
6*=:2 G5:2)C=5(  0-.(6* 2-(:59 / -.(
/.(2 (/*L.* :6*3  (* 0/* 6 / -.(( /
6*)(G)
/.E,335(* L.D,(35(
:2 
 3  (
89

5.2.4 5( ^ )/ 0-.( ),525   C/((52


)/*3(() 5 2/* D,(3*/.7*6=2<G/ (
(() 5 2/*C 
(() 5 2/* 0-.(6( 0
. )((:22 7* /<T
)3) 6* 
3*
5.2.5 5() 0
5 *D 2(2  
 /* 
 :25  6 D,D2
552*(*D2 3D,D2
53L
2 /*
Sugar Alliance 0-.( 3 D, /. /X(  6 )<0* 7 :2
)Tx 6 2 3T 5/<*5(3 WTO  6/ +]*7()
D2  ^52)
  2  /L. + 5 (* /./ /.)
  :23
 (-.(* E-( + 
5(* 0-.( /. 
7*6=),)  7()):2GC/ D2
  / (52 )/
5.3  "6#6 6
  

5.3.1 % 9:)9
C H 3/*3:2 )<(: *
/.G:) 6
  -.(/.) E 6 -.(*2 (/*2<G/ (
*:2 (-. /5((*  -(  -.((:2  
)
 +: 
) 6
3 C…=D2
5 0-.(:2 
)
 //. C…=/.
* 6 /
   , (*5(6 C…=D2
5)3)
 +5
   :    +  2  GC  +   ( *E      5    + 
C /.G) 3C/C  +)  0-.( ,:) 6
:2
66.7* -(3<T/. /.*(:2 
*2*58 ) (32
0-/.E5*7* -(3(5 -.(  /)<(:
 *) 93L= -.(/7* ]0 0-.() 6
E E :2,*2 (/*
/.*3 -.((52 )/52( 6-.( ( ,23 93L=(<T* (
93L=(
       (www.dtn.moc.go.th)    5   
(www.dft.moc.go.th)
 9/.) 6
) /.)  -( (5:2* 2(2<G/  H*
:2 
)
 :2 -.() ( *0-6:2)5= C//. +E /.*3 -.( 

8 6*2 (/*( 5(52 )<(: *9( ,2
T32-(:D,5
5(3(=T7*5

/.E, 3 ^52 /* (T32 )3 )  6 
75    )
  2  7*      5(d :2 )/* <G/  (50
G/.
90

 6 <*5(3 52 FTA *-(() 5 2/*   D
 * /75 -(D,2 D2
5)
5(L-()(3)
/.D2
5
 . 6 20% /*33D,2 5(D2
57* / Local content 20%*
2/ +7*6=5( 
D,D2
5  :2D,D2
5(2E*5= 
(9* / )(T32 (/.  :2)(()
 /
55)(3)
   :2 3 ()
    ( /.    )  (( (export) / *   Mutual
Recognition Arrangement (MRA)** -.( , 52)
2  /. /(52/
35)(3()((:2 -.( E -(2*9) ED:  
7* 5( /5)(3L ) ):D,(3)(MN*
3C/ D, (3D2 T(( 3/* 3L-( 7* 
);;L-( ]335(0
C)
/.D2
5 *( :2 C<0D
C…=/.:29L-()
: ),L-(5 
5.3.2 "#/" 5
)<(: *  
* (:57 3

*2*(-( 
*2*(-.x 9/.5(G 0
. 5
0-.( 5/* 
-(352 7*3    ( ,2/.

*/ D*:03) 6
7*) :2 () 0-.() 6
G 0
. 5

-( D*:05( 0-.( / 5/* 35:5(
5.3.3 "66# 

5('" <=
)<(: * 3)  *:2)<( 5) :
 *-( /*  C  < (6 (.)   7()/. + 0-.(
)( ,2:252()   -.( /D,(3/.D2
5)
* /*
:5 +) 6
 5 (=  6   C…= D2
5 :2  
)
 )  3
-.(6ˆˆX:2(
29(
)=
C/(2<G/2N3 ,)<(: *)3
)<( 5) : * +<*:2522 /*7* 5( /
752: )/*:5(*

*
5 Local Content Requirement * 2
:2 5 (52 GATT  (3(  *
(*9/ H
35
* / 52(*,
**
<*5 52 JTEPA  /(3 -.( MRA (Mutual Recognition Arrangement)
7* ]0)3)
ˆˆX:2(
29(
)=
91

5.3.4 "6 (?


/   D  )-. ( 26  
 * 7 =:2 )-( 0
0=  -. ( 
(52 )/(*5( -.( 0-.() 6
:2) C3  
3<T*
58 0-.()  D*:0( ,2/.2  ( 5 C=733/.* 7
:2* 72 5(2(<*3)
( 5  )<
(: * 3 5 G( ,2:23**) 6

:2 (6.2* 0-.():)3, 5X(((/*,(55(
)
  (    + (*  (/ *  
*    2 L/ * ˆ^ 2
 ^ )=
/* :2/ 0-.()</ 5/*  3(/*, /(/. 9 +/

5.3.5 "66# #@
(
  ) 5 8:2 -. ( (2(<* :2 )<( : 
 ** 
3<T 0-.()3) :2( ,2 (3*-;/. N
*-)Tx :2 *-(() 5 2/*7*  6 3 9(6 :2
((6 ( -.( ( ;5 (6   ) ( ,2 5: (6 
0/*0(9) E5
5(23 *< (6  5(*C/ 3(() 5 2/*
-.() ( *:2) ( *0-6 /.*3 5 )
:6 *9:6:9 5:(
)<(: *9 (
3**<0(D2
5)
/.) ( *:2
/.) 9 /5C  *:2(() 5 2/* 0-.(:S;2
5.3.6 "6&")
=, #66 ,'6 66" B CC
5:()<(: * 
 ) :26 3D,:
<T:2 (6 58<*5( International Trade Commission (ITC)
L. +*.<*5 UNCTAD / )= 0-.()2  D27*6= 
58 7*  201:2(*01 /7():)(
 95( (52
 
5.3.7 B D
()  
 ( 5 ) (*   5    :2) 3 D, D 2
5  
D,)((52  3 D, :2X(( 5) 52
()  <
  /.   
     )<(  :   *   3
 5  
03*/.3D
6(3 3/*3
 ((2* ( L/*-( ˆ^2
^)=  2 L/* /* :2
/  0-. ( (   - (   3 2   )<0* 7  -. ( 
92

5 /. /.*3 2(<*(/.)<0x(( 3/*3


 /.( +/ :2
() )<(: *3 6
;T32/ 
) 
-.( WTO )   -.()3(< 
 *
5.3.8 #D
? '6"67C
 -(H d0.. 2550 C H 3/*3:2 5
(  6 2 0-.()3) :25
5 D2 
  () 6
5(
(52x /.:2 6* 2-(:2:) 6
/. /S;35
7* ( )( 5  0C
6*=0
C 6* 2-(
 
35 +5
5.4 6   6
  
% 
  (Free
Trade Agreement: FTA) & '  (Regional Trade Agreement: RTA  " 
(Bilateral Trade Agreement)
 '7
%9 FTA
 (3 WTO / *23/.() ** 5 D25(/
1. 3(01:55 ,) 6
:2 ) 6
); ( C
(*2 75) + 201)D2( /*(/.);8/. +( )5(
01 35(3)( 01 6  92<G/:2
(  )
 G5:5 23  01:29 /*( ^52
)
3
:22 
2. ,:33 (3 WTO +:33 Single Undertaking  * 5( /
(52 ( /D2633:2 + /.65)
*
96(3(   (Consensus) *   5( 96(3 /
D233 +D2 *- *-(
  (52(3 FTA  +(( -.( , ) E
 ,  (:2) E6(3 (* 6 Comprehensive
-( Framework Agreement (*2 (/* 85)  
D235( (3
WTO :5(*95   /(52 FTA 9 /D23 6 0:52
(3 /5 3
 6 -.(H 3/*3 :2)(()
-(2 
+5 -.((525)
 /*:5<G/ -(H:2 
)

5
93

 2/.*:2
/(52 2/ +(* 9:2 0
.  -.(*8
+D2)<(: *5(3 2/.*3
(= 0 /S;
6
7):2S; 6
 GT)5=)E3:  (New Institution Economy)L. *E
 6-.(    
 /5  0C/ H 3/*3(3358)<(: 
*:25) 6
 52( );7* / X  *) 6
 0
.  *<0
: :5*  033 Corporatism * /(

02(* :5C /* -((
*9((:( +7() ^)<(: * 2/.*:25 (7*
) :9: +)E3/.T325(0.0  -(3 Keidanren (;/. N
5 (52 GATT (/. XXIV ( ;5 ) 6
(52
2GC)<0 2:2 5 )//.3  )) *13  ) 6

/:22(52 )//. +2  /* Regional Trade Agreements :2/. +
</
-( Bilateral Trade Agreements  *:2 +)2* :22*2 
 2 /*  6 *(523 <,
< (Regional) 2    ( 6/*
5(( ]/*5/. /* ASEAN Free Trade Area -( AFTA(3* * )
7=
 2 L/* (
7/ L/* ˆ^2
^)= 3, :2(32 (/ 4   -( /* 2  0,6 :2
0  :5C /**9(523 ;/. N* ( /*;/. N (92
3 ( L/*  0-. ( ( 52  )/ ( -( (52:**  3
 ) 6
( L/*(-. 6 JMEPA :2 JPEPA
6;(  5 ((52)  )/9 0-.(5(2( )
 )
 6 -.(<G/:2 6<G/ 675 -( 5(-.8:2 6-.((52
2*/),D372/.)  X *( WTO 32 9
5 27* C((52 )//.) 9:2*2 (*, 
 C -(3 200 (52.72
(*95 /2  /.  9*5( 5 )/ 0 9(523
((* )/* /*3, :2) :2)
.:2( /S; 6 C/0*=)

S;; -.(X()

35*G7:2 -.( 22*6/<0
/. 
 3)T:2;/. N 
 
3 7*(
(=<) /. /33);/.6-.( FTA Watch ( 93L= 6-.( www.ftawatch.org)

13
0C
6*=, ,  GT
0C
6*=. :2 )) *3 D20 </
(3(  *, (  0 : 70
0=6  )C= G5: *, 2537),  42-43.
94

C d0.. 2551  * (3 )/:330 </:2 -( ( L/* /*
*( AFTA :2 
<//.) 9:2633:23(() 5 2/* 
L/:2= (52/. 
)9:2-(3;/. NL.3365:5/. 1 0F
* d0.. 2550 )/.2 <*5
(3( L/* -( 3/:2;/. N
Ed0.. 2551 * 52(52 )/ (FTAs) 3
</
:2<,
< :   

= - " -5 -W -
 -"X5 -Y'Z 6
%  X, X-Y'Z
X- " X-  X-  B "D  W% 

( % 7)
W
6
FTA
(52 5 )/(*C/ /(*, 2 ,:33-(
1. Comprehensive -( Full FTA -( + 52 5 )//.) 3,C=:33 -( 
  -.( )9)
( :2 /2  +:33 single package L.
 52 5 )/:33/6 2
2. Framework Agreement -( +2 0/*(3 52 )*2 (/* /
2 /2 (3 52:2 Framework Agreement / (
/ E)
3*/.,);; / 0( /.2/ 2
<G//
/* tEarly Harvest Programv -(  /9   / tEarly Harvestv (3 5
29 /*3 ) -( 5 C=,  / 5
)/5(  ,((3 52/6 2/.) L.
);D2 -(-(6) 0 = (7GCE ) 9
3.(
6 6
  

 /) ()<(: *  5 )/(
*3 , (3*
 5(/
1.  6  
 9 )<(: * /(=(*
6  0-.(5
5 -.(   -.(d0.. 2546 7*5
+C  1 6    5
5 3 ( ,2  9: 
6  9/. /.*( :2)7*6= 0-.(() (/.
2  D27*6= / 9:*  (C 6 /* 5(
) ( , 2  3 )E3   
 (-.  6  )<( 5 ) :   * 0-. (
2/ 2/.*(:*3 9 -.( *-(< 
5(5
95

( )(:<T :5 ((()<(: *9* /(*,


-.( ) E(32 2  D27*6=    /3
7()/.)  -(D,(3(-.8/.  +) 6
()<(
: */. /(:*3 *-()<(: * C/
6/<T5( +D,5)
L. + -.(/.*230()   +
3(*)-.(58 /.*3(:* 2/
(  6 3<T2:2 / -.( C 6 /
* 6
;D,3
<T ( ,2:2 958 0
. 5
/.)()<
(: ** 0-.( 
:2 2/.*( ,2T:2 (6
) 3,C=*
.
2.  
(3 C   0C
6*= 0-.(
 
*2*3:G -.(:2 9/.);(3 58
0-.(D,(3/. +) 6
3E( ,2/.) 3,C=(/
  6G -.( 55(375  52 :2 5X( (
 ,  5 )/ 6 -(** 0..2548 G ) E
:3
(*3 ,  FTA  -( 5 2
0..2548 G<0::2D23(( 5)  *
<*5(3  )/7* 
*2*(* +5
3. +
 * 3     :2  5  
0C
6*=2*)E/.<58 -( < -( <5 <5((
:25 6 )  0-.( D*:0( ,2 (3 )/ (3<

:266 :2 93( ,2 0
. 5
 2 /*
4. /) ( ,2 0-.( -.( 6* 2-(D, 3D23
/.* 52 FTA 7*D,:()<(: *
:2<*2/. 5:296* D*:0( ,252(3 D,/.
5(3 6* 2-( 0-.( )(5(0C
6*=5(
5.5 %, 9,"
#6&#(5 (Relational Power) % 666< # #@%#9
 6W- %  
 (52  + 
T3T  /)
 (< 
-() 5(DT( 5 )<(:  *
 )(( /*(/.)  :2) 6
2*:C -(D,:
(5 ,<0/. 1) L.(
3*/
96

,<0/. 1 ,<0:))<T:2< (6 0-.(/


 *)3 
""  ! 
"'*%2#-. -. 
! "
#3%%)

.  .
.  . . 
34()& 1
• %2'" 
5 4
• %2-
  4 )5
(.) ()-
%2' 4, 2 3 %2-
!3334
* +,- /"%
!
%2' '!($ -
()  
4, " .
!3334 1- /
"0# )
" )
"0#"' 
#$%& '* "  


/ /. ) <(  :   *6  :   ( 0
0   ) 6
 /. /  (
/*( 5 -.(D27*6=2*7()5(63 /-( ) E
3
( /.6 2 2/.* -.(  +D, /( 7)
-( /5 : ), 3
G ;8 /.( /  ) 0 =  
3 , C/ .
 6C/5(*( (3 )/*3 , , /*(*2<G/
 2N +,*=:5D,(3 :2D,D2
52N* (3( )(
L. :*3D,D2
5()5= *L. 9*3 MN * , 05 7*6=5 
5E 
3E, D,3
()<(: *5( /*6 :2() 
7*
/2 2/.* 
D27*6= -(*(*2<G/ 5:5d/. 5 2
L9);;:5 /(:    (*5(01:2  2( * +:2 
5E 
3  14

14
)-()<(: *)E) GT
2 2/. )/).299/2547
2/. 3 )
 d0.. 2547.
97

C// +5(* 9D,:()<(: * ( + /.


6 ) /. +D,L-(2N*;/.) ( *6(  6
 ) 0 = (Relational
Power) 36 :2D,D2
52N* 0-.((52  C//.D27*6=
 : ) E2 2/.*)<(: *9( )((,C/
5(<T 0-.(5)
5(  *3, T5(/. 59 /.
 :5*<06( 6
) 0 =((* ,  6  
(3 )/*-;/. NL.*5(  ( 29) (3 :5;/. N  9
*:2/.) */9E,E(((*)
 2*T 5/;/. N
7(
L,
3*T 5/* 0.5..G
C 6
5
*x;/. N6( 6
) 0 = (Relational Power) 3*7*6( t
:2D2
5v -( 
C2  ;/. N* 
D2
5E*5= x2x
: )<(: *  +5: 3 , 
:5)<(: *9*5( t v 3T 0T5(( ,2/. (-( 
*/.) 63 ,  6T5(5 2<G//.5.) L.:*3 (6/. 
5(5 2<G/ /.5.)  )<(: *5(/. t v 3T
:) 6

:H
35
(<T t v 3< (6 +:
/. E,5( 0
( 
   6-.(:2* +D23*6 +(*((:2
(: (/ C L.); +D,3
0C
6*=9*5(
t v 3D,:(*T(-.8* 6  G5x +D,:()
 G5
( 5 ) +  D, : ()
   ( 5 ) +  5  ,  :33:2:
 
/5(3:5( +  -(T:2 (6
)( ,2:/. t v  :5( )(/ +
95( -.()(MN* /( ,2/.
2 /*2  G*2 (/*((3  +(**
.(/.T
52 3  .
 * / (3 )/(*,2*(3(3(
</:20 </
/ 1)  2  ( L/* 2) ;/. N 3) (() 5 2/* 4) 
L/:2= 5) (
 /* 6) ,
7) 3=  8) )T( 
 9) 2  BIMSTEC (3*(
 /* 32  /2 2
<, ( * 32   ( L/* 3 ;/. N / (
 /* (() 5 2/*:2

L/:2=(/ *   (325 )<(: *
)D,:L.<*5C  3/*3:2   6
98

( ,252( 3<T* 3*6 0-.( 93( ,2T:2 (6


+3*/. + /.2 :2:/.G( ,2 0-.(
() /.//.)  0-.(  L.:
:2,  -(  MN*5  6D,(3
-(*T(-./. /.*(
6 5/*   ]0MN** <T/. +  +MN*
 9-((3  ((T  ,;d0.. 2550 T) E ( :5<*5
5 190 (T  ,;]33d0.. 2550 T)<5( 96(3() 6
0
C2<G/)
 <T90** 7  (635 2(2<G/ 
/.) * 5 D2 D-.( ( + tStockv 0-.( *3MN*5 9 + -.(/.
   0<T  * D* 2923(/ 3*:33/ (6 (<T
MN*5   0-.(7*6=(< 
 (  t v9 

<T ( 6 0C
6*=:2 G5:2)C= )
-( 0C
6*=0**  G5*( 3 -.((MN*5 -(
 -.(/.*8 (
) 5 ./. 
3*2 + 0 *  *G2E
D27*6=:2 )/*0(  5:( 3  /:5 0/*G
    ) 5 /.)(-( < (6:2*T(-. 6
G5:2)C= G5   * 5/* /.:20* 0-.( (52
  2/ 0/*:5 2/.* (-( (-.L. //.(*,:2 6C/
(  2 / 2/.*:2 /.  -.(:2 
)
3(*
  
 6;:2( ,2/.);8 L.( +D2 
 )/* /*3:MN*5
7**
C//.< (6/. /.*( ) E52 < (65( -.(
23 G  0-.( )( *-23T  :2 ) E52(/
)(MN*95(*(  +(:2)

(T +D,5)
5(
  <T /G7* 
*2*3:-(
,2

0-.(01 * -( )E3(-.8 ))<(: *9 /
 
*2*G( ,2/.);8(/ 0-.( +( ,2(35)
 6 /*7*
3) 6*   0C
6*= ( )<
*
() 5: 
35
    0C
6*= +D,3 (3 *
 +, *=2(  *  )( -( ;/. N:2)T( 
L. D,:(
5  +D,3 (3 * +/ 
99

(: **)3)<( 5) : * 0-.( *- 


 93 9/. /) /.* (3  )()E3 6 -.(2<G/  )

(2E*5= -( E*5=6/. 3;/. N +5
3C/<T(*9( ;55:()<(: *  +
D, ) 5C=:2( ,2(  6 /.  9) ( *:2) ( *
0-63(() 5 2/* :23;/. N
(
   / )    (< (6  2    5  )<(  : 
 **  3<T(/2* -( 0C
6*=  G5:2
)C= G5 2 :2 ( 5) ) 58
.  7* / )= 0-.( D*:0 ,< 
:2 (6. 2 /*
5.6 # 
"6
  
% 


 ()<(: *   /.*(
3  -(3<T( ,2 (
:/)<(: *
2<G/ <*5 (3    5  )/  (*3  5 8     
) 5C=6 3T 5/(=72 7* /5(*/
5.6.1 :D )9<D 
&'8 )<(: * -(3
*T:S; 5/<G/( D,  6 C/
((/*,<G/ )
 -(:6 *9:6:9 -.(*))
/ (/*, +
/.(/*, 9  
 5X( (Safeguard) 3367*<G/  5:
)<(: *  3   
75<G/3(/*, 0-.(2 )/**
5.6.2 ]Y 6#
6%, )  /.01:2((
H 3/*3    
. 5:5 5(2(<*6-.( White Paper On Food
Safety (/.2 :2) * / 5)
.:2( 6-.( Registration, Evaluation, and
Authorization of Chemical (REACH) -(  3/* 
 )/.*:2( ;5
6)  / -( Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and
Electronic Equipment (RoHs) 0-.( :26)(5* 6 6
 D,D2
55(*

C6)  / )<( : * 3<T(
 9:2
 ,:< (6 0-.( 5/* 53
/D2
5 0-.()(2(3 5(( 
, 5)
.:2( (/ -.(.-(S;2(*‘L=3(((L= CO2
3*D2
5)
 ( /.*3 -.(72() L.C/ (d0.. 2551) )<(
100

: * 3<T/. /.*( ,:) 6


 0-.( 5/* 3 -(3 5/.
D,  65(
5.6.3 9 
% ) %  FTA '  )<(
: * 32
/0
C2(5<G/:)
/. /
 ((5  *E /522  :2*)
/.) E 
2<G/  (52 :2* 225  ,  5
2/ +) 6 2  /.1 ) E2<G/ 2-((*2 0 :, //. 52
/D2336 /* Early Harvest (3(3   /(52/ 6 52
JTEPA :5)3 FTA (3( L/*-/ *:2 FTA *-(
 /* **:2 /(52/) 2  /. 2
) E2<G/<* 2 1-5 d L.6 +:2<G/<*56-.( Normal Track
(NT), 2  /. 3 ) E2<G/<* 2 5-10 d L.6 +:2<G/<*56-.(
Sensitive Track (ST), 2  /. 4 2<G/5:5 10 d L.6 +:2<G/<*5
6-.( Sensitive Track 6 :5( + Sensitive Track 2 (ST2) :22  /. 5 2
<G/2 15 d /* Highly Sensitive List 2:2 , ) E
)
((2  .7* /   6 ,25(  
 (*2 10 ( ,2
(2  )
  -(*)
  
(*2 X (*  /* Exclusion
List 
35
)<(: *)(3E :26 3) 6
 93
 ( , 2 2  / : 23   )(5 ( 2    +  9  ) 3 )<
( 5) : * 0-.(*)
 ( )(5(x5(
5 /.2 :2  
 2/  /( ,2 /*3 /*3G 6
2 0/*:5
)(3E D,(3/. +) 6
  2  ) 6
/. /D27*6=:55:2
9 5 D,/.5(5)
) *-(<T *5(* )
 :2 )
 29 x2x
5.6.4 #9^ 
9" " %  WTO  FTA /.
T32 /7*3* 5 )/-( FTA *3 58  E / 
0 </-( WTO /. * /)    7*52(  9./.);
 -( tH*:2 
)
v L.3 /.,  -(232 D2
) 9(*,:2 :59*5
 -.(H*:2 
)
  5(*- *-((( 6
  FTA 3;/. N +5
*
FTA (3( L/*-/ 2<G/ Early Harvest -(2<G/ 2-((*2 0 : )
 G5
5(/. 01 - 08
**
FTA (3*-(
 /* 2<G/ Early Harvest -(2<G/ 2-((*2)3)
 82
*
101

H*:2 
)
  <*5(3 WTO -( )/ FTA
 3E,6 + -.( -(/ <T:2< (6 )<(:
 *       )   ;  3 -. ( / ( *    7*   / )        /
:2 
)
( *6 -(3<T )(( ,2 ( 9

D2
5)
:2 C…=:2 
)
/.)(2(3( 9
 D2
52  )
 G5
:2( 700 * :2)
( 5)  1,400 * L.) 6
()<
(  :   *   3 7*6=),  )   (/. <T    /   2     ), /
 
H*:2 
)
 -( 

   2*8
3 /.5(3 / /);65
*-(/ /);65
( 
 +5 7*5
:2
/
 C…=:2 
)
 /*(*, 2 C…=;8 7* /5E )= 0-.(
0
C )/*<G/ /.E,5( 2*L.(:3 93<G/ +)( <-(
1.  93 <G/  2  <.  (Non-Preferential Tariff) ) 3 )
  /. /
:2  
 ) 6
((=  72 (WTO)   ! "    #$
 %&$ '  
 # ( )  " *+
(,% 0/*:5, /.)(( +) 6
 WTO -(  
2.  93<G/ 22GC)

0
G ]0 (Preferential Tariff) L.)
; /(5/.5.(5./. /* 93) 6
 WTO ! &*!"   #$
 &$ '
# () " *+ (,%
&,
% -&*! ! " *$)+

)" *$
,
.  L.)

0
G/); 52 + ]0 2
  6   ^ 5 )/ 2   -(2   
* 6 ( L/* +5
-.(H*:2 
)
 / );(**
.  0-.( 
7*6=
5() 6
(*:
 )<(: *   /)  / 3
<T ( +/( * 0-.(  * )/* /*35(,
  /
5.6.5 6 #
?5%,'6##@6 % 
58
(WTO Ministerial Conference) )<(: *)D,: 
 ) 5
C= -.( /6 3T 5/L. )(d7*: 
/.L/:( 
2
2T(6
5 )T( 
 :5 (3/ /S; 5(* 2
 )/*( 
. 5
102

-.( / 
35(5(=< (6 (NGOs)  58 2*
 .72
 +5  5:()<( :  *9 
6 
2GC /*/. 7‚  =5 L. +  29:2 / 5G 2(<*
  /5:(<) :2 (6<)   :
3/.L/:( 
2 < 
 (6  6 3<) L. /)E/.6
5:*(()E/.6 ( :2 /* 9);8 /.2 
(*,5: (* 7-( (-.8 6*)2’ 2 /. L.C + EU
Commission for Trade  -.(2<G/)
 G5 -(2 
(  < G5
+5
 2 /*D,:)<(: *9 /7()3ˆSD2 7*
) 5(*58 (<T 2 *90( 3T 5/0C
6*=/. 

6  :2 ^7()< (6 )(( ,2-( 9L.9 +7*6=5(
3.
)(d5( 5:()<(: *9 6 (//. 
9 L
7 L. /7) 92 *3)(: :5/. / 
(=<) (NGOs) :26 2/.6 /*5 (E:6/
5* 
6 /E,^(3( 2() * -.( (/.6 9
   /7()) 9D,:( 58:2:2D
 07*5

:2 ) * 


.E /.*-: D26  )3D2) 9
95
6 2) /. 5 GT
0
G (d.. 2005) L.3*92*3
2*/.D -( /D,(= NGOs 6 *
5.6.6 -  ") %  WTO  (3(  *
5  52.*<G/ 2:2 (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
GATT) /. )9)
 -.(d0.. 2537 -.( )
 G5 + -.(./.*   )9)

:25( 5( -.( 0-.(32 5E )=(
,)
 G5(72 )/
:2 + 
)3 -.(/. ),0
C ^ )/)
 G55(E

35
5 0 C/ -.(58 / 1) 2(  )
 G5 2) D23/. 

2(  5 (D,0/. /5()
 G5(72 3) (2/. 6 -.(
 (non-trade concerns) 4) 
35
/. +0
G:2:55)3 201 x2x
103

6 2( (3(  * < (6TD,:(= 


 (

)<(: * :2)<( 5) : **   /) 


  ^ )/)
 G5 (*-*7** 
 /:0*=) <GC=:
D, /*/. 18  <0 = d0.. 2551 *)
 G5/.(((*
  23 * + 0C
6*=:2 G5:2
)C= 7**2X(  /.)  L.*-*7**d5
0G= 0.3 ; C (* *
) <GC=:D, /* -.(/. 16  <0 = d0.. 2551 6  75
 E,5. *) (*9/ 6 3T 5/(=72
/. 3 (d ..1999) C L/:( 
2 )T( 
 L. +:/.< (6((=

 2 )E3  ) 5C=6 3T 5/x :25:5 < (6 /
) ( )(-( *- )
 G5(3 52(  (
/
3 ) )

r/.< (65( 01:22<G/* +5 52(
5
5 D2  ^ )/)
 G5(3 * 
 3CD, 
MN**TD,) 5C=)36 3T 5/(=72  :
6 /. 4 C  7‚  =5 (0F
* d.. 2001) 6 /. 5 C
-(:,   9L
7 (** d.. 2003) :26 /. 6 C 5(0
G
‚( (  d.. 2005)
  ^ )/)
 G5<*5(3 FTA :55(3 WTO 2-(
 <*5(3 FTA +  ^52 (2<G/ 2)  , 
7*   92(  <*:2* 2
(  )((:5(* /
)<(: * /)   ^52)
 G5<*5(3 FTA
  (35  :5 5  6     *-3=  *-(() 5 2/ * *-
 L/ : 2=
( L/*-/ +5
(/ (= 
 (
)<(: * :2)<( 5) :
 **    -(3*6 62 0C
6 *=
 G5:2)C= G5 :2<G/ (Modality) 7*/.< (6
+D,3 *)
/.5(2<G/ ((3/.2:) :
)
  /. )  E2<G/    , MN * /*  (Unilateral) )
  2<G/: 335

(Normal) )
(( (Sensitive) )
((), (Sensitive) +5
5.6.7 7##%  #@:D )9  0 f  5 <G/ )

2E,22 2-( 0/*(*2 5 <*5(3 WTO :5 0-.(D,D2
5)
) 9,2
5E 
3/.5 E,26(5<G/ (*2 0 (6.-( /*
104

Applied Rate - (5<G//. /* 93


) :5<*2 /( 5) 2/*2 
 2 2/* 
) E:     3 2    /. / 5    /. 5.    0-. ( X ( ( 5 ) <* 
)<(: * 32* 2
 )/*)3
) 97*T<G/ 23(5 5%  -( 

5.6.8  %'( 5 6 66< 
)@" "- &-68

(Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy: ACMECS) 7*3*/


E,) *T32G
C/. 9 H d0.. 2546  )=(7*3*/
5(*L. + /.01  0-.(3 3   -( 2 0 :2 0,6
 /2 3  2/ 0-.( 
01 GT
:E36*:(
*L. + 5/. /S; -(:262  (*/.(0*0 5 ** +:3
D
H *)S;) *
( 5 ) 7/ /   )
   ( 5 ) G5  (  /. *   ( )  
7)0-T (Infrastructure) 010*  G*= :22  )()

G5T32633 t G50 v (Contract Farming)  *E D,(3
*5(72  0-.(2,:2 0-6/.T32( 5
3 G5 </
7*:25:(0-/.(*6  <G/ ()
 G50  +
,*= 0-.( +:, 
2  5(*0-67/-(70 2  E. 2-( +
5 T32*:2 0-.(3 (3 * (6 +D, 
 )<(: *
L.   3 D
 6(3 :2  )  )
   G5    (  /. *       3 )<
( 5) :2)  *5 +C  0-.( +,*=2(< 

 

 2 /* Acmecs Business Council   /*  
7/<*2
5.6.9 66
6%#9 FTA ASEAN-KOREA ( /*((
2/-(5( **( 3( /*(( 2/*( 3/.)

