J. Env. Bio-Sci., 2014: Vol.

28 (2): 217-221 ISSN 0973-6913 (Print), ISSN 0976-3384 (On Line)

BIODIVERSITY OF WOODY PERENNIAL FLORA IN BADAL KHOLE SANCTUARY OF

JASHPUR DISTRICT IN CHHATTISGARH
Pratap Toppo, Abhishek Raj and Harshlata1
Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V., Raipur- 492012 (C.G.), India
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V., Raipur- 492012 (C.G.), India1
email:lonely0392@gmail.com

Received: 24-08-2014 Accepted: 30-09-2014

The central India forms one of the major ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent. The Badalkhole sanctuary is a small patch of
forest which exists in Chhattisgarh a newly formed state. The sanctuary conserve a variety of flora and fauna under the presser
on sanctuary by the local people. The present paper gives an account of the biodiversity of woody plants in the vicinity of Jashpur
district. A study of the floristic composition and its use by the rural people is also in corporate. The present articles describes the
species diversity and structural variation of a tropical dry deciduous and tropical moist deciduous forest type of central India. In the
present study 2 climber species, 10 shrubs species and 57 trees are reported. Due to pressure on sanctuary by local people and
daily needs, the depletion of the vegitation on the rise and it is found that if this continues at the same pace, many of the rare and
endangered plants would be extinct. It must be preserved as they serve a potential gene bank.

Biodiversity makes an important role in making goodness of
human beings and maintain all things which are required to
ecosystem balance. Biodiversity balances the food web, CO2
sequestration, nutrient cycling and livelihood of human being1.
Globally, 25 terrestrial biodiversity hot spot with 9 leading hot
spots have been identified2. The leading hot spot are richer in
endemics than other hot spots. The total forest cover, which
includes dense forest, open forest and mangroves, is estimated
to be 692,027 km2. This constitutes 21.05% of the country's
geographic area3. The state of Chhattisgarh has the distinguish
identity in the nation for having 44% of forest cover of the total
geographical area, and much floristic and cultural diversity
which bear numerous woody perennials and ground flora. The
forest type of Chhattisgarh is tropical moist and tropical dry
deciduous which bears a lot of ground flora and fauna too.
Sanctuaries are the forest area which reserves the valuable
growing stock and useful perennial woody plants4.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted during winter season of 2010-
2012 in the Badal Khale Sanctuary of Chhattisgarh. The
sanctuary is situated in Jashpur district of northern hill region
of Chhattisgarh and situated between 220 17' and 230 15' North
latitude and 830 30' and 840 24' East longitude. It has an average
elevation of 2593m above sea level. The climate of the area is
tropical with temperature is ranging from 350C to 12.40C and
annual rainfall is 364 mm. The total area of sanctuary is 104.45
sq/km. The sanctuary plateau is characterized by scattered
flat topped trap hillocks, plains and valleys. The species were
observed and identified with the help of local of villages in the
forest area and forest guards. Quadrates of 10m x 10m for
trees and 5m x 5m for shrubs were laid. The un-identified plants
were collected and a herbarium sheet was prepared and
identified with the help of local floras. The prepared herbarium
sheet was then submitted to DFO of Jashpur forest division.
Finally, plants were documented of following their botanical
name, family, habits, local name, parts use and uses of the
individual plants.
The woody floral diversity of Badal Khole Sanctuary could be
divided into the following:
1. Woody plants in Sal forest: Pure Sal forest is found in
the central zone of the sanctuary. The area is almost plain
and rich in vegetation. The common woody plants found in
this forest are Shorea robusta, Terminalia tomentosa,
Diospyros melonoxylon, Mallotus philippensis, Terminalia
arjuna, Buchanania lanzon, semecorpus anacordium,
anogeissus layifolia, Hadina cordifolia etc.
2. Bamboo and Teak forest: Bamboo and teak forest are
found in Rajpur and Kurhatipna, which are the forest villages.
Dendrocalamus strictus and Tectona grandis, pure plantation
 Biodiversity of Woody Perennial Flora in Badal Khole Sanctuary (218)

