DISCUSSION

The experiment was conducted in Uitm Jengka, Pahang. Total distance for the levelling
test was set to 100 m with 20 m chainage. The experiment was run at a declining surface hence the
data obtained from the test shows a decreasing level taken as Reduced Level, RL
From the TBM to point 1 there is a rise. A BS of 0.470 m has been recorded at the BS and
IS of 0.380 m at A. The resulting height difference is given by (0.470 m – 0.380m) = +0.090 m.
The positive sign indicates the rise and is entered at point A. The procedure is repeated and the
height difference from Point 1 to Point 2 is given by (0.380 m – 1.485 m) = - 1.105 m. This is
entered at point 2. This process continue until the last point. When calculating the rises or falls in
the FS or IS column must be subtracted from the line immediately above, either in the same column
or one column to the left. The FS is subtracted from the IS or BS in the line above and the BS on
the same line as the FS is the used to continue the calculation with the next IS or FS in the line
below. In table above, the difference between the adjusted RL of the first BM and adjusted RL of
the final BM is 0.00. The result show that the levelling is accurate and pricise. It is mean that we
do not have to make an adjustment. The allowable misclosure for any levelling sequence is
allowable misclosure = ±5√ mm
The problem that will effect the result during the field survey was reading and booking
errors. Many mistakes can be made during the booking of staff readings taken with an tilting level,
and the general rule is that staff readings must be carefully entered into the levelling table or field
book immediately after reading. To prevent this error we have to two person incharge to read the
measurement at staff by using auto levelling. So this decrease human error during the reading
measurement session.

The next problem that will affect the result was balancing the staff. When the reading is
being taken, the staff is unbalanced due to the uneven ground surface and hot weather disrupted
the holder’s concentration. To solve this problem, we gave timed signals so that the staff holder
can concentrate for a few seconds while the reading is being taken.
The next problem is weather conditions .In strong winds, a level can become unstable because the
line of sight is always moving and it is also difficult to hold the staff steadily. For engineering
survey levelling. these reasons, it is not possible to take reliable readings under these conditions
which should be avoided when levelling. Therefore we had to find the suitable time to carry out
our fieldwork.