0
G
<G/)3)
/.D2
5 5( 5) L( (L.5(*, 2/ -(5
6*: 2/5)
6 /*3)
/.D2
5 2/5 -.(D,(3( 2/52  5/
5( )
 /.D 2
5 5/  (3 x :2 ( / * (/. 2 -( 2/
5(* ((  6 /*3;/. N * 9*( 2/:2*
 7*6=( (52/7* ]0)
 G5( 5) (-.8/.* /
*<0: 6 -(E, 2/(*, )
((-( 2 <G/2(/
(*(* 15 d :5  9 /. 2-(2  ( L/**( 3 -.(( 2/7*2 
 52 5 )/3 2/7* *
105

5.6.10  6 


667W7"Z 667W7"   #5
<
% ) "Z %  FTA -W  3 , /)

(*,*./. , /*<0)((:2)((  -(*(*,:2-(2N 
,0** D2*2<G/2N(*2 15  2-((*2 0  9/.)  )
< (6* /D,/.5(2<G/-()  ()5=* -.(5(5E 
3
E, 0-.( D2
5()5=:5)  D,D2
52N 9  
: 
)<(: *5(/.() )(MN* L./.) 9 / 5 )(
<T5(2<G/3 ,)
2N:2( 
. 2(* / -.( 2-(
,*=d0.. 2552
5.6.11 #96
JTEPA ( /*(:5:(;. N-(* 
((  )<(: *  9*3( /*(/ 52( :5/.) 
*T 5/ 0.5..G
C 6
59*( MN*;/. N*  2033
*T 5/7(/L,
(;/. N
2/.;/. N3 ) 9* :290** /.(* *
)
 0
. -( )2 -(:6 *9:6:9 :252* :5)<(: 
* *( 525 ( )(/ ;/. N0** lobby :2E ,)  D,D2
5 -(
 0-.()(( lobby T32** )
((*2<G/ -.(
;/. N 9C 
/(* / (( -.( 
3*
*)(( ]0)
 )  7* / -.()
5(D2
57/.;/. N
3( ;/. N6 ((/,)  D,D2
5 -( 0-.()(( lobbyT32** 
)
/:2 T32;/. N  
 57)(( -(* 5,/D2
-()  D,D2
5 -(x*( 5 :2) *2/. 29 0F
* d0..2547 
*T 5/G
C 6
5 5 /.;/. N /*( :5)<(: * 9
)
.  /. ;/.  N        E,  5 (    :2 2/ * 2 (  )  x 9    )  x
*( 5 ( /*((;/. N:2 
 )/**:)
(/ 3 6
:( 0;/. N
 -35( /.) )  x 9 S;/. 
:2*-* E()
((
 6 22)<(: *9 -.(/2)-(0
0=3
]33 62*  /(;/. N +]*7()/.* 
33/3
)  x /.) ;/. N9*( * 2
( /*(:2 
 5(
 /* 3 /* 3* 2:26 ;(5()  (;/. N/.
(

02/. /6-.( KeidanrenL.E,(5 ()<(: * + 2 88 d
7* / )=2  -(-( +5:( 
 (6:2( 
<*5(

02(
106

T (State Corporatism)  -( :501( /33 + )/*


:) 6
:55(*  * 5(*( 5 C=6/. 
 Nixon Shock :2
Plaza Accord L. 5 C=)(  0/*3:5 ;/. N :53.72
  *L. + /.;/. N / ) 0 =:22   +(3
58( L/* (*2 (/*3/. 4)
6/. 
 5 C=( Plaza Accord +6/. *  +) 6
( GATT
:53 3()<( :  *9  5(3)(/  5/* 
(*5(<
 / / 0/*:5
 6 -() -((( +*3 
5 :57():2 5 C=3.d 0.. 2542  
. 5C  0-.(,:2 -.(
/:533:2D29 6  .d 0.. 2545  /5C 
 .6  /. -.( (52 (*
:2d
0..2548 C 6 /9 2/.*6-.( +C  3/*3:2 
 * 2  C 7 d E / (d0 ..2551) /.) <( :  
*   /33 +5:) 6
 (52 L. +* 2/.)
-.( /*3 /*33d/. *  +) 6
 GATT -( d0..2525 + 2 26 d 3E
d 0.. 2551
(*95 : (5C 2 
 :5)<(:
 *9:)33(*:9 /) 3<T:2 (6)E3(-. 8
 (52 (3/. /(*, 7* ]0(3( *3;/. N
(JTEPA) 5(*5(/15

15
5 , . -.(, /.*3 52 ) GT
*-;/. N. :2 0C
6*=,
,  GT
0C
6*=. 3 d FTA * (0
0=::3
G 0  (=, 2550).
107

5.7
# 
?:)
  
# "
%6
' )@"-Y'Z
)3  52 ) GT
*-;/. N )<(: *
 /) G +:2(3 5/.  JTEPA 5:5d0..
2545 16 .Ed 0. 2546 L.G6 2 14 -(  
. (* +
-.( -( <0 = d0.. 2547 :22  9 (3  E ((3/. / +
*8 *3;/. N) E32  522((=(3/.);( JTEPA L.
*T 5/()(  32  5222/.
 75 /* -.( 1 ** d0.. 2548 5(  / 52x -.(/. 3 G*
d0.. 2550 7**T 5/( 2   :2 52x /D23365:5/.
1 0F
* d0.. 2550 +5
 52 ) GT
*-;/. N(3* (58  21 (
: (1) )
 (Trade in Goods) (2) H*:2 
)
 (Rules of Origin:
RoO) (3) 33 2(;/. N:2* (Customs Procedures) (4) G (Paperless
Trading) (5) 5T 0-.(*( 3  (Mutual Recognition and Standard and Conformity
Assessment, MRA) (6) 7*3*: (Competition Policy) (7) 0*=)

S;; (Intellectual Property Rights; IPR) (8) L-(<T (Government Procurement)
(9) 3
 (Trade in Services) (10) 2  (Investment) (11)  2-.(**3 2
  (Movement of Natural Person) (12) 3
 
 (Financial Services Cooperation) (13)
772*/)) (Information and Communication Technology) (14) 
*)5=
772*/ 02:2)
.:2( (Science, Technology, Energy and Environment) (15)
G:2010*  G*= ( Education and Human Resources Development) (16) 
( /.* (Tourism) (17) ( 5) 2:2*( (Small and Medium Enterprises,
SMEs) (18) ) )
:22  (Trade and Investment Promotion) (19) 
 -( G5 N  :2  (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Co-operation)
(20) 3 3* 
 (Improvement on Business Environment) (21) 3
2/ 2/.*(0
0 :23(0
0 (Dispute Avoidance and Settlement)

16
-.(, /.*3 52  ) GT
 *-;/. N (  0 : 
5 , 2549)  72-73.
108

C/G)/ 33()<(: * 2  9 -(


( 5.7.1 :2 5.7.2
5.7.1  )% "
2<G/)
 +).( 9 )
 L. +();
  52 5 )/ 7* 52 )/(*(/ (

52 )/*-(() 5 2/*  52 )/*-
L/:2= + 52/. /(3 5
 (Comprehensive) (32  ^ )/)
 3
:22 :2
 -( GT
)58 /. / )  6 0C
6*=(
29(
)= 0*=)

S;; L-(7*T :27*3*:
-.(;/. N +52)((2358 (*(52( L/* (
)
 -(2<G/ +(/. * ); (/ ;/. N* / / X()

G5(*  2<G/)
 G55(6   +0
G (*9/
<0 2<G/ )
/.*:2;/. N 2-(* 2
-(750
G:
<*5(3  ) GT
*-;/. N
 +(*2 90 (*)

 /. / -((*2 95 ( ,2 (/ .5 )E
5

d 0..2548
)3:2<G/(3  52 ) GT
*-;/. N:3
)
(( +2  / (1) 2  2<G/ 2-((*2 0 //. 52 /D2336 (2) 2 
2<G/:33 / -.( (<G/) * E(*2 0) (3) 2  75<G/ (4) 2      (5)
2    (5 d -( ) 5(*2  )
/.;/. N *(  (
:2D2
5<C…=
/. )
/. /)D) (:X:252(5)/.), )
/.*7*T32
6  )2/ :23= 2*= C/.*  /*)
2  2
 0-.( 2<G/)
 G5 +5  5((D, /))
)/* <T7*   0C
6*= ) GT
2
2:2) GT
 G5  G5:2)C= G5 L.
+*3D
6(3  ^526 0-.(-(/2<G/ 7*
/)<( : * T< (6 ) D,:  6 -((* 
) . ) ( :2<*26  / 9)(3E < (6 /.*3/2<G/
)
58 / 3()<(: * -( ):33)(3E
*)  58 /. /.*( 0-.((( ,2 5((D,D2
52  )
 
3 +( )(5( / )<(: * 3 /. (
( ,22 0-.( + ()((
3<T5(
109

(. ( /.*32<G/(*<T :55 *5(* 6 


) GT
2 2 +*6 -( ( +
2GC/.< (6-(D, /)) )/* +D, )
(5 ((*, <
 5 :/. )     GT
 2     17 (
)
   2<G/ : 33MN  * / * 
(Unilateral: U) )
2<G/:3355(3: (Reciprocal) )
2<G/:335
(Normal)
)
(( (Sensitive) )
((), (Highly Sensitive) :2 )
  2<G/
(Exclusion) 7*60
(5 2 6 2 / < (65(3  0 5 )
(
55((*,*)
((:33:)( ,2(30
C*
)
((18
)3 ((   0C
6*= /.*32<G/
-( ^52 ,   + 6
  7*0
C5 2)(()
(
* )
/.*  *52;/. N *
.0(  
)
/. /*<0 0
. (519
(/ *);(/*./.6 -( 0-.(/2
<G/)
 G5 -( ) GT
 G5  G5:2)C= G5 :2
-.(;/. N + D, )
 G5:2() 
(() GT

 G5 /.*32<G/-( ^523;/. N  + 6
  :25(;/. N2
<G/)
 G5* /.) :2 5( /2  )
/.    (Exclusion) -(
 /9( /(*/.) 20
5 /.25 /2<G/)
 G5:2(()<(:
 */.3 )  x 0-.( )(5(<T5 52
( )(2<G/)
 G5:2(()<(: * /*3 /*33
2<G/5 (3 52 ) GT
*-;/. N

17
*6 :D2<G/<*5 5 )/ (/. 29 G* 0..2546
C (6 1 6 3 ) GT
2  4-6.
18
:33:)( ,2(30
C*)
(( ()
2  S :22  X) 0-.(
6(3 
(C:D3 <G/ 2 0-.( ^ )/ (D.)
2
E * d0.. 2546.
19
()6 -(2  *(* 0-.(0
C/)3  JTEPA )32  )

G5:2(:,, /. 14-19  d0..2548 7*  
) ( 6/*5(( 0C
6*=.
20
)-(0
0= 5
6* /. 17 /. 30  0.. 2548 d/. 28 ]33/. 9822. 
110


 5.1 
    ) ")  
  

# )6 6
' )@"-Y'Z*

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 

1. '
,B ,B
 )# " )# ( ) 5 %) ;/. N* 2
<G/)
 :6 *9 :6:9 :2 
2. '
W  )# " )# ( ) 5 %) :,( /) 5 **
(1) ;/. N* 2
<G/)
)5=0)5
L/* ( < 03.06  )  9L
7:2
5  52 ) GT
;/. N- 9L
7
L. /D2336 -.( 17 ** d0.. 2547***
 +*/.;/. N2<G/*
(2) -.(;/. N +D, )
 *

*
5(G)/  : D2  +5 /.)<(: *5( 5(G (:D2   +5 /.)<(: * )( -.(* 2
2<G/ :5 /2<G/23 5(G5
:D2   +5 /.)<(: * )( ;/. N 5( ^ )/ 7* )(23   
**
( ,2) <GC=(2 G5:2)C= G5  C0

(/0 :2 . G
5 <,

<
;7;
***
 52 ) GT
;/. N- 9L
7 ANNEX A: JMEXPA
111

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 


C    + 5(C
MN**/.3   
5(
 ;/. N  ^52 *
3. "$ " 1  2 2"$"  !   !  5 "4 ( ! 9.6 %)
4. " "$ (1 +1 ,#";<  !   !  5-10 "4
( ! 3.5-10 %)
5. "(@1 +1  ! "A 0  3 "4  !  5 "4
( ! 3.5 %)
6. %1 +1 +"  ! (, 0%  ! (, 8.5 %  5 "4  ) :6 *9  :6 : 9  :2    )  +  )
  
 3 "4 ( ! 11.9 %) (( 7*;/. N(5 ;/. N),
7. %"DD  ! (, 0%   ! (, 3 %  5 "4  , 6 )Tx 3L
2:2* 
   3 "4 ( ! 6 %) *( 2<G/   :      2  * (   
D2D2
5 :  )D235(
D, 2/* 
112

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 

8. ,#D"$" +"  ! (, 0%  ! (, 17.7%  5 "4 
 5 "4 (,  !  %%" ( ! 20.6%)
50% 
1 
 5 "4  (, 0
%  7-10 "4
8. 52*
3 - )(2<G/ 2-( 0% 23   (/ 5 d   52 +  )
   ( (  ;/.  N  / 7 D2
5
:2MN**0( /.2 -((* 523/ :2((* 21 7:2 /.* 
<G/ + 0 / 6 (3 G5 40,000  -( 52 +
- (;/. N ^75 )
D,7*T32L.5(G )E/*<0
0
G C//.;/. N *(  ;/. N /7*3*X( G52,((*
2<G/ 7(
L. /*22,((*
9. :X )2
3 - ( 0
. 
C  23   (/ 5 d :X )2
3:2:X )2:,
 + 250,000 5 / -((* +)
(( -.(;/. N5 (X(
 
150,000 5 :2 7:,:X (/.D2
5 M.)  60
(* 2
75<* 7 :2 / G5D,  2,    M.   /. *  ( 
7 d     (/ ;/.  N  *  /  ( D,  0     
113

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 

- 2<G/ 2 2-( 10
% / :22 2-( 0% 2970(5<G/ 0% 0-.(X(7 
<* 7 d :X  ( ; 5     :X       *
)2:, 75(^
:23 G5
10. "F)" ( "$" -  ! (, 0%  (2" ! 200,000  M.   (*  9 5 / 5 D 2/. )   ;(/ 
! )+$& WTO .  5 D2-(:X    +5E 
3/. ) E:2
 7 "4 )<0 +  52 L. 3 3 ( 5)
- +(+ 52(;/. N*
)()+ 1
" * % 20%
-&*! 
GSP 

*
( ,2) <GC=(2 G5:2)C= G5  C0

(/0 :2 . G
5 <,

<
;7;
114

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 

11. ' 6 
 6#
' 6&  )# " )# ( ) 2.5-32%) (  JTEPA *)D2 :6:9
r#
"D   ;/. N(*,:2 5(  
 VHT: Vapor
Heat Treatment 6 ( 
(MN*;/. N) *6
2  -(3)
3d *5( *3 /
: 2D2 ()(((* +
2 -(3)
3d( / JTEPA *9  -.(
)((  /  (*,:2  JTEPA  
D2 *)((;/. N -.( /
(*,:2(/
12.   !  (2" ! 4,000 
"4  &
 "A
8,000 "4
5
13.  " ( 2   !   !  5-15 "4 ( ! 2.5-
32%)
115

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 

14.  "   !  (2" ! 100  
"4
1  &
"A 500 
"4
5 ( ! 17%)

15. 6 #
 9  4#
=  )# " )# ( )2 .5-12%) 5 D2/.;/. N*( * 2
<G/)
( :
2.( E.58 21( +;/. N (*-(
*  *)((-(  /*<0)((
(/ : ;/. N( ;5 /.(5<G/ 0%
:5*5
S;) ( *:2) ( *0-6
16.    (((  (
)"  !   !  5-10 "4 ( ! 2.5-
   12%)
17. (1"D  +,*"D  !   !  5-15 "4
N
"D

21
6 ': ( ,2) <GC=(2 G5:2)C= G5  C0

 ()/0 :2 . G
5 ( ():3x 0
. 5

116

    )
" 
  7 6 '
 

18. :2D2
5<C…=/. 2<G// *((  () E
    2 10 d)
19. )3”( 2<G// 23   (/ 5 d
-((*

/. : ))   )<(: *  d0.. 2549


117

-.(;/. N3/ *5(D2 ^52)


 G5:5;/. N
5(* ^52)
 ( 5) :5 X )=(;/. N-(X()
 G5
C /*95(* ^52)
( 5)  ;/. N )(:* 
)
 G5(( )
( 5) -.( 29 9 
7*6=:;/. N
 0 -.(:*)
)(2  /((:2:2 2/.*)(2  )

 :2E:2 2/.*9 +:2 2/.*<*2  /**5(*
)
 19 *2/  ^7();/. N)23)
2<G/*
2  / :22*  = :2 5/* ( ,2;/. N9 6-.( /2<G/:5
2)
*(*/.) :5C /* -.( 2  )
( 5) ;/. N9) E
*2)
2  /L.;. N9 6-.((/ 6) E/. *2<G/ 
 0( 5) );5(0.02 ;/. N:5* 3( )(/  
/:2 2/.*)
 G5:2( 5) 3*)233 )( /(52
(-.,:33((3  -( 0-.(* /7()01)
 / 5T5( (
) <GC=  (*0

 (/ 0  (2   G5:2)C= :  D, / *  -. (   /.
16
E * d0.. 2551)   ;/. N ///. )
 
)2 52 :2  ),   9()<(: *5(( )(
2(;/. N /*5 23 5 C= /
 3-(5 )<(: * 9  ) GT
*-;/. N
(7*6=L.:2 /.)  (32 )
 G5/.* /*<0
:27())((L.53:
( G5:2)C=* 2  )

G5/.* /*<0)(( 6  :6 *9:6:9 )
:6 *9:6:9 :2D2
5<C…=
  ) 2  :2D2
5 < C …=   52 ,   ” ( :2) 3 ” ( :2) +  5 
() <GC=*0

 (/0:D, /* /*)  )<(: * 
( )((< (6 52 ) GT
*-;/. N22
5 -(5 2 d0.. 2547 < (66 -(/(< (6)3
: *)
(((3  52 ) GT
*-

22
)-()<(: * /. 184/2546 2/. 16 0FG< 2546 E 2
G5:2)C= G5:2(
3/ GT
  5  -.( ( )(
/< (6*)3  ) GT
*-;/. N (JTEPA) :2 ()/< (6
*)3  ) GT
*-;/. N (JTEPA).
118

;/. N L.   / ()  /. /.* (3 )


 G5) ;* *-* /*)
  
)2 52 :2  (*, 23
5 (  -. (   /. 13 5 2  0..2547 *0
 2 C0 1 = (2  
5   C MN ** :2 *

]* : : ((
3/ 
    6 0-.(-(: )
(( C )<(
: * L.6 2 )<(: * 33(*  +
(2x *T 5/**( *)
((  )3/(
)  /. /.*(3)
 G5 4 * )
 //*
*( ;/. N*)
 -(
((  ;/. N*( D(53(7 -( )  0
. 5

7*/. )  x 9    + 7*6=7 * 5 (*  24 ( -( )
    /.
)  x *
*( ;/. N*(( :2 )
(( 3 *: 52
)2 :2  9*5((*, 5(
(*9/ )<(: * T< (6 9 /.)  D,D2
5
 0-.()((* // 6  +D2/3/( *7* )<(:
 *  9*3/.)  x //2 : )  x )-(:

 9 -.(/**T 5/7*5
 )
 G5:  /-( <T:2 (62*
0-.(3ˆS 9/( )(:< (62*35:53C E
6D,/.  5)
),) (*,/.D, /( /5((),)  L.9-(
*T 5/ 9C//.*T 5/5)
*
*( ;/. N*)
((
 52 ) GT
 0-.(  
5(7*/. (69*( 3:57*/
D2 ;/. N2<G/* 0/* 4 *-( 1)  :6 *9:6:9 2)  :,
3)  /* 2(    0 M. 2
/. )) :2 4) ( : 2.( E.
58* 5 D2/ 2  /. 1 :2 2 +2  /.* / 5(*),5(D2
;/. N2<G/  0 +( 5) ()((2(*.727* ]0(**
.
+2  )
/.;/. N (*,:2 + :52d ))
2  /. 3 :2 4  +
2  /.  /D235()
(;/. N 0 +)
 56
 -.( +D2
5D2
23
) D26 -(/(< (6: *)
(( 0-.( +
:)3  52 ) GT
*-;/. N 7* ,*=( ,2 
 )<(:
 * 5 5 2 2547 C (6 2303 6 3 (,; )/3 ; -( )<(: *.
24
)-()  D,D2
5 0-.()((* /. 159/2547 2/. 29 0F
* 2547 E x0Cx
*T 5/ -.(  9(D,(3)(( -(5(/  FTA *-;/. N.
119

5(:5)
/.D2
5;/. N +)
 G5 -( (/ )
)(2  / +
)
/. / 5((* 0D,3
7<*   *3)
2  2 () <GC=*0


(/0:D, /*)
 #
<
  # &"# #'%# 6 #  8 #
 2<G/)
 G5(3 52 ) GT
*-;/. N <T
 3  )
 G5) ;(*2** 3 7*6=2<G/ (;/. N 
*5(* 6  :6 *9 :6:9:2 :, * 2
<G// ( 
<G/(*2 5)  ) 
2<G/ 2-((*2 3  2) 5 d :X )2:, 752(<G/ 200,000 5
D2 ) ( /* 2(    0 M. 2
/. ))) * 2
<G// ( 
<G/
(*2 2.5 z 32) +5
(*  9 / -. ( 0
 C2*2 (/ *  < (603  *)
   /.   ),
3 (*,30-T:55 ;/. N60
3 8 2 L. +*
)
5 2 C…=<* (;/. N C/.*60
3 6 25 2
)2 )
(;/. N/.0
 8 2 /* 22<G//.:55 :5)
 -(3 
6
0
 6 2(* /* 22<G/   
  /*3 )/* /*3(*
);  0;/. N 2-(/.2-( 2<G/)
<*50
 6 2 *5(*
6 )
:, 0
 6 2 (HS 1602.32) ;/. N:3 + 3 0
*(* : 5 )  (1
*) :,/. /)D) ( -(7-()  (1 *) :,(-.8 (1 *) ;/. N
2<G/ 2-((*2 0 / ]0*5 )  0/** /* ))
:,(-.L.
(32 *)
   2** ;/.  N     +  )
   /. 5 (      5 d
(Re-negotiate) (1 *) +)
/.2<G/ 2-((*2 3 d/. 5 :2<G/(*2 3 5(
Ed/. 16 (1 *) :5)
5 0
 6 2(*(32 :,  *
*2<G/)
 *0
 6 23;/. N :5;/. N2<G/)
 0/**
/** 
666< ) Z6  6

(7*6=2<G/)
 G5:2 **3 7*6=
 -(*:2;/. N<*5(3 52 ) GT
*-;/. N(/*
 -( G5 N :2  L. +:/.;/. N*( 52/. /  -()/3
 (-. 7*)(MN* -( 2 2 :  2(<*( (Food Safety)
120

  -((E


. (Local-to-Local Linkage)25L. +:/.* / 523
;/. N3(52 5  -((//. /  -((3
58 6<*5 Japan International Cooperation Agency -( JICAL. /3 );/.(*

)
 G5/. /  -(*3;/. N((52 JTEPA : 2*(
( /.32:2*:2 -.( /  JTEPA T32*9)
/  *
-.( 
 /*(D,(3;/. N (*/. 12 5/. 5.1)
1.   -( 2(<*( (Food Safety) /5E )=2 0-.(*3
5T) ( *:2) ( *0-6 (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards: SPS)
3 + 52]33:/.;/. N3 /.)(()
 G5 ));
(  -((32 01( 5) ((*(*3
010*  G*= 01:2) )
772*/ 8 333
5:23 ( C <0:2 
=  )/.*  7* / , :33(
  - ( (
:2 2/. *  ( , 2 :2 ( 
 9   
 :2 2/. * 
D, 6/.*6; )  6 6

35
:2M•(3 -( 3
0-T(
*)5= /.*3 9/. 
6 5 SPS 0-.(
((/.)(MN*3 ) )
2 ( (65(
35

)(3(  )
)333 5:23( 01 -( *
(
35
)( :23:2
6

= )/.* (Risk Analysis) / )(MN*522 /.
D, 6/.*6;  G5:2)C=:2) C) ;/. N 
 3* L.6*:S; /.*3) ( *0-6:2)5=
 9 2*
.
7*)    -( 2(<*( -( 5C 0-.(:
S; SPS 01 ) E SPS (* Cx (3*
*/. /.*(<T /6  d
2.   -()C= (Local-to-Local-Linkage) /)(32 
 -(010-/. L. E 6-.( 7* G5:2)C=
()(  3  C<0:2 2(<*(D2
5<C…= G5 

25
)  52 ) GT
*-;/. N  G5 (  0 : ) GT

 G5  G5:2)C=, H 2550)  11.
121

) )
52:2L-()C=  E OTOP 010*
 G*= 01:2) )
E*( ,:2) )
2  7*
/,:33  -( (
:2 2/.*(
 9:2( ,2 :2 2/.*
D, 6/.*6; )  6 
35
 :2M•(3 /.*301)C=
 6-.( 7*,*=( ,2 0-.(3 :2:2 2/.*( ,2 /.*3)C= 
) )
D2
5<C…=()C=:2 OTOP ,*=:))
 ) )

*
 52 /.*3D2
5<C…=()C= :2) )


)C=)(  )(MN*52 0-.( 
  -(
5(
7*)   -()C= -( 5C 0-.( 6-.( 7*)C= 01
)
 G5()C=  / C<0)(2(3 5((5201
7.532.D2
5<C…=/. 
7*)C= 013 2
)C=<T:2 (6 :2) )

)C=(;/. N:2
*26
)<(: *   /) )3) ( ,2:T32
   -( G5 N :2  (*9/ )<(:
 * / 3-(5(< (6  JTEPA  9
  -(58 (
6
.   -() ( *:2) ( *0-6 )( 1) ;/. N /33 5-(<*
2 (Early Warning) /.*3
/5)(3
C)5)

G5:2( :26 -.( -(
=/. / 772*//.2 2) 
 5) ( * (*,30-T
*)5=:25( 3
5T)2 -( /*3  5T( (-.8 /. *:2
;/. N)((
.   -( 
 )(;/. N)3) 5(
35

)(3 -.(6ˆˆX (Test Laboratory)  0/*0(3 5(:22
5 (*27

26
:2(*  +  526(C*:2;/. N)3 +
 ) GT
 (  0 : 5 ,2550),  878 z 883.
27
/ 3-(5(< (6  JTEPA , 5
6, 8 G* 2547.
122

 ;/. N2<G/ )


 G5:2(D2((* -.(
;/. N /7*3*X(52:5*9(52 /.*3  -(01
 C<0L.6 +7*6=:S;) ( *:2) ( *0-65(
5.7.2 s 
9" "
H*:2 
)
 +();(  ^ )/ L. ,
 +5(60
),=:2 
)
 0-.(3)

7*6=<G/  H C…=
2 +. 5/.E,6 + -.( -(/)
  , 
7* ]03)
-(( 5) /.:52 5( /7*3*/.X(-(  (
 * 5 D2 -.(( +( 5) /. 
  ( 5) /.6: +
2 -()
/. /.*(32  G595
C/)
 D C…=:2 
)
/.52 D,D2
5*)((* 
,  :5D, 5( )/*<G/(5 3 (-.8/.  FTA * L.(
2 D,)((  ) E]]*  /*3(6(<G//.52

7*.  H   *:2  
 )
  <*5 (3  5  8
(=72 (WTO) -(  5 )/ (FTA) 5((32  )
L. /
)
 5,224 * :35  <0
*(* 6 2 (33 Harmonized System d ..
2002 *  +*)
((/.2<G/6 )
/.5(23   6 2
/. -(: :5 +)
/.*((  27*)  *)
5( /
C…=:2 
)
3 ) (
 H*:2 
)
 / 2 :28 :
1.   /H. (General Rule) 7*3363 )
 :5(*95
, ) E 52 0-.( C…=:2  
)
 /.:55 H
.C//.)
8 /3D2
5/.5(H ]0/.5((
-(/.  /* Product Specific Rules (PSRs) 5(* 6 FTA ( L/*-/ /. /
H.-( Local Content 40% :2 /H ]0)

3* -(   FTA *-(
 /* /.2 /2 <*
d 0.. 2551 /  /H.-( CTSH (0
 6 2)+35% :2 /*
/.) E6 PSRs  200 * +5

*
)7)(5( ):D:25  2  5T0
/:2 
 2 , ** d0.. 2549.
123

2.  H*:2 
 +*)
 )3C//  /H
.:5(* :5  C…= +*0
5:55(/. 01-97 5(* 6
FTA *-(() 5 2/* :2*-
L/:2= )3  ) GT
*-
;/. N (JTEPA) <T 2  52/.6
// 0-.( C…=:2 

)
 <TMN**7*(  2 -( 0-.(/(
 * 3 < (6   )<(  :   *:2)<
( 5) : *
+/.37*.;/. N + /.5(X(< G5(5 ( +
(*  0
C:2<G/ L.*)
 G5/.(*,0
5(
/. 01-24 ); /6* 22<G//.* -(3*E,*((
  ( )( 3-(5(;/. NH*:2 
)
)(2(
-( /: 
 /*3 2<G/)
 2-( ;/. N
C…=:2 
)
)3)
 G5:2(/.( /  . (
( )( 3-(5(;/. N -.(H:2 
)
<0 -( 1) C…=
Wholly Obtained (WO)* 2) C…= 2/.*0
 2 (Change in Tariff Classification:
CTC) **3) C…=)) ,2 (Local Content: LC -(3E, /* Value Added:
VA) ***(*95 3*)
) E6 C…=D) -( C…= CTC 3,3 Local
Content -( ) E 2-(6 C…= C…=.  -.(0
C:2 9 ( )(
3-(5(;/. N +:/.2*8 / 6 6
-.(/. 1 G* d0.. 2547 )<(: * /<0
) 3   FTA *-;/. N   8  9 :25(  /  2  E, 5/0
0= ),
) C)-(0
0= 5
6]33/. 8 G* 0..2547 )3 9 -.(H*
*
WO  *E )
/.D2
57*65E 
3   )
./. 
 (5  65
6  
 
3 02(* x2x )5= /6/
5/. 
:275  6 /. 
:2E, 2/*  0-6/.2,:2E,
93 /.*  6  )2  E :/.   +5
**
C…= 2/.*0
 2 -( CTC /2*
/5(/ 1) CC (Change of Chapter)
5(* 6  /6/
5 (0
5(/. 01)   6:2:2D3:6:9 +:6:9 (0
5(/.
02) 2) CTH (Change of Tariff Heading) 6   2977 0
1801 3   2-( . :2 
-.(3D77 0
 1805 3) CTSH (Change of Tariff Sub-heading) 6  )(3
ˆ(=
(= 0
 9403.90 (3 + ˆ(=
(=) 0
 9403.30
***
+0
C))5E 
3 :25E 
3   *  D2
5)
 1 6

) E 5E 
35 /. (= L95= /*33* FOB 7* /),5C. -(
100 z (5E 
3  / * FOB*100)
124

:2 
)
 )<(: * / *- 3-(5 -( 5( C…=
]0)3:52*)
 (Product Specific Rules: PSR) 7* /*2 (/*:3 + 3 (
: 1) C…=D2
57*65E 
3   (WO) 2) C…=:)<0(*
0/*0( (Substantial Transformation: ST) 7*
/ 2/.*0
(5 2 (CTC) )3
)
/.5( / 5E 
3 :25(  -.( Local Content 3) C…=
Local Content   
 40%
-.( /*3 /*3( )( 3-(5()<(: * :2MN*;/. N03
/ :5533 9 (
;/. N )(3)
) E6 C…=D)
 (CTC 3,3 Local Content) L. +//.(   :5)<(: 
* 9 2-(6 C…= C…=.  :5 9/. +-( ( )( C…=x
(;/. N)3)
 G5:2(/.    -(3 )
E,335(65E
 -( ;/. N#D 2*)
/. / (( :2E,6 +5E 
3
(
 )2 -(52 E, +5E 
3/.5( /   (

D2
5<C…= ;0-60
 11   0
 15 -(( :5 ;0-6 :X )5=6
0
 19 +)3)  C…=:2 
)
(;/. N)(33
:2<G/ +(* 
E + C…=  3)
 G50-T  3-(5< (6*
   )3S ;  -. (   /  5 E 
3   :5 )   3 ( 5 ) G5:,  /.
D,(3 +5((*5E 
3  -.(
C5E 
3/. /(*,   0/*0(
- (  5 E 
3 36
   /   * *(  3  ( )( C…=  (;/.  N    
D,(3* ) ED2
5)
D C…=x 2 L.)D2 ) E6)


7*6=<G//.52 /.2:25 E: ;/. N2<G/< G5


*   :5)

7*6=<G//. +7():2( /*3(D,(3*/.
/5(,:52;/. N
( /* )
( 5) 2* </.;/. N /*<0 C…=/. )( 
   0-.( + ^7()3D,)(((;/. N :5( 5) 223 +
)
/.MN** (5(  ( 6 * 5 / H*:2 
)
 +
 9/. :2 )96*((52 5 )/ ) (
)3 /) (< (6 H*:2 
)

) E2  < (6 /33); /.)  -.( /* 3 /* 33  ^ )/
 9(-.8 7*< (6 +D,H C…=D2
5:52*)
 (
:2)( ,2<T 5(( / -.(< (6 +D,/.,/)
(5  
125

 +
/35E 
3 3D2
5 ) ,2 0
. x2x C MN**
/.5(3)(( )((< (6:2 5((32 D2) 9 /.) 