Table-1. Floral diversity of woody plants in the sanctuary

Local Name Plant Species Family Habit Parts Used Uses

Karmal Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae Tree Bark Rheumatic pain

Roxb.
Rame phale Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Tree Bark, Cancer, dysentery, cough ,
Roots, Seeds. astringent, anthelmintic
Barang Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Tree Wood Boxes and Drums making.
Aonla Embica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Tree Bark, Roots, Useful for tridosa, diabetes, Asthma,
leave and fruits peptic ulcers.
Sal Shorea robusta roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Tree Bark, resin
weakness and burning of eyes.
Kadia Kydia calyicina Dipterocarpaceae Tree Leaves Skin diseases
Semale Bombox cieda L. Bombacaceae Tree Bark
ulceration of stomach and kidney.
Bhelwna Semecarpus Anacardiaceae Tree Fruits Digestive, purgative, liver tonic
anacardium stimulant.
Kumbhi Sterculia villosa Roxb. Anacardiaceae Tree Roots As tonic
Barangi Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Rutaceae Tree Leaves , fruits Useful in diarrhea and dysentery.
Bael Aegle mormelos (L.) Rutaceae Tree Leaves, fruits Useful in diarrhea, dysentery,
Correa seminal weakness etc.
Saliha Boswella serrate Roxb. Burseraceae Tree Roots Also useful in syphilitic diseases and
jaundice.
Kharpat Garuga pinnata Roxb. Burseraceae Tree Bark , fruits Diabetes and skin diseases
Neem Azadirachta indica A. Meliaceae Tree Whole Plant Useful in cure of pitta, skin diseases,
juss malarial fever,bronchitis and diabetes
Bakain Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Tree Bark Used as insect repellent.
Male kanghi Clestrus paniculantus Meliaceae Climber Seed Brain Tonic and skin diseases
Wild
Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Shrub Bark Diarrhea
Lam.
Baire Ziziphus mummularia . Rhamnaceae Shrub Leaves Skin diseases
Chont Ziziphus xylopyra Rhamnaceae Shrub Bark Wood Tannin, making agricultural
(Retz.) Wild implements
Kajoo Anacardium Anacardiaceae Tree Fruits Fruits are edible
occidentale L.
Chare Buchanania lanzam Anacardiaceae Tree Leaves Seeds are used as cardiac tonic.
Spreng.
Ame Mangifera indica L. Tree Fruits and Useful for syphilis, wounds, ulcers,
Anacardiaceae Woods diphtheria.
Palas Butea monosperma Fabaceae Tree Bark, Leaves, Useful in cure of intestinal worms,
(Lam.) Taub. Flower bone fractures and rectal diseases.
Patal Butea superb Roxb. Ex Fabaceae Climber Bark juice In cuts
kumbda Wild.
Sissoo Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Tree Leaves Wood As fodder and timber
Roxb.
Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Leaves useful in the treatment of skin
Wood diseases, leucoderma
Karanj Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Tree Seeds ranches Burning , Teeth ache
(L.)Pierre
Bija Pterocarpus Fabaceae Tree Stems Diabetes
marsupium Roxb
Loke handi Bauhinia malabarica Caesalpiniaceae Tree Fruits Fruits are edible
Roxb.
Amta Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree Leaves Malaria
Lam.
(219) Toppo, Raj and Harshlata

