ESLG 50 Verb + Gerund and Infinitives - The Patterns verb volunteer wae refuse deserve arrange threaten promise demand appear tend proceed decide agree swear pretend hesitate consent struggle plan happen claim seem offer fail choose resolve manage desire care verb -gerund ONLY understand resent postpone can't help deny tolerate report miss dong goon delay suggest recommend mind give up defend stop recall mention finish consider risk quit keep enjoy avoid resume put off involve dislike appreciate resist practice imagine discuss anticipate admit verb -with a preposition -with object noun/pronoun (most other verbs) isagree wih person) abow/on destroy , resemble, build, ete. verb (Cobject noun/pronoun)* _- infinitive ONLY ‘warn (hi) do remind* Tead* direct * authorize ™ want* prepare * invite * dare* appoint * urge * persuade * instruct * convince * “optional trust* pay* command * train™ order* challenge * tell * need * cause*# send * motivate * expect * beg* select * mean* enable * ask* verb __-objectnoun/pronoun** infinitive OR _NO OBJECT - gerund (rare) urge permit allow "NOT optional teach forbid advise gong th nntve require encourage advise nm coo verb -infinitive OR -gerund = same meaning start prefer hate tode/dong ‘can't bear can't stand love continue can afford propose like begin verb -infinitive OR -gerund _= different ideas TY to dodtna Temember regret Torget attempt cause verbs: make 5.0, DO it || have s.0. DO it || let s.o. DO it [| help s.0. (to) DO it|| get s.0. TO DO it Isee/hear verbs: see (notice/observe/watch) s.0. DO / DOING it || hear (overhear) s.o. DO / DOING it Iprepositions: always followed by gerunds (because gerunds are nouns), even to when it's a preposition NOTEE I look forward tot=prerestten meeting your family. I want them to®!nftwve like meVa GRAMMAR BRIEFING 1: Gerunds A gerund is the -ing form of a verb. Tis used as a noun. A gerund can be the subject or the subject complement in a sentence. A gerund can also be the abject of a verb or of a preposition. TORU eees To form a gerund, use: base form of verb + -ing. Lenjoy working. Advertising is important. (See Appendix: for the spelling rules for -ing verb forms.) “To form & negative gerind, use! not + base foim of verb + ing, Not relaxing is bad for your health. I suggest not working on weekends Gerunds are noncount nouns, When they are subjects, they take singular verbs. Advertising important. Gerunds can be subjects and subject complements. sebjct bj complonsnt Advertising helps sell products. Jane’ favorite sport is skiing, MH Gerunds can also be the objects of certain verbs. These verbs include avoid, con- sider dislike, enjoy, keep, practice, risk, and suggest. I dislike buying things that arentt on sale. (See Appendix 19 for more verbs that can be followed by gerunds) Gerunds can be the objects of prepositions My ideas about working are different from yours. + There are many verb + preposition and adjective + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerund objects. These include: Verb + Preposition Adjective + Preposition believe in afraid of concentrate on famous for count on fond of dreamof good at learn about interested in profit from ‘known for + By + gerund is often used to talk about how something is done. We increased our sales by advertising our products Mi Go + gerund is often used to talk about activities, These activities include: goboating —_-gojogging go skating gobowling —-goshopping go skiing gofishing _gosightseeing _go swimming 0 hiking + In go + gerund sentences, go can be used in any tense. We go fishing every summer. We have always gone skiing in Vermont. GRAMMAR HOTPSOT! Be careful! Don't confuse gerunds with progressive verbs, Gerund: Reading is my favorite pastime. Progressive Verb: I'm reading a good book right now.a GRAMMAR BRIEFING: Gerunds versus Infinitives ‘Some verbs can be followed by gerunds. Some verbs can be followed by infinitives. Some verbs can be followed by both, Some verbs can be followed by gerunds, but not by infinitives enjoy reading. NOT: lenjoy to read. (See Grammar Briefing 1, Chapter 22, and Appendix 19 fora list of these verbs) Some verbs can be followed by infinitves, but not by gerunds. Iwanttogo. NOT: Twant going. (See Grammar Briefing 2, Chapter 22, and Appendix 20 for alist ofthese verbs.) Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, with lite or no difference in meaning. These verbs include: begin, continue, hate, lke, love, prefer, and start. ‘The snow began falling late last night. = The snow began to fall late Last night. B Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, with a difference in meaning, These verbs include: forger, remember, and stop. + Forget, remember or stop + gerund: The gerund describes what happens first. Forget, remember, and stop describe what happens second, Vil never forget going to the opera. (First Iwent to the opera. Now I'll never forget it) [remember mailing the letters, First I mailed the letters. Now I remember) I stopped eating desserts. (First late desserts. Then I stopped.) + Forget, zemember, or stop + infinitive: ‘The infinitive describes what happens second. Forget, vemember, and stop describe what happens first. Horgot to go to the opera, (First I forgot about the opera, So I didn't go.) Iremembered to mail the letters. (First J zemembeted. Then, I mailed the letters.) I stopped to eat dessert. (First I stopped what I was doing, Then | ate dessert) & Remember! Gerunds can come after prepositions. Infinitives cannot Tam happy about going to the theater, NOT: am happy about to go to the theater, @ Be used to + gerund means be accustomed to. Used to + the base form of the verb talks about actions in the past that are not happening any more, NOT: I’ss-sed-t0.walk to school | } i i | I walk to school every day now. I'm used to walking to school, | In the past I walked to school every day. I used to walk to school. | NOT: I wsed-to-walking to school (See Unit 2 for more information about used ¢o,)