)<(: *T +.(=2(< (6  29 9
E );:27*6=),) /. 
3) 6
)<(: *  -.(
( ^52)
 :55D,:3D
6(3,:2 -.(H*:2 
)

/  + ]0 5:5) * * ), ((=72-(
WTO E  S   3  C H 3/ * 3:2      5 
C(        )
   G5:2H    *:2    
 )
     0-. ( , : 2
D27*6=() 6
 -.(<G/:2H*:2 
)

)3  ) GT
*-;/. N )<(: *  /)
);*
.0
C( )((;/. N 8 6 2/. 5(( 
 7*3
6
;<T +5:(< (6  6 3<TL. /  2 +
*2 10  52(* 2 1 d G
 9:2/(D,:)<(: *  ( ,2/.3
) 6
L.(3*)  58 (
6 )  D,D2
5() 9, )  D,D2
5
 E. 2-( )  (:6 *-(:9* )  D,D2
5()5=* )  ( 5)
)
.(* *
// 3-(57*((
( 9
D2
5/. *)(3E 
0( 3( ,2(30
C(-.8 :2((:33)(3E *) 6
 0-.(*-*/

/. *::2 -(:) 9 0
. 5
C/5(3 2/.* 0-.(  ) :
(3 ;/. N28(/ )<(: * *6
/70=)(3E
7*5*3 2/.3 (3 * +5:(:52( 5) 6 *)  x
-(D,)  x (/.
)<(: * 7*C H 3/*3:2 
*6  33) 6
 2  /. 31 0FG< d0.. 2548 :2 /. 3
E *
d .. 2548 0-.(-(:2)(3E / ]0 9H*:2 
)
 (

28
)-()<(: *)E*)   2/. ).3/).243/2548 2/.
24 0FG< 2548 :2 2/. ).3/).190/2548 2/. 1 G* 2548.
126

+ *-()<( :  * )(5(<T(* +   /


6  2 MN* -((( +)-(*<T29
) /)3)
 G5:2( 0
 01-24 ()<(: *
/.3 6 :2:33)(3E /.3) 6
x L.0() 7*) )

28 /
1. '6 ")   64#    <D

Y'Z E: ;/. N
 C…=65E 
3   (Wholly Obtained: WO) -.(D,D2
5)((
);65E 
3 : 2  )
 )5= (
) ) :6 *9 :6:9 0

0203 ) :6 *9 :6:9 0
 0207 ) :2:, 0
 1602 +5
-( C//. +)
 G5-( 0-T (
 0
 10 2)-(:6 *9 0

0302 0303 +5
2. '6 ")     <D

Y'Z6f6 B"
7"

 < 
"4W6
6f67"#
. " 6:,B
&"# 0307.49
   Y'Z : CC (Change of Chapter)  *  :2 
)

2 :6:95(32  (-(L-(2 :6 *9;/. N 
 B"
7"
 /      
 : < (6 
) E3( )(CC + C…=D2
5 -.( *  /2 :6 *9
  0( 3F,2:2 5( 2 /.(-.30 
< (65(H C…=/. (-(5( 2 :6 *9:2
9  72 7* 5 D2 /.*  3 -. (/    2   :6 *9 0
 
0307.41 D3 L.
6 0/* (2 :6 *9 :6:9:2
)((  :5(32 E322*  ((( 2 +
5 L.3  /3 ( C<,
  ) 52( 2 D2
5
  +D2
5(** )<(: *  )(
C…= CTSH + 2-(:

29
)-()<(: *)EC H*:2 
)
*-
;/. N   2 2/. ).3/).287/2548 2/. 2
E * 2548 :2 2/. ).3 / ). 627 / 2548 2/.
1  2548.
30
) <GC= D,)  (:6 *-(:9*, ** 2548.
127

/ C…= CTSH 53( 9


D2
5(D,(3*);:2
  +D2
5(**5 5 D2/.2:2 :5E;/. N *( 5
( )( MN** )( 2-(6 Local Content 40%  * ) E
6  5 E 
3 D)   -( (*  ( */. )   )( )  E   5E 
3 
 ) 6
( L/* ))  -.(  92* ( L/*
FTA :33
</3;/. N(*,:2 :5( )(/23 35(3)(;/. N
8/.2*)
/.52) E)) 5E 
3( L/*
?t5
: CC L. *  Y'Z6 66   
rZ  3
 2-( D,D2
5 ) E 2 :6 *9 D3D2
5
" 57 : ( 5) (*),; )/*7()(*  -.(;/. N
+52)(();/.)  )) -(3 50% :5D,(3 ) ED2
5
:2 
)
 ) E6)

7*6=<G/
. "67" #?t56 &"# 0402-0406
   Y'Z : CC except from chapter 17, 18, 19, 21  *  D2
5<C…=
/.D2
5  5E 
3 5(/. 04 525(/. 17 77:2D2
5<C…=
5(/. 18 ( :5 ;0-6-( 5(/. 19  E( :5 39 529
5(/. 21
 B"
7"
 /      
 : -.( 
5 ( ( *  5 E 
3     5(/. 04 L.  5 (     .  72     C…= /.
 ) 3( 9
D2
5(*-( CTH
?t5
: / C…= CTH (*, 0/* 2 0
 -(  0
 0404 :2 *:9
0
 0406 )0
(-.8 52/. C…= CC  *  Y'Z6 66  
 7**  5E 
3 5(/. 04 L. +5E 
3.3
D2
5(*
" 57 : ()  C…=:2 
)
5(/. 04  :2D2
5<C…=
 /.:  C…=)3)
);  +5 /. 5( :5;/. N 
+52,(* 33( 5) (* 
. 7" #?t5 '  686 6B(#Y&<, &"# 11
   Y'Z : CC except 7, 8, 10  *  D2
5:X-(D2
5<C…=
29 ;0-6 5( /0-6-( 29 ;0-6 (  -( ;/. N 
128

 B"
7"
 /      
 : 0-6-( 29
0-636
/. +5E 
37 )/   / -( /  0/*0(  +5(
   )<(: *  ) E3 C…=(;/. N 7*
)( C…= CC L. ^ / 5E 
30-6 -( 29 ;0-6  
?t5
: ( ;5  29 ;0-6  D2
5 +D2
5<C…= ;0-6-(:X
5 /. MN  ** )( :5 0- 6 36
 *  )      (
  M.   
)2 -( 5E 
3/. +D2 5(/. 08 0-.( D2
5 +:X
" 57 : (5203 3)
 D2
5D C…= 6 :X
)2/ ) E  29)2/ L.53( 9
D2
5(*
)   )2  33D,D2
5* 0  /5E 
3
 *  :5)33D2
5<C…=  ) ED C…=/.52
(
)5= 6    M.  -. (  ( 9  
 D,  (35 (       M. 
 D2
5
. 6# D96# #5 < &<, &"# 15
   Y'Z : CC except 10, 11, 12, 23  *  D2
5 0-6 5(
6 29 ;0-6 (  -( ;/. N 
 B"
7"
 /      
 : 290-63
6
/. +5E 
3D2
5   / -( /  0/*0(  +5( 
(
E. 2-( +5  )<(: *  ) E3 C…=
(;/. N 7* )( C…= CC L. ^ / 5E 
3 29 ;0-6 
31
?t5
: CC ( ;5  29 ;0-6  D2
5 +D2
5<C…= 0-6
5 /.MN** )( :5)3 /.5(6 +5E 
3  ) E
 
" 57 : +7()(D,D2
5:2)((/.6)

0
G<G//.
-.(D2 )(2(3D2
5(* )C/(   
3 -.(  /5E 
3  0/*0(
"Ww
&"# 1604.14 3 +)
/. /*<0( *
( 9
D2
5.-( 5E 
32,:6 *9 :6:9L.((*,
0
 0303.41, 0303.42, 0303.43 -( 0303.49  D3:, :5

31
) <GC=  )  D,D2
5 E. 2-(, ** 0..2548.
129

 9/.);-( 5E 


32,/.E, 63D2
5) E
  -( ( (-.8 /. 6 </ ()3  FTA
*-;/. N  </-( *3;/. N ) -( 
   Y'Z : CC except 03  *  D,D2
5(* ) E 5E 
3
2,:6 *9:6:9 (-. (L-(;/. N-(32, (

 B"
7"
 /      
 :  +5(
 5E 
3,5  L.)<(: * )
*)  D,D2
5() 9,L. +) 6
()<(: *
03 ;/. N ) E*5E 
33* 0/*0(3
C 5(L-(
;/. N L. +) 5  5( 2:2(-.32  ?t5 CC 

#7"
-( 5( ^ 5E 
3:29 + 2-(
: -( Local Content   
 30% + 2-(/. 2
-.(  
5( MN****-* 
<T 2 MN* 
.  
//.*-*   7* / 9 -.(2, ) 6
 IOTC
(Indian Ocean Tuna Commission -(C 
, ) (
 /*)  
3 /  7*;/. N )(( +5E 
3/.37* -( /. 3/*3
IOTC L.MN**;/. N 0/* 5(  5E 
35 
-.(;/. N  9  5 6 
/ 3 2D
 H *    3 2 

C/.  
  -.() 6
 IOTC +5:2 2,
5 3-(5< (6)<(: * :2) 
D,D2
5() 9,    9*3 -.(2 -.(  / 
5E 
3,/3 2-(5(*2 2033
?t5
: 0-.(  
5( < (652*( 3( )(
 2  7*    ) E     5E 
3 2,   -(  ( 
) 6
 IOTC 

32
)-()  D,D2
5() 9,)ED,(*) 772*/)) :2)-.()
  2 2/. 373/2548 2/. 23 )
 0..2548 7*)  /* *)<(: *
:2 *(
29(
)= (e-mail) )  D,D2
5() 9,E)<(: * /. 28
G* 0..2547
33
)-()  D,D2
5() 9,)E)<(: * 2/. 510/2548 2/.
29 0F
* 0..2548
130

" 57 :  C…=/.D,(3  


 +7()/./
)(( ,”(  0:2 );* ) 6

IOTC
(.   -.()
  ;/. N )( -(( *
5(62, -(:25/. +*  L.MN** -.( 
 6:* 34  ) *:232 (52-( ;/. N*( 
-( *5( /2, -( D,33 -( /. -(  ,</
(*275 7*) E / 2   2  (</  :5 ]0
 ) 6
( L/* 
. 6
W  ( '
W  &" #  1604.11-1604.20, 1605.20)   W  
(1604.14)
   Y'Z : CC except 03  *  5(65E 
3  2 2/*
  -(37* -( * -( 2  ) :6 *9 :6:9;/. N

 B"
7"
 /      
 : CC   /
except 03 0-.( ^7() 5E 
3 7**  /5E 
32:L2 (
 :2) 3 2 <(-.8 (
2L=/ 2:  (:2 , (*
2  -(  L.7*5
:265E 
3<* -(  
0-.(32 /*  65E 
3 ;/. N -.( /:0:2*
2   5E 
35  + 2-(D2
535
?t5
: *(  5E 
3) 6
( L/*)3 :223
 < *  2:L2 ( 2 ‚(=
 2(76/ +5
" 57 : *7*6=23 <:2  :2 
/. ^  :5)3:L2 (/.   /5E 
3   + )/*
7()6)

0
G<G//.

34
)-()  D,D 2
5() 9,)ED,(*) 772*/)) :2)-.()
  2 2/. 460/2548 2/. 1 0F
* 2548 7*)  /* * )<(: *
35
((
)-()  D,D2
5() 9,)E)<(: * 2/. 371/25482
/. 23 )
 0..2548 :2 *(
29(
)= (e-mail) )  D,D2
5() 9,E)<
(: */. 28 G* 0..2547
131

]. 88
'

988 &"# 18
   Y'Z : CC  *  D2
577D 77 0)5= -(D2
5<C…=
77    2977 D2
5 -( CTH provided that non-originating material
cocoa bean not more than 10% by weight  *   / 2-(/. 
2977 :5
C6/. 10% 7*
 B"
7"
 /      
 : D,(3
5(  2977L.(*,0
 1801 D2
5   C…=/.  ) L. +
( )(()<(: * -( CTH
?t5
: / C…=/.:55((:52)
 (
77
0)5=/.*  ( (( 0
 1803.10 )  E  2977 :5 23
 ( )(: -( 
C6  
 50% 7* ) 77
0)5=/. ( (( 0
 1803.20 :2D77 0
 1805  C…=/.  
77 0)5=/.*  ( 7*  ) E)) 5E 
3 5E 
3
) 6
( L/* :2))6 29772 

50% 7*
" 57 : ;/. N 2-(/.523MN*** C…=/.:55:5
20
(*6  7*3)
*(  5 ( )()<(:
 * :5* -.(3(*  6)

7*6=<G/
(  59 /. -.(:2 5E 
3*E, :5* +7() 

)) -(D) 65E 
3
6. 
'

(#Y&<, x
5, < 6 &"# 19
   Y'Z : CC except 07, 10, 11  *  D2
5( :5 ;0-6
:X )5=6 (
7/ ) /. ) —* 5/˜* 0)5 -( 3 /.) 9, 58
 E  3 /*58  ;0-6  ) E 5E 
30 29
;0-6  -(:X/. ;0-6 (
:X)2/ +5
 B"
7"
 /      
 : D,D2
5*
 +5(  ;0-636
 -.(  /   E :X
)2/ -( 29 )2//. +)(3) ;D2
5   C…=/.) <
(: * )(-( CC 5( ^ 5E 
336

36
)-()  D,D2
5() 9,)E)<(: * 2/. 273/2548 2/.
24
E * 0..2548
132

?t5
: :55:520
 :5<0 ) E 
5E 
35(/. 11 6 :X)2/ -( 29 ;0-6 :530
 6 D2
5<C…=
)25(6 )2   :5D2
5<C…= /)D) (
:X M. ^7*) EE)) 5E 
3( L/* 
" 57 :  +7()(D,)((* -.()
); /
C…=:2 
)
/. ^  )30
/.   )2
 /5E 
3 0/*0(   /3(*,3)()
/. +5(
 :X M. D2
5
L. 7# 76W &"# 2001-2008
   Y'Z : CC except 07, 08  *  D2
5D D2 :, 6

5(65E 
3   -( ;/. N 
 B"
7"
 /      
 : C…= CC
7*  / except -.(  +5( 5E 
336
/.  /  (

D D2  -( +5 )<(: *  )(  ^
 5E 
337
?t5
: *(  5E 
3 /.) 5 /.* )( :55( 
) 6
 ( L/ *      *   ( :* D2    0) (Citrus)
)3 :2( :50-65,2) 7*;/. N 5 D2 ;/. N2 
FTA 3) 6
( L/*(*,2*  *( *-* 3( )( 3-(5/.
(  
" 57 : E0
C 6
203 -.(/.52( 
(-(7*6=3D,D2
5* /. -.(5E 
3<*<,
<( L/*/.*(
^    / 22*/.5 2* :5*E-( + ^
7() 3
™. D976 &"# 2009
   Y'Z : CC except 08  *  D2
5D2  6
5(6
5E 
3   -( ;/. N 
 B"
7"
 /      
 : C…= CC

37
)-()  D,D2
5() 9,)E)<(: * 2/. 341/2548 2/. 4
)
 0..2548 :2 2/. 273/2548 2/. 24
E * 0..2548  E *(
29(
)= (e-mail)
)  D,D2
5() 9,E)<(: * /. 28 G* 0..2547
133

7*  / except -.(  +5( 5E 


336
/.  /  (

D D2  -( +5 )<(: *  )(  ^
 5E 
338
?t5
: *(  5E 
3 /.) 5 /.* )( :55( 
) 6
( L/*  *  )3 )  citrus fruit :(
^š2   -(  7*;/. N 5 D2 ;/. N2  FTA 3) 6
( L/*(*,
2*  *( *-* 3( )( 3-(5/.(  
" 57 : E0
C 6
203 -.(/.52( 
(-(7*6=3D,D2
5* /. -.(5E 
3<*<,
<( L/*/.*(
^    / 22*/.5 2* :5*E-( + ^
7() 3  9)3( )(*-* (;/. N)3D2
5D
D2 :,:2D2 /.*(  5E 
3) 6
( L/* + 2-(
7*( 5 D2 FTA 3( L/* :5 -.(0
C)()
2 :6
:9 ;/. N *( ( )( /*/3 *8 /.MN**//
+ 2-( 6
;.   #5 &"# 2309
   Y'Z : CC except 04, 19, 21 *    5E 
3 L.(*,
5(/. 04  E5E 
3(-.85(/. 23 L. +5E 
3( 
 B"
7"
 /      
 : C…= CTH
-.(  +5( 5E 
3 5(/. 04 5E 
336
5(/.
23 6 E. 2-(5 -(2N/. /   0/*0( ;/. N*
 *( 5 ( )(* C//  )( 2-(7*6 C…= Local Content
40% : -.()<(: * )(3E )  D,D2
5
()5=:2 ) E  
 40% (* 95 )  D,D2
5(
) 9,) E6(5<G/ MFN (;/. N/. + 0% (*,:2<*50
 8 2
(;/. N39
?t5
: Local Content 40% 5 ( )(*-* (*
" 57 :  +7()(D,D2
5*(5

38
)-()  D,D2
5() 9,)E)<(: * 2/. 341/2548 2/. 4
)
 0..2548 2/. 273/2548 2/. 24
E * d0..2548.
39
) <GC=  )  D,D2
5() 9,, ** d0.. 2548.
134

'   

%s 
9" " % JTEPA
/.2:25 H*:2 
)
 + 9 /.);
 :2)<(: *   /33 /.)   +( ,2
/.*33D2
5)
 D2 , *( 3H C…=/.* )()3
3*)
   X (   GD27*6=    3 )    5  8 52(
/( D27*6=/.:*< 

)<(: * /33);( 9
 /.*33
D2
5)
 :2 )(H:2 
)
/. +7*6=5(( 5) -.( 
5 ( (   C…= : 2    
 )
   :5 2 *    +  5 ( ( *  ( , 2 
D,(3/. 3D2
5)
:5 < :2 5E 
3 :2(32
E -.(52* *-*/() 6
)<(x -(*-* 5 ( )(
(MN  *;/.  N    +  5 (  3 ˆS   9  D, D 2
5 
 :2/. )   ; :5 2 ( 5 )  /
*2 (/*( 9
:2 5(/.:55 L.CD,: MN** ) E 
 5(/.:
(:52( 5) (*:(
)(X(GD27*6=3)  58  )<(
: * )(3E  5(H:2 
)
/.  ) )  x 58 /.
+) 6
)<(: * :2 ), /  2*)
)<(
: *)3 ) 9MN*;/. N*( *-* //.   (
2 
)
    :,  /. MN  **) E    5 E 
3 ) 6
 ( L/ *   
/. ;/.  N 
5(32   (-( 0 2/*    E)
2,”(/.)<
(: * *-*//.5(65E 
3 2,  C/.;/. N /
( )(/.     9/)<(: *-( E*( 3
 5E 
32, -(/. 3/* 0-.(32 5 ) (
 /* + 2-(
L. +/.*( 3)3)(  D2
5<C…=( 5) -( /. 29 ;0-6
)<(: *D2) 9/.MN*;/. N*( 3  290-62*6

0-.( :, +D2
5<C…= :2*/.) 2  )
D:2D2 :,/.)<(:
 * D2) E /:2 ) 6
( L/* + 2-( 0
. 5
6
5E 
3 (/.
(( ,2D2
5 52 :2L-(5E 
3/. +7*6=) 6
(
)<(: *:2 C:2 
)
<*5C H 3/*3
:2 ()<(: * /.,:23D
6(3 H
135

*:2 
)
* /33/.);(* 2.(( )(-(/() 6

/. )  58  / :*-(  C//() 6
  / )(2(
 Cx  /33/.);((/.//.)  ( )(/5(C 
5(* 6 C/)
()5=/.) 6
 /),5D2
5/.5((*:25E 
3:55
H:2 
)
 / :55: (*,<*50
 25 /* Cx
((/.)()  *( 3 L.;/. N*( 5 ( )(()<(: 
* * C…= Local Content 40% :  5E 
32*6
 / Cx
0
C C…=/.  ) 7*( ,2(5<G/ (30
C )3C//.
<T5( 9) -(/. +2-( 9 .8/. 8 2 
( 5) 5(6  (
 C…=5. (De Minimis) 
/C Local
Content -(
* 58 C 2 +MN*:) 95(<T7*5
) * 933()<(: * /.  /) 
:)/-( *-5( 7* + 9/.5(:2*( 3 /.) C
D,: <T-(  9:2( ,2 9H*:2 
)
 -.(D,/.,

<( 5) ) E( ,2 6
2:2 +7*6=),) 5( 
5((
) <0  9)<(: * /) 3
(3/(*26
 -.(C :2/. /.*()-.()
:25
5   9/. /.*(3)<(: *(*5( -.(7*
6 )  6) 0 =D)-.(5852(  6  (C
*:2;/. N2* -(6/.;/. N0** 6
/3/3)  D,D2
5 0-.(
)((*E()
(5((*)
 )<(: *9
+ <06  C MN**3)  /. /.*( )
./.)<
(: *5( 
5(-(5
5 67*6=(52/(* /
)

<052(: (  )/. 
0(  5/* ( ,2 0-.( 3
(5
D2 2:2)3C=/.  ( ,2 3<T
) E
=D2 /
1.  <G/     )
   G5  MN  **  7*6=  ( *  /. ) <
(: *3 0;/. N /7*3*X()
 G5
:2(5 +D2C (;/. N6 0** (* 
 0-.( /2<G/ (*/.) 
136

2. ;/. N60
(5 2/. 8 2 7*( 7*6
/(-.
3H *<* :5*6(5 2 6 2 -.(** 
3330
 +D2;/. N /*3   0;/. N) E 2-(
)
2<G/* */.2 :2
3. 2*  =2/.;/. N6/  / )
 G5:2( -( 
 0-.(H:2 
)
7*0**  /(52/.*H
35

6 0** / ( 2”(* ()


5(/. 16) 7*
0**  /:232 <(-.8 ()
5(/. 03) 
5(   
 7* - ( /.  3/* ( L/*  6   ) 6

( L/* (/. +65
( L/*5(E-( (*(* 50% :22, -(5( +
( L/*(*(* 75% (* ,”( /.;/. N*( 32,)
:6 *9:6:9 ]0 ) (
 /* 7* 5( /(58 5 /.2
:2) L. +H/.(:2H
35
*-(C/)
D2 ”(
/. /*  tFruit Cocktailv ;/. N96D2 2  ( L/*   
+5 L./ * D2 /-(:2(-./.( //.E,
( 92:2;/. N* * ( ^52:2D2
5<C…= 3
* -.(7*3*/.::X(< G5 /.;/. N /7*3* 6/9*
5 D2<*2) 72/.)(;/. N:2( *( G525.2 0-.(
*3*( G5T32;/. N<*5(()T((H *
E-((/.
:2*/.
 0-.(  ( G5**(* C /* 9((H *
(  < G57* ]0 (*95 ;/. N95(*( ^ / 5
(52(3(  *7* <*575:53
75 (;/. N 7)
:2 / L3L((*  /  0/* 339,442 5 d ..2003 5(
75  682,000 540
(;/. N* E-( )E3 G5 +)E32 /.);( :2
 -( 05( /7*3*X(  ( 0 6-.(2,(;/. N 

5)(0d :2 -.((0*0/:D
;41

40
*]33) 3,C= 7G 0-.()3)   JTEPA )(5( )  5
  )/  *-;/.  N  5    ,  *=   G ( :2  G   - ( <,
< : 

*2*  )5=.
41
) 90 056) x)* 3 6 /, *;/. N, 0
0=/. 4 (  0 :
( 
=0
5
:(=032
66
., 2550),  34 .
137

)3(52  -( G5 6 2(<*(MN**5( +MN*




. 758 0;/. N /7*3* ) )
 6* 2-(: (-. /*<0
0
.  0-.())
*;/. N   +/.(*/.5( +D,D2 (() <GC=
*0

 (/ 0 (2   G5:2)C= : D, / *   /. 16
E  *
d 0.. 2551)
)C/ 3)Tx 903)T /7*3*/. 9 :(
 -(3;/. N 6  9X(0*=)
S;;  ^52)
3
 +5
)Tx (3   -( (3:2 ,  
. 5 (3/.
 (*-*7* 3=3  L2 D,: (52*-)T -.(/. 12 /
d0.. 2551033D,:)<(: *:2)<( 5) : 
*/.7: (   0x) :55 *  * /(3  0
* 2*  =:27*3* GT
** 2  )
-(3
/. + t 
v *5(/(  (3  ( -.(,  2/.* );
(:52)
9 2/.**) 6  3(() 5 2/*L. +  E*5=
3*:) 0(3/.32<G/ (E*5=:2
)
 G5(( -(  3 2/(3( L/*- 2/ 2/9 /7*3*
X()
 6 /*3;/. N 6 /*  *5( /)
:23
/. +
t v 6 2  )
 G5:2)
3
3)/.* /*<0: 6
( /.*(3 /.),7*6=),) 
5.8 SWOT Analysis 
  
  

 


=33()<(: *  (52
  7* SWOT Analysis 6
5.8.1 '  
  
 (Weaknesses)
1. 33()<(  :  * / (   5 063;;5
( 
d0.. 2509   4 5/. 28 /./.(( 5 ( 7* ]0
(/. 5 t
35
(-.85 :5 /H *3  +/.(( -(5 /.
6 (3 *v  /*(33 H *2GC/ 2
=(
5/ 
*= :2 ( 2  =/.5(*5(*,3:

Corporatism -( </T-) -(T 3 07** /  *6 
(5(
35
5 /.6 (3 * L. /C/5(* -.(T /7*3*/.
**3  0-.(3-((
7/ L/*  2 L/* 7*5 5  -()
138

MN */. /*   ) 2/.* GT


 IMT-GT (Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth
Triangle) :2   (6 + 5  7* T 32)3 )   

35
7/ / -36 -.() 5 2-( (6 5 <5
/. /. *  (  9  )  ; 7/ T 32  5 ( ( ( D, : )<
(: *  06*D2L.9  / 
(*/.5( 5(* 2/ /(/2*7 
/:9-(TE/.
 
2GC /*/(/T5( 
:23 2 )<(
: * 0/*0( 0-.( 
32 D25 X *(7*3* T5
()  ( )
./.T
 +7*6=5()<(: * ) (
-.( /5  

2. 
)*= 2*    :25
5 D2 
: C 2*6 
/ )(
)*= 2*  = 6C d0.. 2548 - 2550 :5  /5
5
D2 
 +5 X */.-( 
3.   -(3 C  59 2:2 ) E333;6  -((=T
-( (6.  D2(*,3 :52 (* 5= ) /=
 )<(: *S 3*-* -.(/) <GC=
-.(/. 18  <0 = d0..2551) ( 2/ 
33( E <=(=
-.(D,/.0*=) 35
9 /7() + -(D,3
(= -(
  / 20(:2 / *:29E,6  *2*5:
+5
4.   6-.(E-(( ,2 /0( (/5/.3372* **33   -(
) *S 3  * *L3L(*(* S; -.(( ,2)/.) * 5 C=
*   ) */L.5( -((6/0  0-.()  6-.(E-(:(=
( ,2:2
=(((*:29T 6-.(E-(5()<(
: * )<(: *5(2  0-.(0133( ,2
:2) 0-.( + -.( -() 6
67*6= 6
:22
5. ) 6
);* / 6-.((*,  +) 6
()<(: *
9 0-.(  (7*6=7* /*3 /*33) 6
/. )/*5(dL.E,  :5 

) 6
 / X)=: + *0 + 3-(5 )
./.)<(
: *5() 6
-(( ,2:26*
 /.5 X
  2/.*:
 72= 1   +)
./. +(**
. -.()
./.
)<(: * 6S* -.( 
(* /*:5 + -.((
139

 6-.(:21  
(30(/ 3::2)<(:
 *9*E,(33
G;8 5(
6. 3 2 /33 3 2d0..2550 /  C 195  
7) +2  2(5 /.:233(2  /. ,:2/.
7)  ()<(  :   * 0       /.  - ( 
2 ( 6 58 2 0-.(6* 2-( -.(6 :2
* +); 3C/0( 7) /7()6 : 
:59  //.5)
8 D,(*3
L. +D,3
),)  + 0/*D,
:2)  MN* )3 )  /:2 /)

<0 
-.( /  2
 +D, /(5)
3
(-.8  
2
 +D,/.   2-(:23( 3
)<(
: *L. /2 2 d :2(5((*   ((9-(
:55(
/3
( 2
/.:55L.( 
  2 d
7. :2 
  

 ) 6
((*:2)<(
:  (d0 .. 2550 + )
 11.6 2 3(7* C) L. 
0/* 0(3 3
  7*6= 59 /.   C 3
 5(
0** * 0
. 
 /. +
6 6) 58-(

(-. 6:/›(2=ˆ d (*5(( T32 0-.(

(-.8 6  
5    0-. ( ^52)
  -(6 :2)  

 /./)<(: * ) E:D**

 /. +) )
) 6
  -( 
 (6/. :D013 2
-()*<0:**3)
3d  3/)<
(: * ) E 6
 
8. *
6)3) ()<(: *
-. ( S   * -. ( (  S   3  )<(  :   *5 ( ( *

 *2* ( * -.(
* :2( ,2 L. /(  0 
 *2*  
) E)(( /*( ( (* 
 /:0*=() 5 -.(/
6 /*) <GC=:D, /* -.(/. 18  <0 = d0..2551)
5.8.2 'B

  
 (Strength)
1. ) 6
 +D,/. / 33 53.  / 5-(-(2
6*:S;  -(  2 5((3<T
140

2. ) 6
 /T 
3.:2 :20( /.6* 2-(L.:2 /
5  C= /.   +  - ( +  7*6= 5 ( ) 6
 6  3
  
 L- ( (  C=
7 0 =    (   3     <5 0-. ( +  (2   T 5 ( 5 
)*70=C/]  ]
 -(C/) 6
)3<*58 6C/ Tsunami
/. 
/.<5(* -(3
 
) 36**)  +5
3. ) 6
 /  0( /.  0 1 5 ( (=   
)  ; + ) 6
 )<
(: *L. +0*/.);:2 + ) -(02 /*3/.0(
/. 01(=-( 
  0-.(D27*6=(5 (:2(2 
4. /2  3
G;8 /. /T GT
:23 2 L.) E/.
6* 2-() 6
C/ +
5. /7():2*<0 +2  D, GT

5.8.3 8  
  
 (Opportunity)
1.   * T   *(  3 )<(  :   *  +  5  :(
< (6  )<(: *  6 /
( * /.*3 5 )/-(5:);(-.8 /. /.*( 6
  +   C 6  5  8/.  * T 5/  - (  T 5/ + 
  +7():) *--( 
 9
2.  ,(*58 /((5 )<(: *
3*( 3 +5:(2  D27*6= 
(* 


 58  (= 
(-.8  +7()
6*) 6
** 
3.  * -(  6 )<D,: GH-( 1
) < *(  3  )<
(: *-(5:(< 
 6
;  6 0-.(
 )( 9((/. /.*3 GT

4. < GT
:2* 72<
5=5  (65( /33 +D,
7* /T + 0/*)3) :2(* ) 
 

5.8.4 ' 
  
 (Threat)
1. )<(: *  /33/. 7*3*
) C7*5 7*3*  + -.((6 
 ((()<(: * -(  ) E +,*=2(2 
D27*6=/.) E 5(* /*: 5((7*3*
3T32 : T325)<(: *  0-.( +,*=
141

()E358 T329
)<(: * /(
 /.  3 0(   * (   3( 2 (*T 3 
2 3
 )<(: * t  -((6:2
< (6 / -( (/5 /5C  2*C
7*<T32:2 6
;< (6  * +2GC  -(-(
33 )/ 58 )E3(< (6) E/.3  (
60(*()
.5( +) 6
)   :2)  
)
 <8 3((3(:2)* 3(
 3/* )   /( :5( *(
2*(*,/.6 T32 )<(: */.
5  5 E  )=    5  0 (   *  /   )/ * 6-. ( )/ *   )<
(: * /(2((L.(5(C 
3 0(  /2(( 6 6-.( :5S 3 -.()<
(  :   * 0(  * / 9  /D2 0E    + 
) 6
)   9) E*  33(< (6/.
 /)7*3*) C7*5,(6)E3 +
-.(5((*(   
 )333 -(*/.6* /((*,
/. +)37*3*) C5((( 2GC
( -(G-(<T32:2< (6v 42
2. -.(T* *( 3)<(: * +5:(< 

  )<(: *5( )/. +7*6=
<0 6 -.(02:-( -.( +5 0-.( LL(3) 
/. //. ]0)
 6 )  (:6 *-(:9*
3. )<(  :   *  / : D/. 6  /.   3    +  (=  /.
:9: -.(*8(* +,  ) E +(=/. /*3 T L.)
3:7 (72S 3/.:)((E,E*7(T ),
< 
 (6 < 
 (65(/335 ( 3)EC=/
(* 9
42
5,2 /6*, t ) 0 =2  
 (6:263 -(*,v 
*
0 =

;; 3C…
5 ) -(:2( CT)5=  ›2C= 
*2*, 2526),  195-
196.
142

 /*3/. 5 /   /.33()<(: * ]0


(52  7*:3 /*(( + 7 (2 L.) E) 
 9/.); /.* 3
1(33()<( : *<*5
3
3( *  /. /FGH/ )/
*   (Neoliberalism) :20C
6*=
*
  (Neomercantilism) +53 0-.()H C…=/. 
 7):2
+  3 ) 6
/. /301:55 FG/ Corporatism :2
Relational Power 6
=33()<(: * 0-.() E) 
E ) 9-( 2 2()<(: *D2 
 /.D, /**5(*( 2*C/* 52(
= ((
:2 :9()<(: * 0-.(( )(:3 33(
(=/3/. 6 5(
 /*( 5.1 6/  9E 3
3 L. /(

025(

133( *:2)<(: * 7* /*

. 5/.G 2510 L. +6 2/. * );5()(()
 G5
:2)
( 5) *5 X *)((*522 ); 6 ;/. N :2
2   /* :) 9E     L. /  )  ;*
.  7*
 );72*( 3 /H 3/*358 L.(32 <)
 
3
 :20*=)
S;; 
    
  ^ )/
(3); /. /*(3(  * (0.. 2529- 2537) L.3:5 +5  
  
(* /H C…= (*,<*5(30 </ (WTO) -(
)/<*5(3 FTA L. *D,03 (H 3/*32 336
-.(  /
17*5(  ( )<(:
 * 5(35 (5 5 C=72/. 2/.*:2  
/.)<(:
 *   * /33 (52(<T<0 2* /:5 0/* 
 )/. )
 ]0*  (
)  )
.(L. +) 6
()<
(: * ( ,2)
.(:2 -.(  :<T 
75 ^ )/ )<(: * 93 2/.*335 (* 


 2*8  (
)D,:  + C /.*<T5
 5C 58 <*)<(: * ( )( 
 9:2
( )(:5(T32  * 0-.( D*:0( ,2 )  ,:) 6
 
 
*  
3CT32 *-( 58 0-.(**2,:2
2  52(  6   (5 /.2( 5.3) +5 /
143

0-.(5E )=2); : X(  (D27*6=() 6


)<(:
 * 3)

0
G<G/ 2 3(  <T  ^ )/ 0-.(
),525   52( )0
5 5 /. /*
( 5.2
(*9/ (2 33()<(: * 2 /2GC
+ 6
3 :2(*,:  -( 

 58 3*/. /.*(
<*   :5  
33 6
 *29(33/*T-( (6
( ,  L.:55)  
5  /. ( 03*
T:2 (6(* 0-.()(3E /:2 
 9 ^ )/ 5(*(
)  )
.(;/. N( 03D,:)<(: * :2)<( 5)
: * 2* 0-.(:/(5 /.*3H:2 
)
/.  ) )3
)
)
.(/. /  JTEPA
% 
9z)^ Corporatism 6%," 533 (52
 ()<(: *   /*( 5.4 :2 5.6 :) 9
<*5 (52 L.(*H C…= +2 ,:33
 ) 0 =<T:2 (6 +2GC/. -(,2 7*<T ^7()
< (6 )(( ,2  9 ( )(:  (*9/ 30.0
:55(*,3 /.  :2(( 
1. 5(*
  /.<T* /(

02(3< (6(*,: T6(
5)
 2-(   (52  7* ˆS

 9()<(: *-(5(*/.<T52/.2<G/)
D:2
D2  *<*50
 25(/. 07 :2 08 3/ : )<(:
 *:2 (6(-.7* 5 D2ED23/. 
 ^ )/
/:295
2. 5  (*  
   /. <  T ^  7() ) <(  :   *:2
< (6 )(( ,2 :2( )(: ^52 7*<T ( ,2 /.  
5)
:2 
  ( 6  75<G/)
 -(3)<0
* 7 (( 5.6.1) /2<G/
C:2* 2/.:55:52
(3 FTA (( 5.6.3) ( ,2:D2  0-.(2,:2 0-6 
0-.(3<*533 Contract Farming (( 5.6.8) +5
3. 5(*
  /.<T (6 /33:  H*
:2 
)
<*5(3 WTO :2 FTA (( 5.6.4 :2 5(*C/G)<
144

(: * 3 )


(3 JTEPA H:2 

)
) -.(H:2 
)
 /.*(33D2
5)
L.(32 )

G5:2( 5)  C 5000 *5 0
(5 2 < (6L. +
()
8  +D,3/3
G(565E 
36
 :2D2
5
L.:523
G(65E 
3:23D2
5/.:55: D2
5)
6

/*95  <T +5(0.0 (6( ,2(*   0.0
5)
< (6) E*( 3H C…=/. -( 
4. 5(*
  /.)<(: *) E7 <T +
5  5((5 (
/.*  2  FTA ASEAN-KOREA
(( 5.6.9) -.(< (6* 9 2/ *( ^523)
 G5
);(*   + 52 -( *-*/.  *  2
 FTA 3 2/ :  (-.8 ( L/*59*( 3 -.(( 2/ :2
% 
9z)^ Relational Power 6%," 533()<(:
 *  /*( 5.4 5.5 :2 5.6 6/:ED2G ,:33 ) 0 =
 /2*3 7*:3(( +  ) 0 =*<T:2< (6*
< (6** ( :2*3 , L. + 01
 33)<(: * <*5,:33 ) 0 =/.:55
1.  3 (6 (   6
 ) 0  =     0 1 :2   2  0 1 
( *)   /*6/ 9 01 /(

02 -( 201
  + /*( ^52)
3
:22   5(3)( /.
 -.(
C2<G/<)
:2(  )
 G5 7* ]0/.
;/. NE()
((  FTA 3*  E*-.( )(,:33
(3 WTO :2 FTA +2GC Single Undertaking L. *E  ,
5(   ( -.(0( 8     01) E -.(
3
:22 L.55( / ^ )/  :2 2/.*32<G/)

G5:2( 5) L. + 9/. 201 ); +(3:
<*5 ) 0 =3/ )<(: * )3 ) 9(* 
D2*<T 5((3 01 0-.()
./.< (6
5( 5(*C/G  JTEPA 7* ]0(**
.D2;/. N2<G/
2  )
 G5 / 0/*3((   /.)<(: *
)3 ) 9D2 , 3( )((MN** (
H*
:2 
)
)3,”( L. +)
);(*)((;/. N
145