Amta Bauhinia semla Caesalpiniaceae Tree Gum As medicine

Wunderlin.
Palas lata Bauhinia vahlil Caesalpiniaceae Tree Seeds Sexual tonic
Kachnar Bauhinia Variegata Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bark Useful in the treatment of skin
L. diseases, Leprosy intestinal
worms, wounds and ulcers.
Amaltas Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Tree Leaves Useful in the treatment of skin
Roots diseases, Leprosy, tuberculosis.
seeds
Anjan Hardwickia binata Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bark As fibre
Roxb.
Imli Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae Tree Fruits Fruit is edible
L.
Khair Acacia catechu Mimosaceae Tree Heart wood Katha making
(L.f.) Willd.
Gandhirwa Acacia leucopholea Mimosaceae Tree Bark Used in cough, bronchitis,
(Roxb.) Willd. leprosy, vomiting and ulcers
Babool Acacia nilotica L. Mimosaceae Tree Bark, roots Haemostatic, asthma, diarrhea.
Leaves
Kala serus Albizia lebbeck (L.) Mimosaceae Tree Seeds Used in asthma. Leprosy,
Benth. Leucoderma, sprain, wounds and
ulcers.
Serus Albizia Mimosaceae Tree Wood Timber and fodder
odoratissima (L.f.) Leaves
Benth.
Safed serus Albizia Procera Mimosaceae Tree Wood Agricultural implements
(Roxb.) Benth
Dhowda Anogesssus Combretaceae Tree Whole plant Useful in cough and vata, skin
latifolia Roxb. disease, diarrhea and dysentery

Saja Terminalia alata Combretaceae Tree Bark , Leaves Anemia, Loose motions.
Heyne ex Roth
Arjun Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Tree Bark , Leaves Useful in fractures, ulcers,
Roxb. diabetes, internal and external
hemorrhages.
Bahera Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Tree Fruits Useful in anemia, Leucoderma,
(Gaerth.) Roxb. Narcotic, digestive.
Harra Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Tree Bark, Fruits Useful in Tridosa, neuropathy and
Retz. general debility.
Jamun Syzygium cumini Tree Seeds Useful in diabetes and
(L.) Skeels Myrtaceae strengthening the teeth.

Kumbhi Coreya arbor ea Lecythidaceae Tree Bark Treatment of diarrhea

Roxb.
Senha Laberstroemia Lythraceae Tree Bark Snake –bite
parviflora Roxb.
Mehandi Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Shrub Leaves Dye making
L.
Dhawi Lythraceae Shrub Leaves Stimulant, antibacterial corrective
Woodfordia of urinary pigments and diabetes
fruiticosa
Khodhare Gardenia latifolia Lythraceae Tree Bark Stomach pain
Gardena resinifera Lythraceae Tree Bark-resin Antiseptic
Roth.
Kalmi Adina cardifolia Lythraceae Tree Bark Skin diseases
(Roxb.) Ridsd.
Mehndi Mitragyna parvifolia Lythraceae Tree Bark Contraceptive
Roxb.
 Biodiversity of Woody Perennial Flora in Badal Khole Sanctuary (220)

