Seminar and Workshop on

Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings

November 3-6, 2017
Novotel Manila, Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City

Importance of Section Capacity and Ductility

in Structural Performance and Capacity
Design
Naveed Anwar, PhD
Typical Force-Displacement Curve

2
Evolution of Our Understanding of Structures

3
 Performance Basis – As Basis

sta
Re nt
ura

Resta
urant
Loading Severity

Consequences

Resta
Hazard

urant

Vulnerability Structural Displacement

4
The Response and Design (Two faces of a coin)

5
 Significance of Cross-Sections
The cross-section of beams and columns affects the planning,
structural design, and construction aspects of the work

Structural Construction
Planning
Design Aspects

Axial Load & Rebar and

Space
Moment Cage
Utilization
Capacity Fabrication

Connections
Lateral Formwork Cost
and Joint
Clearance and Its re-use
Design

Rebar Layout
Visibility & Construction
and Structural
Water Flow Techniques
Stiffness

Wind
Foundation Construction
Resistance and
Design Efficiency
Aesthetics 6
New Book

Structural Cross-sections
Analysis and Design

Naveed Anwar, Fawad Najam

 Unified Theory of Concrete Design

Advanced Concrete l Dr. Naveed Anwar 8

Generalized Section

9
10

General Stress Resultants

 n 
Pz     f  x, y  dx dy   Ai f i ( x, y )
 x y i 1 

 n 
M x     f  x, y  dx dy . y   Ai f i ( x, y ) yi 
 x y i 1 

 n 
M y     f  x, y  dx dy . x    Ai f i ( x, y ) xi 
 x y i 1 

Advanced Concrete l August-2014 10

11

General Stress Resultants – With Code FOS

1 n  Applicable to
Pz  1    f  x, y  dx dy 
1
 Ai f i ( x, y )
  1 x y 2 i 1 
• PC, RC, PC, Composite
• Beam, Columns, Slabs,…
1 1 n  • ACI, BS, Euro…
M x  2    f x, y  dx dy . y   Ai f i ( x, y ) yi 
  1 x y  2 i 1 

1 n 
M y  3    f x, y  dx dy . x  
1
 Ai f i ( x, y ) xi 
  1 x y 2 i 1 

Advanced Concrete l August-2014 11

12

Most Simple Case

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑎 𝑑−
2

Most Comprehensive Case

1 1 n 
Pz  1    f x, y  dx dy   Ai f i ( x, y )
  1 x y  2 i1 
1 1 n 
M x  2    f x, y  dx dy . y   Ai f i ( x, y ) yi 
  1 x y  2 i 1 
1 1 n 
M y  3    f x, y  dx dy . x    Ai f i ( x, y ) xi 
  1 x y  2 i 1 
12
13
13
14

Capacity Interaction Surface (Failure Surface)

1  1 
1  1 n
M x  2    f x, y  dx dy . y   Ai f i ( x, y ) yi    1 n
  x y   
n
3 i
Pz  1    f  x, y  dx dy 
1

M f x , y dx dy . x A f ( x , y ) x
A f ( x , y )   
y
  
i i

  1 x y 2  1 x y   
i i  i 1

2 i 1 1 2
i 1
14
15

Typical Capacity Interaction Surfaces (CSI Col)

15
Interaction Surfaces and Curves for RC Rectangular Section (CSI
Col)

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 Capacity-Summary

1- Based on Sum of Moments at Pu 2- Based on Moment Vector at PU

3- Based on True Capacity Vector in 3D

85 17
Typical Force-Displacement Curve

18
 Ductility
is the Key to good
(seismic) performance of
Structures

Performance Based Design Relies on Ductility

20
Ductility Ratio

For most practical cases, it

is defined in terms of the
ratio of maximum allowed
deformation to the
deformation level
corresponding to a yield
point Du

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 Ductility Usage

• Strain-based definition of ductility is used at material level, while rotation- or curvature-

based definition also includes the effect of shape, size and stiffness of cross-section

• All seismic design codes around the world recognize the importance of ductility
as it plays a vital role in structural performance against earthquakes.

• Well-detailed steel and reinforced concrete (RC) structures, fulfilling the ductility
requirements of codes are expected to undergo large plastic deformations with little
decrease in strength.