2. 3(6( 6
) 0 =*<T:2)<(: 
* L.D, /* 9 2*/.D,:)<(: * 5( t v 3
*<T:) 6
 0-.( <T2<G/ )
5.2/. +
0 + (-(D27*6=3 ,   
 (/*)D235(
)
/.) 6
)<(: *D2
5  L. /*/
 9 
/(<T 6/ )3*(( (: :2   6-.(
  )(:,:33:2:3( ,2< (6 +
t)v ( ,2:/. t v 
3. 3(6( 6
) 0 =) 6
()<(: *:2
C ()<(x  /*3/*5(* C/:(0
0
) 6
)<(: * * -.(2<G/)
2N<*5(3
FTA *- , L.D,:)<(: * T/. + /.6
5(6( 6
) 0 =36 :2)  D,D2
52N*(52 
3)  ()5=* +5
G33()<(: * 25 D, /*
) E SWOT Analysis 5 ( 5.7 / 0-.(D2/.
= 
( )(: 0-.(3 33()<(: *  6
 :2 6
3
5(
 6


   

 
   4  ! "#$%$&  '(
)*($%+, $&-. &(,/$0$0'(1$%$&, $&-
+,  2 , (Neomercantilism) A)$, (Neoliberalism) A
/   %)   
$ &,  $ # +&)  % (Corporatism) +&A (  0  )   

(Relational Power)
. 2 A+$ +)IJK L00*(/),M$& 1,($& -$#0'(
. +& $&-#&/ !),K/'($& , NK/ !+1, MO$ . 
)$  1 $ 1 )(%(  '( A2P 1,Q '(.+& $&-
R+ ./,)$%)$J$+',' "/( !MO*1S%.*1 
(
$-K Corporatism ,%) 
$&,$#+&)% )$S ,
$# ,.()+,*%
S$0' !MO*1$&  NK/)/)0 !+%
/TLK *%
S$0 !$&&( JK+,*%
S$00&$ $ +&'0
% !)$ +1,I,%  11, %($ $#J"((0 !U, 
(0,, *%
S$0 . &)*($%+, $&- $ JK+%'(MO $$
0K,)$J1( )(1,($& )$,/ /+ (,$$I
A(0) 
(Relational Power) +)I, $0$0'(1$%
$&, $&-.+0$+,. $,) ,1(O,  "#'($+,%,
"/(0 $&- R+(0$'(1$,.S, $&-
R,),$,,$2$1$"/($(SS)%1$( VGreen RoomX
,$0$0$( (S$S "/(0 $&- R+I,1 (0"( $&-
 R , 0'($S $"($2/0$0$(
$%)$ U/ SY/0&1((J($$)%'((0$0$0%,
"/0&,J()% $$0& !1S$0$0,)$I0 $&-
) $ $&-("/Q /0$0 U/ SY"/(0U/ SY$S)O
 
  0K'()(+&)*($%+, $&- 1(
 '(1(, $+''(  $,(1,Q  "/( $ $S$'((% $/
147

/'( $&)
* $  "/( !MO'((% $*%
S$0S%.*1
. &(,/ "/($M $&. $0$0'(1$%$&, $&-
'K
6.1
!"#$%&'()(*
$&1-)1$ '($%$&, $&-, $#+,,$/+1, \/,$,
+1,/ $A !A-$#-)1$ '($M1+&$%$/,-1$$/ 15 "/(
$&-S.$ $/$"(((%' /.0 $&-1$/$ $&$),((
,$'NK/*$A, V 2 X (Mercantilism) 1,($
((0$#'/'( $%$&, $&-0$K%$( $&-/( R,
 !S%$,"('K$, V$,(2%X (Colonialisation)  1$%$&,
$&-S% ! (,,)$+1, !$( $ $&-/$ $+1,( R,,
$'1JS 0 $&-,$%JO+&),(()%)$I0$O $%+  !$
+ ,$&, $&-$& K/
.')O,S% 1(S1)$$-1$$/ 19 .$// $&-(+&S,
$&-+J 1&1 %1($'1)%+&1JS 'K !M
$%$&, $&-'1+&1 .1 0K $&- R+$/$ /'K+1, $&-
( R 0/'K0)$%'+$"(0/)S $&-"('K
I$ $  ,( !()$&
 +, +)-*!
.!
/ ( .01.2$3)44 +
(  4$(.,! (!+0!+-((.!+.!*!! *
$.5.,!) 
)%$.%$/)( ( \%.-. 1944) S, $&-/ R+'0,)1SK//
1$&, $&-+& )O,)%$%"($& $%/,)$0$  0K$
)$(% $$%) (International Trade Organization) % %O, ()((% $%"(

%$. (World Bank) +& (% $$$&, $&- (International Monetary Fund:
IMF) +1,(% $$%),)$J01"/(0$# )$#n ,$ %I(
0$#)*1SM, 0& LU $0$0$$-$#0* $&-
. &*%$1$  !1(,,+$0&I1'.1SM "/($  o(
1 (, $I 1+ (%  $ 0&   +1, $&-S, ,( 1 I  ,   +%   +1,
 / !$0$0 "/((S )$$%$%. ! V'(1X(,1,("/(1,(
$, VGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: GATT) .),U, !$0$0$&,
$&-/ R+ ( $&-' !) \ %.-. 1982)
148

,$&, $&- R+$/$ /+ + $U$%$&,


$&-. &,$#1$$ $I1 +
I1($ '((+& $&

 $+'(
)$#n .$A$&  '($#$"/(,$+ $$O $#)0 $$ s)$
$% $"($,+% Washington Consensus '( John Williamson +% !$
 /-* '(*%
S$0+&'2&I%,(Q(0$% %S
S$00K1 .1+&
'%$"(',+&(0'K$"/(Q !$')O,S%/$,)$, (Neoliberalism)
'2&$0$0'(1$%)$1,Q I)$J1 \ %.-. 1994
+&01(% $$%. (World Trade Organization) 'KO+1,(  \$S,'K.'
 !) / 59  \ %.-.1995  ! $&-K//(O,S, $&- RNK/$
$&-( R+0&)), $&2$(& 75 '()NK/  $&2 155
$&- (2 \ %.-. 2008)
$U'($& $%)$ V+,X  %"( 1($(S )$$%$%*
+&,,*("/Q."/(,0&$%/)$%/%/ $&-//'(+1,
  1)//% I, !%0$  $& $&-1,Q  o(1'(
1((O,+&,,,0&1 o $&)% , $2$(SS)%1$ (Agricultural
Subsidies) '( $&- R+,)$J1+,,0&1(0$0
)$I0$( Doha Development Agenda ) \ %"( $&2 \%.-. 2004
0$& ( )%,)1( %$)1-1$$/ 20 %),U,'0,
A'( Karl Marx %1(JK() $&S !TY& +1,% !0$$
0& ,$ V'O$X ),, +1, ''( '1''K !$& )
$%$"/("('( V $$X '1.S+&%.. !%$"/("(.M,
'('(1$%$&, $&- $(  o(1'(1
*1 $ '(A 2 , $&- R+ . $%$&,
$&-%%K
1. $*'(,1,("/(+&. & $&- R+&(
R1(*')%(S1)$$ ! - (. $  "/(0
#*'( $&- R+&( R)O,) +1,'2&I 
 o(1)%1$'(1NK/M11S)O,U/ SY  o(1$$'
$"( )$#n  o(
S$01  !1
2. M $&- R+&( RM,( $A$&  $S0
1, $&- , 1,1J"(S$(& 50  "/()&1,($0$+&
$$
149

3. M $&- R+&( R s1)%*% $$ ,


S$0
$ $)"/()$
4. )$A$&  $',+&'K$"/(Q. &$')%1$
+&($.(1SM "/(  o(+&%S%$(MO $.*% !$)$(S )$$%+&
1S1,($+',''( $&- R+&( R $&& $$
'U,/  1)O ,S, MO%  )* S.$ +&)$#n  !
MO 1$#(./$ #, ( 0'  +$+N  $& $$ 
,1,I($  o(+&%S%$(MO $.*% )%+&)/+(,
. ,JO)$'K. o$),(()%+& $$ "/()$%
/%/+, $&-.M,'('(1$%)$NK/ $   A 2 
-1$$/ 18 +I%%K +1,1,/+&(0$#,0K$"/(,, !
A 2 , (Neomercantilism)
 +1,(1 $&-. -$#0)$ + S% '($# 0(  .
 O)%$0&. 1I1+1,)0(  )}
&$1 K+. 
1$'()$#n .K+S*%1$# MI0$ "/(1($.1$&+))%
(.0
$&-0K1( $ $$2 )$ +1, !2&/'(1,Q /
$&- R+ !MO"/('$%.+&$&, $&-  1 .$
((A2P $ $S* $&-)(%( "/(' 1$&, $&-
++1,$0$0 s)$$%*1$( FTA S$( %2&0$0TY, !MO
$"/'()($0$0+1, & $&I ),U,0&'()('( $&-%O,0$0
0$2  "/(1( $ $"( )
$"/'()(,, / ! $&1SM'(
2&%) 
$&, $&-%O,0$0/ !(0) 
(Relational Power)
 !2&/ $&- R+% $ $M1 $S +&$% NK/
0 !1( K/  $&-, 0K !1S $&- R+/ !%O,0$0'( $
, !(S
1,($(  NK/M
'($0$0/ ),U, $&-0& !
MO ($ '()( $"('($$(1,Q '( $&-%O,0$0,/ $&-, 0&
 
)$  '(*%( . &(,/)*($%+, $&- ,
$/1'($0$0 s)$$%*1$( WTO 0$&/JK$0$0 s)$ FTA ,
2-3 \/M, )*($%+, $&- 0& !MO$ . $%0$#  
 ! $&%) 
*1$& Corporatism ),M)*($%+, $&- 
150

1$#, , !MO%$$/ ,%-K'(O,  +1,$( 0$2'()(


'( $&-%O,0$0 1(0,1,(1M
'($0$0/'K
6.2 !) +)*!
  +7 -.' .
/ (1 8

+-(.($.9')-*!.2  & "# Corporatism
*1-$#0+&) %/, )*($%+, $&-0&1(
/ $&)
* $  o( ,"()-* $+',' +1,
)*($%+, $&-/JO,(1.(0$#'+$+N +$+$+N0$#0&
( L00S  +1,(
 '($#I(O,%,(' $&$ R'()*($%+,
$&- ! (,"/( "/(0K1 R
$$+&+%,.2
/ 800K !
(S )$$%1,($ R+& $ $S.%$)$$ $$)*($%+, $&-
.-$#0/ / (,+&$$I,)(-$$/M, MO $$'()*
($%+, $&-0&1()$ $U,+&+M  1S 0.%$)$
L00S /$,A*%$#-)% (Corporatism)
)*($%+, $&- !S,M $&. / $&( ($%/ $&-
($%  1,  1 )%$%  +& $   /  % '(
S $  0 NK/   L U ' 
M $&. +& +1, $ U'($$S, % %K %"(,10'S, 
$,(,0$0+&$  / ,(0%1($/N,($,
1($MO'$"(  $"(1 (0'()*($%+, $&-$
. )
$2&0K,"/( $   (% $/%'(1, $&-,
Keidanren '(U/ SY $"( Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) '()$#n )%$%+&
(/ 0K,I%)%U'()*($%+, $&-. &(,/$2
$0$0'(1$%$&, $&-,$#0&'('(O.1$$"/(//
)% &,'0)%MO),((' +/0&'(M,)*($%+, $&-
0K ! LU(,1,(* 2 +&  '()*($%+, $&- )//
)*($%+, $&-%"(0&(,$ $&)
* )O "/()$J  o(+&$
M $&. '()
$&-' !) GATT  \ .-. 2525 +1,)*($%+, $&-,
%  '$,'(O  $& ' 0, $# / !MO$ M( )*($% +,
$&-0K ,$+1,1 %2&$$$'K11$"/(0$&/$0$0$(

1
Terry M. Moe, The Organization of Interests, Incentives and the Internet Dynamics of Political
Interest Group %$/  (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980) p. 190.
151

(S$S))S \ %.-. 1994 *$$JK0$$$"/(+1, ! $((


()$%$O,
$# 2 1$$0$0$( $%)$$( +$
$&1S*%
S$01(11(,+& !)1SK//)*($%+, $&-
1%2&$$$SK/'K \ .-. 2548  "/( $$+&0$0$$(, !
$ (,(%"( \ .-.2546 *$0(O,%2&$$$S("/) +)I,)*
($%+, $&-'  $"/($0$0'(1$%"/(01'
(O,/%'0M'(MO $$,$# !MO+&)*($%+, $&-0&$
)//$ ( 0$#2  '()*($%+, $&-$"/(,$ $
"0$)*2  MO''(MO $$$#/  (,$0$0'(1
$%$&, $&-(1%"($$ 0$&+  (1$#1$ 2 $S2 11
)J $ (1 $&$ 2 (  11(  '
$)* R-$#0+&)%
+,1 (*$ 11$*$2 (
 $$%1, $&-  $1 (- )# (
 $
$  ) LUU
*1 . %$)$  +& R 
$$$0  1  )*($%  +,  $&- $
 /+ '($& -$#0./$$I+&$S+$+1,+%'( $&- R+I,
 / 0A/(1(,M+ +1,+11,$&(,0K !
)/  1,()*($% +, $&- !(, /$/0&   +&+ '
'(  $,( "/( $ $S $'((% $//'( $&)
* $
0$$ /'K+&$M $&. $0$0'(1$%$&, $&-'K
NK/I0$0$0'(1$%$&, U/ SY/
S$0+&)*($%+, $&-
),$,$( /0"( $( ("/Q%"($)('($$(U/ SY*)%
1$+1,$#0& !MO1)0'1()S.,0 !1(%K,*%
S$00&%I
$" ( , I 1      %$,  " ( $&,  )*($%  +,  $&- *%$ # 0K  1 ( 
R'K 0JK$& /NK/0& )O,$),$,+&%0+&
'K, L00S 

2
)  *2 .
  /  N  , $&
)*($%  +,  $&-$&,   \ 2537-2540,
22 $% 2551.
152

6.3 !) +)*!


01&!.($.9' (Relational Power)
(0) 
 !(0/. $&-/1($ $&-("/1'($$(
$"('('(1.(-)%U (O$&( 23 +& 24) +1,$0$0
'(1$%$&, $&-(00&K/$"(% %O, 
1. $%+&$M1 $&- R+0&'( $ 1,( $&- R $&
-* $M1+&%..)O (0 $&-,$S
$&- R !M$0$0 $$$(QI0&$
$1( )(0%O,0$0,U/ S   !1
2. $  ! L00%Q '(/ 1 %"( $&- (0$)OI,()$
+$+, $&-%O,0$0. &(,/ L00S  !)%1
K/NK/$N"('1. ! $2Q
3. %$O+&%.. $&- R%1($)/,$)$-*
$+','  0K) $ 1,( $&-/ R+/)/,$0$0 $&
1(+ / $ s1)% $"( $ $ %..NK/ ,  !1S'(
$&- R+
4. R
$$ $&-/$ (
 QI,(+.%(1 $&-1+
,R
$$$ $.*%)S$  $"( * 1$ 01, $&-NK/$0$0
0&+11, 'K(O, R
$$'( $&-Q,$0$0 s1%$"/("/
+((‚(  $&-N(S($& ,(1, 0$0   !1
5. $)"/()$  ! (0/)%U L00S  $& !(S $2 '(O',)$
 $&- R,(  (0 !S,)%/ $&- R
1($ "/($ R( +&
6. $$$"(( JK+0&, ! L00 .1$$(
 $0$0
' ( 1$%  $&,   $&-+1, I  !  %$"/ ( " ( ) )S  ,  %)$J
%../ !/1($'( $&- R
(0)%U,JO$0$0$'(1$%$&, $&-(,0$0
+&1,("/( $& $&- R+%S2) 1 !),U,$"(,
$&-)$#n   $"(U/ SY  1(,/)$# $&I$0$0'(1
$% $ 15 $&I3 1(0$0 1 $&I, ./,$0

3
)"(0 .$ $ 1 . .N% MO+$%)$#n JK )1) SR))$#n $"/(
$( $0$0'1$%)$'(+&)$#n S* 
2547
153

$&I$0$0'(1( +/0&$,  $&I$0$0$, +&$%


*(/(
 %1($I'0 $U+&+%'()$#n %,('0,
1($0&  $ '( )('(1'     (0' ()  1  , +    $2 ("/ Q
/ $&- R+(0
$% $&- R A 11,$
1$#)%1$+&($/' !M$& 1,(1SMO),(( (S )$$%$%
JO $& $&- R+1$&,1(0"(,"/(01U, !/
1($'(MO),((
1$' $&- R/(,(+(SI,)$J0&1$0)(
, $&- R+$ % 1$$+&1$#,+,MO $&( $'(1
$"(,
)*($% +, $&-#&1 +'(
S$0 0K 1 (  / /0&1 (
%$O+,)+& $&/  $&I,+&S
$,$ R
-* $+',')O'K (0 )*($%+, $&-1(),$,$)$
-* '(MO $.*%NK/JK$%$O+,MO $.*% $&-$"(N"()%/
1$# $&0& !+$0O0MOM1 R)%'(11$#)O'K  !M

S$0%+'I+$/'K
6.4
MN) 
+ 40! *(!) +)*!

$-K  '()*($%+, $&-$0$0'(1$%$&,
$&- 
%S,/0&%$& IJK  '()*($%+,
$&-NK/(O,#&(% $M $&. 
S$0)%-$#0,$"(
((,$ (S )$$%$$(&$/'(0 "/(0&)(+$
$ $S+' "/( )O,$$/)$J)(1( 1,()(, $&)
* 
$0$0'(1$%$&, $&-1,(
1.
MN)+-(.($.9'8
. %+.2-.!+(
0$-K , LU'()*($%+, $&-0.%$)$$0
1+1,$/+$/ !$O 2&*%$#-)%NK/ !2&/$# !MO+1,1 JK+  
'($#0&"S,'K* +1,  1 )*($%+, $&-I  11 !
 MO),$,, $&K1%%,$# %$ !MO+&,"(*%
S$0
." ,'(1$%$&, $&-/'K+&'KM$& 1,(*%
S$0
.1$.$# ! MO0$0, )*($%+, $&-0K%$1(/ !
1+'()$ !(% $/   VX ,, V1X (,/ !(O,
154

2.
MN)4
(0 LU.%$)$,+(S )$$%'()*($%+, $&-
$"/('($0%,)/,  (1,($$+1,& \,"/() \ .- 2550
$ 0 %,  )  '()*($%  +,  $&-$ ($%   0   
11,600,000  . $&2 %,
$$$(( $ $(+,)% (Certificate of
Origin) $&2 50  1,( \+&$("/Q , 1$#' 1$("/ +&)/(
$ $&2 70  NK/ !$/,+,("/($& $% /+ +1,
%,0 S%%$ ! 42,700,000  (. $&2) +&$ %,0, $&0("/Q+
0&"( , $1,( \, '(0$+M/%,0,)O LU ,
$0MO/U-K $&I$0$01,Q+1,&$( NK/1(1+1, 500,000 
0JK 2,000,000  . $&2 '(0)$ LU MO $$'()*($%+,
$&-/0&1( 0 $&2) )S0,'($#NK/,+,( 0K
%J,$#,,(SS0,+)*($%+, $&-%0&1(
.%$$$"((,$
3.
MN)
9$! +  
LU$"/($ )O, LU("/ , LU$"/( S%%$ $&1(0(,
0+&,)$J0&%,0/)O "/(+, S%%$/%)$J, *%(("/
 $&)
* '( S%%$./ 0K(O,2P 1 MO $$1($ $2
+&M/+&+MO1( S%%$0,)'(1,)$0K
 !$)$%,+,('(M'()*($%+, $&- "/(0MO $$%
1,( (00&,$ $, !M%'%"/(J"()*($%+, $&-
"/(0'%1,("/($"/('(O+&$),$, *%$#+&(("/Q ( $&
$$$ %0&)$M ,"/(0$ $ S%%,+1,MO $$%
,//+(00&,$ $,)
4. -+-(+4 P Q $3*--(
$$$),U,%%,1)*($%+, $&-2&
V)  )&X 0K      ( 1, ( L U '()     ' %1, ( "/ ( $+ L U 
%2&$$$ %2&0&0 $&S"/( LU$$(0), +& %2&,$
$&SK/ \0K,'(O  ()$%,,"/(J"(+,*%$#. &"/()*
($%+, $&-1( '(O+,$# $&I//'( $0$0'(1$%
 $&,)$J'(O/0 !/($ $$$ %)*($%+, $&-
155

$1,1')O,1+,$"(  $0KI$$$$"( $&


 %
 !$"(20)*($%+, $&-$"( $ 1+,$"(("/
0.%$)$+&R
$$,  '()*($%+, $&-
$0$0'(1$% $&,   $&-( $&,  $ o  S
+&
+M  1$S$( $0$0 +,0&$+1,1%2&$$$ "/( O+$"/(
,$&&+1,I'(0$"/($ $S () $),$,'(),
6.5 $3 
.
 !!) +)*!

' ( )(+& "/ ( $ $ $S  )*($%  +,  $&- "/ (    )O,  $
$&)
* $ !(% $M $&. /)$J$M $&. $0$0'(1
$%$&, $&-  
  0&)(  /%$0& !$ +&
$S
&!.
1. L00$"/(S +&$0$(% $ 1( /%,)  ( $ $$
1,( \,$)(+M$$ 4 \, ( $& $&
$$$(O,1+,
)( \+1,)$J1,((S()( \NK/.
$$  1,/ $&SU,0&1,((S'(
$&
$$$)() $(%,0, "/()/ $&SU, 0$2 )*
($%+, $&-1($0+,("/ !),)$( $)(+%
I "/( $ $$'()*($% +, $&- !$O + $ NK/1($
S%%$/%)$J "/($+',' (% $("/Q/2&  "/()$%
"/(J"(+,*%$#+& "/(%0+,) 1SM/,)*($%+,
$&- $ )"( !-O $'((% $
S$0S' $&)
* 1(
,(% $
S$0$ (,, $&)
* (,(% $
S$0) +%0&'K
"/()1$&,$$1 !(% $ !$ VSX ,, V))&X 
$ $S $&)
* +&)$M$0K1( /+ +& $ $S
(% $)(O,)(NK/ L00$"/( VSX $"( 0)0K !)/0 !
2. LU$ $& $&)
* '($S \ /M, $0$$1,Q
0&JO $$0S(O,$$& $&S ,$%$& ,$)$$& 1 M
 )*($%+, $&- 0&1( +M$ $&M$
 $($%,0,S \
156

&!
1. 1()$R
$$,,)*($%+, $&- !(% $/)$J(O,
.,1( "/ $#+&)J&, $#/  ,$0$0'(1
$%$&, $&- $ /+%,I "/(S 0A*%$#-)%
+& !+$ R(% $+'I+$,'K0/)S)$J+
-$#0+&$%$# 0$2  1 .()% ! )O.
$/10$/MO $$0&1($/)&1+,+&  '(1($%
S,-)$S,,'$, $$'K.$+M+,(,0&J,
.($$$ !%$S,,$(& 50  5 \ 1,(0  !1
2. )*($%+, $&-0&1( R)%)$J$+','
 , ( .$  ' ( O  -$# 0 $%  $&,   $&- !  1  (,  -K  , 
'(1$% )$$&, )$#n  I N.,  +0&M$&
(,$+&0&1$$(,$ $/0&,)*($%+, $&-
1(-K $&( '('(1$%  , +&M+ $, '(O ,  $(
'()(+&) "/( )O,$$,)$-* '($+',' V,X
3. )*($%+, $&-1( !MO$)($# $"()*MO+$A$
$+A//'( "/( !  o(
S$0+& !#$0$0'(1$%
$&, $&-1,( +1,'2&.%$)$$0$0'(1$%$&, $&-'(
 !.%$)$/  /,%"($/10$0$0 $ $SA +
0K)$-* $+',' !( )S ($O * / 2)
157

$O * / 6.1 $O * +)$ $    '1(1$ $0$0$&,   $&-


1, $&-

.,( 11)-*!
 .*!


*!



+ & ( 
..- +.2
 $.5*!*3! 8*- 11

$( #)(
+.2 #)(  
S.)4+ !
 -!
+ & !
..-
. 4. #)(
 ( ! +
8*- 11 )-*!


4. M$0$0$%$&, $&-S$(  $&. )O)S+,*%


S$0
.)( VS,S
-)1$  (Key Stimulators - S,)%+& $$/1($
$# 0$0$"(,0$0) +&$# 1S,
S$0/)%U'( $&- !S,
S
-)1$ / !
$0$0'(1$% $&-%O,0$0
0 $$0$0 U/ SY/M, %0 !/)*($%+, $&-
1()(S,S
-)1$  $$M)$I0 !$O
$$
$# 0&1('(O S
-)1$ +&. /0$$& -$#0
'((,0 10 $"( 20 \, , S,
S$0($+&
,(/ !S,S
-)1$   !1 $,0& !M$$( $
0$00$+M(, !$& "( /U/ SYS
-)1$ $0$0
,0&1(,$ s1)%'$0$0S $( $"()$#($
S
-)1$ $0$0 $&-%O,0$0$ s1)%*% $$+1, s1
)%1S$(
)*($%+, $&-0&1()($# 0$0 $&-%O,0$0($ 
MO+'()*($%+, $&-'$, !MO)1$$ $&SS%$
158

$.()-K()$$0$0'()(TY  "/(/0&'()(+& $"(


%I* "/(/$"( o($ /  $&MO+*%
S$0'(O
$&(,*%$# +& "/( $&. )O)SMO+'()*($%
+,  $&-0&1 (  $  /   1 $&I '($0$0 ) $ $0$0
'(1$% )$ $&-/ $$(SS)%)*($% +,
$&-0&1()($# +$0$0(( !)(),%"(),/K/0S,
)%/$ $(SS/ ! $&.  "/(01($)%, "/(
$ $.*%$"($M1 $&-,M'$"(J/"( "/($M1
)1  "/($ $.*%+&),(("/(0M1, ( %1($$%/JO
I/ $2,1(0$0%O,0$0$(SS +1, S,
)%/$ (SS+& !%O,+', )%+$1(,*' $&0&
)%,1S/JO+&(0
S$0* $&-) , '
 !1
5. . $&-%O,0$0 1(0 Lobby (% $
S$01, $&- "/( 0$01,($(
 $# *%
S$0 )%$%1,Q /0& !(S )$$%+& !),)$1, $&-
) )S$ ,
S$0 )*($%1( Lobby MO'(
M$#( s1'K "/( $&. )(TY
6. )*($%+, $&- 0&1( !MO$$"(' ),$,1+1,$/1
 $&I/Q (General Issue) NK/)%$%,)$J$("/(0
/'( )%n ("/Q , $&I$"/(+$ )/+( $+,
)% $.%$)$* $+' LU NTB (Non-tariff Barriers) 1$$
1( .1$S,1+&$(SS (Anti-dumping Measures) nn
)*($%+, $&-1( !MO$"/( V $&I/ X (General Issues)
 ,  "/() $   0+'I +$,  !/ ($ + )%$% n I0&'
$,S, +&)*($%+, $&-I 0& !/ K/$"/( General Issue 
)%$%1,Q /)S
7. )*($%+, $&-0&1()J J$.0/1I 
(/0&$"/(1,( 
. 11'(O',)$ (Intelligence Unit) 11$%'(. %O,+', %O,%)%
)%UQ '(
159

'. $0$"(%$& .'(O/0,'1


%. )(+&S
-)1$ ,)%$"( $$%$$ R(,$+&$1
(,$
8. )*($%+, $&-1($, )*(S1)$$+&)%n ("/Q
+&(,0&K'(O -K%$& 1)%$"( $$(,%$ 0$ "/($
)(S
+,$# (, !$O
$$


  

, 
.  
 

!"#$% "&$ '(). 

.
"
*: 2550.

, 
. /!0& !%"&$ '()
-!"#,
"
*: 

. 2549.
) ) *)*45 $6. ) 5'  &76")7899


$) 7 14 , $;%
8 <' )
6 $5. 2525.
*4 '()$), $. =$
">(%  */!&7?
 '()9>0)>
@
! 1.  A 9)8 8 9 2-4 ">*65 2527.
*4 '()$), $. $"=$
>(%  */!&7? '() (.) >0)> @
!
1/2536.  A)5 87 14 *H'> 2536.
*4 '()$), $. $"=$
>(%  */!&7? '() (.) >0)> @
!
2/2536.  A %  >89 8$7 17 6 2536.
*4 '()$), $. $"=$
>(%  */!&7?
 '() @
! 3.
 A $
)  > / 8 9 29 I 2537.
>(%  */!&7?
 '(), $. $"=
$ /! />(% 9*4 '()
$7
.  A)*  $55 "
* 22 ">*65
2539.
>(%  */!&7?
 '(), $. 17 J .
 2541.
, $  $
/! $/%(7
! 7&.
"* )*). "=A5% /
. 
%" : A*)*5)
$"A7

66), 2545.
161

%)'
8
 %%*46") 
*)5 
!:
www.dbd.go.th/mainsite/fileadmin/statistic/2008/05/05_200802.htm
 8). 9& 7& $9 !)H9& A$. $)
$%" )
]. 2549.
5 $"
). )89 $)$&%
%
7"9%%
%%6). )^%%
! 10, 2526.
5 6""5.  <'
8"
6 $57$=0&&
/!8% */!*4"$ /!8%7
 ]
8$ 200,000 &%
9  5 J (*. .2547-2551). $)$
%" )
], 2547.
5 *_ $)(. "
"=0789

. "
* : A*)*5"4,
2519.
5 *_ $)(. @
9$
") : '( $5 / ( */!
"), ^%%
! 25. "
*: A*)*5"`5)
, 2548.
0 . $*65"6") 7&% /
.
)
)*65)%a) $7 / ( $5
"`5)
, 2526.
8  5. b?$ b85. "
7 '( $5. A8>8
"
, 
^ )"  '5 )!)."
*: $*)*5
)
6 $5, 2527.
))* 5 )* $;. =
%78 7&"&7_

!$&
7$>*"A. )
)*65)%a)  '( $5
)
6 $5, 2547.
*
65A 7. %
%
>(%  (.) %8
A%
 '(). $))( $ $5%a) >)(
 $ $5 "`5)
, 2537.
 Jc* 5$5. '( $5 / A
 5%) 5%%
!, "
*: A*)*5"`5)
, 2538.
= d)
)
 , > )7A- )%
. "
*: )
6 $5.
2514.
162

* % _. '7


"
9 *. . 2457 e 2482 %

"A5$0A d. "
* : *6), 2545.
*)5, 
,  '()*)5. $$"8
&%=&
*">%"". "
*: A*)*5""$5 ' 


8. 2537.
*) ;)!$)$"7. %
%
&
!7$>"$

. $)$
%" )
], 2538.
*)**  )f, % 0,  )
66  *  $"8$.
"
65 *)!78$;
&7
%
) 8 */!%
8
 7& $. $)$%" )
], 2548.
 )
5. %
%
7"=A5
!(% %% 
*4
. "
* : ( $5 )
6 $5, 2528.
$5 6**65. %8A% '()9


"
* : A8*)*5%b. 2546.
)a05 $)A8. 0%%A/>(>  : <'
9A"
*g /b!. $)$%" )
]
, 2547.
)) =$". *4
")7
. "
* : *) )'(5*)*5, 2522.
$ 8_*
*$"8 $%", 7&
9!"#, *)*5@
!$!.
"
*: )
5*)@)@85*%))!. 2550.
$") . "=A5
 '() : <'$&$
!$%
%
%
8&&
. )
)*65)( $5%a) $7
 ( $5 )
6 $5, 2536.
$"
$$"
  $"
* )". %
%
&
!7&89
$ $) '()
&;)!&9 7&"@A7%%0&7
6")98"86*. $)$%" )
]
, 2548.
$"8 A*6)h.  <'097&89"
)  */!d)%)
9&5&. $))%)6")%a) )

&
, 2543.
$"A7
66), )
. '()% /

! 1-5. $$
$7)( $5. $*)*5)
$"A7
66). @
! 3, 2530.
163

$"A7
66), )
. '()% /

! 6-11. $$
$7)( $5. $*)*5)
$"A7
66). @
! 3, 2530.
$>&

.  $>&


! 015/2548 /!@
I %%&
J 2548-2550, 1 $)
2548.
$>"$

. " )d)%) (Workshop) */!%" SWOT
Analysis 9&
%$;59?"%.  Board Room 1 05")
$))))h, 25 );" 2544.
$  .  <'A )= /! $;>* %
%
? 

&7 !%/>(%  $;%%a) *4%)
 $5, *H'> 2529.
&
. $/ )"9$)&
 @
! 29  &8"$)6t5
A8"$)6, 23  2538.
&
. $")&
9%J 2541
&
. &
J 2542
&
. $/ )"9$)&
 @
! 33  &%0 B C
@ 6 A 5 
(0@), 25  2542.
&
. $/ )"9$)&
 @
! 35  &%0 B C @ 6
A 5 
(0@), 29  2544.
&
. $/ )"9$)&
 @
! 38  & ) 2 A)
) 85  !, 31  2547.
$"8 A*6)h.  <'097&89"
)  */!d)%)
9&5&. $))%)6")%a) )

&
, 2543.
 %) %). $ $)
"
9
. $)$%" )

], 2549.
  6
 5.  '() /
= /!7$6")
&. A8*)*5%b 2539.
t85 )5. 
 $)$&78$;977 */!!
 '()7

. $)$%" )
], 2548.
164

 
David N. Balaam and Michael Veseth. Introduction to International Political Economy.
3rd ed. New Jersey: Phoenix Book Technology, 2005.
Hiroaki Yamazaki Matao Miyamoto, Trade Associations in Business History.
University Of Tokyo Press, 1988.
Keizaidantairengokai Gujunenshi, Keidanren Japan, 1st ed, Dai Nippon, 1999.
Montri Chenvidyakarn, Political Control and Economic Influence: A Study of Trade
Associations in Thailand, The University of Chicago, 1979.
Robert C. Angel, Explaining Economic Policy Failure: Japan in the 1969-1971 International
Monetary Crisis, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
Roger Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, 2nd ed, New York: Macmillan, 1996.
The Report of The Advisory Group on Economic Structural Adjustment for International
Harmony, Cabinet Secretariat in Tokyo, 1989.
Terry M. Moe, The Organization Of Interests, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,
1980.
Yoichi Funabashi, Managing the Dollar: From the Plaza to the Louvre, 2nd ed, Washington
DC: Institute for International Economics, 1989.
Debate on Private Sector Standards Continues in SPS Committee, [Online]. 2008.
Available from:http://ictsd.net/i/news/biores/9123 [2008, August 9]
Interest Groups Systems-Group Theory [Online]. 2008. Available from:
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA98/pollklas/thesis/groupth.html [200x, Month xx]
Institutionalist political economy [Online]. 2008. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalist_political_economy Institutionalist
Free Trade [Online]. 2007. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade
[2007, August 11]
International Trade, History of International Trade, Free Trade, [Online]. 2007.
Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade, [2007 August 11]
The Economic System of Corporatism [Online]. 2008. Available from:
www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/coporatism.htm
The Future of Freedom Foundation, [Online]. 2007. Available from:
http://www.fff.org/freedom/0291b.asp, [2007, August 11]

166

 .