Table-2. Plant species distribution according to their family is found separately in the area. But among these plantation
some species occurs are Shorea robusta, Lagerstromea
S/N Family Number of species
1 Poaceae 1 palviflora.
2 Moraceae 4
3. Woody plants in mixed forest of valleys: This type of
3 Euphorbiaceae 4
4 Verbenaceae 3 vegetation is found in Dumerpani, Katla, Gailanga, Bachram
5 Ebenaceae 2 and Kharhgown forest villages. The sal loses its dominance in
6 Lythraceae 7 the forest and grows associated with species like Terminalia
7 Lecythidaceae 1
tomentosa, Emblica officinalis, Anogeissus layifolia, Albezia
8 Myrtaceae 1
9 Combretaceae 5 lebback, Lagerstromea palviflora, Buchanania lanzon, Bridelia
10 Mimosaceae 6 retusa, Cassia fistula, Madruca indica etc.
11 Caesalpiniaceae 8
12 Fabaceae 6 4. Woody plants in mixed forest of open areas: In open
13 Anacardiaceae 5 areas mixed forest of tropical dry deciduous nature occur. The
14 Rhamnaceae 3 most common species of this forest are Madhuca indica, Butea
15 Meliaceae 3
monosperma, Anogeissus layifolia, Aegle marmelos,
16 Burseraceae 2
17 Rutaceae 2 Lagerstromea palviflora, Acacia nilotica, Zyziphus zuzuba,
18 Bombaceae 1 Lantana camara, Mallotus philippensis, Clistanthus collinus
19 Dipterocarpaceae 2 etc.
20 Annonaceae 2
21 Dilleniaceae 1 5. Woody plants in Scrub forest: The sanctuary consists of
compartment no. 350, 351, 352, 353, 346, 347, and 348 which
Table-3. Distribution of plants as per their habit
come under the east zone of the sanctuary. The east zone
S/N Habit Number of plant species Distribution (%) exposed steep hill slopes and ridges, where drier condition
1 Tree 57 82.60
2 Shrub 10 14.49
prevails scrub vegetation. The vegetation occurs in this area
3 Climber 2 2.89 are like Mallotus philippensis, Aegle marmelos, Boswellia
4 Total 69 100.00
(221) Toppo, Raj and Harshlata
serrata, Ficus carica, Ficus tinctoria, Hadina cordifolia,
Dendrocalamus strictus, Carissa opeca, Lagerstromea
palviflora etc.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study area did not show uniform distribution of tree, shrubs
and climbers. A total number of 69 plant species belonging to
varied families (21) with different habits were recorded (Table- 1).
Out of these plants species, shrubs (10), climbers (2) and
trees (57) were noticed. Maximum plant species were recorded
for Caesalpiniaceae family. Observed plant species with their
local name, botanical name, family, habit, part use and their
uses are listed in Table-1. Table-2 shows the family wise
distributions of plants and Table-3, the number of different habits
is given.
On the basis of the present finding, it is concluded that the
sanctuary is enriched with various plants of different habits,
and the knowledge about the plant species is essential for
assessing them, though further strategy is needed to conserve
them. This study indicates their rich diversity, followed by
various habits (shrubs, climbers and trees) due to suitable
climatic condition as well as their survival capacity in the
sanctuary. In the sanctuary, tree species are mostly seen as
they cover a larger part of the area (57 species of 82.60%),
and are closely followed by shrubs species (10 species of
14.49%) and climber (2 species of 2.89%), the least of them
all.Further, trees were found to dominant moist deciduous and
dry deciduous in plain and river valley habitat. The shrubs and
climbers dominated the hedges and rock crevices. The trees
act as indicators of their habitat. The trees like Acacia catechu,
Zizyphus mauritiana, Caryota urens, Aegle marmelos,
Helicteres isora, Acacia leulophloea and Phoenix acadis
indicated scrub forest. Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia tomentosa,
Pterocarpus marsupium, Syzigum cummini, Ficus glumrata
indicates presence of water source nearby. Tree like Coreya
arborea, Bridilia retusa, Caryota urens, Boswelia serrata, Butea
monosperma, Cassia fistula, Emblica officinalis, Buchnania
lanzen, Albizia odoratisima etc. indicate deciduous habitat.
Climber like Bauhinia vahlii, Asparagus racaemosus, Gardinia
tergida, Gardinia gummifera, Woodfordia fruiticosa etc. trees
like Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia
chebula, Caryota urens, Shorea robusta, Ougenia oojensis,
Syzigum cumini, Diospyrus melonoxylon, Pterocarpus
marsupium, Ficus glumrata, Semecarpus anacardium etc.
indicates moist deciduous habitat. Documentation is a first
step to follow the next step of conserving the biological resource
including flora and fauna. Vegetation of a specified ecosystem
leads to and regulates the process of sustainability of the
ecosystem. Diversity of plants includes their presence and
habit in specific ecological area. Tropical moist area includes
rich species diversity. Further, information of plant diversity is
needed for the study of dynamic nature of vegetation under
specific eco-environment situation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the DFO, Arun Pandey of Jashpur
district and SDO, A.K. Mishra of Badalkhole sanctuary. The
authors are also thankful to local people and villages for their
co-operation and assistance during the visit of sanctuary.
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4. NWD (National Wildlife Database) (2012). In: Database
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