FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

COURSE CODE BNP 20103

EXPERIMENT CODE & TITLE MKSA – 05-FRANCIS TURBINE

EXPERIMENT DATE

SECTION/GROUP NO.

1.
2.
GROUP MEMBERS 3.
4.
5.

1.
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
2.

SUBMISSION DATE

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

EXAMINER’S COMMENTS
 Lab Report Assessment Rubrics
Faculty: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Programme: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY WITH HONOURS
Course/Code: HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY LABORATORY/ BNP20103
Experiment
FRANCIS TURBINE
Title:
Assessed by:
Section:
Student 1.
names: 2.
3.
4.
5.

Very Poor

Excellent
Good
Poor

Fair
CLO 2: To measure the basic concept of hydraulic and hydrology during laboratory sessions. [P4-PLO2]

Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score

Descriptions of the lab work needs P1 4
Perform on-site lab work Correct use of measurement technique
P2 2
and equipments
Report Discussion on the Describe correct and precise data
applications of the lab P2 2
collection
work with measurement
techniques and Analyse and discuss the data trends and
P3 2
equations patterns using correct graphs
Use/adapt appropriate Solve the applications of equations with
P3 3
measurement correct and accurate analyses
Presentation
technique/concept and Investigate, discuss and relate the use of
P4 8
results lab work with real site situation
Total 21
To demonstrate the ability to work in group ethically and effectively in order to solve the given hydraulic and hydrology
CLO 3:
related problems. [A3-PLO5]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Format of report follows given format A1 1
Convey information in
Report Team work: contribution from all members A1 1
group
Follows the field work instructions A2 1
Demonstrate importance of lab works,
A3 4
able to answers open ended questions
Convey spoken ideas in
Presentation
group Organisation of group presentation A2 1

Support members in Q&A session A2 1

Total 9

Total (%) 30
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BNP20103

Experiment Code MKSA – 05

Experiment Title FRANCIS TURBINE

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6
 STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not
accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.

1) Group Leader (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

2) Group Member 1 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

3) Group Member 2 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :

4) Group Member 3 (Signature)

Name :
Matrix No. :
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HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 17/08/2017
TITLE : FRANCIS TURBINE AMENDMENT DATE :

FRANCIS TURBINE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To study the effect of the guide vane opening under varied load conditions using Francis Turbine.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they have learned
to:
 Understand the performance characteristics of Francis (radial flow) turbine.
 Understand the effect of the guide vane opening under varied load conditions.

3.0 THEORY
Francis turbine is a reaction type hydraulic turbine, used in dams and reservoir of medium height to convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. Francis turbine is radial inward flow reaction turbine.
This has the advantage of centrifugal forces acting against the flow, thus reducing the tendency of the turbine
to over speed. Francis turbines are best suited for medium heads.

Water under the pressure from the pump enters the guide vanes into the runner while passing through the
spiral casing and guide vanes; a portion of pressure energy is converted into velocity energy. Water thus
enters the runner at high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining pressure energy
converted into kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes, the kinetic energy is transformed into
mechanical energy. The water head is converted into mechanical energy and hence the runner rotates. The
water from the runner is then discharged into the tail race. The discharge through the runner can be
regulated also by operating the guide vanes.

The flow through the pipeline into the turbine is measured with the venturimeter fitted in the pipeline. The
venturimeter is provided with the set of pressure gauges. The net pressure difference across the turbine
inlet and outlet is measured with a pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge. The turbine output is torque is
determined with a rope brake drum dynamometer

The Performance Characteristics of Turbines

Although desirable, it is not always possible for a turbine to run at its maximum efficiency. Interest therefore
attaches to its performance under conditions for which the efficiency is less than the maximum. In testing
model machines, it is usual for the head to be kept constant (or approximately so) while the load, and
consequently the speed, are varied. If the head is constant then for each setting of the guide vane angle (or
spear valve for a Pelton wheel) the power output P, the efficiency η and the flow rate Q may be plotted
against the speed N as the independent variable. It is more useful, however, to plot dimensionless
parameters as shown in Figure 1.
 Figure 1: Dimensionless Parameter Curves

More usually, however, the p and g terms are dropped from these dimensionless forms. Often the D terms
are omitted also, and the resulting ratios P/H3/2, Q/H1/2, N/H1/2 are then referred to as 'unit power', 'unit
flow' and 'unit speed'. Their numerical values correspond respectively to the power, volume flow rate and
speed obtainable if the machine could be operated with unchanged efficiency under one unit of head (e.g.
1 m).