 .. 2535-2550 #$


 %&'$ .. 253-2550
167


.. 2535- 2550

: )

%*$ $ %*$ $


 .. %*$

 (+/-) / (+/-)
2535 1,857,888.0 824,643.3 n.a. 1,033,244.7 n.a.
2536 2,111,709.0 940,862.6 14 1,170,864.4 13
2537 2,506,862.0 1,137,601.6 21 1,369,260.4 17
2538 3,169,901.4 1,406,310.1 24 1,763,591.3 29
2539 3,243,864.5 1,411,039.3 0 1,832,825.2 4
2540 3,730,945.1 1,806,682.0 28 1,924,263.1 4
2541 4,022,155.8 2,248,089.4 24 1,774,066.4 -8
2542 4,121,639.3 2,214,248.7 -2 1,907,390.6 8
2543 5,262,197.9 2,768,064.8 25 2,494,133.1 31
2544 5,633,665.5 2,884,703.9 4 2,748,961.6 10
2545 5,698,833.5 2,923,941.4 1 2,774,892.1 1
2546 6,464,406.0 3,325,630.1 14 3,138,775.9 13
2547 7,674,756.1 3,873,689.6 16 3,801,066.6 21
2548 9,192,715.6 4,438,691.0 15 4,754,024.6 25
2549 9,880,294.8 4,937,372.2 11 4,942,922.5 4
2550 10,126,995.0 5,254,999.2 6 4,871,995.8 1

: www.moc.go.th (11  !"#" 2551)


168

 %&'$ .. 2535- 2550

: 6$7$$8
69:

%*$ %*$ $ %*$ $


 ..
 
 (+/-) / (+/-)
2535-2543 n.a. n.a. 5 n.a. 5
2544 n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. -4
2545 13,109 6,424 4 6,685 4
2546 14,831 7,274 16 7,557 16
2547 18,095 8,880 22 9,215 22
2548 20,602 10,121 14 10,481 13
2549 23,842 11,762 16 12,080 15
2550 27,510 13,570 15 13,940 14

;<%: www.wto.org (17 %&%'( 2551)


169

 .
       !" #!
170

$%  & '(  & !!)     !"


1. 
   

2. 
  
3.    ! " 
4.  $ " "%$%&'
5. 
)  ) 
6.   $*+ ,
-  "%
7.   $$,./
/" & 0$+ " &
8. 
  /   "& .0%  232
9. 
4 /  %&"5 /   $  $  *"
+ %
'!&!      !"
1. ! .  *$  / 
2. 
- + 5$%
3. 
&%" !6 " /
171

   *#  '+! $%($ ! +*& ,+.". 2543-2544


 ! 19  +4 2551 ( 13.00 . 6 14.00 .
 & 7 8 9 $  !+:

!!  ;'(&)   !   


-   ,3 
$,-7 2522 89":-  %

"+0+,,  8 $ ;<


3/ =.< ; "'> 9< 0$+- *+ -? 
=.<"   0 ": ,;/ 9  $
 *

"+0+8; 8 @>:
- 0+ 8-7 2525 -  %
!< 9< 0$+ -?+ * GATT @> !< /D 4D- 3
*$0 
 + *0$
 <-E24 @> ;< 4$0 -  %!< 3!
-  !D4F>>; !4$"9":;@
4 
3 -) "!- + ) 9< ;< +") -4/" 
@> 4D$0 +
0 9< -
"4 
3 - -?) $+
- 3!
 $+/<$ 4$0 *0$-7 2527-2529 ": ; "'/ ;  *
"+0!<84<;$ +8
",   WTO 0 >;$  JK

"+0 .<,, 9 $0  9< - >


$9<
0 
- ;  *> 9< + +,, + >!9":;@ + ;+ 4 +>
=0 ;&
%" !6 "    / /+ ;+   4 + ; @>  0  40 + 
=0 ;  $ 3  +  / *"

@> ": 4 + >


$9< ",9< / MFA >+=/- 3
*!< 
":809
-N!  / ) 4!3;$ 3!
9< + +0$ 0$+ 9< + 8 ++ ;+O +08*0
 4 ;< O
- ) 4 ", ; &  $+;!$0 ;  *
"+0 .< @>   3!
+;$ +;!-8 
!
$ 0 ":;@ +0< -N!/ ! +0< /! &8!P "::
 !;$ + 4D4 @0 0 ; "'
"+0 !9F: "!88-  !D0 P  
@> ) 4!;< >+3;$ 23
(TRQ) 40$
 4/" > ) 4!0 9
-  %
;@  $ & O (!<!F  ;-N % 9< + *0$
  ) 0$+ ",
 $ *
 3!
+0+ ;  * 9< + +0$ 0$+ UF> $+-F /0+=.<-  ,>
<+ 8*<$"!,) 9< @>) + - .-0
 "!89 ; "'89":
F!4/" 84<-  %8  $+!<- 3
*+
>! (UF>0  -? ;) FF & -?4/" ) 3!
+0  -N!/ !": /! &
/84<3;$ 8- + ) "! +0 < - -V;<+;  & UF>8;$ + -?
 /<$=/   > +  ) + UF>=/ 
!<
 ) 4 ", ;,  -  %
 D
" 9< - >
$9<4 @+,, <
+
172

  - 8 ,@:<!<$0 9< .0 $   9


0  -?- +  ": P >
9":;$ + <+8!< 0 P
"+0+ +0$0  -?,;/ 9 ; "'>+) $
<
/
"9 !- ,  $+F 84<;$ +8/+0$ 0$+9  $
@>P / ;  *>
"+$0  +0 >
$9< ",=/  
 +@>   !) 0- ; "'!<+ "!":; + 40* > 9< + !./
@> GATT 3!
W 
 - + -7 2527-2531 +"
0    !< 9< + 
.0> + ;< 0 -  %/!<
-?5, ! !<) @>9 4 +>  9< + > + ;< 0 -  % /
) 4 ",-  !D   > ; "' 9< -+0$ ) 4!0 ;@ +  ,3<
0+/ !4 @Anti dumping (AD) 09":+0!<+ , +9<+./8!P 
;  * @> 4D$0 -  %
-?JK
3! 
D, AD +0!< -?=.<aV
-  , ", ;0$89":
"+0 .< @>  -E24 !" /0 $ ; "'F!< >+84<
+ "!, +"++ =
 0;$ + .<84< ", ;  *+ 9F: -?/) !",
 =.< ;  *>0  .< @>89":;@ ! . *$  / /- 5 
4 ;< O +"
":;@ ;$
 4$">4/ ) 4 ",;+;/  
5 + 9< + +
0$ 0$+8 
4/"P 3!
9< + @> <-E24 W 4< 0 ":
 ) 4 "," $* > 9< + +,, + !< 0 ;"*+"
/; 
 0
0 
D + ,, 9" $* 9":
" +0 !<) 84< !;$ + 9< 88" ;++
0 >;$ +@>   +-  !D @>;3-  Issues " $* !< 9< + +0$ 0$+
+ 9F: 3!
 <-> ) %F & $"
F=/ ,> !9F:
4/" -N!
 3!
+ ! . !@ !0 ",) @> Competition Policy
 !!! &#!% !"
- ;  *90 -  %3!
W -  %"k /<$
0 4 "'O 4 
3 -4 @2>-K
 9< + +,, + 0 ) 4!3
,
9 ; "' UF> 0  ", !,, 9
;  *
"$
0  *0 0  @>5," 94 "'O -?0 >+  ;$ +< 9
;  *
0 < 
- ;$ + 4D9=.<"+ & >
$ ", 9< .0 $   ", ) 4! l  ,
,0 P 3!
; "'
/ - ","$9 ;  * +/) !", 04/"> 0  " 4$0 -  %"k /<$ ",
-  % ) /""k UF>;   !<!;$ + 4D$0 @> @:'  "k -  %
 0  " !", "k  0  " /0+-  %"k /<$ -N!-  % -N!  + 0
0$-  % ) /""k ;$ +880/ /0+ 4 +
" 0  "
.0+
*@>+3
4 @ >
$9< " 4$0  4 +
" !9F:<
+
173

% (! !"#!!!< *  !  


- -  %
> < $ 9< -?+ * 84+0
"9 !- , 
- "$ /9  % &' 
">) + +./;0 - +  0 -) 9< <
+ +0+"
) ;"2 
;<
- ,;/ ; "'/ ;  *
"+) $+0+ $+F$"
"%9 ; "'0 -N!  
89":
"+0 -N! ",0   -N!/ ! "$
0  *0 -, +%/ 84<+
- ",/! & -? @>
 
";< ;" &.  $<
- ;  *+$0 WTO -? @> /"$ +0< -N!   +0< /! & /0$8420

"+$0 +0+-  !D   > >
$9< ", 4 +9  0) 4 ", 4 +
>+-  !D >
$9<89":;@  4 +> UF> D!< 9< + +0$ 0$+3!
 
.0
/<$
*!% =&
- !;$ + 4D4 @0 0 P +0;$ +  /0+>!< ",=/- 3
* /0+8! /0+4F> 0
<   84< -?  ;$ + 4D  > +  $, $+/ /">    ;0 $ 8 /0 +
 4 +":P (Not major interest, but the mixture of things)
- 0=.< , &" 9< + -? + 4 @ -?
8+ ;+0 P -?>>. <
.0
/< $ 0  +0 ; $ ) ;$ + 4D  4 @  ;$ +<   9,  &"   + -?  0  9 
;  *8  $+": 4+! ;  *;$ <+;$ + -?+@ * + $0 : @>
 + *0$
) 4!% 84< ; "'!)  !<
0 . <
- ;  *<+++ +8  $+9-  % 0 (Macro)  ":;0
/
/ 
!
80/ 4 + /F+/F /+ 80$9, &"
174

    *%%* 9+ $%($ ! +*& (,+.". 2544 -2550)
! ! 15 % ( 2550 ( 10.00 . 6 11.30 .
    &@ 5    *  9 &$*

AB   !"!C $=) !"#!


- 0 9
8+"
 P ++./;0 +0 > <
/<  4 
2 ;< ) ;"2P !< 0 9< $ +<"

 -E24 ;< O +08*0-  !D>+ 4 @ "*"!  (40$
 ) * 8+"
":
+0!<8 GATT + " (GATT >++ ":0;.%. 1948 (.%. 2491)) -? $8  < 
,  ;< 
+0 4D;$ +) ;"2
- -/"!  >+)  .%. 2513 8-7 .%. 2517 v 2518 
>++-  !D ;< ",2>-K UF>
+ 
-  !D !
$ ;@ @> 0! !. ",  0! !.  0! !. ( 4 "'O) 

&>) $0  0! !. ( 


) 
&. $0
- 8+"
":
"+0+8; .<" GATT / !+   ;< <  + ;< 0 -  % ()
4< >   $ ;) /-  !D ;< 0$8420 -? @> &/<$P
"+0+ NTBs
%   DB!!D)#!= DB  GATT:
 < Subsides/CVD  <@/ *! !D)GATT C!  T@
- ;< @:=< /> >+ -  % ) /""k 0 ;< -  :+ 9F: !+0 3!

4/ <4 $" 


" +0  ! -E 24 0  *0$ > ;0   8-  % 4/0 ":  .  9F:  D+
relocate 9< + 8+ / U

aN/--N 3! U
/- ,;$ +) D
0 +
3!
W  + / U
/
0 - -?) $+
- ">  89":+;$ + /$0 !<$
MFA (Multi-Fiber Agreement) 
.0/<$ 0 D+ )
+  84+0P *0 CVD + 8*< 
- ,-E24 @> CVD 8   TSB (Textile
Surveillance Body) -?; ": > ;  * >+ 9< + 84<*0$
 <9-E24
- =.<-  , 0$8420 .<" 0 ", order =/ 0 3!
>$5 0.<89":+ 

3;$ (call to negotiation) 3!
  
!0 >+9F: 0 >+9F: > %
!<3;$ >+9F: > % < ; "::0 D< ) 4!3;$ ( -?; $P -) ":-  % +0+
8; .<$0 +$5 ,,:
- 

+ (84<-  %"k /<$) *0":)   +Annex 3 ,$0 (;<  ,< ) >
D,3;$ !< Annex 4 $5 D,3;$  !+>   ,,;
<
<
 %"
+0F>
GATT 4 @8/" &$ ;  <9-E24 ;< 
0 - - +!<=/ +
  <%*! 
175

- D  ! +*&'( case TSB  =8%   ;: '(!=8%*$'(


 XY  +#!& GATT =C<+ 
 %*" %     *%@'% 8%
-   GATT , 04< : -?   8$;,P  !+> GATT ++ * +0F
40 -  % 8 ,3 
$ -? ,>< 9

$  + *  !+ < -  %8!.0
,$   8 ,: D -? 84< concession ",-  %@>3!
"3+"+0) -?
<4 @$ ; ",0/-  %+ * 
 !"#! !" non-issue !AB   !"B \+ !"$
(+ case subsidies *!: = *C   GATT
- ":;!$0  ;<-  GATT F >+4"+ 8$0 GATT -?
0  (
$< @>
GSP >+08*0-  !D   0    GSP -? @>9 84<JK
!
$ GSP +@>F
) 4! 
0  D -?- +9":)
- -/"!  >+ )  ":0 ,3 
$-/
P >+< ,  $"
(":0+"
-?
9< * !", U4) =.<8<,";",,"2* -  ,!<$
5,!  ! 5,!$ "
- "$9< *
"+0 .<" $5/ 8   /<$89":<) request list >+0 <
(concentrate) 8 @> -N!/ ! (Market Access) * < , +  *$0
0 ;< 0 P !-E24 8!,<  0$8420  *,$0 +0+-E24 ( 9< 8$0 )  +;
+ U@:9F4< 3   +0 ;
<0 
-   
      
    +0 9< 8$0 (   ) + ; $ +) ;" 2
(implication) 
0 
$< @:=< >>+- , ,<  D;;/<
P ",-  %
) /""k ":4+!> >+<8 $/ !
$ ",

- ">  +3;$ ) 84<=.<0 8!<8 !",4F> (happy to some extent) 0MFA


4+!
- =.<>=/;< !<! $0 D!</ !- 89": -/"!* + 4 @ ", /0+
> "+  +$0  -?
0  909"!<4 @+0 /8>! D+ 
,$0 < + $/ 10
-7 0 909"!< ":0": issue   ;< D >+ 
 -
     
- 8   8; ":": + -  90   * ": D+ @>9< $ 0$ -?
  984<;
.08;< 04$ @> + (3;    *!) ) @>JN (< + -/. @*
 +> ,83;$ ) D+ -/. JN<
/
- * %   $/ "', / 
+ 4 @ 
+ -? €  * ;&%" !6 " /
(>) ;$3  + /*"
(>) ;+! ,. %  ( ;+) 8 /0+: 4D (,< ) >+0
4D +0 9< + 0$+!<$

176

- *% "', / -?=.< ) 4!0 + $0 >) ;"2P D$ TRQ ) 4 ",  */<$ @>
& D+ $0 -? & D  +0 .< @>0 +0
84< -N!   List !<
9 TRQ
-/"!-N& 5,!   4 @ + -? TRQ 9

- ;< >
+3;$ = ;< TRQ 3!
8*<@:' >$0 ;
) 9< 10,000 " 84<) 9< !<
4,000 " (+0+3;$ )  - D) 9< 10,000 "
.0! (6,000 " D 
& 3;$ ) ) 84<
8 ,  $"

+0!< 
 /

- $  * (Market access) 


bind >.! 3!
+ applied rate > >) $0 D 0 ",
+"$
- $  * )  -$. 281 + -?'  5 3!
;0 !< $;@>>2 8< -$.281
0 ": 4+
F ) "! / 
0 !< :  + -$. 281 < 0 !< $@4< 50% 9F:-
 +,"2* 9 ; <92  >>
bind 8 WTO ;@ < ;0 !< $@4<<
$0
50% D+5>/)  D!<;$ +4+
;@ -?, &"
">  ;">$-+0 9< 8 D
+0
-N!   9< -8420 ">  -? .! /", " 0 ": 
- 8 ,  $"
+0;0
!< input   *" 0  *0$> >+ 4D  * 9< + +0$ 0$+
+ 9F:  D $ 6 v 7 -7 >  /< $ (.%. 2543 v 44) (- + > ;  $ *
-?  - 5 
4 ;< ) $ 8 v 9 -7>/<$ (.%. 2541 v 2542)
***!&@ #!#AB=+ #!(=***
- 
!" #$  (&') )!#*"+ ',*"
 

*-+"
 "! $ ! .
' $
!!
& " /
 ',
0.1#'2
- .!" 7 4 ( 
55
-?) & " ** +
$ active ('"' $ )
' $ !"#$
# +,1= (- 2>) .1 . @5A 
A*"
 
"" " !"#$ & "* .1"  '0*& " 2+'-  
- > 
-? + * GATT + 
4 @ D - 0$ +!< $
3!
> , ; ": D; !$0 +0 !<
- 3
*   - ,-E24 ;<  DaV 
; ":4F> $/ > aV
* GATT D -?>F>!<
)   !b   
1. +0$ 0$+9 ;  *+<
+ 4 @,+0+ /

2. @> 4$0 =.<>) 4< >   ",=.<+0$!<0$ 


<

3. 9<+./+0;0
+  +9<+./  *  * D+0;0
.< /
=.< .<  /
-?=.<) 9< 0 -  %
177

4. >> ( ; "') <- ", -/>


 ;@$  (approach) 8 =
 0;$ + .</"!"++ , 
DF;0!%.
 / 0 D+;$ +

+=/" !" (inject) 9< - @>
P @>$ : <  *+0
 ","$  D, $0 +0+-E24 +0+=/ , !"": F;$ ) 84<+ UF+U",/84< ", .<F
;$ +) ;"2
*!&!D:
- < +" $"
(research team) 
0  " 3!
84<%F & -  !D>  *;$ 
9F:+
84< ", "', /  *<, * /<

+) 84<+ 9F:
- ++" $* ! + (-  !D ;< /   ) 
0 !/ -? /" &  + 
-? Opinion Leader !< ;<+ Club ">.!;
8 *3
,
/ * % &' 3/ 84<9<+./
", "', / @>- counter ", NGOs +W": NGOs ; ,) 4+!
- 
0  D! 9F:
.0 ", /" &3;  <   % &' !<$

+0!< internalized 
0 
;3-  + / U
(" 5 ) +0;0
< $- 4D9<  +*": + ( $0 !< -!<)
+ layer 4/
*": 9<+./>84< ", ; "' D+0//F (simple + P) < 
-) 5  ",
0 -  %+ 9F: < >+-/0 -  %!< .<$0 -  %@>++  0  +
/
0  !< 
 .< $/   !< .<$0 <) 
0  >+8 * ",

0  !
$
 <     !"
- "'+ + 2 -   +  $ > -?9< * (bureaucrat) ", " 5 
"$
0 
;+ % D8 -?-  !DP -
9:
-  *0 *  (" /0 -  %> 9< + /=/;< 8
) ;
9< + +0$
0$+8   ;< 4$0 -  %,< 4 @+0
($ %:
-  *0 -  %8
D+
.0,<  - +  1 v 2
>/80 -  %/<$ D+
/8
+0<
+ *0 (  
- U …) + @> & 4$0  
/
3! U
D984<
*0$
  ;0 @> & +0!<4+
;$ +$0  *0 -  %
4/0 ":+;$ + .<+ $0 4 @
0  0  +-E24 W 4< /
9< + 984<*0$

  +0;0
+ 984< < 
- 0
0 8-  %"k /<$  
0 + pro/con + 0.< "  !+;$ + .<8 /< ;

" /0+=.<) 9< D+ *0$
(  <
3! AD)
"$
0  ,,94 "'O 8
  ,  $"
++" 5 -!<$

 -? <
; ) 2 4< >
1) ;
,,+   $0 ) 
0 >, -4 @ -/0
178

2) ;
lobby "  ( ", counterpart) 8$ ;>< 4 @!<$

) 4 ",  *
<
+ > ! -   !<$
 < - D- -? 84< ",;
  O  <;
4 $/ 84< 9< ,,;;/0 P 0< -?-  %
0  2>-K >-
- ) > WTO +" 9, ", < 4< >
>- ) > WTO +P 0":: ":":)

0 ":!< D<+,- +  ( )
9
- *!) %  $'%AB <%@D-(@D
($ %:
-  P @> +0$0  -? @> &4 @4 @ +<0"$ "', /  D+0*"! $0 *0$
8;
*0   4 "  $ *0 $
& *0 $
-/ -K  0 $ 8420 D ; 4 $0 D *0 $
;": 
@:=< -> 
 :)  /
- - ",3;  <  & >+0- ,=/) D D  +0+8;
+8; < "', /
+0aE5$0
3
,
< -?
0 : 
0 : - @>
P 0>$ :+08*0 -? *0": +0*"!  /<$0
"', /0/ "', /- ,-E24  D <9- W 4<
- 
;$ < -?-  % Internationalization
5%  80/ sector +0*"!  +0+
political commitment >*"!  ">  @>: BOI ;$ -?"$4/" -/
:) 3!<
0 
< <:) +0 work !
:  !D# )     !"$ T@
-   ;< 4$0 -  %9
4+@ ", pendulum (/. <+ ‡ ) <  $0-U<

! ;@ 4 @8/" &$ ; 4 @ $0-9$ ! ;@ GATT  


0 -> GATT 4+!
*0$!P   / P +0+ 4 +0 
- Focus 80/ /0+9"$  84<"$ <  0+ ", .< +"
,  $"
5 ;   84<
;$ +8 @>,  0;0
P U - /<$ D /",+  ; ":   FTA 
-4 "'O
- ;$ 84<  *<+ /0+4F>+ +  $+  4O  O < organize 9F:+
-   P D internationalize + 9F:  P /<$ @:' +0 0 4 0 
 .<  D!< 0<
! +0 @>
- ,, 9 NGOs 8+"
:  !+>+0 .<,< +0 .<,<  -E," NGOs 9< + ",=!*,-

 @>   @> >
$ ",5+&
*- @,":4+!
- -N!<
  ,3!… : ; -? @>
/) , >-N! ,   8 +@>4 "'O +0
+ mandate +0+-  %+ * @>
+   !<$

179

  * $ %%   4*$  % !"


 ! 6 +.. 2550 ( 13.30 6 15.00 .
   % !"  ! +*&

 *   GATT )$%


- -  %
9< 0$+   -?; ": ; "' > >+ 
 .< 9< .0 $   3!
+  $
 *
 -?40$
 4/" 0$+ ",  $ & O  $ ;/" -?<
- @> 
> 9< -?+ * 84+0 -  , ", l  ,
,9 GATT
"++0+ /
;+$0 GATT -? @> /"$ -? 
 @ ! & ) 84< 8*<- 3
*
"+<

-    <-E24 ;< +"  %"


  2 JK
,, Bilateral ":P >+ < F
9< /8 GATT $0 8*< <-E24 !< 0+0 -?>
+ 0 ", Bilateral
- !! & @>
"9 ! $+"$ "
0  -? /" &
- 4 @+; + (UNCTAD) / (GATT) 40*  UF>+ 
"'+  -?
- 5  (+"
":+! .% *"
/ ;*$) /'!&!@  :
'(  %  : 3!
": 2  ,"!<+ !;$ + 4D8-  !D0 P  $<8>
- *+!<$
0+ ; + O !" /0 $!<+ - ", -/>
 -? € %. /+ "!
- *+,0
9F: $0 8!
 GATT      WTO
- ", .< >+++ 9F:8 ;0$ & * !!)   T@ +
":; + +  ",
0  -?  ) 84< ; "' +  .<"$=.<> ",=!*,8 @>
0 P !<
0 *"! 
-  JK
": ; "'/& *= DB  WTO  T@ @> WTO -?
 <99<,  0 GATT !"": 8*<- 3
* $   WTO F++ 9F:
3!
<  80 9  aV   <  -?  4/" *0  8*< +  ,3< 0 + / ! 4 @ 
,$ ",9<  -?<
- +@> +- , 8 $   + 9F: -  , ",& *= 8&'(
!!  WTO T   )$%

"$
0 ;< +") -4/"/,4 > >) 84< 4D$0   WTO -?- 3
*
 +") -4/" : EU + ;+3;$ 3!
 
-  %
9< -4 @8
/" & 2 JK
4 @ bilateral 9> EU 4 @ ",3! U
/+ / U

3!
 %"
$ WTO   2 -  % -?+ * 
.0
180

 ,4 > : 4 "'O 


<":4+! 3 @>!< 0 -N!/ !84<) 9< 84<
3‹&   / +  9< + /!< ) 4 ",-  %
+;;"!;< +
UF> @>:;/. 9!<"!84<) 9< !< 0 @> 3‹& // +0
>
$9< ", WTO 84<0/-  %+58 "!8  !"": 
F
4< +3‹& / 9< + /
  4/
P 4  F 4D$0 9< -?+ * WTO !- 3
* ",
-  %

     &)  
-   /! & ,  $"
-? /!,,8*<. /! -?,, W/>
+0!</! -?

;< !"": ; "'F+0!< 


;  * 9< + 4 @+ " 0 > -?   ;<
04$ !)   -? ,,4F>
$%  GATT / WTO & *% (  )
- ;  *> 9< + +0$ 0$++ 8 + ," ; "'+0!08 +, &"O UF>
 0    8-E," >+ 9< + 8 +, &"0$"$,< 
- *0$ >+<   ,  $"
+ ;  *UF> -?=.<  4 ;< O -!<$
0
*0$ -=/   ; "'<-
.0> $ 3!
+0!<+ ;  *- 0$+!<$

0  D
 + !<+ !04 @ "/! $/
 *
- ;  *> 9< + +0 $ 0$+8   
0 + ", ; "' ;@   4 +> 
@> +-  !D @>   3;$ & 3!
=0 =.<;@ ;&%" !6/ ;
+/8 ++ ;+ 4 +>
-  !D>4 @;@
/ 3;$  , ",
=.<-  , 

0  -N!  909" ",…0 /!<4 @+0 
0 
- ;$3  -? ;> 9< + +,, 8 +9 ;  *8   -  !D> >
$ ",
 4 +>/ ; @>040+
- ; / 9< + +,,  -?; ":; $8 ++ ;+O ) 4 ", 4 + 4  / 0
9< + +0!< -? .-,,>+3;  < *"! 
- ; &
" 9< + +0$ 0$+<
+=.<>-    ",< ;@ ! . *$ 0 -$0 8
 $+   ;< &  %"
 $ & O + 40
3!
80$9
"! 3;$  $ *
4 @ 0$+ ",  $ & O
- ;< 9< $ -? 4 @ @>3;$ 3!
   ) 9< -?4/"  %"
 $
 *
/  $ & O -?40$
 4/" 4 @ ", ;  *+
.0,< 
181

- 40 4  -? 4F>;< >+3;$ 3!


-  %
<
/
8 5 -7 0
8-E,"
"+0!<
/ ; !$0
"8-7 D<
/
- ;< & TRQ 23
 P  + ,$84<
/ 3;$ !<,< 8, ;<
- ;< +") -4/" + 4 @ ",+ ;+O 8 @>93;$ EU
AB
- ,, 9 ;  *
"+0 

- +=.<> monopoly ;$ +;! 4D ;  *;@>
-   4 +O  4 ;< O +9<) "! @>,;/ 0$+ ;+O 0 P D+0+ ) /"

 =.<> 9< + 

+!;$ + 4D8 @>
- ;$ + 4D9=.<;$ -?;$ + 4D> ; "' + 8*<< !< /
< -?;$ + 4D>
-? mass represent ;  *":4+!!<
- Conflict of interest -?-E24 4F>9 ;  * +<$0  -?+ * >
.08; 4 @
+ ;+ !
$ " D + , ; ": +@>+;$ + 4D 0  "
8+ ;+ !
$ " D -
+ ;+@>
-
8< $+ /0+ "9 ;  *>
.08  4 + !
$ " +
/D
8420
909" "  , ; ":+ 984<4 @,";",
/D 84< 9< + 
.0
8<+ ;+
- ; " '  + 8*< ; $ + 4D  9=.<   ;  *> 9< + 84< 9<  +. / <   !< 4 @  +0
;$ + 4D =.<>+  , &"9 ! /D ; ,;/+-F0 /;$ +< 9
, &"9 !8420!<4 @+0
- .-,,9-  %
 0  ",4 "'O /0 $;@ 
+ ;+O94 "'O ",< 
+ !"": !;$ + 4D represent ": 4 +!< 0$9

+ ;++
 , &"  * !"": !;$ + 4D4 @84<9<+./ 8, ; ":+0 +  represent
9<+./9 , &"!< <
>! D- 3
*9  -?4/" 
.0!
 '
- < 84< /0+ 4 +>!< ",=/ , -N!  +9< +  <+ ",
-E 2 4 > - ,
.0 0 $ 8420  *:  0 -E 2 4 > <   84< ; " ' " ,  ,3!
+0 +
9< 
-
"$
0 -  !D> ;  * 9< + 84<9<+./ ", ; "'>!F$0 -? /0+>+;$ + .<!/
84<9<+./" -?- 3
* ;@ -E24 @>3;$ ;<  0
%  190
-  P /<$ ; "') 
.0/<$ 
0) ->; "'+  UF> 0  +.190 ><
)  9< "'
182

- @>;$ +3- 08;$ <+ !", -N! =


9<+./4 @      ,00 
9-  %
3!
$+
- - 2>   "! .190 !"&E
'0 FTA ! E 2
A
"
- - "  "
'0
,
>&1" &1 .!"
0
A" & !
 -5
- 80$  FTA 84<+ $, $+ $"
FTA ":4+! /+ " ; 49<+./
":4+!  $"

- ; "' (3 40$
  !< 0 ) "
5%   ;< +   ;< 4$0 -  % +
0  + 0 ) ) paper  (
;84+0) 8 @>9%  ;< 9
+
/
5
0  "$
0  *0 < -?   ",4 "'O 4 @a  8<!9D !0 -?

0  /+$  <9
0 
183

  + % "+* *; 4*$ ! + *!ABB


! ! 5 +h"* 2550 ( 12.30 . 6 14.15 .
 !D4*$: &@ 14  ! + *!ABB  ! +*&

   GATT )&' b
- 
>+   ; ": 8 ,3 
$ +@> !@ "

 2516 ": 

"+0!< 9< -?


+ * (;  4"$4< JK
O ;+"  .
- ) $ 9< - *+!<$
)
- 8*0$": 
<"!) request list ) 4 ", GSP $0 < 84<+
;< 8!,< /
"
+0+ ;  * 9< + +0$ >
$9< @> +0!< 
4 @ UF> ; "'
"+0+">8$0 

!<;<  +> <9-4 @+0
-   !) 
.04/
-7 8 
4/"P >   ",4 "'O 
9
;<  
-N :) -/ 3!
+  / "8 ,@:< (initial) ",4 "'O $0 < 
9< -?+ *
4 "'O +0 <9 >+ + (":+ 18
) +@>
9< -?+ * 4 "'O
+0!< 
<
;< >+ + 89>4 "'O 
< 90 $0

- 0+ (  04 @4/".%. 2525 /D <
) 
9< - -?+ *  * >+ 9< + +0$
>
$9<,< /<$ D+ 4 ;< 40-  %
+ ;+ 4 +O (.)
- - + -7 ;.%. 1973 (.%. 2525 v 2526) +@>   ,3 
$/<$  D 
D
"+0!< 9<
-?+ * -7 .%. 2525 ;- 
. /%  5,! + % &'   *
 (89":) !<
+ 
4 @ @>  offer list / ; ":+=.< 4 ;< 40-  %

+ ;+ 4 + 9< 0$+ + ": -?; + @>  9< -? ;9 


GATT   3!
> (1) ) @> 9< ; +. @>  (2) 4 @ +%/ 9":
+;< 100 $0
+" &=. ". $0 " & D,   (;< >4 
3 -

<84<
/! &84<+ >! ;@  ‡ )
    
-   ,3 
$    P 
 1 -7 ("
! 

