COMM 220

Elgazeera High Institute for

Engineering and Technology

Electrostatics and Magneto statics

Lecture – 1

Introduction

Dr. Ahmed Abouelmagd

 Introduction
Course Contents

Coulomb’s law, Electric field intensity, Field of point charge,

line charge, surface charge, and continuous volume charge,
Electric flux, Gauss’s law, Divergence, Electric energy and
potential, Electric conductors, Principle of images, Electrical
capacitance, Dielectric materials, Dipoles, Dielectric
permittivity, Poisson’s equation, Laplace’s equation. Steady
magnetic fields, Ampere’s law, Magnetic forces, Magnetic
materials, Magnetic circuits, Inductance.
Textbook :
Sadiku, ”Elements of Electromagnetics”,
Oxford, 2000

References:
William H. Hayt, JR. “Engineering
Electromagnetics” McGraw-Hill, 2000
 Student Assessment Methods

Assessment Weight Schedule

Year Work & Quizzes 20% weekly
Mid-Term Exam 20% W8
Final Exam 60% W15
Total 100% ----
Review to vector calculus
1- VECTOR ALGEBRA

A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction.
A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity
everywhere in a region. If the quantity is scalar (or vector), the
field is said to be a scalar (or vector) field.

Temperature distribution in a building is a scalar field

Electric and magnetic fields are vector fields
Vector representation:
𝑨
A= 𝑨 𝒂𝑨 𝒂𝑨 = 𝒂𝑨 =1
𝑨

Vector A in Cartesian is represented as:

A= (Ax, Ay, Az) , or
A= Axax + Ayay + Azaz

𝑨 = Ax𝟐 + Ay𝟐 + Az𝟐

Axax + Ayay + Azaz

𝒂𝑨 =
Ax𝟐 + Ay𝟐 + Az𝟐
Example
Points P and Q are located at (0, 2, 4) and ( - 3 , 1, 5). Calculate
(a) The position vector P
(b) The distance vector from P to Q
(c) The distance between P and Q
(d) Vector A parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10
Solution:
(a) rP = 0ax + 2ay + 4az = 2ay + 4az
(b) rP Q = rQ – rP = ( - 3 , 1, 5) - (0, 2, 4) = ( - 3 , - 1 , 1)
= - 3 ax - ay + az
(c) d = | rP Q | = 9 + 1 + 1= 3.317
rP Q − 3 ax − ay + az
(d) 𝑎𝑃𝑄 = =
| rP Q | 3.317
− 3 ax − ay + az
A = | A | aP Q = 10
3.317
= -9.045 ax - 3.015 ay + 3.015 az
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION

1. Scalar (or dot) product:

A • B= AB cos ӨAB
A • B = AXBX + AyBy + AZBZ
A • B= B • A
2. Vector (or cross) product:
A X B = AB sin ӨAB an
𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒛
A X B = 𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛

A X B = (Ay Bz - AzBy)ax - (AxBz - AzBx)ay + (AxBy - AyBx)az

AXB=-BXA
 Given vectors A = 3ax + 4ay + az and B = 2ay - 5az,
Example find the angle between A and B.
Solution:
The angle ӨAB can be found by using either dot product or
cross product.

dot product :

ӨAB = cos-1 0.1092 = 83.73 ͦ

 Given vectors A = 3ax + 4ay + az and B = 2ay - 5az,
Example find the angle between A and B.

cross product :

ӨAB = sin-1 0.994 = 83.73 ͦ

Scalar Triple Product:
𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛
A . (B X C) = 𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛
𝑪𝒙 𝑪𝒚 𝑪𝒛

Vector Triple Product:

A X (B X C) = B(A • C) - C(A • B)
COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION
COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION

CARTESIAN COORDINATES (X, Y, Z)

Vector A in Cartesian coordinates is written as:

A= (Ax, Ay, Az) , or
A= Axax + Ayay + Azaz

Where:
-∞<x<∞
-∞<y<∞
-∞<z<∞
Example
Given point P(-2, 6, 3) and vector A = yax + (x + z)ay, express
and evaluate A at P in the Cartesian.

Solution:
 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (ρ, ϕ,z)

Vector A in Cylindrical
coordinates is written as:
A= (Aρ, Aϕ, Az) , or
A= Aρ aρ + Aϕ aϕ + Azaz
Where:
0<ρ<∞
0 < ϕ < 2π
-∞ < z < ∞
 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (ρ, ϕ,z)

- (x,y,z) (ρ, ϕ,z) transformation

- (ρ, ϕ,z) (x,y,z) transformation

Example
Given point P(-2, 6, 3) and vector A = yax + (x + z)ay, express P
and A in cylindrical coordinates. Evaluate A at P in the
cylindrical.

Solution:
 SPHERICAL COORDINATES (r, Ө, ϕ)

Vector A in Spherical
coordinates is written as:
A= (Ar, AӨ, Aϕ) , or
A= Ar ar + AӨ aӨ + Aϕ aϕ
Where:
0<r<∞
0<Ө<π
0 < ϕ < 2π
 SPHERICAL COORDINATES (r, Ө, ϕ)

- (x,y,z) (r, Ө, ϕ) transformation

- (r, Ө, ϕ) (x,y,z) transformation

Example
Given point P(-2, 6, 3) and vector A = yax + (x + z)ay, express P
and A in spherical coordinates. Evaluate A at P in the
spherical.

Solution:
For vector A, Ax = y, Ay = x + z, Az = 0. Hence, in spherical
system