ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

STEP 2 - TO RECOGNIZE THE ELECTRODYNAMIC AND WAVES APPLICATIONS

Delivered by:

ANGEL ENMANUEL ORTIZ CRUZ

code: 1073155220

group: 203058_26

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE – UNAD

BASIC SCIENCE SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
SEPTEMBER 2018
BOGOTA
 Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic references to
support the research:

1. Explain the concept of loss tangent by means of an example.

Below is a comparison chart for different materials, which can be used in the construction of a
bluetooth device

Bluetooth Radio Design Considerations for Cellular Handset Application

Figure 5: Dielectric loss tangent of common substrate materials

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in electromagnetic waves

propagation?

All waves have a finite propagation velocity, in whose value the elastic restoring forces of the
medium and certain factors of the mass of the medium influence: the linear density in the strings;
the depth of the water under the surface, or the adiabatic coefficient, the molecular mass and the
temperature in the case of the propagation of sound in a gas.
In all cases the speed is constant and, as always, it will be:
∆𝑥
𝑣=
∆𝑡

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free space, perfect dielectrics and
good conductors.

In good conductors, such as metals, the ratio σ / (ωε) is much higher than the unit across the spectrum
of radio frequencies. Such is the case of copper that up to relatively high frequencies, 30,000 MHz,
the value of said ratio is 3.5 · 109. Also, in good drivers, both ε and ω are almost independent of the
frequency.

In good dielectrics or insulators, the ratio σ / (ωε) is much less than unity. Also, for most the dielectrics,
both ε and ω are functions of the frequency, although the relation σ / (ωε) is practically constant within
a certain frequency range of interest.

Most of the materials used, either let the driving currents pass easily or avoid their circulation, behave
as conductors or as dielectrics or insulators, except for a few exceptions among which it is worth
mentioning due to its practical importance, especially in radio links, to land and fresh water or

salty, which at low frequencies are good conductors and at high frequencies are good dielectrics.

In the Figure the relation σ / (ωε) is shown for some common materials

Ratio σ / (ωε) between the density of conduction and displacement currents, for different materials,
as a function of frequency.
 4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical application of every type
of radiation.

Radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays are all types of
electromagnetic radiation. Radio waves have the longest wavelength, and gamma rays have the
shortest wavelength.

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us about the
electromagnetic waves behavior?

Refraction is the change of direction and speed that a wave experiences when passing from one
medium to another with different refractive index. It only occurs if the wave strikes obliquely on the
separation surface of the two media and if they have different refractive indices. The refraction
originates in the change of velocity of propagation of the indicated wave.

An example of this phenomenon is seen when a pencil is

immersed in a glass of water: the pencil seems broken.
Refraction also occurs when light passes through layers of
air at different temperatures, on which the refractive index
depends. The mirages are produced by an extreme case of
refraction, called total reflection. Although the phenomenon
of refraction is frequently observed in electromagnetic
waves such as light, the concept is applicable to any type
of wave.
 Refractive index

It is the relationship between the speed of propagation of the wave in a reference medium (for
example the vacuum for electromagnetic waves) and its speed in the medium in question.

Critical angle: any ray incident with an angle θ1 greater than the critical angle θc corresponding to
that pair of substances, will be reflected in the interface instead of being refracted.

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they used? What is a magnetic
and a nonmagnetic medium and where are they used?

A flat wave or also called a one-dimensional wave, is a wave of constant frequency whose wave
fronts (surfaces with constant phase) are parallel planes of constant amplitude normal to the vector
phase velocity. That is to say, they are those waves that propagate in a single direction throughout
the space, like for example the waves in the springs or in the cords. If the wave propagates in a
single direction, its wave fronts are flat and parallel.

Uses

Flat waves are a good approximation to real waves in most practical situations. The radio waves, at
a sufficient distance from the transmitting antenna or from reflecting surfaces, can be considered as
flat waves, since its radius of curvature is very large. Many of the concepts applied to optics can be
moved when working with flat waves.

Most electromagnetic waves can be considered as the superposition of a set of waves flat, in such
a way that the knowledge of the behavior of the flat waves, helps to solve the problems raised when
dealing with more complex waves.

Elastic waves require a material medium to support their transmission. Such it happens with sound
waves, waves on strings, membranes, etc. In contrast,electromagnetic waves do not necessarily
require a material medium for theirpropagation.

With the exception of surface waves in a liquid, the disturbance (be itdeformation, pressure or
displacement of a volume) propagates witha speed that depends on the elastic properties of the
medium. These waves elastic are also called sound. In vulgar language the sound is related to the
auditory sensation, i.e., vibrations in the auditory membrane caused by an elastic wave that
propagates through a gas, a liquid or a solid. However, our nervous system is only sensitive to
frequencies between 16 Hz and 20 kHz. Outside these limits the sound is not audible for humans,
although the corresponding elastic waves are followed calling sound. The physics of elastic waves of
frequency above 20 kHz is called ultrasonic. The science that deals with generation methods,
Propagation and reception of sound is called acoustics.

REFERENCIAS

MacKenzie Way, (2009). rfglobalnet. Cranberry Township, PA 16066724-940-7555 rfglobalnet.

Recuperado de https://www.rfglobalnet.com

Aki K Richards P. G. , 1980. Quantitative seismology , W. H. Freemand and Co., San Francisco.

Ben-Menahem A. Singh S. J. , 1981. Seismic waves and sources , Springer Verlag, New York.

Biswas N. N. Knopoff L. , 1970. Exact earth-flattening calculation for Love waves, Bull, seism. Soc.
Am. , 60, 1123–1137.

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. 513-519. Retrieved
from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tr
ue&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. (2003). Fixed Broadband Wireless. 25-70. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tr
ue&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, 519-524. Retrieved
from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tr
ue&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Woodwell, G. R. (2016). Reflection And Refraction. Salem Press Encyclopedia Of Science, Retrieved
from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=89317193&lang=es&s
ite=eds-live