"-) 3!
>

":8 9< 0$+ -?+ * 8 ,":0


"+0 9< + !<
1 -7 -  %+ * @><
84<
9< 0":

"+0!< < l4+


W,",4F> (5,!<$0 -? @>9 ,, &
UF>0 !+ ( 0.%. 2535) 
D, & ;< (business tax) UF>!. 4+@$0 
D, &;<
0 -  % ",;<
8 -  %+0 0 " 3!
84< $/ 
- ","$ -? $/ 5 v 10 -7
  : 
. 
;0 =0 - . 100 $0
(
>
< -N!/ !)
% : 
-/>
 ,, D, & ;< + -? ,, &+./;0 >+ +@> 1 +.;.
.%. 2535 @> & ;< + D, &U:) U<
184

-   ,3 
$ 6 -7 ,  $"
7 -7 -N! ,84+00/ ,8*< $/  + /+
, ; ":<+  / " ,
-  4>
< 9< -?+ * >+ lobby 94 "'O /
4D;$ +) -?!<$

 -  % 80 v 90% -?+ * /<$-  %>


;< 9
!<$
-?+ * 4+! @,
":4+!  U
 0 -?+ * 4+!/<$
- 8   O <*+ *
4 "'O $0 4 "'O " & "22 +0 
< >+ + +-  % $
10 -  %> 
< >+ + 4D$0 *0$> 
9< -?+ * ": 4+ +!/<$
+0 *0":/<$ . 
D,;0 =0 - .,,0 
+
"$
0  "+.* > > 9< -?
+ * WTO
- 0$8420 " &=. ".+ $0 " & 
D, 
.0/<$ ":4+! +>=. "$< +0
>) F D,  D /
+03$
 <  
4
D;+0
 ":   @>/! &
0 
!
$
$< business tax ", VAT 0$ & %, /

D,;8; 0 "
- 8   ,  $"
>++  * 9< + >
$9<,< /<$ (0+0;0
!<0 ) + ,0 -?
; +
0
P &  4 + ,  (+ ;+5 ; 
) -?; ": >)
,  9< + /+ 4 @ !++ (brainstorm) +>) + 3!
+-/"!* -?- 5 
/0++08420 3Œ /D P % : + 8/" &"$ ;5  (",- ! --;W" *"
)
*!:  >
$9< ", + ;< 0 -  %+ $0 -?;< >< retain quota /
< 84<9< / MFA !) 
0 3- 08 %  '( +<& (SPS):
+-E24 +  $0  *+0 , @> * 4 =.<   +0!< , +-
"  $
& !<=.< *>
$* 2 W  @> +0+8; .< @>+  '  4$0 -  % <84< < 9 @>
-   3
,
5,!O ," -?4"$4< ;   SPS 8+"
>;-/!- 
-?5,! 
+0 -? ,$  +0 .< /

- ) 4 ", * /<$  
+   ) 4 ", ,  $"

" -? ,, $0 : ( ,3!… )


 + ;  + 8420 + " ' +  -?  - 5  5 , ! + % &'     *
 +
subcommittee 
&  4 + <-   +%/ O/O ": ;)  
3!
W  !",)  - -?;)   /+
+
- ": ( ,  $"
)  
+"$9 ;  *+0 4+@ ",; ":: ( ,3!… ) >+ ":
;/< ", "', /
9:
 * Contribute  ,< 4 @+0 +0+ /
4 @+,< 0+0+
%:
185

- 9< 8$0 -?=.<+ ;+ -? < 4< >+ $0 =.<-  ,   Contribution +0;0
+
4 @ +0+0!< -?90 $ D!<
-  !)'!&: (1) ;- ! 
$  ( !< $ $/ >) 
  ",4 "'O "2+!<- 3
*+ 0;- ! .!) $0 +0;0
!< 0;$ +
-?    (9 GSP?? 8; ":":) 4+@ -? /! & %& W 84< !<
 4 " ' O 
 " !  + 84< 3 !
W !<  , + -? 
$0 <   4 @  +0
(2) ! . $ *"
*4 .$ (=.< 4O) , $0   +0;0
!<    $0 
,/;+0,0
P
- contribute ) -?"$,;;/ 4 )  8 /<*! contribute + >+=!4$",<  D; -?
  ; "'

+) D+ > 0 (  *) ;+0 9< 8     8*< $/ 8
!)  + verify 4F>-7 =. "$< $0 /! &/+ /! &/+ D; !4$"$0 
-? 0% "
- 8 ,  $"
;  *+0!<84<0  ; "'!  - -   /
$/ , +;$ +
;! 4D9 ;  *9 9 /! & 84< (  *) , $0 9
!< D/<$ " +08$0
&": -? 0 4 0 9<+./ ":=++08 =+9
!<8 ; >8 D /<$<  +$0
- ,-E24 @> NTBs 4 @+0 D,$0 -? @>9=.<) 9< +08*0 @>9=.<0 ":
& / 4 + (;! 4+@ ")
- =.<, 4 !",..! - + !< @:!<:) 08 !",-," ,$0 +0 .< <
984< 9 /!!< D!< 0</!84< 9 D+0  8*<"$ /9 current access + &. 9< $<
:)  / D*"!$0 -? Sensitive > ;$ 0=.<8420+ ">4 @/)   0$+ "  < -? !",
< 4< >O - *+ /",-/<$+
 
0  9< 8 @>+ <

8!+0+8;  ,
(+"
":; 2 
* 9< 0$+- *+!<$
)
-   :  * D
"+0 9< 8 @>!4 +0 9< 8$0 </! (!40 ) <
/

+0 ;
< !40 < <$0 +0+ D+0</! +3
,
">+ 84<
/  4;@
$0 +0F+@ & /=.<0 "$ / -  >=.<0
8420P 

+0+ 90 ",4 


3 ,8 @>!40 <
/  < + <
/
-  %   ;: ; "'+  
+"$;09< +  -/"!* +0$ 0$+8
4 @8 /<*! +; + O >+ "'+  -?- 5  5,!;5 !./ -N!/ !
;<  4 +//! &;*
!./ TRIPs -/"! / BOI !./, 
! . + "$ " &/"; . *
 !./;< & 0$5,!$ " !./9<+./
"$ /9 - ) >  O
186

- @> -N!/ !//! &: ;)  -  ,!<$


40$
 > >
$9< *0 + ;<

8/ + ;< 0 -  %/  $ & O (! . ) ) UF>9<+./ -? @>9"$ /9
$0 ;$ 84<3;$ 0 4 0
- 40$
 !< $* > >
$9<: ! .  
 (‡ O) *0$
@>"$ /9 + "!< 
! . $% / ,-= $* (!< ) ) %F & @> tariff non-tariff
- +-E24 ",%/ + (;  +%/O) *,, $0  10 -7 
 -?=.<=/30>
! . +, $0 ) -; ": P 4 "'O $0 -? lousy offer
- $5 "!) "$ /9+;$ +) ;"2 89> Modality -? 
$  0"$ /9> ) 4!
3;$ $0 ;< "$4 -N!!< -N!+0!< D -N!;0 3% D

+4 "$ /9 

+4 "$ /9
Current access @>+084<9

+ - -/"!* 84<$ $0 +0<9

0 <
) 0 $0 +0-N! ":  < -N! ": <;0
P -N!> 3% /<$ D 5%
- +@>   $!+ P 9< 8 /<   :!8*< $/   ;   O <- ) 
.0> $ -?
!@P -?  4> <+. (=.< $ 
) - ) WTO @>  >- F &  *

) 40+0F (+0FU 9) <9. 9< - *+ 0. D0  -?0 statement < 9<
  //F  < wording .+0;0
.< @> < -?;   > .< @>4+!
-  D B     !"/(  !")   *% : Cairns
Group $/   -  %+ * +9< / $
 9< /0+ /D +"
":;*+ - ) >
$ -  %8 /0+O  +$0 0 
-?
0 
+ +> 4 @+0
0  

",  /
8 /<*! "   /
/
!; "+0
+ 9< 0$8420 -?
=/" !" Modality 8   $0  4D!<$
", Modality ,,:4 @+0 -?<
 8 ( ) 
  /
4 
3 - $U/! $ U /! 2>-K 8 U

+
-  % !
$> -?+ * /0+ 8 -? /0+    "< 84<;$ + /, /=/
) D ) 84< -?>W 9aN/--N -? /0+   & 
0  !
$ 0
4/"2>-K 9<
+ -?+ * ) 84< /0+ $+ /0++0! @> 2>-K- 5+0 -N!/ ! /

- ;< & 
0 +") -4/"+  * 9< + >
$9<+ (3;$ 500,000 "94 

3 -) @> ,  $"
) 4!84<
/ voluntary export restrain +@>
/ 4 O
<84<!<3;$ 0 ",> ;
84< -? @>! $0 80>$0 sustainable $0 ! $0 $> < "
9 ",4 O
/ VER /84< ) 4!84< 84<3;$ 94 O< ,
0 
0*"!
.08 9<=. "94 O
187

   WTO ( 8$j


- *0$4/"   ,  $"
4 @ >+ ,3!… -?<+  *;0
active 9F: 
04< : +0 @>  0! !. +0! !. with bone-in ( & 18%) without bone-
in ( & 12%) 0=.<-  , < !< 0 ", & bone-in + ;+ 0 @:
- 0.< ", tariff escalation 8;< >8 /< ;
 "+ =/;< >+ value add product
<- ,-E24 tariff escalation
-  *8 4 +:)  /> active  
0$+- ",  /
/+ Sugar Allianz
(! . %&' "; &+) < 
,/<$  *
.<  *9, U/   /

+0;0

contribute < (


) +0!<  /
$/ "!) submission/9< 0 P < support
!<$
  ) $+
- 3;3. ( @>.0 ) *0$

!< ",;$ + 0$++@!+ =.<
! -, " U/ 2 -3
; ":  ":
9F:4 @> $ (>-V+)   2 ; ": D -=/!< 
, <
 9<+./"$ /9
0 0-# ! '0*" (',+-I.1) 0 1!-1 ! !
-" 
" 

=!! &! C%


-  0    , NAMA 8-  !D Zero-for-Zero ) 4 ",;< "2+  *84<
;$ + 0$++@! + ! -, ",JK
 !
@>) @>:9F:4 @8 , WTO
- ! -   - WTO 9 ;  *0 -,- 5    tariff =.<>    P
" $   /! ;  * 
0  D ! -  %+ * <     8  $+
.0 !

"$
0  -  % !
;<  4 +9 !
+0+-E24 0 !
<!F $<
  D,$< -?4+ 8   ;< &
-  < $4F>9  * ;@  - lobby !<$
"$   -4 @ ",  /
*/ 
.
4 "'O -  %=.<   4/" P 3!
W 
0 
> Chief Negotiator ; & < ) !< D
 0 ", -? educate "$  !< 4D/. /0/. *8  
-   : ;  *;$ +9<+./ NTBs 9-  %>0;<  -  *;$ < ,
$0 -  %=.<) 9< ++  4< +) 9< $5 4< + -?
0  <@,;<9<+./84<!
- -E24 9 = +0 ;
/ * /  * D4$"F>UF> "/ " ",$0  
;< ;< ( /! &) !. 4D -?*: -?"+ $0 ;< ,  +
- 4D$0 8   , ; ":;$ 84<8>> ( +0!<;!) 84<,<  ( D!<) !<+0;!!< 
offensive ,<  +08*0+0!<  defensive 
0  !
$
188

 
$ . D+ *%%*D+ ( 4* D" ;*'( '&%*
"  ! 16 +h"* 2550 ( 08.00 . 6 09.15 .
 !D( 4* : 4 D" ;*'( '&%* 9 

 ! % '(       !"


- ! . )  84<;$ + 4D$0 8
; P  $ *
+0!<84<9<+./ 0  $ & O
0 >;$ + 
;* (   ) ;  (   ) > 4D;$ +) ;"2/84<
",+ >!
"$
0  9< 0$+- *+ 4 9< 0$+!< 1 + 2  $ & O +"
-?;> 3 +
   *%
-  $ & O +0 , @> $- $"%     8!P /
(totally blank) @>
 $ *
 -?=.<    ,09<+./>$0 ":0 ,3 
$F ,  $"
-?
  /! )  &/!)  /<$8 @> /! &;<  4 +
- 8*0$-7 1989 v 1990 0   >, " U//<+ -  !D) ;"2 ;@ /! ! " ;
& ;$ +

+/!9< ! ";< & UF> ; 9< 8 -?
0 !$0 + ,! ,@
!<  / ! (Market Distortions) 3 @> !< 0
1) ,,3;$ & (Quota System) > -  %< ) 4!- +  ) 9<
(quantitative restriction)
2) !4
8 (domestic subsidies)  -  %+ !", @>; !", ; 9

8-  % @>*0$
4/@ & ><- ,-E24 ; 9
;< & 8
-  %>. $0 ; / !3/ @>!<+0<+3;$ &89< 1)
3) !40 (export subsidies) +@>=/;< & + ;$ +<
D< ,
;<  -9
0 -  %
": 3 @> -?!09
 
+0 ;
*@>+3
+  3 +  :
9< !<$
"   : 
-?-  % duality ;@ ; & 9
-?
=/ @>! ) 9< (8*0$ P)  <+P ", =/ @> 0
- 8*0$-7 ;.%. 1991-1992 ! 4  Collapse of Brussels Round -  %>+ - -V
.  ! ;@ 4 
 3 -/2>-K  9": + -/>
-/  +@ 8
 3 -  
Margaret Thatcher 
"'+ " ’&/ 
 +" $+-  % " ’&/
 +"
< -N!   $" >< protect 0J "> % -?-  % !
$>+0< -N!  
!"": CAP 2000 F+0- ,;$ +) D -  , ", Brussels Round 8 /<
 2>-K 4D
189

3 0 D -?40$ @> - -V ; &  2>-K -?-  %=.<) 9< 5 <
regulate import  $+ "   /<$ D) 84<   /0+
- 8-7;.%. 1995   ,;3-  4 "'O !< TRIPs ", TRIMs / IT UF> -?=/
- 3
*+4 % /  0) ;"29   ,: ;@ -N!  ;< IT 3!

+/
@>84<-N! ,  $"
!<
- ":4+!:+08*0 @>9 % &' 0 -? @> +@ (political) > maximize benefit 9
-  %"k /<$ 8   -  %"k /<$+$ >*"!  (+5) restructure 9
9 
€+0+5 F-E,"

"; €+0+5 !<    ;< &


- -  %"k /<$+$0 Rules Based -?
0  /<$   84< -?- +":/-"k
84<, /=/) D8>>$  -V 4+
$< 0
+0 ;
) *0":
"$
0  *0 
*,)
negative list 3!
+0+-9< 4< $0 negative list  -? -N! ":"$ 8 "k 8
 ;  ;!
.00$0 >>
,84<
$<8 negative list +09"! ",>>
!) 

.08-E," 08 ;
 < @>@>P 0 D) +0!<  >
$< + 
 3

0 ": -?<
- 3*;!> @>>$!/<+/ Trade Related
"+0;
@>: +W": 
/) , $0 : +0
$0  -? @> biodiversity @> climate change
AB!*$ T@) % #!!      !":
1. 
+0+;$ + 9< 8 ,, & / ,, / !0 -  % 0< 9< -   8
,, rule based
2. 
+0 ;
+ & -? / + -? @>9;$ ++">; 4 ;09< +
+@>+ -? @>;$ ++">; 4 D+0) + *@>+3
 ", / !"": =.<) 4< >  
;< & F+0+;$ + 9< 8 @> TRIMs (Trade Related Import Measures) TRIPs (Trade
Related Intellectual Property) / Trade Related Environment > >
$9< ", GMOs 
  ,  $"

+0+;$ + .<;$ + 9< 8;$ + >
$9<>-  %"k /<$ ) 4! ,
$< - 3
*-  %"k /<$!< ",F++ $0 $0 
 9< 8$0   +;$ +
>
$9<8/" & *0:8*< $/  4/
-7
3. +  !< 9 +"
/9 +"
@* (SPS)  $ & O +0 9< 8/ +008F
;$ +) ;"2>
- ",+  ' 4 @+  !< 9 +"
O  !=/808!,< >
 ++  
+0 ;
;!$0 ! "  ;<  -?F9 !:/
+0 ;
;!$0 
-?=.<0 "!",<P 93/
190

3  < %!D)#!C! @ + # )+  (integrated view)


- 
+0++++8 

$ (long-term view) $0 ; & 9
8 ; -?
0 
9 !;$ + 9< 89 !;$ + 9< 8@:' $0 =.<+,, ) ;"2 ;@ &
='!&) ' b    *%
- (! .  *$) ;$ + -? 4 +3!
$+ +;< & -? 
 commodity based

0  !
$+0!<  +;$ + *@>+3
 " 8>! D >
$3
 ", 4 + 4 /<
4D integration >; ,<$ D) 84< rule based $< 9F:
- /D 4D @> ;$,;.0 (duality)   ; & +": commercial / ;$ ++">; 4
  : /<$<  @>*+* (community) !<$
 
0  /<$ -  %
+
& -?;0$84209-  %  W": 8 rule base , -  !D> 4 +
 !<- 3
*00=/ ,0 & D+0
">
@
-   ;$ ++!/
!<  ; <- -V=/- 3
*9=.<=/;< & (off-record:

0 >U , $0 < ; /:
-/ ; /:
 0
 4 + D
.0+0!<
- ;  */0 P D

+ active 9F:+ 0 D+ weakness 9 ;  *  AT +"  -?
;!.  $+ >! (W" *"
,2 ") + -? industry   ) MRA > involve consult
8 /<*! Weakness 9  *: -  *+ -? community *0
@ 9D 4 @ O/O +0!<+
-?  $+
AB  ;)     !"
-  $ *
 84<;$ +) ;"2 "," 5 /"  4 + >) ;"2 +0 integrate
 $ & O ",  $ *
) 84< -?-E24
-   : >++ core issues -  !D @> /  "
 -E22 >$!/<+/
-  !D@>P > >
$9< ;< & +08*0;0=/0 >
$3
 ", "
 -E22
@>"5@* "5"$!<$

- -  %"k /<$   W  rule based  D/<$- <  @>9>;$,;+!< (enabling


condition)
8< ; $ + / (conventions) @>  P > >
$9<   " , " ;+/>  $!/<  +
social/environmental related issues (5+&
* 5 ;  …0 O/O) /<$ *@>+3
 ",
+  9 +"
/9 +"
@* (SPS)
- 0) 4 ", 
+@>+0 !< -? @>>+   8; ;< 3/ >  $ *

- 5  D -/>
- 5 =.<!./   - -? $ ; > $!/<+3/ (UNEP)
 $ " 
O -?  - 5  @>  "  ;+  $" k  "  ;+O -?  - 5 
 W": 
D+0 rule based 9  $O '%##$ rule based  !"
191

*! C(      !"


- ) 4 ",;< &  $ *
 9< 8  $+9
0 < 9< 8$0   ",
0/-  % 0  "- <+ Practicality 8     
0  -? +@
/$"k5 + ;< 8! -? sensitivity 9;.0   
0 -
- .-,,/;-  ,9;   O ;$ -  ,!<$
1) =.<   > ", .<3
,
,!< ":
+@ % &'  ";+ (politics economy; social aspects) 2) =.< *>
$* 2!<  l4+
(legal
adviser) / 3) =.< *>
$* 2!<  ;; (technical adviser)
!! & C# )A '()%
1.   ;< & >$!/<+8 ;< ;< & ++ 9F: $0 !+ +08*0+ 
 @>
&//4 @ +  ' ;< 0 909"
>8420 $0  !<  ;;/ =/ 3!

+ @>9< l4+
/
+ ",9 (4/
P JK
) 9< + >
$9</ +@>   ",8; <
",aE;$ +;! 4D
  : ;< & +;$ +9"!
<!< =/- 3
* (Conflict of interest) 
.0/<$ <) =.<
+0$!< 
+  /0 />
/4 @ 0$+ " >) ;"2 ;  *+0 + 

$
=.<!< ",
=/ ,!<  W": "', /< >+,,  -E,"/ ; ( ;  *) +"5 >
< 9< + +0$ 0$+ /) 84< !;$ ++!/
 4$0 - 3
*>!< ",/=/ 
> 
!9F: (balance benefit and loss)
2. /0+-  % middle income countries 9

"$+ 9F: -E,"
-?-  % middle
income country 89> $
! + , U/ 

+ < $9F:+ -? middle income country
;.0909
 9<+9D+ 9F: -? , < $ 3!! (leave frog) -  %84+0P >+ 
Socialist based  * (8-  % 4/0 ":) +08*0  * !+P > ;
909" ",8' 
-  %"k /<$/-  % ) /""k 0-E," 90 ",  *9-  %MIC UF>+
l ”/9<) "! !<  +@<
$0 ", ;33/
// 0 < !<+ $0
(  *) <  
+;$ + <+ < .<$0 ) /"90 ",-  %8! 9<+9D
0 
3. ( & "
$
-
A) ; ;< 3/ (WTO)   4$0 -  %
(IMF) 5 ; 3/ (WorldBank) ; 4/0 : -?"$ ) 4!$3<+93/ 0-E,"
/ !
", /0+ ",-  %@>P $+ -? FTA ) 84< -? /
)   (dilute
power) 9; 40$
  4$0 -  %,,:0=/84< ) /"0 9-  % ) /"
"k 84+0P + >++ 9F: !"": 
<,$ Power-based 9 $0 -?
0  ???
4. -E," , &"+0+"2* /<$ -? global company '  =/ +0) -?<
.08, &">
-?=.</ < ;  *+0- ", -? global company D 0 ", 
0< < @> )  <
) 84<
">
@ < >+  $0 ;.0;< (client) = -?":=.<, 3 ;/=.<=/ (consumer/supplier)
192

; 4 +<-l,"0 & -?;.0;< +08*0  0-+ <+ -?


Client = Partnership < -? global < <+ -/>
-/
5.  4 ;< O   4 +O -?- 
84< 4 + 0, ; ":, &"O 
!"
$0 
4D ;  * ;$ +;!/9< 8 *3
,
84<+ 9F:  -E,"
 0 
$0 +084</! &;<
4 @
84<0 -  %+ / -?<
193

  & %*    4*$     !"
+h $! 14  +4 2551 ( 17.00 . 6 17.50 .
 89&@ 1 %TB& !D ;( 9+* 8(  !+:

*$= !    &)   8('(  


!*&  # )()$
- -7: -?-7> 26 >
!) 3
,
;<    !+>+0 ;
+;) , ;  * /
20
-7=0 -  *@>"$+ 9F: 0
"+0 -?>8 @> ;  *+" +3
,
;<
-? @> /"$ 08;$ + -? +0!< /"$9 !":
- 0 +@>8 $-7 2542 + "!":; + 0$+  * 3  ," ( .) ;  * >+
84<;$ +8 ",3
,
;< / /+ 9F: @> +; +  ",8 @>
-   ; "'-  */+40$
 O *"! + 9F: >++; + + community
*0 ; "' + !0=0 - 5 ; + O @>-    >+!9F:0
"+0 -?
>0 8
- 0$ !;$ + 4D/9< ": ;  *+" , /0 - ,  ($0 !< " ,
=/ ,
0  ) +0+=/ %F & (study)  ",0
0 8!
%    &)% !"!!#$ ! 
- (  *0 -  %) +0!<, /0 (8>) > < 0<, +4"$9<> ; "'
(
"$
0 4 "'O) ) /"   ;< 
.0 ",-  %0 P -  %"k /<$0$+ +" +
,,= +-  %O 84<=.<+0$!<0$ 
09<;! 4D/9< 8 ! & A4 ,
 +4"$9<>+ , -?/
/" &" & 9<+./":4+!
.08 Internet 94 O 4 @
) "  =.< ;< 4 "'O (USTR) ,,, +><,!" /0 $": " 5 5 +!
 ,+0!< <F>, &">- F & (law firms) ,;)  + -? ,,/+ "! +
9<+./UF> ; "' + ) + $ ; 4!< 0 ;  *

"+0F!":
-   : ( !)  9 ;  *
) +0+;$ +0 @> =.<!./ 4 + +@>
!< ", 9<+./ /<$!<) - 
4 @+0 ( D +0+">8) )   D+0 !<) D+ $/ /
, ; ": @> /!0 D+0  "
- 4  +$0 9:84 @+0 D",$0 88 !",4F>0
"+0+ @> ;  *
"
+ @>><)  + <+;!)  8/" &> -? law firm 84< ", ;  *
&! +!+< <)(#:
- 0$8420+ 8 ++ ;+4 @ /0+O /"!) -?4"@+ $0 >+ !<$
 /
4 + !<$
 /<$0$+  9< + 0 +@>+-E24    O
194

- 
84< + $0 3
,
;< -?  @>  > ; " ' /  *;$ *0 $
"  ; ! *0 $
"  )

"$
0  @> 4/0 ) !;< (  *) +" , 9": =/ -?
0 : 
0 ":
09: local content )  +:+0!< < ( ; "')   +0!< +>  *, =.<   D
-?;=! (  *)  0, W
P 0+0 substantiate +0 pursue  + , !
$/<$ 
;) , +0!< D3$
($
) !"": (  *) <+ cooperation >04 $0 > -?
.0
- $ >+ !<$
"$  + 8 /<P , (   ) ++ -/>
 position -3$
",
"'+  < (;   ) )  !< D84<*0$
) *,+ >-K$
4" +0
++  >+-K$

%!% !" &#!#  $ <#


-  *
+0!< +-F0 -  %  *0 -  %0$8420>- 0$+   ", ; "'
9-  %0  -? ;  * !", MNC "":":/ -?, &">;< 9

8-  %
;.0   
.0/<$ 4D$0 < ;  *84 @":8) *0":  D -? @>!   >+
; @9-.O 4 @ U D!< < ;< 4$0 -  % , &"8420P !< - 
, $0 , &" /D P 
.0
/<$ ;$ + 4 @ ",;8 /0+, &"8420P 8 /<*!
- 9: ( ;  *) >++$0 3
,
;< 9 ; "' -? @>8 /<"$/<$
=&)%C#
- 
4D ($0 ) + "! >! -? ,, +;":9<"
; "' ) + $/ 4 @=.<+0$!<
0$ 
+"  + =.<=/4 @=.<0 -?4/" ) ++0 +=.<) 9< 4=/;@=.<) 9<
!

.0/<$ < &) 9< /!/ ( ; "') F+0 ;
 +
-   : $/ > ( ; " ' ) 4 @  " ,  O @  $0 !< 4 @ " , " $/<$ 
0  D !
, ; ": ; "'", ", 2  ) ++0 $+ -? !
$ 00  D, $0 $++0!<
 D D /
< 
- *+":
- >>
4D 
4D;>!< ",+,4+
84<!./": represent  P < 4< > ; "'
) $) "! < *@>89<+./>!< ",+
- @> +0$ 0$+O 9
"$
0 > +   O -N!.<-.. @> ",aE;$ +;! 4D >
$ ",
  9 ;<   U
-
. -N!8*<+ 2 !@/<$
" +0!< ", ;$ +;! 4D4 @
9< +<0
!
$ 0<   +-E24 !9F: D + "0$0 ; "'
- 9: ;  *)  8/" &+08*0 - ) 4 @ -? >< 
/ /=.<!./ D
) 4< > -? 
 secretary +08*0 secretariat *$*
195

  *((   4*$ ! + *!ABB


"  ! 12 % ( 2550 ( 16.00 6 17.00 .
  ! + *!ABB  ! +*&
     WTO )   #!  *% , 91
   
-  ; : -/"!  -?=.<$ $     ) 4!4"$4< +   ) 4 ",0/
-  !D  
- *+  
  ) 9<+./ 9< % (9<  ;  *> 9< +
; "') 9< + -  ,   )
& :
- * v ; "' ( + > >
$9<    $O  $ & O +%/ ) 

=.<>
.080/ /0+ 4 +4/" 9
9< 0$+- *+3!
=0 + ;+ ;<
0 P   *0
- > 3!
+ ;+ 4 +>
=0 ;&%" !6 ; +/ UF> -?=.<> 9< + +
,, ":0 >+ 8 84<9<+./ ", ; "' 3!
+ ;+O-4 @ 0$+ ",+ ;+>
 -  % ) /""k @>P *0 , U/  !
-  / ) 4! -?0 9>
 ; @>040+ 3!
+ ;+ 4 + ; @>040+ =0 ;$3 
 9< $ 3!
+ ;+=.<0 9< $0 -  %
 :)  / /<
3!
+ ;+<
/:)  / 3  :)  /0 P =0 ; 
 ;< +") -4/"
 ;<  0 @:
 - /+:) +"
  4 "$
 -/ -K 3!
+ ;+-/ -K
-  * v +0+40$
  ",=!*,3!
  )  ;09< /) , -  !D>) + 4 @
*0 -  " "
 ,-  ,5 ;0 !< $ 0$ 0 >
$
.08;$ + ",=!*,9
+O @>
@%  
- ; " ' ) 9<  +. / >  !< 4 @  " , ;  *>   O *0    ;< 8!/! &  !< 0 
-   0 8>- *+> $
196

- 8-7 1995    ! "  ! # $%& ' (!) (!)  "'! * +,  - . /' (   O
 4 ;< O?)-J•   @> 
 .< - <+ ", ; "' 0+0!<+=.< ;  *
-8*<@:>0
0 8!
-    -?-8/" & G2G !"": 4 @) ;  * 9< - 0$+   !<$

<  "
0  ,;, @> -,"< -? .-,, !
$ "/ ;  *
94 "'O+;$ + + + $+F ;"! /@ @> ) 4!=.<9 ;  *8 -
9< 0$+
"+;$ +/) ,
(( , 1998
- ; "'3!
0 +/ / 0   *0$
=/" !"84< !; + 0$+ WTO ( WTO)
UF>-  ,!<$
3  ,"9 ;  * 3!
+ 
 *$ -?- 5 O
- 4/" !<+ WTO / !)  4/" P =0  WTO -?0$8420
- ; "' >+ < implementation + 9F: >++ 84<;$ + .< ", ;  *+ 9F:
- + "! 84<;$ + .<80 "4$"!  .+ ; 3!
<-> ; & /,  @> 
;$ + 4D0 P  ;0$8";+ ":: 80$9+  NTBs ; "'
"+0!<84<
;$ +) ;"2
($ @% D$!!($ #!
- 40$
  ; "'>) ;"2!< 0  "k  $ ;/" 3!
) "   % &'  ;/"
(%;.)
- %;.+  $  ) 4!0  /! & 9 
;@  <   9< +. / 
!< &
%/ 9-  %   3;  < 9-  %8  $+
- + -    0$+ ",) "   % &'  4 +  $ *
  $ &
/+ *2 ;  *> ",=!*,!./;< ) ;"2P 9-  %+ 84<9<+./ ":> -?
=.< + ;+ ;< O  < *!)B 3!
, &"8420 + ) 0 !< 0
"!889":!<
9F:
.0 ", ; "'
- + "!) Study paper *# #! "!) 3!
& ",‡ paper 0 +
.0> +
  O ($  $%4 2 * $?)
=$%9TA 
- "k +0$ 0$+9 ;  * (5 ) !9F: 0
"!+0 +@> - 
, 
, ", ;
";+ (NGO)  < 84< ;  * 9< + +,, + $0 8-E," !@)' 
+ '(% *$ (0!"0)
- ;>!<- 3
*< + !;$ + 4D+ $0 : @>!84< 4D$0 - 3
*
  ;@
197

-  %F & +4 $


/"
0 P < 9< + +,, + 9F: *0 " -E," 9< + +0$ 0$+

"+$ +0*"!  $<0 @> ",< ) $"

- + ;  *
9< + 4 @  4 @  !!"  ; " ' 8-  !D  0 P + +
0
"  +0 4D 
;  *
- !!"4 @ lobby 0 *  @>- -V=/- 3
*9 4 +
  0 > ,+ 4 +-/ .0 /:)  /> 9< - 0$+ !!"4 @ lobby 0 * 
- 89 !
$ "  4 +0 * > 9< + ) 5 8
@3 "! 9< , ",
; "' ( + "
 -E22 ) @>+ ;
4 @4 @8-  !D0 P> -? - -V
 4 + 
+  :
- 8*0$ 9   ;  *
"+0;0
+;$ + .< 0 >;$
-
"+0+ ": -?; + *!0 P / 
- *+ 0   -
.0> %.
+ $0 UF>+=.<   4 +O / 4 ;< O 
.08>- *+!<$

- 9< + +0$ 0$+9 ;  * <80$9;< -?4/" =0 + ;+ ;< O


0 P > -?;< 4/" 9-  % /0/+ ;+O 80;< 9  0 ":
(0!"0)
- +0!<+40$
 9 ;  * ",=!*,4 @84<9<+./8  $+ 3!
  4 +O
/ 4 ;< O
"+0!< 9< + +,, 8 0$+4 @ 0 >;$
- ,  &"  8420 > 9< + 4 @  !< $
; " ' ) 9<  +. / + -  ,    0 84<
 $ *
*0$
=/" !"; -?-+0!< @> "!89F:
.0 ", %. UF>+
40$
  ; "'> >
$9<+ +

198

  ($ ! % '(   %  +**  +


'( $ . *% "* **B8B D" ;* %
! ! 16 *9  2551 ( 08.15 . 6 09.30 .
 !D ($: &@ 2  ! % : 9 &$D*  !+:

9:
4=/>2>-K
+/! &;< & *0 </=/+<
O/O 4/@ <
/ 0 ;@
%:
) 4 ", < +008$0 (1) (2>-K) /! &84< +D U3 04 @+0 <-
<!.*0$>
2>-K) FTA ", +D U3 2>-K/! & <84< +D U3 /<$4 @+0 *0 < 84< +D U3 /<$2>-K D/!
84<
0
9F: 4 @ (2) -?  
< $0 
-?=.<0
8420 2>-K) 9< < 
-?
) $+ /<$< ;< >
0
842093/ 02>-K /",+0
+ -N!/ !84<
/<$
   0-!<
0 
 49<: +0 ,$0  48!+ 0  
=/" !"+ !<$
*0 " 0 -?
  0/"$ 

>
< 84<2>-K/! &84< 4/@ <
/ 0 ":4+! 3!

84<2>-K $0
8!84<!</84<+0!< (   ) +00
 <
"$
0 /;<
*0 < (":!/ *0
D/*09D/- .-)  0 O/O 2>-K+
;< 88/<$$0 /!84< 4/@
<
/ 0 8
8!!<,< 
8   +   O ( O $W"
) ",  $ & O   ;$,;.0- ",;<
 4 + $+":4+! 3 JK
( 4 + & +   O)  <+ " ( /! &) +0!<
84<":4+! !
$4 @84<0
P <) ,< + 0   ": 3 Sector 9< + "-+
) 4 ",;< & +0$0 
0  2>-K</!84<
0;<  4 +
<
  ,, €+0/!  4 + (
)  "!2>-K 0 & (
) -/0

984<2>-K/! &
<  
-?=.<0
842093/ 
-?=.<0
) ;"2-2>-K   <
+
4/ 4/

9:
4=/>2>-K
+ -N!/ !//! &;< 4+! 4/>) ! ">$0 P /!=/+<
, *! 4D 
 +";! + < $ ;@
%:
;!$0 -?  - + ) 9< -2>-K<
2>-KF84< 
+0 ;
0 4 @+0 (;0
) +
%"
8 0 84<- D)  +0!</2>-K+0+=/=/
.0/<$ 4 @ +<2>-K2 
199

84<) 9< >" & <


/ 0 - + ) 9< D<
4 @ /! & 4/@ <
/ 0 0 D
"!-E24
@>9 +"
(SPS) 
.0!
9:
04< : (JTEPA) 
0 =/+<*09D-2>-K!<
.0/<$
%:
04< : 
0=/+<*09D-!< 0+ 8*< ;; VHT: Vapor Heat Treatment 8*<
$/   @>+";! @,,-7   $0 
;$,;++/$"=/+<
0  ) "!+/$"=/+<

0  =/+<>8 *< ;; VHT D0  -!< *0 !
$ "  *0 ++0$  @ ,, -7 0 +
JTEPA D+   @>0 ++0$/+";!
.0/<$
9:
+9< / 4$0 2>-K > >
$ ",;$ + 0$++@ +9< /
.0 0/<$4 @+0
%:
2>-K+0 ;
+ / +;$ + /> >
$9< ", ) 84<;< 9
9< .0/ !9
2>-K!<3!
!$ ;$ + 0$++@ (8/" &) $
;$ +!$ *0:) 2>-K+0 ;
< /

0 >+ / + (;$ + /) " -?;$ + 0$++@>+ $4 @/ 


-E24 9 +"
€0
+0+$"- ;8 @>;$ + 0$++@ (>$0 ":)
8 JTEPA +<0 €;$ + 0$++@ > ! (9F:!<)  $0 
=/" !"
0 + $0 

< 8/" &>$0 02>-K ", ) 9< (ban) ;< 8!;< 4F> 2>-K;$ +*0 
+ , 
UF>2>-K
@
"$0 2>-K+0+-  !D-E24  >;
0 / 2>-K+0 -?-  %
) (lead) 4 @  >+ (initiate) - *+0 0< 
+-  !D D<
9F:4 @ (raise) +

9:
,, 9 ;  *8*0$   -?
0  + 9< ,/4 @4 @+0
%:
8 !",  
+ + *2 & + 4 @ @>  
+ -?
8  $
& O 0-, <;$W"
4 @  $ 4 + 0$8420 ( 0 >) !<)  -?
8/" & /"$;< 2>-K /"$;< - +2>-K ; . /" 9< + 0;<  0984<2>-K/!
& < D984</! +") -4/"4 @:)  /984</!4 @ / 3;$  ": +0+
, ; D.!  0!< *0 
84<2>-K/!+  '  92>-K3/+84<) 9< 0
9F: +
,< > , &"2>-K8
9,-/"!O ,  (4& ) 84<=/" !"84<2>-K -N!/ !;<
=/+< *0 +";!   4$ 
200

9:
@> ) 9< $    +;$ + -?+ 
0 
%:
! + 
=/" !"   ;< €
 +0 +
$<  (no exclusion) 0 +@>  ! 

