EXERCISE 8

VISCOSITY OF PURE LIQUIDS AND SOLUTIONS

Sample Calculations
Section: 1L, Group 1

Table 8.1. Calibration of Cannon-Fenske viscometer for 1-propanol

Calibration liquid Average Flow times (sec) ŋ, g/cm-s ρ, g/cm3 , 1/s2 , cm2/s2

0.0005716619028
ethyl acetate 7.9 0.00406 0.899 0.01602307323
0.0004938517899
acetone 7.6667 0.002954 0.780199 0.01701308457
0.0007086607301
water 11.3 0.007973 0.995646 0.007831466834

Table 8.2. Calibration of Cannon-Fenske viscometer for 2-propanol.

Table 8.3. Experimental A and B constants of Cannon-Fenske viscometer used for 1-propanol and 2-propanol.

test liquid constant

A, cm2/s2 B, cm2
1-propanol 0.0008749141848 0.02081263379

2-propanol

Table 8.4. Observations on the effect of concentration on the viscosity of 1-propanol.

mass,g density, g/cm3
concentration flow times (sec) mass pyc mass pyc+H2O water mass pyc+sol'n solution water solution ŋ, g/cm-s

22.4484 8.2594 0.82393192686 0.020017287

0.95 28.6

22.7670 8.578 0.85571446699 0.022353082

0.8 30.63333333
14.1890 24.1756 9.9866 23.2163 9.0273 0.996232 0.90053523057 0.022985023
0.6 29.96666667
23.6195 9.4305 0.94075720225 0.019993155
0.4 25.23333333
23.9333 9.7443 0.97206090938 0.013940812
0.2 17.73333333
 24.0657 9.8767 0.98526871952 0.010474621
0.1 13.86666667

Table 8.5. Observations on the effect of concentration on the viscosity of 2-propanol.

Table 8.6. Data on the effect of temperature on the viscosity of 1-propanol.

constants
flow time, s
T, K T, oC ρ, g/cm3 A B ŋ, g/cm-s ΔG, J/mol
293.15 20 32.365 0.8043 0.022257826 53986.56052
298.15 25 28.365 0.8002 0.019271375 54562.89921
303.15 30 25.47 0.7964 0.017096256 55188.07577
308.15 35 22.565 0.7923 0.0008749141848 0.02081263379 0.014911163 55761.19665
313.15 40 20.555 0.7885 0.013381891 56396.7653
318.15 45 18.71 0.7843 0.011966272 57015.61803
323.15 50 17.09 0.781 0.010726612 57629.16984

Table 8.7. Data on the effect of temperature on the viscosity of 2-propanol.

Table 8.8. Derived values of entropy (𝛥S) and enthalpy (𝛥H).

Values
test liquids
𝛥S, J/mol K 𝛥H, J/mol
1-propanol -121.7282508 18280.90886
2-propanol

Table 8.9. Observations on the effect of concentration of polymer in 0.100 M NaCl on the viscosity.
Concentration,
flow time, s to, s η sp [η] from ηred [η] from ηinh
g/mL
1 4.8 3.285714286
0.75 3.2 1.857142857
0.5 1.9 0.696428571
1.12 2.251891896 2.229792707
0.25 1.7 0.517857143
0.1 1.49 0.330357143
0.05 1.24 0.107142857

Table 8.10. Observations on the effect of concentration of polymer in 0.001 M NaCl on the viscosity .

Table 8.11. Determination of average molecular weight of NaCMC polymer with 0.100 M NaCl as solvent.
Empirical constant K for NaCMC in 0.10 M NaCl at 25°C, dL/g 12.3 x10-5
Empirical constant a for NaCMC in 0.001M NaCl at 25°C 0.91
 Intrinsic viscosity 1 from ŋred VS c ([ŋ]1), dL/g 2.251891896
Average molecular weight 1 (M1), g/mol 48330.62894
Intrinsic viscosity 2 from ŋinh VS c ([ŋ]2), dL/g 2.229792707
Average molecular weight 2 (M2), g/mol 47809.67609

Table 8.12. Size, radius, and root-mean-square end-to-end length of a NaCMC molecule in 0.100 M NaCl.
Size (s1), cm3/molecule 4.534404765 x10-20
Radius (r1), cm 2.204152692 x10-7
Root-mean-square end-to-end (<r2>1/21), cm 3.371453816 x10-6
Size (s2), cm3/molecule 4.485528698 x10-20
Radius (r2), cm 2.212129557 x10-7
Root-mean-square end-to-end (<r > 2), cm
2 1/2 3.359296466 x10-6

Table 8.13. Determination of average molecular weight of NaCMC polymer with 0.001 M NaCl as solvent.

Table 8.14. Size, radius, and root-mean-square end-to-end length of a NaCMC molecule in 0.001 M NaCl.

Table 8.15. Vapor Pressure and Density of Water from 25oC to 35oC
T, oC *Vapor Pressure, MPa **Density, g/cm3
25 0.0031699 0.997044
26 0.0033639 0.996783
27 0.0035681 0.996512
28 0.0037831 0.996232
29 0.0040092 0.995944
30 0.0042470 0.995646
31 0.0044969 0.995344
32 0.0047596 0.995029
33 0.0050354 0.994706
34 0.0053251 0.994375
35 0.0056290 0.994035
*Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook 8th Edition
**Chuck Snelling’s density of water table

Table 8.16. Density and Viscosity of Calibrating liquids at 30oC

Calibrating Liquids Density (ρ), g/cm3 Viscosity (η), g/cm-s Surface Tension, N/m
Water 0.995646 0.007973 0.0711586
Acetone *0.780199 **0.002954 0.0221062
Ethyl Acetate 0.899 0.00406 0.022352
*Saturated Liquid Density (Calculation by DIPPR105 Equation)
**Liquid Dynamic Viscosity (Calculation by Vogel Equation)