Figure 2: General effect of change of guide vane angle for Francis Turbine

Most turbines are required to run at constant speed so that the electrical generators to which they are
coupled provide a fixed frequency and voltage. For an impulse machine at constant speed under a given
head, the vector diagrams are independent of the rate of flow. In theory, then, the hydraulic efficiency should
be unaffected by the load, although in practice there is a small variation of the efficiency. For a reaction
turbine, changes of load are dealt with by alteration of the guide vane angle. (True, the power output could
be altered by throttling the flow through a partly closed valve in the supply line. This process, however, would
wastefully dissipate a large part of the available energy in eddy formation at the valve. Figure 2 shows the
general effect of change of guide vane angle for a machine of the Francis type or fixed-blade propeller type.
Only at the maximum efficiency point does the direction of the relative velocity at inlet conform to that of the
inlet edges of the runner blades. At other conditions, these directions do not conform, and so the fluid does
not flow smoothly into the passages in the runner. Instead, it strikes either the front or back surfaces of the
blades; considerable eddy formation ensues and the consequent dissipation of energy reduces the
efficiency of the machine

A change of load also affects the conditions at outlet. A reduction in the rate of flow through the machine
results in a decreased value of R2. Consequently, if the blade velocity u2 is unaltered, there is a departure
from the ideal right-angled vector triangle at outlet (see Figure 3); the resulting whirl component of velocity
causes a spiral motion in the draft tube and hence a reduction of the draft-tube efficiency. The possibility of
cavitation is also increased.

Figure 3: Effect of change of flow rate on outer vector triangle

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HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 17/08/2017
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4.0 EQUIPMENT

Figure 4: Unit Construction for Francis Turbine Test Rig (Model: FM 30)
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TITLE : FRANCIS TURBINE AMENDMENT DATE :

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 General Start-Up Procedures
Before conducting any experiment, it is necessary to do the following checking to avoid
any misused or malfunction equipment.
1. Please make sure that the water tank is filled with water up to at least 50% of the
full tank.
2. Switch on the main power supply located on the control panel. The instruments
should light up.
3. For the experiment, limit the centrifugal pump speed to 2500 RPM.
5.2 Procedures:
1. Turn on the centrifugal pump by pushing the green button.
2. Set the pump speed at 2500 RPM.
3. Open the bleeding valve to ensure no air contained in the tube that is connected to
the input spear valve pressure transmitter. Once the air is released, closed the
valve immediately.
4. Set the guide vane to be fully opened (big opening) by turning the handle against
the water inlet direction. It may be necessary to slacken the retaining ring screws
by a small amount. Fix back the ring screw once the vane position is fixed.
5. Turn on the load switch L1 by flicking up the switch while the rest of the load
switch remains off (L2-L5 switch pointing downward).
6. Observe the changes and record down all the parameters shown on the panel.
7. Repeat step 5 by varying the load switch combination in at least 8 different
combinations.
8. Repeat step 4-6 by varying the guide vane opening for middle and small opening
positions.
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6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Big Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Local Combinations L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1 Bar Abs
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 1 Pressure PT3 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 2 Pressure PT4 Bar Abs
Water Flowrate FT Liter/min
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm
Pump Power PWR1 W
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm

Turbine Voltage V1 V
Turbine Current I1 A
Power Generated
Input Power
Efficiency

Power Generated
P=IxV
Turbine Input Power
Pinput = Pgage • Q
= (PT4 – Patm) • Q
Turbine Efficiency
𝑃𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛
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TITLE : FRANCIS TURBINE AMENDMENT DATE :

Middle Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Local Combinations L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1 Bar Abs
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 1 Pressure PT3 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 2 Pressure PT4 Bar Abs
Water Flowrate FT Liter/min
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm
Pump Power PWR1 W
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm

Turbine Voltage V1 V
Turbine Current I1 A
Power Generated
Input Power
Efficiency
Small Opening
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Local Combinations L1 L2 L1+L2 L3 L1+L3 L1+L2+L3 L4 L5
Pump Inlet Pressure PT1 Bar Abs
Pump Outlet Pressure PT2 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 1 Pressure PT3 Bar Abs
Turbine Stage 2 Pressure PT4 Bar Abs
Water Flowrate FT Liter/min
Pump Speed SP1 Rpm
Pump Torque TQ1 Nm
Pump Power PWR1 W
Turbine Speed SP2 Rpm
Turbine Torque TQ2 Nm
Turbine Voltage V1 V
Turbine Current I1 A
Power Generated
Input Power
Efficiency
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7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the following:
a) Power generated
b) Turbine input power
c) Turbine efficiency
2. Plot a graph for the power generated versus turbine speed.
3. Plot a graph for the turbine efficiency versus turbine speed.
4. Discuss the results.
5. Give a conclusion for this test

Prepared by: Dr. Nuramidah Hamidon Approved by: Prof Madya Dr Nor Haslina Hashim

Signature: Signature:

Date: 26 August 2017 Date: 26 August 2017