"'+ 2>-K
3;+, ",!
"'+ ... " &, $0 <    FTA
0-<+0+9< $ <+0.! @>9< $ !
"'+ ... " &< 
"'+ 
+;!84<) 9< $   
€9< $ (rice) >
3;+ , ... " & 4+
F grain 0 +@> @>+ F !",
< 4< > /
-? rice and rice products (9< $/=/ "” 9< $) !"": F+0) ;< >+
0$=+99< $ 9< +  
9:
/0+ & -/. /<$
4+ (,< / !/0
 . * , ) !+0 
.0/<$
%:
0 /<$
4+ !9F: 0   JTEPA 4 2>-K+ $5 -/. /
"! !+ 
&- +  <
/ 20 -25   JTEPA $+ 
0 3!
+ 9

3;$
" & <
/ 0 ) $ 4,000 "
/<$
4+
=$,   D$ /<$
4+aN/--N 
.0!< -? !@   : 

+08*0=.<0 /<$
4+
8420 -7 (.
. 50 v +.;. 51 (5 !@ 0", -?-7  +;$ +
/O)) 
0 /<$
4+ 900 " D
"+0; ,) $ +3;$ (3;$ -  %)
4 
< 0 ) $+ P 4 2>-K) 9< +0+ " ;+0+- 3
*>
2>-K84<3;$ 
) $+
9:
@>;$ + 0$++@ local to local linkage 8*< ", @> /<$
4+4 @+0
%:
D +0 * < 4  
=/ /<$
4+0  -
" 4 =.<, 3 ;92>-K D
 8*0 08 -," 4 !" /0 $ +"22 (contract) -70-7=0 , &""$ =.<)
9< 92>-K (Pan Pacific Corporation) ":0-7.%. 2534
9:
;< & "$8! (>
=/" !") 2>-K
+84<
"$
0  *0 ;< >4/> -?
;$ +<  P 9
/
=/" !"2>-K
+/!84< (!<)
201

%:
;< - +/-%"$;09< *"! *0 </ 0 ) 4 ",=/+<0 -!< & 4/@ <
/
0 0! @> Pest Risk Analysis 4 @ SPS + ) 4 ",:)  / 2>-K+ Japanese Spec ;< >
  +0;0
!< ;@ -V 
0   2>-K) 9< wheat (9< $ /) 2>-K< - -V3  
-V9< $ /92>-K/+0< /! &;< -V *!
9:
9< /
4D  *8 ; -?
0 
%:
0 >=0 + ;  *+0!< ) 4!0  ( ) 8' =.<=/ 0 ) 4!0 8' 
=.<0 (+0!<;) FF ,$ /!":
=/ <:) / :) -/
:) ) < 84<!
< ) 4!$0  "!: < 0  *0: ,/-80/ "! 0 ;  * (!<$
" ) D+0+
!
@  0 $ + "  +" . ! ,, 4$>
4 4 @  +0 D0 ;0 . ! ;$ ) >  > $+ "  +0  !< +
 $,/4 @ "$0 ) 
0 
 <<b
$   $
- 4F>>;
.!F,0
P ;@ 9 !9",- ! -?  +0 9< 8 " ":0 2>-K
+0< 4 @  2>-K-/. ",- !9 !8420 < - -V/ ! &) 9< . 

< $0 
-?=.<0 ",- !
842093/ 02>-K+0
+84<
-? @>=!- 
0 ",,";",84<2>-K<  
- 2>-K-/. ",- !, 3  $ ",- !2>-K0$8420+4"  1.2 3/ "+ 2>-K

+=0  ="  84< 9  !" , - !>  
0   /D / JK

(  $ & O) ; ! $0
",- !"5  // ./ 0 -!< +0;!$0 ",- !%  * -) / !>2>-K
 <#!-B \
- @>;$ + 0$++@ 2 - 3 W,",  $ & O -?=.<   2>-K+0;!$0 ;$ + 0$++@ (8
/" & Capacity Building 4$0   $ & O ",JICA) >
9 -?>=!- 
 $0 +;$ + 0$++@8 JICA 
.0/<$ 0/-7 D +$0 
89 ,<  0;-

 .< 0$
+ ,

84<;$ + .< O/O  , JTEPA +0+;$ + 0$++@/<$ @$0 +
9< JTEPA /<$
- 9
:) $0 ;$ + 0$++@ +08*0 -? ,   /! & "$
0  9;$ + 0$++@ *0 < 2>-K
 $3   0 -7/ (++ 5 3 ) 0
  €99

 ) $3  >84< $
 $0 *< - ;$ + 0$++@8/" &: -?-!<
202

   *! (+*"+4 


'(    % &" &% 4  !  % !"
"  ! 13 *9  2551 ( 9:45 . -11.30 .
  &%  !  % !" 9"  4

) : ;4 /  %&"5 =.<) $


  *
$" 4
;  $  *"
+ %   *
$"
9:  *(# (< ) !B \($(< ( 0 )#! C *!#!
#B \#$'(
%:
- !+ 
 +";! 0 !<
.0/<$ 0   JTEPA ) 84< &/! 4/@ <
/ 0 
0 
D! 0 =/+<<=0 +  '  SPS -E,"   ./<+
"0 -+0!<
- factor >- ,;$ +) D U",U<+ 2>-K

+
  2>-K < =/" !" 84<

/! &;< 4/D *:0$

 8*0$ P 


+=/" !"+ 02>-K

@
"$0  4 +   W  4 + &   W  & O +0   9< +
sector 8 ,4/"P /<$ - +  ,> 6 4 @ 7 
 /
"+0=/" + $0 :  $0
< 

+84< (2>-K) -N!84<


+ $0 : 
 <  ( -N!) ;<  4 +84<
2>-K >+ ;< & >2>-K84<

- 
;!$0 ;< & *0 ;<  0 - + =/+< +@ < (UF>, $0 . 2>-K4/ D+0
*)  P 
!<+0+ :)  /+0!< /
( :)  / !< -?3;$ )   /<$$0 ;+0
=/" !"+ - -?   ,,
@!4
0+ $0 -/ ""$0"$
- & : *0$ P ;
modality 84</! 
0 3!
+0+ exclusion list /

!"
0 :-
@>
P +" struck  P D+ -? list !<
+ -? package 84<!<+ >! 0 : 0
4$0 ": D+/ " -?"$P 2>-K+9<< 8 @>;< & /! $/ *0 ) 9<
 0  , " , " !0 $ ) 9< 92> -K 2> -K , $0 < 
" , (9<  package
!<
:) !< 2>-K+0=/" 0 ",;< O
9: !    $ (*@ B \) < SPS %   ($'( JTEPA !
C 8&:@C #$%@D
%:
- @> SPS 04< :+0 ;
+ 0 0$ @> & JTEPA ) 84< &/!/ 4/@ <
/ 0
) 4 ", SPS >=0 + +;$ + 0$++@ 0+0+ commitment 0 >+ JTEPA ) 84<+ / -
  ",2>-K!<8 $/ >-E24 + / (
) D + 984<  $ & O 2>-K+
203

4 @ 0$+ "!<  < -/0


84< -? @>9;$ + 0$++@ (4/$+P) - @>
;+0!< @>+
"!":; + (
) /< ", Joint Committee 8;$ + / 40$
 - *+84<!<
6 !@/; ":
9: (#< !B \t$%($)#! D  B \' ;u\B \ <'
 ;u\#!% D  <#
%:
- D+,< >=.<) 9< 92>-K< ) 9< =/+< 0+0!<) -?4"@4 @+   -?/

/" &" &  +


9: =.<0 9< $9
;
<  $ 0 -  %4 @+0$0 < 84<2>-K -N!/ !
;< 9< $
%:
- 0 >=0 + +0+=.<0 9< $ + , *0:
 <<b
- - *+; + O @>;$ + 0$++@ ( -/"! . & O ; -?- 5 )
;  *<$0 984<,$-  !D0 P !< 0 (1) 9 !9",- ! (2) 4/0 ) !
;< .0 - (3) ,;$ + 0$++@> ;  *
< (;  $  $0
 ) -? non-paper JK
2>-K-!<)
- 4 -?-!< < !<)  White Paper 9  $ 0 -  %> ;

@>84< "', /
2> -K  @>  84< -N ! / !//4 @  @>  @>  P UF>  " ! ) $< ":  0  +"
;   *"
"    / -? 
"'+ $0  $ 0 -  % -?;/<
P overall request ",2>-K
204

  8+4*+ (DvD


$% 4  ' !"#! , 2537-2540
 ! 22   2551 ( 14.00 6 14.45 .
  *!<#! &*% 9. &$*

1. -7 2538 4/" WTO   /<$  D  4 ;< O +0!< ",+,,, 4< > -? %&
 ; "' !"": !;$ + 4D 0  4 @!
@0 P 9 ;  *- ; "'F
"+0
!9F: 0 >;$
2. ,, 9 4 ;< O > 4D !0*"!8!+;0 @>3;  "k 9 % &'  +
JK
3! U
-+ / U
-
(Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle : IMT-GT)
3!
+;
 ",=!*, 0$ @> WTO  4 ;< O
"+0+,, 
3. ,, 9 4 ;< O  P ) "!9, 9
.0
8; 4$0  ;  *!<$

"   -?  0 $ 8420  -?  -   " 


8 4$0 4 ;< 
" , 4 ;<
0 -  %+ $0 !0 ", ; "'
4. 8!   ;<  -? @>9 G2G *0 APEC -?< !"":  4 ;< O +0!<
+,,  + +
+
.0,<  D %"
=0 -
" . 
0  D + ,, 9  
>< 
";
.0> ; "'
5.  4 ;< O /  4 +O !<+3  9< 0$+;   ", ; "' *0
! -- *+>-  %
 +" UF>0$8420/<$ - *+
.0
8< , Bilateral
+ $0 WTO (;35& ",=!*, @> ;< 0$ @>

 -?9! .3*;
*"
)
6.  +$0
8 4 ;< O + 4 @ ",< 4 @+0   P /<$  4 ;< O +
; + >!./-E24 ;< 0+0!<   W  WTO 0$
/ 
!+0 + )
!<
7. ) 4 ", - *+ 4 ;< " 4$"!-7/ ; ": @:4 0$8420 >
$9< ", " 4$"!9
  *0 @> + +, O/O +0+ ;
" @> WTO 4 @ FTA 0
0 8!
8. @>P : -   Plaza Accord 9< / 0$+ "8 !",$ ;9-  % 4 +
4/" 5 -  % !< 0 4 "' +  J "> % " ’&
 +" /2>-K 8 0$+ "
 U !//  @>84< !// 0;0 / @>/!;$ ++0+!/9 ;< 3/
8*0$-7 1980-1985   4 ;< O +0!<+  
+"$ @>  ",=/ ,0
0 8!
205

! $ . & %(! $% 4  ' !"#!


+h $! 28  +4 2551 ( 10.00 . 6 11.30 .
 D$ . &  ! !  &@ 33

);!!C'!&  #$ #  )     !"


 !TC  (; <# #
- 9< 8$0 +0+4/" '  /   ;+0+ *0 " 4 +;<
.0 ",0/,;;/4 @
+ >)   4 @ ! -     D
.0 ",;": @> (4O) +0+ ,,
"! D,4 @ tracking   -  ,- *+ +0+ ) - D,$<>4O @>84< (4O) -?
%.
 /  "> + - *+4/
@> 0 (=.<>-- *+) +0-!-0
 $%@ WTO ):   (# ) %*$%8$w+ <#
- ":0
;.. +  (" 2) WTO -? @>84+094O -? @>> ( ;  *)
+0 .< @> -7> "', /
9< -?+ * WTO "', / 9< - 0$+3!
+0!<, ;  *
; "')   + 84<8'  + 4O (=+) 0 +0 .< @>   -? technical terms
+08 *0 @> ;< 9
0+; $ + .<F $0 @>: +=//=/ , ", ;  *  $0
9": -  %
F> 0 D+> (0 D
"+0 9< 8$0 ) ) +F<   WTO
- ":
"+0 .<" Tariff Barriers 4 @ Non-Tariff Barriers  
0  -? bilateral 
9

;< 84<4 "'O


 +" 2>-K -?< 0/-  %+ l ”9  .<F $0 +0+
-E24  ": ;0  9

". + +3 ;< 9


!<! +0+8; ! " 
!<
- 3
* 0 0 @> WTO -? @>> +0;0
.< @>/+0+ ! +
0 @> + F   WTO ,  $"
>+": -?; + O -?*: -?"
 *)8% 23  ;(9=& <#
- "', /+0 ;
+  +$0 < 84<
8!
.0
;< 3;$ *0$ $/ ": -/"!*
.! "+ $0 !<  -?+ * !< 
 
< >++9<) "!,< 

@
"$0 @> 23
; "'+0 ;
+  +  * [  $ *
 ,$0 ; ;
 +

. 
9. D, $0 !< + ;  */<$]
)&' b    *% C#
- , ; ":, ; $ "', /84< 9< -- *+ "', /+ , +0!<+  + , $0  DaE +0
.< @>   ;< & ":  $ & O +0 .< +08 .<0 @> =/

8 .<0 
$0 @>;< 9
< -? @>9  $ *
  $ & O +0 ", .<
 "::
206

 $D* &)% !"C%) $D* #! <##


- > (=+) -? "'+ *0$
$0  $ & O !< -!. 4 @- 4D ,,9
  /
/
3 - >+ Trade Board 4 @ Community Board 
0   /
/" ’&/

3 - /!<%F & )   Soybean Association 94 "'O/<4$"4 @ ,,4 
& D!  ,<  ;<   !"": 4D$0 $5 9+ ;+">$ 4/@4 "'O 0 
4+  (fit) ",,
%,<  /0 =/" !"!<
- 8*0$ $/ !" /0 $ D+;$ +;!!)  @> & 0 4D$0 D$ - (too early)
;+0;0
9< 8 . +%" !6 . "++  3+ & $0 -? @>
 0!- ;
 P < 84<+ ;0$0 P *0 "'  * & 9< + +0$ 0$+< ) ;/<
P
Soybean Association 94 "'O
-
"$
0  !)  *0 8*<;< -?"$": ":+ 
+0 > commodity (+0  20

)  $ & O +"$0.! @>=/!<
0  ) ++0!. whole chain  $O
< 9< 8/ ! / / !!<$
F,/ !!< < 0$++@ ",  $ *

- 8*0$ $/ ":,9< *  $ & 1 ; (! . ) ) /!F + *0$
  @>:
+ "!":40$
 
8  $ & O 
$0  & 0 -  % -?40$
>!./
@>0 F-E," (  $ & O) F!<+,, 8 @>   O ,< 
- ":
.08*0$   (;< & ) /
9< -?+ * Cairnšs Group 0 @>>$0
) +
< -?+ * /0+ Carinšs ":+0 , + ! -- *+>+   -  %
, U/ - ", -/"!O  $ &  $ *
 (-/"!* ;   ; 
; *)
- ": (
) D ", .< (aware) @>   ;< & ,< /<$ 0
" D$
.0+ (very
early) 0 @>>) +
F - $+ /0+ ", Cairnšs ":
" -?>"
  Cairnšs -?
-  %;< ;< &   (;) !.$
) 4 ",
 $0 D
;< (;< & )  
4+@ "
- -  %+ * Cairnšs +4 "'O ; !   /
-  %8420P 0/-  %+ agenda
9  
D 4+@ ",- +P 9
- +@> (=+)    $ & O - ! . )  D
";! + +- *+  $
& D +=+84< 9< 0$+ ": 9< 0$+ ASEAN CCI ; " -E
* /<$

D -? ASEAN Agricultural and Food =+ -?- 5 O !<$

- (=+) -?; initiate ASEAN Agricultural Products ": 


+-E24  0 aN/--N +
-E24 + < $ + / U
/3! U
+-E24 :) +"- /+ D+ ;!$0 ) ++0=/F ) /")
207

) /"9 U
+ 4
-    0 >, $0 -? 09
D, $0 -? 09
 U
 !<4 "
)   *%  : !! <# #
- @>;< & 4O +;$ +0 @>0 D 0 0,<  ;>8 P +<
+
8; ,< 
"+0 .< /
;< 9
- +-  =.<;< @* 0 (grain) D W
P ">   4 + 0 D+
; $+8 0 D 8 W  @> @:  0   (9":) . 
D, & +0 -?5 +
+ !)  8 +4O
- 0+ @>)
5%  ;< & D /
+ "!":; + 0$+ WTO "> /<$
,, 9  * D,, 9=.< ", ,+ $0 (- 2>: (0&") A5 ' $K
. 
'
!" ', /0
 5' L*
AM )
"', /.!0 !
$$0 WTO €!<- 3
* 0+0!<, $0 €!<- 3
* › š € 
": -/"!* 

+84<+0+ subsidies ! .0  /  ",  $ & < + subsidies +0
! competition D /
/
-?$0 
/
+0+ export subsidies +0 domestic subsidies
D'D D &)     !"
- 8!+;/<$ (Ideally) ;!$0 @> ;< 4$0 -  % (8 8420) 4O 0 + ,"
> permanent ideal 4O +;$ + -? ," ;$ + full time staff (50 v 100 ;) !) 
8 @>!" /0 $ *0
(1) "!":40$
 > -?40$
 ! +9<+./90 $ (Intelligence Unit) ! +
;< 93/ ;.090 ;.0;< 8 line ;< 0 P > -?;< ) ;"29
O/O
(2) !)  $"
4 @$ ; 43!
8*<9<+./>!< Intelligence Unit
(3) 
5%  $0 ;< 8! ;$ + "k 
0  4 @ , / !0 -  %

0 
-  ,"O < -?;/" + ) 9<+./ 84< ", 4O < 4D4O )  ;$,;.0 ",
; "'  >=0 + "', / -?;) 4O ) 4< >, (response) 4 @,;)  +
$0 4D!<$
4 @+0 4D!<$

0 
- 4O +,,  -?=.< + 
84<4O 9F:+ 8 !",> 0 P " ", ; "' ,  @> ; "'
<) 0,  @> *0 @> ;<  *<) / "', /< +
- 4O  +  /0,:!< D<+9<+./>+,.  (full information) + /
5 4O <
+ > ! *0 + 
& / 4 ;$ ) 84<+ 9F:/0 @> < -?
*0:!<  +- 5  < 4D- 3
* =.<-  , < 9< + +0$ 0$+
(shift in) : =.<-  , 4D 0"$ - <) ;/<
P ", Soybean Association
=.<-  , +0!<9  ; "' /

208

- !", < 4< > ( "') ", < 4< > (4O) <)   0$+ " 
84<+; 
0 : -E,"
4O )  W ,W$
U@:-9
9!< D8
- 4O O ;$ < 0$++@ " *0 < -?;<  4 <//F F & 
84<4O/
; /40$
 0 P 
0 909" " </0/-F
=/":4+! (the whole
chain) 
84<+ communication 4$0  "84<!
- : 4O O
"+0!< -?; +@ * + @> 
 @> connection + +0!<
",<-  !D  "
 <<b
-  < Cluster: <"! value chain 84< -? cluster /=.<>;$ ) cluster ;@ 4O O > -?
represent  4 +O 4O O <"! cluster  
0/<$;0
984<$*. + *0$

 !<  technique <  =.<-  , -?>": cluster <-  ,!<$


 $
 4 +  $ *
  $ & O
209

 
  % 4"  4  ' !"#! (,+.". 2548-A )
! ! 18  +4 2551 ( 9.30 6 10.15 .
  ' !"#!

!!  :    WTO


1. 8! 0 WTO    , ,  4 ;< O +0!<+,, 4 @+0$ 0$+ ", ; "'
8 ;$ +;! 4D) 4 ",   + 0  +0+; + >)   4+@8
-E," 0$8420 -? 
 ", .<;$ +;@,4< 0 P -? ">$- 0 ": +0+ ! +
=/   
0  -? .-5 + "!00 4 @!
@9 ;  *-
" ; "'+0+
"!) 
0  -? 
2. 
0  D + 4/" WTO ,84+0P  4 ;< O !<+ 0":; + +
 ",+ 9F: 0
"+0 +  ,*"!$0 + )  
0  "4 @+0
3. ;  * >+ +, , 
0  -? .- 5 +/@> "$ + 9F:  >+ 0 ": . 3
 ," +"

/  - + ) 84< ;  *<+ "!":;)  + 9F: $0 8
! @>  
+9<+./!< 0 P 84< ", ; "'
4. 0+ +"

/  * *
/
 " ;  *+0!< !;$ +@>"$8!< 
  ;< + 0 ",+"
0 /  - + 0F+<$0 +0+ . ;  * D+
; + >)  0 @>",":0,"!": -?<+ @!<$0 "!": . -?!
-/>
84< ;  *@>"$ ",   ;< + 9F:
 !D    %b   :
5. 809 "!0;$ + 4D 0 !
@0 P -
" ; "' 4 @ +0$ 0$+9+ ;+
;< ", 4 ;< O 9F:
.0 ",;-  ,9; + UF> +. .,. 9
4 ;< O 2 84<+ ;+ 9< + -? + !< 4-5 0  0 ": UF>+  + ;+
4/" P 8+"
":   + ;+@* 0 + ;++") -4/" + ;+9< $ -?<
6. 8;$ + -? /<$ + ;+ ;< 0 P  /@ 8*<$5 !04 @!;$ + 4D-
"
; "'8$ ;@ =0  4 ;< O / !03!
  <  4 ;< O
84<3  + 9+ ;+ 9< + -? +  4 ;< O + 9F: + ;+ D8*<
4 ;< O -? =0 8 00 !
@0 P + 9F:!<$
*0 "
7.  -3!
">$-$0 8!  4 ;< O ",+ ;+ ;< +0;0
@: ./ "+ 0  " 0
0+ 
4/" >++ @: ./ "+ 9F: UF> -?- +3
,
9 4 ;< O UF>84<
210

+ 9+ ;+ 9< + -? + 9 4 ;< + 9F: 4-5 0  -? 6-7 0 


  + ;+ 4 *0
@ 9D
4 @+ ;+ 4 +> -?<
 !D   : C&*  <&* 
8. )  9; + *!0 P 9 4 ;< O  -? *  (+ "!) 9< 
/ !
@   @> 
@>  0  ; " ' ) 4 @  *  " , ( ;)  + ; " ' ) 9F:  
.0 " , ;$ +
9D 09;)  *!0 P < + active )   -? *  08 
/", " < + W
P )   D -? * ",
9. )  9 ;  *) ; "'4 @+0": !,, 9 "', /+0$ >
$9<
3!
  *0 < ; "' -N!3  ",aE;$ + 4D9 ;  *+  4 ;< O !
,, ) 8 !;$ + 4D!< "$
0  *0 8+"

/ - + 08 +"


" & ; "'
F!3
,
9"$  -?4/" -N!3  ",aE 
 ;  *
"+
<
+@> 
, ",+"

/  - +
10. 8 @>: =.<"+ & 4D$0 +0$0 +"

0 8! ; "'
";!,, ) ;  *
/! 
0+ =0;/
+ <
 0  " 0 ":
"+0 ;
4D$0 + /", "3!

: * ;@ 84< 


 ;  * -?"$) 
0 < 
11. =/" !" 3
,
0 P 9 ;  *-
" ; " '
"  ; < 9< F  3!
  =0 
;$ +;< ;
0$"$>+ ", "'+ 0 P  - , ,$0 9< + -? + 
4 ;< O @> %"
*0 :8 ,30-8  +@ +0!< 9< + -? +
@> %"
 4 ;< O 8 !0=0 -
" ; "'/) 9<+./>!< /",+ 8*<- 3
*
.0 ;  *
Plaza Accord
12.  4 ;< O +0!<+,,  + 9F: -? %& )   0$+ ",2>-K>++ 9F:
-?- + 
.0/<$ + - *+4 @ @>": -V 0 ;< & -2>-K":0
9- + / ; $+F   !< ;$ + 0$++@ ",2>-K>++ 9F: -?/) !",
211

  +"$*y   (


"  ! 26 % ( 2550 ( 17.00 . 6 18.25 .
  &  2201   B  B <  ' !"#!

 %* %   *!)&b


- ":0+"
4/"; +3/ ; ":> * $4/,4;++$
 U>
…<-":
>…0 
- …0 84< ) ! 4 +>8  *
, &" Hong Kong Spinner 8*< ; @>4+
;<
€ 4/ ,! Red Rose of Lancashire (Lancashire "4$"!8-  %" ’& +*@> 

!<  4 +>) …0 0 <!<
(cotton yarn) -" ’&
- 4/"; + 4/ (;.%. 1950 - 1953)  4 +>8" ’& 0 @+ 0+0+
- ",-  ; @>"  ">*0$-7 1952 v 1956 <!<
 …0 0 -" ’& -?
) $+ ) 84<" ’& 
4
+ "4$"! Lancashire @,/<+//

-  4 +" ’& 


4
+ " ’&F84<…0 0-4 "'O 
Multi Fiber Agreement
- 8
; >+ ;< > @:=< +0+3;$
- -7 1990 >++3;$ (- +  5 -7 0   ,  $"
)
- MFA 8*< 
 $/ $0 30 -7 >4+!
 31 5"$ ;+ 2004
- ":0 1 + ;+ 2005 +<+0+3;$ /<$ 0F:-7 2008
" ) 4!) $!< ?? < +
0 --  %8!-  %4F>+ - (surge) + monitor < + surge !9F:
-  %=.<) 9< +5>   0 
%   DB!!D)#!    $ 8%:
- , &"
 +< =/*! (pajama) 0 -4 "'O -?) $+ /< (surge)
":
"+0 .<" ;) $0 3;$ + ;+>< ! -$*" . 
"$84<-  
7.5 /< . SME (Square Meter Equivalent) >$0 +0 UD D< UD D< UD!<$

 -< UD !<


!<3;$ + 100 /< 4/ ":0": 
>+ 9< -
.08 Quota
Systems  *> 9< -   8": ; - +  !  
+ ;+> ;
3 3   ;&%" !6 " / ;+,.  @ 
"
- 0/-7+ "! 3;$ ;< 8! +0!<
.083;$  + 0 !<  =.<0
"$  -?=.<8*<3;$ >+09
3;$ 

+4/ />
 9
3;$ >++ 
9<+9D < 8*<3;$ +04+!<0;@ "'"! 84+0 0;< ; @>040+9
3;$ !<
212

*!) ASEAN/FTA
- JTEPA: 2>-K /"$>!  ; ,;/+ 91.8% /"$+00> 9< - < 
-E24 84<
0 + 2>-KF84<
-? source of supply 2>-K< 84<
8*<=< 8-  %
) 2 steps D   4: < >8 ASEAN +0 -? common ; -?-E24 + yarn forward
fabric forward 2 stages and 2 steps
     !") ' b
-   ;< 4$0 -  % -?   4$0  "', / ", "', / ; "'8
;":
;!"
(!//"+) 5,! + ;< 0 -  % -?"   9<+9< "   0 P
-/"! ;  ;!"
; * ;  !
- ;
+ 4 @9< +  $ 0 +0;0
!< ", , ",
"$
0   $;+ ;+
@>"!U@: ; @>,  ," (
3 -) 3,: (4 "'O) $0 8*< "> U@: ; @>,-, ,
4 "'O ",
3 - 0  $;+ ;+ +0
+84<8*<-0   $@>P +0 ;
84<+0
0$++@
-    /0 tactics " *0 < 
4@>
/< - 
0 D+0!<8>><
8+"
 P ;< ; @>040+
"+0;0
+ +"
0+; + > 
$0 Textile
Surveillance Body (TSB) !./;< >
- @>4/0 ) !;< >+ 4 @ @>4/0 ) !8 WTO !<$
@> 4/0 ) !
;< -? @>) ;"2   /"$-  % !"": F<   84<+ criteria >
9F:
'*$ < Cluster
- +0!<4+
;$ +$0  4 +>
.08 Cluster <
.0>/$ !
$ "
- Cluster D;@ + Strategic partnership > 9< 8 " < .<$0 8; =/ 8; 9
!<8 ;
0 4 0 .<4 @+0 .< < response 8 24 *">$3+
- 9<+./<0=0  "!<!$ @>> + ,=.<) 9< !<
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
 .
      -!"#$%
243

      & !"#$%


 '()% 

  
 


    
! "# $%
 &
   
#
 '! ()
*+ * * (% 
(,- (,!#!
./)()
*+ $  ()
*+ $  $ 
0! 1
 
./) , 2"
*+ $ %
()
*+ $ 
$ 

 , , 
./)
*+ ,(% %
()
*+ ,(%
,(%
.  &$,
./)(4"% 5 % 5 %
6 ,(%
 7 #

./)(4" ,(%
," 
 & & 8 .  $
 &
* + ,#-+ //0"/(+
.# $ 9 ,
./)()$22 #((
 (:;( 
,  $ 
 
,$
! "# $
 &
:#  &#  (,'
./)()( ! 2&$  $
 &
1//2#3  4310+
.#&  

244

! "# 
*+ %


( & '


./)()$"   ,  &
( !#
*<(,
./)() ',$  "!, $  !, $
 &
#& %9!

 & & 8 . () ',$  "!, '$
 !, $  &
  6(,
#;=* ,
()$  ((  , ,(%
."& ,2
%#;((  , 8 . ()$  ((  , 
,(%
9. 597  9
! "# .6 (! (,'
. ( %
%% , ,!
( (%#; $%2" . 8) (! (,'
,( @  &
%#; 
( ! 7 .  BC :
...%9  + ,& (,!  *
./)" 3 "9&()$' :
6"/   
#
./),2(BD ,!(4"  !$%
6
 (, ,
./)BD
*+ %
!$%
6
(:;# (, $
#;=*<% & , !
/ 5$6!!
#
 1 6 
 &("( ! " 8 .  ( E99  &
245

+7283+9+ 
,
( "

#./)()""(,7$+  "9&#  $ 
(&, %  ('G% 
./)() +""(,7$+  "9&#  $ 
:4 4
4 %( 
./) ,  
()(( ''$  &
 31 
 
 (  7

./)
/(
+ () +. 7 H,(% 
,(%
 234 $% :($(
   
#
 '! ()
*+ * * (% 
 &# ! 2
%#; 
( ! 8 .  (( (%  * (% 
(0 (

%#; $%2" . 8 . () +( $* %%&
 234 ;
*  %#( !,
./) , ,!
($:'$  :%

()$  ,


=*
(,6 (",9)
./)()$ ( !

=*! 
  6(,
#;=* , ()$  ((  , ,(%
."& ,2
%#;((  , 8 . ()$  ((  , 
,(%
((,# $(4 
%#; 
( ! 6 
246

     H7

./) ,  $%


*+  %7$ ()
*+ $  $ 
#
 , ! *
./)(2" :; ()
*+ $  $ 
.   (, ! 
#;=*
$22 #((
 (:;(
(# J*#
./)() %
$22 #((
 (:;(
.   
./)(4"((
@) *
() 
( $22 #%&

. .   #&,
./),2( BD 
( !  
( $22 #
( ",99
%#; 
( ! 8 . ()   
 6 *  (,0

 &( ;  6 ! &  ( ; 
.& (( 1 K &/2
./)()((  (% '  ' ,(%
.  2(, 

./)()((   


()((  (% ' 
 ' ,(%
.

!  &&9 $


./)()#; #; #-
((,# "),6
./)BD
#; #-
"9 /
! "# (( (  &
.  &$,
./)(4"% 5 % 5 %
6 ,(%
 7 #

./)(4" ,(%
247

  &,


./)(4",(% ( ; ,(%
,!
 1 (,7(
./)(4"% ,(%
.  !#  ( 
./)().
*+  %7$ ()$  
*+  
($ %&
 "#"#"  
(
()
*+ $ 
.,     (2( (# ($.
(( %(,&  

, 
(    # &  (%
!, ,  (  &&:@
(:( '5
()
*+ *
.*  7/
 7 929
(/'< 5
 $%

(,&4 9!
 , 
 % :( 
( 
#"(,' (  ," "
 $

(#&9 , ( +, 6& 


(0  H , (, (
 ( E99
    #
( 5:(99 "
() 
( $22 #%& , # 5(
(3 
()
*+ ,(%
. + (  (  , 
248

() +. 7 H,(%


7 % 
()$  ((  ,
 L+ # )6
0: $(
.&   #  ( %(
! MN2 ,"  *
%0*L ( + (( # *
(,&
 
 3"# : $(
()%"./#;L " %#;6 6 #&:;< #;#@ 
'7 6
" ; G $@6
3<"#1
 3: $(
  (,!#

!(7%$%
6

O & ,
  '!  (7%$%
6
   7
  '!  (7%$%
6
$ ( 27((4
 %$6 !$  9 # $:;"%$6
. M,&  , ,!
!$  <"#" $%

3 : $(


 2! $,
! 
 1
(  (

!(7,(% %
6
( *  9.
!$  9#;,D ! , ,(%  ( 
249

  6&!#7 929


 (7,(% %
6 #! ,  (%  & @(
L ., 
 (7,(% %
6
 "/ 
 1 +"

! , ,(% % 5
. (, # 
#
 '! (7,(% %
6 !$   $#;Q
,($$#; G&7*# <% ) ( $
=<8   5
# 1   &
( $ ./. & @(6
3 2#3  
& 
*+*
( $ ,(% $:;,% 6
!#& %

#( $ ,(% $:;,% 6
(,  $M
,$#; 2 ( $ ,(% $:;,% 6
(,& $&
#;=*( $ ,(% $:;,% 6
3 #3
*
 1 ((,
( $ ,(% ( ;6
) &:;&/ 
 ( $ ,(% ( ;6
3 '>5 ( 5
 )&

( $ ,(% . 7 HG($%
= 51 3391?1?
$ ($    
!
/" (2"R"R
250

  !


(% * )
(% *"  ) ()(% %&",#
(% (  6( *G'L /#; )7@)'# ) %$&(# 
(. 6 ( " *  9# .  %
((,   , *./.  . : % ( , *./. . 6 ()
(% *./ /'9#;,D(,2' .
#()2 %(,2'
*./ /#T"'#  6 ." %( ,($

% %, )%G&#;) / %: E,"

#; : :;/#;"$  %,(


*+ 6 K 9#;,D % 68 K 73
0
  C.
. 2549
254




       

(Japan Thailand Economics Partnership)


JTEP

   !"#$


%&'$ ( 4   '!  +

1.  ,+ 
2. "-'. $#'
3. +!#
3. /

0  "'$ 

12. 2546
255

  1

$6    (" ! !' 