22
 Limitations of Strength Based Design

• Cross-sections are capable of resisting a certain value of actions based

on assumed failure criterion

• Actions are obtained often from linear elastic analysis, and are factored to
provide certain factor of safety

• Strength design itself provides no information or control on the level of

deformation produced at that factored load level

• No information about behavior of the member if loads or actions were to

exceed the factored design load

23
Action Deformation
Curves
 Action-Deformation Curves

• Relationship between action and corresponding deformation

• These relationships can be obtained at several levels

1. The Structural Level: Load - Deflection
2. The Member Level: Moment - Rotation
3. The Cross-section Level: Moment - Curvature
4. The Material Level : Stress-Strain

• The Action-Deformation curves show the entire response of the structure, member, cross-
section or material

25
General Force-Displacement Relationship

26
 General Force-Displacement Relationship

Point ‘A’ corresponds to the serviceability design considerations and working strength or
allowable strength design concepts.

Point ‘B’ is the point up to which the relationship between load and deformation can be
considered nearly linear and the deformations are relatively small.

Point ‘C’ roughly corresponds to the ultimate strength considerations or the design capacity
consideration.

Point ‘D’ is the point at which the load value starts to drop with increasing deformations

Point ‘E’ is the point at which the load value is reduced to just a fraction of ultimate load
(residual strength)

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Ductility Levels

28
 Moment Curvature Relationship
is the Key for computing
Cross-section and Member Ductility

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Load-Deflection & Moment Curvature Curve

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 Moment Curvature (M-φ) Curve

• The load-deformation curves can be plotted between axial load and axial
shortening, shear force and shear deformation, moment and curvature,
and torsion and twist.

• Moment-curvature relationship is probably the most important and useful

action-deformation curve especially for flexural members such as beams,
columns and shear walls.

• Many of the design codes and design procedures or design handbooks do

not provide sufficient information for computation and use of M-
relationships

31
 Determination of M-φ Curve

• The generation of moment curvature curve can be terminated based on any number of
specific conditions such as,

 The maximum specified strain is reached.

 The first rebar reaches yield stress a any other strain level

 The concrete reaches a certain strain level.

 Also, during the generation of the moment curvature curve the failure or key
response points can be recorded and displayed on the curve.

32
 • Information provided by M-φ curve is very useful for
non-linear analysis of structures including the evaluation
of post-elastic behavior.

Significance
of Moment • M-φ Curve is basis for the capacity-based, and
Curvature performance-based design methods especially analysis
Curve of structures using nonlinear static procedures as well
as in determining the rotational capacity of plastic
hinges formed during high seismic activity.

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 M-φ Curve and Stiffness
Cross-section stiffness can be obtained from the slope of the M-φ
curve. Stiffness measure this way is termed as “Effective Stiffness”

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Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

35
Important Outputs of M-φ Curve

36
 Procedure to Measure Deflection Using M-φ Curve

Calculate the
Cross-Section area M/EI
Plot Moment Read Curvature Plot M/EI
Design for Generate M-φ diagram up to
and Axial Load along Various diagram along
Moment & Axial Curves that point
Diagram locations the length
Load starting one end
of the member

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Overview of
Cross-
Sectional
Response for
Performance
and Strength

38
Ductility of Beam &
Column Sections
Ductility of Unconfined Beam Sections

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 Ductility of Unconfined Column Sections

• The curvature of the section is influenced by the axial load, hence there is no unique M-
φ relationship for a given column section.

• However, it is possible to plot the combination of axial load P and Moment M which
cause the section to reach the ultimate capacity.

• It is evident that the ductility of the column section is significantly reduced by the
presence of axial load.

• The axial load levels greater than the balanced failure load, the ductility decreases,
being due only to the inelastic deformation of the concrete.

41
 Confinement
is the Key for Ductility in
Reinforced Concrete Members
 Confinement of RC Sections

Concrete sample wrapped with a suitably strong material (e.g.

carbon fiber), becomes impossible to crush

Poisson’s effect for compressive force

43
Various types and Configurations of Confinement

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Confinement Provided by Spiral Reinforcement
Spiral reinforcement is also one of the most efficient ways of providing
confinement to reinforced concrete members

45
 Confinement Provided by Spiral Reinforcement

Comparison of axial force-deformation behaviors of reinforced concrete columns with 46

various confinement configurations
Stress-
Strain
Models for
RC

47
 Stress-Strain Models for Confined Concrete

Mander’s Model (1988) Kent and Park model (1971)

48
 Stress-Strain Models for Confined Concrete

Mander’s Kent and Scott et al. Yong et al. Bjerkeli et al. Li et al.
stress-strain Park stress- stress-strain stress-strain stress-strain stress-strain
Model strain model model model model model
(1988) (1971) (1982) (1989) (1990) (2000)

49
Steel Reinforcement Behavior

50
Factors Affecting Moment-
Curvature Relationship and
Ductility of RC Sections
Effect of Compression Reinforcement

52
Effect of No. of Longitudinal Reinforcement

53
Effect of Yield Strength

54
Effect of Diameter of Longitudinal Reinforcement

55
Effect of Compression Reinforcement on Ultimate Moment and
Ultimate Curvature of beams sections

56
Effect of Confinement Model for Concrete

57
Effect of Confinement Model for Concrete

58
Effect of Cross-Sectional Shape

59
Effect of Cross-Sectional Shape

60
Effect of Axial Load

61
 Lateral Stresses in Concrete Filled Tubes

Circular steel tubing will have the greatest confining effect as

compared to other shapes

62
Various forms of Concrete Filled Tubes

63
ACI 318- Guidelines – Intend to Provide Ductility

64
Putting Ductility into Design
Action

The Capacity Design

Approach
 • Capacity Design is a design process in which it is
decided which objects within a structural system will be
permitted to yield (ductile components) and which objects
will remain elastic (brittle components).

• Once ductile and brittle systems are decided upon,

What is design proceeds according to the following guidelines:

Capacity • Ductile components are designed with sufficient

deformation capacity such that they may satisfy
Design? displacement-based demand-capacity ratio.

• Brittle components are designed to achieve sufficient

strength levels such that they may satisfy strength-based
demand-capacity ratio.

66
 Where is Capacity Design Used?

• Seismic Design Guidelines

• Seismic design guidelines (UBC) are written with a specific intent of capacity design

• Special Moment Resisting Frame = hinges should form in beam

• Special Concentric Braced Frame = braces should yield in tension
• Eccentric Braced Frame = link region of beam to yield in shear

67
Ductile Link
Analogy

Ductile chain design C.V.R.Murty, 2002 68

Ductile and brittle structures – seismic design attempts to avoid structures of
the latter kind.

C.V.R.Murty, 2002 69
The beams must be the
weakest links and not the
columns –

this can be achieved by

appropriately sizing the
members and providing
correct amount of steel
reinforcement in them.

C.V.R.Murty, 2002 70
Two Distinct design
of buildings that
result in different
earthquake
performances –

Columns should be
stronger than beams

C.V.R.Murty, 2002 71
 • The cross-sections should be proportioned and detailed
in such a way that the moment capacity for a given
loading is always less than corresponding shear capacity
Flexural Yielding
must always be • Shear capacity both for applied loads, and from “capacity
Before Shear based” shear generated must be considered
Failure
• This specially, important for later loads, where forces are
generated based on deformation, capacity and ductility

72
It is important to recognize, explicitly
evaluate and provide Ductility in key
locations and members for improved
performance for extreme loads
Professional Master Program in Civil Engineering

Offered by AIT

Specializing in Tall Building Design

On-Line and In-class Blended
Can be completed while on the job
Please contact

justin@ait.asia

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Installing The Mobile viewers

75
76
IOS Intallation
1. Search for “ETABS
Cloud Viewer”
2. Select Install

76
77

1. Select Open
2. Login OR
Create Account

77
From Android – Play Store
1. Search for “ETABS
Cloud Viewer”
2. Select Install

78
1. Select Open
2. Login OR
Create Account

79
 2. Select “Allow”

1. Sign in to your create a new Dropbox

Dropbox OR account 80
1

2
1. Select “CSi Cloud Plugin”
2. Select “ETABS Uploader”
and Press “OK”
3. Enter your credentials and
select “Log in”
3

81
82

1. Select Load Cases

2. Select “OK”

82
83

1. Uploaded models
will appear in the
plugin dashboard

83
84

1. Log in to your 2. Select uploaded 3. Complete 84

CSi Cloud file by file name
85

1. Selecting Deformations 85
86

1. Selecting Force Diagrams 86

Thank You