$'  "#$
(! .  JTEP

   (Trade in Goods)


 (  (Trade in Services)
 #' (Investments)

  2



       
(  4  
256

((78(


   
    !"#
$%
 - (Japan  Thailand Economics Partnership: JTEP) ()*+
,+-" 
"#  "

.
##/"
$ 0 *
,+-"#/" 4   
"!
2"
* ! JTEP /-- "

1. #/" 
2. #/"3#! 
3. #/"-!
4. #/"2"

4/
5  0 #4/"
 
6  !"#
$%
 - (JTEP)  *"
  0 58/"() # / /,/
#/"
$
    4 0#*#

-    


          !  4  
 $%   
& JTEP
+5
9 
: #
#!/2  #!,#/"  3#!   -! #!,#/"2" ()"
  "
: ##!/2   6
:   4*
!
2" -*#2,04/   !"#$%& ' (&)*# $ #+,-./ 0*1!'2
34&56)+-17+-5-8-# )*329:2;(&$& !$1-

#!,24/
5  * !"#
$%    2
#/"  -

1.   

#*", 4$!
2" -
1.
+- =   5-#  +>
4$ 11.9%  0% 
2.
+-   
4$ 8.5%  0% 
3.
+- 

  6%  0% 
257

2.  "-'. $#'
"-'"8 (1  3505.10)
2*" 
0/!
2"  , 4$    
 0% 

"-'( ( 1108.14)


2*"2  0/!
2" 150,000  F

: 250,000 
F   4$!
2"
 25%
+ 15% 4 * 2 F

3.   +!#
2*", 4$!
2" 0%  4  0 *"  50%
*F   F
> 
+ 0%
4.  /
1. 2*"2  0/!
2"
2)-F *" 
*#
+! #
!
2"
#
2. 2*" /G
 
$ 
*#
3. 284/A2;B5C-$3),$ D1E-&-$ #6F$ D 9$ #-G 3D/ H94-I ! -D!#1J (Food
Agency)
258

  1

$6    (" ! !' 


$'  "#$
(! .  JTEP

   (Trade in Goods)


 (  (Trade in Services)
 #' (Investments)
259

$6    ("! !' 


$'  "#$  (! .  JTEP
  (Trade in Goods)
,'   
1.
+,* 
#*",#/" 
#*",
 4$
: 4  " #/"
: 4  "
 /
4$  /,/ 2. #/" 
4$ 1. #/" 
4$
#/"- " "  
 90 2  /  ! 
2"  3. #/" 
4$
: 2. #/" 
4$
:
2-#
 2- 2-
4. #/"  4$=) 3. #/"  !
!  ,
5. #/" !
,0 J (Doha
Development Agenda :
DDA)
4. #/" !
2.  #  /"    !   "*"!#/"  
$2 
 4$
$  # "
.
# 
4$4 *", FTA 5- 
.
#
+2"
 #8 -! #! 
 #9
#  
$

3. Joint Committee on
#*" - Joint
6  /!
:
Agriculture Forestry and Committee
+
:
*  "
  *"

Fisheries Cooperation #
#  #/ /(-!("
+-
/"#/"
$ #K /+ 
  "
4. ! MRA (Mutual 2*"!
+ MRA * " +  #=*5" Japan
Recognition Agreement) * #/"
$! "* Agricultural Standard (JAS)
"#/"
$ JTEP "
:* !

/+ 
 ! *" MRA
* "#/"
$ 

260

$6    ("! !'  $'  "#$ 


(! .  JTEP
(  (Trade in Services)
,'   
1. ",
#*"%,    "   ,    
: 
$ , *"5,   "  # /
## #/5 $ ,*
  /
6
,+-" 
6 "
 #=
,/*5" 
/$ ,  
#24  #/

  "

2. " 90,
#*"9" 90,2    "   ,    
: 

2"  !  *     "  # /
 *"  8 ,  9" /
6
,+-" 
6 "
 5
2"*",
* 
3. "
/+ " 
#*"9" /   ", 
:
2 ,// ," 9"!G SPA   "# /
  #=
2" !* /
6
,+-" 
6 "

  "
+L
4 * *"
 "KF+
2"


4. " !
+ 2
#*"=    ", 
:
*""= 
/00  (Technology   "# /

/00 * Transfer)
+ 
: /
6
,+-" 
6 "
entry and stay permits 
 !M  "*"  


+ 2
261

$6    ("! !' 


$'  "#$ 
(! .  JTEP

#'

,'   


1. 2,
2 "!
N  "*"/,/
0    
4
* Portfolio  
" + #-
+3
0


!   /9
9

2. 
.
# " "*5"G Positive list () "*5"G Negative list
 ,
N   0 *"O,
 /5

. *"2
 2
 4/
4/
2" "  *
4 0 
/ >
 2)- 2" 
" "
/"2#
4 *

3. *"O,
 / "*" National "*" National
55 Treatment 
2" - Treatment #!, Pre-

2" - " (Post- establishment
establishment)
4. "!
+ 2 "*"/ +  * "*"
+-*/
2
2"
+ 
5 *" P
= 
/00 


","
262

  2



       
(  4  
263

   ,+

1. '  ,+ /'$ 


# 
+-
:##!/# 2#2 #82 
/9# #  35% 2#294/ #8 +/
:
# #  1% 2 GDP 0 
-  
+-  1,000 "
()#=9
:
+-  "  1.4 "/F #9*"
 
:9"9

+- #!/ , 7 20


   ! "# $%&'
 : 
$ 2545  7#! 0# (%)
#%
 14,519 29.52
,( 7,040 14.31
#4 0 6,750 13.72
 5,400 10.98
 1,320 2.68
: #/9"9 
+# 

* "# 
  
:9"#
+- #!/ , 4 2
0 (
 #%
 ,(  #4 0) 0 #=# "
  460,000 /F +  8% 2#
+- 0 2
0/
: / 40,000 ",
 !&   ! "# $%&'

: 
$ 2545  >? 2546  @ 2545 (%)
#%
 2,208 2,472 41.39
,( 1,245 1,325 23.34
#4 0 670 695 12.56
 450 460 8.43
: #/9"9 
+ # 
264

- -  # 


+-    #!  /   # 2  /+     /+ 
#4 0 0  #
+-    250,000 /F /
:
# # 55% 2#
+- 0 2 
  %  ! "# $%& 
 : 
$ 2545  >? 2546  @ 2546 (%)
 260,000 250,000 54.35
#4 0 126,500 140,000 30.43
+> 63,500 70,000 15.22
: #/9"9 
+# 

) ,
: #
+-  
  2 
0  #=#
+-   "*F 2515 ! 163  / 3 "
,

2. !# ,+ /'$


"
:
 9"9
+- #!/ , 8 20 (

  ) 9 / 2"/  1.1 "/F 2 
,04/
+- 
2)-*  14% /F (T,
,04/
+- 2  14.3 .///F) )"!
2"
+- -*
# 
+- *
T, 
:9"!
2"
+- #!/ , 2 20 (

#
( ) 0  ! 
2"   700,000  /F !
2"   4

  "   ,(  #%
 *# #"  40, 30, 15
 14 ! , 0  #,*
+-  (  64%)
 "  (34%)  #%
 (17%) #   #,*

+- 5
6526# (  35%)  " ,( (32%) 
(22%)  #%
 (9%)

()  %  !*%&$"+,  2545 ((.#.  ...)


$   A
 ( /  1 / 64% 2 / 34% 3 / 17%
265

()  %  !0*1!2 *1!*%2&%&$"+,  2545 ((.#.  ...)


$  (%#  A
 ( /  1 / 35% 2 / 32% 3 / 22% 4 / 9%
: #/9"9 
+# 

3. 0 ( /' C ! '   /' 


3.1   
T   ,    
 
6 , 4$ ! 
2" 
+-          ()  

#%
# 
:!* 8.5% !4$!
2"
+-
 =   5-#  +> ()
:#/"
  # 

:! 11.9% #
+-  
6,4$* 6.0%

3.2  .!  .



! *"
+- !
2""*,,#,#2 
  #8 #O5 /"2"! 2 Food Sanitation Law
2  0#" ",,% #8   
6 *T, 9" ,  #=O,%! "

2. 
   JTEP
2.1  "*" )#/" ! JTEP "
9#,#
 -
2.1.1 
: #
+- #!/2  =)
T/" *54$ - 
 4$!
2" !*"  "
 , /2*
2.1.2 " 4$!
2" !*"  # "2)- 
2"! *2  92  #/"   
# =#
2" "
+,#%P  +
,(
2.1.3  4$ ! 
2"   !  *"   / #=*
2  2  #  2)- 
+ 
 , , 
  "  ,   
#   "2)-
266

+0 + !&  #  !* )34  2540-2543


'($.>
$
  2540 2541 2542 2543
1 0 Mil. Ecu 119.3 110.1 100.8 91.6
"F ! Rand 729,935 676,525 623,115 569,706
G>0# Mil. Sc 148.8 136.0 125.3 114.6
G>
 Mil. Kc 300.2 278.2 256.3 234.3
0"# ? Mil. US$ 12.3 11.4 10.5 9.6
: 
/" 

2.1.4 #/" 2  / 4 "#2 0 "!
#, ", (Traceablility) / 4
-= ,=)#/"#!
6

4.2   



#*", 4$!
2" -

1.
+- =   5-#  +>
4$ 11.9% 
$) 0%  
2.
+-   
4$ 8.5% 
$) 0%  
3.
+- 
4$ 6% 
$) 0%  

!. / .


  $ $#
(%) (%)
1.  ,+ ' H $8 "#$
+  ! $8 11.9 0 
, I
2.  ,+ ' ! $8 8.5 0 
3.  ,+ "8 6 0 
267

 "-'. $#'

1. ' "-'. $#'/' 


#! =+
:+5
$%#!/2
  
:+5
/#!/
$*4/ 
N 
+# * F 99
#!   18 " /
:/#  20,000 ",
* 9 
   #94U8#! *
6
 
#" 0
N  #4 0 #4 0 "O0 ,

$ (CAP Reform) !*"/"#!   - *T,


  #! 
:3#! 
:# * 0 # # **5"
#! 
+9
:3#! 
#" / 
6   60 : 40
* "# 
 
:9"#94U8#!  *
# 20 0
N 3#!  " 3 , 3   1.3
" /  14,000 ",
--  #3#! #!/# 2  /+  0 
#  320,000 /F +/
:# # 25% 2
#2  !
:3 ,  120,000   3 
200,000 

() !& *:&(  &%& 


 : 
@   (%) $, I  (%)
2545   320,000 25   980,000 75
: #//"#!  

2. !#"-'. $#'/'
  "
 #!  )"!
2"
   6
 
 K ()#=!
:3 " 
+
 9K0 , 34/
$ !*"/K/2"
# #9*""2
:3# 9"9) !
2"

- 2",#%
*!
2"2"0 (
4$ !
2")
+ 
:32" 0 ()
:#/"/ 2223 
#! 
268

#!, 3#!  


  #=/ "#
(  90%) 
 +>#3#!   " 0 
( 

   #"
3. 0 (  /'   C  !   '   "-'.
$#'/' 
3.1   
"-'"8 ( 3505.10)
!  4$!
2" 2 $
1 4$9, WTO  6.8%
2 4$#G
$: ! /!
2" 
 11,374 "
F
# 4$
 0% ="/!
2"2
 * # 20% 2/  ()/
:/

, 2,274.8 "
+  50,000 )  "
# 4$
,9 ",
WTO 2"! 4$#G
$2
,
:! 0/4$#!,#/"
3
*   "
2" ,2"! * "4$#G
$ "/
!
2"
 20% 2/! " 5
 2 F9  "

2" , 2"! 2)- #9*"  ()
:9"#3 , 1 
 0 #F 200,000  //
:# ## 80% 2
/!
2" 11,374 "
 )!*"#
 20%  "
# 4$
 6.8%
(#! * ; %%&$"+,
.8#  /. $ !
(#  ) (%)
11,374
0
(  250,000 )

.8#  /"!#$$ !


(#  ) (%)
<= 2,274.8
0
(  <= 50,000 )
> 2,274.8
6.8
(  > 50,000 )
269

/ < 2,274.8 "



' 0
/   9,099.2 "
 (  50,000 )
/'  @
(  200,000 ) /   6,824.4 "

2545 6.8
(  150,000 )
: #//"#!  

"-'( ( 1108.14)


! 0/!
2"3 , 150,000  F 0
# 4$ 25%

  #=# "=) 114,147  *F 2545 /
:# # 76.09% 2
# -

3.2  .!  .



T,
2"  "4$*!
2"   6 
 ! 
2" 3   #!     
  2)-  0 # 9  , 
 #3 2" 0 4 *
 ! *"  !   2" ! 

 , N (Label) () " ,5 23!*5"
:#9#*
#!
6*"5
 *
+- 9" , 
6 2"! 
 9 ,#32 
+9",04/5,04/
94U8#9#23" 

4. 
   JTEP
4.1  "*" )#/"3#! ! JTEP "
9
#,#  -
4.1.1 ,04/3
4> *=)F 3.5 "

:32"0   2.6 " #
+
:3+>  
900,000  ()
:!
2"
  =)  300,000 
 F - 2  0/  4$ !*"  #=# 
 "2)-
=)"2  0/2-3 3 ,
:
2  #!,
 2  0/ #9 # ,


+

:9"# * # /

:# ##=) 80% !
2"- 2
4.1.2 32"0 T GMOs 2 #! 2   
$
 #8 "  *"
:#/" GMOs  0"* 
270


*5"3#! 2)- - 
:2" "
 ,2  *
#3#!   "2)-
4.1.3 #*5"3#! 
:= , ()"=*5"
35 +> !*"9",04/ " 0 58#/"/=

4.2   


"-'"8 ( 3505.10)
2*" 
0/!
2"  , 4$    
 0% 
"-'( ( 1108.14)
2*"2  0/!
2" 150,000  F

: 250,000 
F   4$!
2"
 25%
+ 15% 4 * 2 F

. / . $ $#


.>0! /. (! !@) 150,000 250,000 
4 * 2 F
4$!
2" 25 15 F
+ 20%
F 
+ 15%

4.3  .(.! .  (MRA)


"*""%#*! %#/" () 
#=O, "0  
: /"#/" 
271

  +!#

1. ' +!#/' 
"
:+5
$%#!/2  * F 992"  
55 " ()#=
:94U8-! 3 
4 " -! ,
-! 2  -!   0 
 
:9"9-! *
 , 6 20
* "# 
 
:9"#-! #!/ , 2 2
0 (
 ,() #  4 " / 
29,000 ", #  *2-! , -! 2 -!
    -!    #  -!    #!  /  2  /+    


(
*"  


    ! "# $%
! %
&$'(!


2,000,000
1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
-! , -  692,909 674,800 509,636 742,553 678,025 369,752
-! , - +> 1,835,835 711,047 1,451,912 1,511,434 1,620,021 1,716,285
-! 2 -  9,804 428 128 181 280 70
-! 2 - +> 1,574,601 913,987 1,331,064 1,763,988 871,138 1,883,827

 : 
 

2. !# +!#/' 
99-!"  ,  800,000  2 /
",04/4 *
   2.3 " )"!
2"

272

  1.5 " +/


:# #  70% 2/",04/
4 *

-! !
2" !
2" 6 
 #!/ " #


 W*" W. ,(  /,
*#2!
2"-! 
   !
2"*
-! ,
:#* #!
2"-! 2" 
()  %  %&$"+,   () %  &(0%&$" +,

100%
l-; m
80% (n#,$ 8&/

60% no0,
.,I7
40%
7# p,)
20% +3&#3)2

0% ":

33-38 39-43 43/44 44/45


:2;' : 7#,i1:./ -EG & ) Cargill Sugar ()* F.O.Licht's International Sugar and Sweetener Report

3. 0 ( /' C ! '   +!#/'



3.1   
"#$0! / (Tariffs and quotas market access)
(+- 2 9 2 0  %, )!*"/29" ,04/
9"9# 0 ! 4$!
2"/G
 
$ (Surcharge)  

 600
 #%

    $
/" =!  1,660
 #%-!
/, =!  894
 #%-!
273

/2 #-! 24 *


 =!    800
 
#%

( "(: Targets for OECD sugar market liberalisation, prepared for the Global Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and
Liberalisation, Centre for International Economics, Canberra & Sydney, October 2002)

3.2  .!  .



  . /' +!# (Polarization)
 ! /2  0&+0(!  97.99  
2 
 +>  "! /- ! 2#99"9 
+
-!  " ,9 /
 97.99 
4. 
   JTEP
4.1  "*" )#/"-!! JTEP "
9#,#
 -
4.1.1 
: #-!#!/ 2  0 *  9 
!
2" -!  *# ##
+
 ,,!
2"

+ , 4$ !*"# "2)-
4.1.2
+ 
:9"#-!
 
 *44/

5 ) "
 ,

 9"# + *#2/2#=

4.2   


2*", 4$!
2"*"
+ 0% 4 * 4 F 0 *"  50%
*F  F
> 
+ 0%
$ $# (@) J( @" @ 2 @ 3 @ 4
4$ (USD 
) 600 300 200 100 0

4.3  .(.! .  (MRA)


"*""%#*! %#/" () 
#=O, "0  
: /"# /"   ! /
/2-! /! //2-! ,##
+

 +>
274

 /

1. ' //' 
2"
:+5
$%#!/# 2
  * F 99 25-
26 "2"
+ ()
:9"92" , 5 20
* "# 
 
:9"#2" , 1 20 *F 2545
#=#2" "=) 7.2 " +  30% 2#2"20
0 #2 =) 180 
 0 /
:/  70,000 ",
#!,   #2"  ""
+# *,04/2"
25
:2"
6 #- *F 2545  #2"  " 122,000  /
:
/  900 ",

2. !#//'
2"
:+5
$%#!/# 2 2"#*
:2"

6 #- (Japonica) 9 9 2%, (*F 2540
 92"  20 "
 #%) #9*"/99#2)-
9#2)- #6#2)- "!2" ,/
 +>
--  92"2  , "   " 

$9"   2" (  
  (/2" " )  / 
,-   
99  ,0/#"9(
 2" +55 +)
* "!
2" 

.  2"
/", 0
9
.  2"(=)94U82")* ,,0/4$ ! 682,000 /F
(+  7.2% 2,04/4 *
 ) 4$4 *0/ 0%
0  2% (Food Agency)
:9"92 !
2"2" *0/
 %%=%&$"+,
 :

$ 2538 2540 2542 2544
#%
 193,768 272,620 312,857 324,075
 95,348 134,813 141,956 129,797
#

 86,953 85,565 104,599 100,038
 32,412 43,907 76,563 121,284
+ 412 7,537 17,225 4,875
 408,894 544,441 653,200 680,069
 : USDA
275

3. 0 ( /' C ! '  //' 


3.1   
 "9 !
2"2"4 *"0/-F 2538 ! 379,000 
 9*F# "  758,000  
+ "" 2L
, ,*"
!
2"2"0/ "
+F,  2542 ) " 0/
+ 644,300
 0
6,4$2"0/*#   2,819
 #%/ !*"
*59 !
2"2"0/

3.2  .!  .



3.2.1  ,,!
2"2"(,(" 0 *#22"*0/
92 !
2"0  2% (Food Agency) ()" 
4$!
2" 6"
# /G
 


+*"/2"!
2"
*"
/ ,/2"4 *
 (*F 2544 
6,* 2,410

 #%/)
3.2.2   ,, (+-2"
 () 2  ,,
"
1) Ordinary Market Access + Ordinary Import Tender
:
  2"
+ *5"*  #  # #  90-95%
2!
2"
2) Simultaneous-Buy-Sell System
: 2"
+*5",04/
4 *
 # #" 
3.2.3  ! *",4U82"". N# 2" 5  
" 5+#/" 5+# G8 , #2"  5+ 29"
 !

4. 
   JTEP
4.1  "*" )#/"2"! JTEP =)"$ 2
6
2" ,,,04/  "
9#,#  -
4.1.1 $ #"9/+,:s,t,3ui0 $A2;B5C- 0*:G 84/6F/+!$D/ I":"9/3B#27B#*3:u
l;-m' $DvE- H9+ ' #w3#!6)1$91-84/A2;B5C-41-' 8x/D/ I":8-$ #:G
5&+ 4$##'(B##FB' $DvE- #I'wv!$ #7#,Hy.y 8-B#*3:u ()*0 $
+w,&,$ #+!$D/ I":"BA2;B5C-8-xI!"&#' +(#$Bz 2546 t7I 'F).
276

$ #+!$3t,;'' $DvE-$I xI!392I$1-D!Bz$- (+9!84/34%-I &) 9


D/ IA2;B5C-1!.!3Bo9$I/ !+G 4#176F/+!$":
4.1.2 3'l;D/ I.5{y t920 $":3D/ A2;B5C-"9/' $DvE- 0*3B|-H$ +84/.-A2;B5C-
3#,;')!#17B#*: -D/ I":' $DvE- ()* 03B)2;-#+-,'' : -D/ I
":"9/3t,;'' $DvE-3B|-)G 9178-- .&

4.2   


4.2.1 2*"2  0/!
2"
2)-F *" 
*#
+
! #!
2"
#
4.2.2 2*" /G
 
$ 
*#

 .!  .



3+-84/A2;B5C-$3),$D1E-&-$ #6F$D 9$ #-G 3D/ H94-I! -D!#1J (Food
Agency) H9A2;B5C-.I#3Bo9H$ +84/6F/-G 3D/ D +,-./ D/ I84/($4-I! -89$%"9/ pv;!0*
:G 84/# . +,-./ 3B|-"B& '$)"$&) 9' $DvE-
277

 .
  
      
!"  #$%&   '-)'"*
278

  
      
!" #$%&   '-)'"*
$+,$ %''" 5 +,. 2548
2   

   3


'    3     !"  4%   '
-)'"*

    
 !"#! # $ 

1. '$()*+,$ 7201-7207 !
$ !/ + 00 
1  0
!!!233
2. $4 ! !+ 4
 00  10 5 !  00  + 1
  0 +5 15
3. + 0
$4 !'8 '$#'$/ / + 194   ! 
!5

/1:+ + !"9: Localization

5%'  %$  '6


 %3   3

1. 4  8 0
0
4#!2D
84
$!+E$/8
FD
3  
:! / 
:#1 NPL 4
2D
F 1 !:#1 !0

4 D
84
 0
#! (5 1   :! 2D
  / 10
3I
2D
!'$0
 !"#! F8 D
 
4 
4
0
#! 1   :! #
 !"
 !"3I

2.' !: 4
+  
/ #!+J//:/ 

8
FD
 ( 100,000 4 / 
 8/ # :' !:+
"DL 2D

1  
4+ 4
279

3. 4! !"#!/  N


 # !
!4.,D
$+ :+ $
 N+ !"#! 
/ 1 !
! ! +,O
 # ( :1)

4. ' !: # 0


 !"#! 
/0 4  3I/ ,$0D (
 :2)

5.' !:  !"#! :0 SN 


$0
 !"/ ,$ ( 
:2)

6. 830
 !"#!! 
4*4 8  :0
#!
/9


$
$/# 4
+S !
    
$!+ 
 :(*
4*4 8
1    / 83#

7. ! !"#!9

+ !"14 4


+$4 +S 

,
,   
+ !0 4  4
#8
/$# S+5!'
9

F*+3I

U 9

 
/0 40( !9

 !"#!#
0 4 !:    00  $4 F8
 SS#  9S* 4NF 8 
4/ F8
# !# 
/!9

+ !"/N
U  
# $
 0 4 +9 #4    !"#!/  F $:+'$V 
 
W:3I/ 2  !"#!/ +S 9 #0 4  4
F8 
#
 !"  '4$ #2
/4+ !:  #+4
F:
# 
/'' + 9
  

8. X  
N$ $4 0
3I!/ +S  Local Content 40% 
 +3/ ## :
N$ $4  
/ : '$+ #!
/N1
+S :: ST CTH (4 Digit) N:$4 ! #  CTSH (6 Digit) N:$4 
# $  (Stainless Cold Roll)

9. //04 + 0
Trade Remedy 9 g, AD CVD  Safe guards
 !
!N FTA : !"!'  !"#!#4N m 
 +

/X0
WTO 2D
:!!N43 4 W $,, + WTO ++S 
280

Section 201  +(0


NAFTA  !'0
4( !N
 #0X AD CVD
 Safe guards 0
#! #  
+
 #4 N
Trade Remedy 0 
 0
+// FTA

10.' !:  


## '!:' !:!$ 0D 
 00 1 0% 
/F* 1 4 +S !
      4 :

   ( 300 $9 4gJ//: 30 :! $9 

'$F* 1
484 9,000 :! 00   5 84 00  450 :! 4 2D
 !::
400
F:     
 00  J//:1
! !/ 8 ## !N+ +4
# :' !:
$# 0( ! 0
0  
   4F*:8
0D!5 
 00 
' 9S*/ '8   :F*! ## FD
 SS

11. 00 + !"3I +3 8+ !N 8 !N FTA : !"3I
 !"#!## :' 9S* # 
/ 4!N434  ::4 0
3I!1
Keiretsu 2D
1!N4 +  

12. L( 4 1S$$0


43I/ 2 $4 /3I   3I! 8

#!
N0 0  !8+3I:$94

13. !9

'$F*0
3I+ !"#! 
+S Local Content 100% #
14 /$

/12 S$ /9

'$S$ + !"#!2D


N0  F $:
/
 !" '$   :+ !"#!!

14.!9

'$F*0
3I+ !"#! 
#  W'$F*

 !"#! 4 /$
 E$/F*+9 /
!# 4 

0
 + 8$4! 9  !"#!1 !" +S FU ,!  !"+
9 
:$L!F*0 S$/D

!+ !"#!, 
' 9S*/ +
 !"#!1 :
 FD
/ 


15. !'8 '$+  


 +3 
 00  1 

",+
 0
 !"#! +4 1/$
 !"#!1 !"! 9:
281

   
! 
 !"D
+9   !"/ 2N  
S
VAT +
 !"#!#
  !"/2D
1'8 
+30
9
+ 4L VAT , 
,
:
  S 4Sale Tax (VAT)   14,12  8 /
  17 1  2D
+ # :4L VAT + !
 :

## :4 BOI 0


#!
+ $!E$,$"L+#
L$$:44FD

8 5 +0( ! CCPIT 0


/N + '8 0 
$
!L4D
D
+S
4 5
//N   /  !"#!
0 L (Free Zone)   19 ! $
0
" uu

16. 4
 #!# :4 4

 4 /$
 !'
!:/ ## :4 4
/W: /FD
+S
! 
#!# :' !:! /
U $/#:
   /D
# 
vV
 :9 ! 2D
1#X#!$!E$X 10 
+
WTO :!::S  S # 
, N# 
 40  !5 W/ 

N+ v S # !
! 4   4N+ !"8
 

 !"!
! !"#!1'8 '$+3  
/ 94  + '8 N0  +
0(   E$/E4W:#!# 4 4
9 N + '8   :/ 

+: 3  :E4,($S*+ !"#! 2D
F # W:+ 4 4

E4#! uu 0( ! F* S$ F*  00 8


  20 0D#    00 ,
  5 0( !+

 !"4 4
 :+ 
9

, F 1 +/,W+


,O  #+S$!N!N  !0
W/ 8! , +
8 # 1 /4 
0
 !"#+S 
 ! + 
D

17. !:$L!3I
!/ 0
 !"#!  
1 9S*0

4#!
// # $4 4N +4 /$
 '8 '$3I
0+ ::$L!
+  
2D
1 ::!3I!N:! !"4 0+ :$L!8 + :$L!81
'8 !NN# 
/ !0 
'8   :#!4/ 8

 8/ ,: 
4!'8 '$0+ :$L!8+ !"#! +3 !
 4N !03I
( : 3)  D

/!'$+ !"#! 
!/ !
 
 !"#! 2D
 $49: '8 :$N :8
0 :$L! Nippon Steel 4,8 :
282

'8   :#!D
 0 S0
N
"LW$/  
1  x0
 :# # ! 
 !"#!, S :$L!80
0y + /#+S4 /$

!
  !0#,8 FD
4 
!N + !"#!   D

4 !0 9 N#  
(Transfer Pricing) 
L$$:440
 !"3I
8
FD
  40.8 0( ! !"#!  30 # BOI #
2D
:$L!3I 
+3# :
$/ BOI  :!


18. 
84 1 xDetroit of Asiay 0
#! 8
!/ #+ FD
/ /$
z 
!  :F '$S$ 4N
0
'8 ::+
 !" 4
#,
, / 

1"8*!  :F 0


F!N43 !
D
0
9  
2J

2  0
F!2
#{ 2D
$ !
0
F0
#!J//:$  :9#
 1 
/"8*!  :F 0
F / 1
 
4*4 8 +
:: ,O + + : F*0
#!!/ 1W0
'$ 

 
/,O
z  #FD
,O4 0 Supply Chain 
!  :
 ! 
+   ! , + # W!9 : +J//:"8*!  :
F*+ !"#!
#$ 9 !
'8 '$,+ W:#!1'8 
$ 
+4 
/$
 1 9S* 
! /$
0
,O !"#!, 1W'$ 

/$
 #FD
N F*
40 ,O+ !"#! S Hybrid Car 1 
, 1
/$
+/+!+S #!1W'$, 
 ,O 
/$
+/
283

  1

&  '   3 6&


1. , F
+ !"#! !/ N '$!3I !N43 4
•  !"#! 8+ 
F $: (   $ )  3I
• 
!!
/ +S !499!!   :4 
0

84 !#
2. #
!
8 4 ,$ 0
$4  / 10
3I '8 '$  
'+
 !"# :4
+'$ / ,:#  84N0  $4 0
#!8
FD

340,000   :! 2D


1D
!N+  !"$ 0  SN 
$ 
4 + : !"3I  00 1  0  !"#!/
0 ,$0D#  9 /:!: F

:!N0 $4 D

F $:0 '$


/ 1  
$
 !"#  ,
+

J//:+ 40 F





 

 !"
 
N0 $ 120
 F$
N0  Slab 550 250 78.19 78.19
4 ' 100 100
  
   650 650 350 15.38 81.53
4 ' 100 100
 
  750 750 450 13.33 84
44 : 100 100
4 : 850-1,000 850-1,000 550 11.75 85.88-88.8
284

/0 8J//: / ,:# 84,$+!N N8


FD
 
85.88-88.8 '$4 :   84 '$'    81.53 
'$'      78.19 '$ Slab

9

F
 !"/  
$  
 !"# 

 
$ 
 :8,O    8+ !"#!  !


F
N
$0  !"#  : !"3I ,: +5!'
N0 8
 ( 340,000  :!9

F
/ F! !N0 

z  !
 84,$!
 0
#!! 8 $/ 8
0D
+!
: + !"#!
 :J3
0 !  
U $/#+! 
/U FTA  $(N0 
,$0D  700,000  :!2D
/ 1  : 4  SN 
$0

 !"+ 4

3. 9

F
!N+  
0
#!/  F $:+ +S 

 
 F,0
48

/N0 $4 D
F $: $4 N/8
0 '$  90 42D
$ 0D  
+5!'
48
0D 
  $ 0 4  9

F*+3I

'$#S
D

/ + ##   $4 ! !"#!## '$4
2$$4  9

+ !"
 / /'8 '$+3I 
$2 ##
9
F

/ #$ J3 


4. !9
F
/ !N+ $ ,O4(,+ F'$$4 !1 High Quality
# 0D 2D
 9S* 
 / 1,$!

1 +,$84,$+:
$4 #!
• $4 4(,8
1$4 !48
S 2$$4  48
750 $ 
0( !4(,! #4 8! ( 650 $  !
! +'$!
• 1 :  
+,O'$()* , + $ $+z
, 1, 84$4     ! 2D
 4
:9:0
W:+
/ !N Cluster 9  
Supply Chain , + $ Value Chain
285

&; +<"
1. + !"  
$+  
9

F

/4 N43
0
9
F

!#     +3W/ 
!+ //8 +
 S  :
$8 :N    FD
W:#4N 
$8 +  0( !
 !"#! 10
 S $ !N  /D
!N+ $ S 
 ! !"   4. ,$
/ 'S :++ 
9

F

&; 
1. F, 4 +/+
! 0
'8 F   F:
$

2. 3I
!  50 5 # :   4 4
/W:9 
 , 0
0!1E #!z 0    +:
 ( 10-15 5 , + 0
#!0 0
, D
! 
0 + 4
00  (  5 1 +3 
' !: 
 
  !::40$4   /! 00 0
!
' 4$4 ##  
:,$8
0D!5 
' 9S*# # 

 #
'8 :$94 :10
$: !"3I 4#!/
  $

/:/ 
'$:$940
,

3. F*2D
 +310

S$::4 4
9  00 8

   30 0D# 0( ! S$   0 0 8


FD
  20  
!1 0
4#! 00   5 :F8::+ 1  0 2D

#$E  0
#!
286
292
311






 
 5 
 . . 2490 &'(
'() &* +,* 
--
.*/0
 .12 . (
 
)34('5 . . 2548 4 7818 +,9)/ ,2 . .1 ,2 .'
&: '/(
  5 . . 2549 4 78*' 
.
9 &3 . . 2550 4 78
 +,52
.
; 
 . . 2512 783'5')9'< 4 78183')&
-=>)>/0
 . . 2523 =?4 '8)8(9'  4 5 . . 2528 78*34(9'
';?8&5(-9  9@
&)8(9'  4 34(9';?8&
*
, A..
 &3 4  . . 2543 78 B
*
'534(9''
;?8& 9@
&,.(4 ( 1  7 )&
-=>)>/0 *;
*
8C**)8(9'  4 )89'*4 &+' D&&*
58.')18789 E*
(5*=*5')>)29'< 

',4 .(/ '/


 )/@
>582.> ;?8
,.*
 .
' D--4 )8(9'   '  +,29'

 .4 )== 4(9'
( . . 2549-2551) 4 5 D&&*781895
)/*
( ?@
4 )== >4(9'
)/2
.
)8, .3(*')>)I 78)3'34(9' @ 9.(
( .>.(4(9'  7  1@
)/9 WTO >58
)/9 3 .*>) (.>()84(9'  7 .>.(4(9'
 7 .)@)7)
D&&*3'34(9'9'< 5()874 .>()84(9'  7 7849
' 1@
 @)/C**4 )8(9'  @
)/@
&,4 ( 4  @)/>, 8&31
)8.9'< &I '3'34(9'.);?8;
(.7 ' @.1
,5.>@
& ACMECS (Ayeyawady - Chao Phraya - Mekong Economic Cooperation
Strategy)  7

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen