DOMAIN EUKARYA

- Greek roots “well or true” (eu) & “nut” (karydi)

- The reference is to having cells with a nucleus (nut)

Bacteria

- Prokaryotic cells-no nucleus

- Mostly unicellular organelles
- Cells are 1-10 micrometers
- Membranes based on fatty acids
- Cell wall of peptidoglycan
- RNA polymerase with four subunits
- No membranous organelle

Archaea

- Prokaryotic cell-no nucleus

- Unicellular organisms
- Cells are 1-10 micrometers
- Membranes based on non-fatty acid lipids
- Cell wall of various molecules
- RNA polymerase with many subunits
- No membranous organelles

Eukarya

- Eukaryotic cell-have nucleus

- Unicellular to multicellular
- Cells 10-100 micrometers
- Membranes based on fatty acids
- Cell wall of cellulose or chitin
- RNA polymerase with many subunits
- Organelles surrounded by membranes

EUKARYOTIC CELLULAR CHARACTERISTICS FROM ROGER (1999)

Structural Features

 Nucleus
 Nuclear pores
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 9+2 flagellar apparatus
 Mitotic spindle
 Acidified vacuoles
 Golgi apparatus
 Multiple linear chromosomes

Genes/Proteins

 Actin
 Myosin
 Alpha & beta tubulins

Process

 Mitosis
 Meiosis
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
 Mitochondrial respiration
SUPERGROUPS AND KINGDOMS (Keeling, 2004)

SUPERGROUP EXCAVATA

KINGDOM EUEXCAVATAE

DIPLOMONADS, PARABASALIDS, RETORTOMONADS, OXYMONADS, JAKOBODS?

KINGDOM DISCICRISTATAE

EUGLENOIDS, TRYPANOSOMES + LEISHMANIAS, VAHLKAMPHID, AMEOBAS, ACRASID

SLIME MOLDS

SUPERGROUP CHROMALVEOLATE

KINGDOM HETEROKONTAE

ALL HETEROKONTAE (ALSO CALLED STRAMENOPILES), ACTINOPHRYDIAN HELIOZOANS

KINGDOM EUKARYOMONODAE

HAPTOMONADS, CRYPTOMONADS, CENTROHELID HELIOZOANS

KINGDOM ALVEOLATA

DINOFLAGELLATES, CILIATES, APICOMPLEXANS

SUPERGROUP ARCHAEPLASTIDA

KINGDOM VIRIDIPLANTAE

GREEN ALGAE, EMBRYOPHYTES

KINGDOM RHODOPHYTAE

RED ALGAE, GLAUCOPHYTES

SUPERGROUP RHIZARIA

KINGDOM CERCOZOAE

RADIOLARIANS, EUGLIPHID, AMOEBAS, FORAMINIFERANS, CERCOMONADS,

CHLORARACHNIOPHYTES, PLASMODIOPHORIDS, HAPLOSPORIDS

SUPERGROUP UNIKONTA

KINGDOM FUNGI

FUNGI, CHYTRIDS, MICROSPORIDS

KINGDOM AMEOBOZOAE

PELOBIONTS, PROTOSTELID SLIME MOLDS, PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS, DICTYOSTELID SLIME

MOLDS, LOBOSE AMMOEBAS, APUSOZOA

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

METAZOA, MYXOZOA, CHOANOZOA

SUPERGROUP EXCAVATA

 Latin work ex & cavity

o Depression in the cell called excavate
o Flagella may be associated with the excavate & may function in feeding (feeding groove)
o Many of the taxa lack mitochondria
o Two kingdoms
 DISCICRISTATAE
 EUEXCAVATA

KINGDOM DISCICRISTATAE

 Greek & one Latin that mean “discoid’ & “crest” (crista)
o Have mitochondria with distinctive discoid cristae
o With basal bodies (kinetosomes)
o No sexual reproduction
o Possess the excavate feeding groove

 Basal bodies (kinetosomes)

o Derived from centrioles

o Found at the base of cilium or flagellum – site for growth of the axoneme microtubules

PHYLUM KINETOPLASTIDA

I. SYNONYMS : Trypanosomes, Kinetoplastids, flagellated parasites

II. CHARACTERISTICS:

A. STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY

o Cell form: Unicellular
o Flagella: one or two flagella; with undulating membrane;
anterior flagellum tinsel & posterior flagellum whiplash
o Chloroplasts : Not present
o Mitochondria: Present w/ DNA called kinetoplast located near the basal bodies;
cristae are discoid
o Golgi bodies: Present near the basal bodies

B. MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND LIFE HISTORY

o Mitosis: present
o Meiosis: not present
o Sexual reproduction: not reported

C. ECOLOGY
o Free-living & parasitic

CLASS TRYPANOSOMA

ORDER TRYPANOSOMONIDA

Trypanosoma

Characteristics of the genus

 Heteroxenous ( requiring more than one obligatory host to complete life cycle)
 Transmitted via blood feeding invertebrates as vector
 Normally occupy the bloodstream or an intercellular environment in the mammalian host

Trypanosoma cruzi = Chagas disease

Trypanosoma brucei = African sleeping sickness
Tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)
- common in central Africa

- vector of African sleeping sickness (severe chronic fatigue coma)

PHYLUM EUGLENOIDA
I. SYNONYMS: Euglenophyta, Euglenozoa, euglenoids
II. CHARACTERISTICS:
A. STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY
o Cell Form: Mainly motile unicells; some colonial
o Flagella: two dissimilar flagella directed anteriorly & posteriorly (recurrent)
o Cell Covering: pellicle (pellicular strips – proteinaceous strips)
- can slide past each other to provide a directed movement called metaboly
o Chloroplast: chlorophylls a & b; beta carotene; xanthophylls
o Food reserves: Paramylon bodies (polysaccharide); leucosin & lipid
o Mitochondria: Discoidal cristae
o Golgi Bodies: Present
o Inclusions: Eyespots
 Light sensitive swelling at base of the flagellum

B. MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND LIFE HISTORY

o Mitosis: Present
o Meiosis: Not reported
o Sexual reproduction: unconfirmed; asexual cyst production

C. ECOLOGY
o Mainly freshwater; free-living, some epizoic; some photosynthetic, phagotrophic, & saprobic

KINGDOM EUEXCAVATAE

 Greek & two Latin roots which mean “true” & “cavity” (cavus)
 Have a special feeding groove called excavate
 Unicellular, motile & range from animal symbiotes to free-living taxa
 Feeding groove associated with multiple flagella

PHYLUM PARABASALA

 Greek meaning beside & base

 Large multiflagellated uniclles that inhabit the guts of insects
o Important as commensals that allow termites & wood-eating cockroaches to digest the cellulose of wood
o Have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest cellulose in woody plants

I. SYNONYMS: Trichomonads, Hypermastigids; Polymonads

II. CHARACTERISTICS
A. STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY
o Cell Form: Unicellular
o Flagella: Several borne on the anterior end of the cell & one posterior (recurrent) flagellum
o Basal bodies: associated with Golgi complex called parabasal bosies
o Cell covering: Naked; axostyle makes the cell rogod
o Chloroplast: Not present
o Mitochondria: Not present, hydrogenous
(semi- functional mitochondria producing hydrogen gas & ATP)
o Golgi: Present & modifies as parabasal bodies
o Nucleus: present; some taxa are multinucleate with numerous flagella-nuclear units called
karyomastigonts

B. MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND LIFE HISTORY

o Mitosis: Present
o Meiosis: Presumed
o Sexual Reproduction & Life History: reported in some

C. ECOLOGY
o Mostly endobiotic & phagotrophic. A few taxa are free living
CLASS TRICHOMONADAE

ORDER TRICHOMONADIDA
Trichomonas vaginalis

o Usually with 4 flagella

o Recurrent flagellum forms undulating membrane

PHYLUM EOPHYRINGA

I. SYNONYMS: Diplomonads, retromonads

II. CHARACTERISTICS:

A. STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY

o Cell form: Unicellular
o Flagella: Occur in groups of 4 or 6; usually 1 of which is recurrent
o Chloroplasts: Not present
 All members are amitochondriate; mitochondrial remnant organelles,
called mitosomes are none functional
o Golgi: Present in retortomonads only, no particular association w/ the nucleus of the flagellar roots
o Nucleus: Connected to basal bodies to form a karyomastigont unit;
four or six flagellar basal bodies
o Inclusions: Food vacuoles

B. MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND LIFE HISTORY

o Mitosis: Present
o Meiosis: Not reported
o Reproduction: reproduce (asexually) by producing a resistant cyst

C. ECOLOGY
o Mostly commensals & parasites of animal digestive tracts. Some free-living

CLASS TREPOMONADEA

ORDER GIARIIDA

Giardia lamblia

 No cytostome
 Cell has two identical nuclei
 Causative agent for giardiasis
 Colonizes & reproduces in the small intestine
 Attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc, & reproduces via binary fission
 Trophozoites absorb their nutrients form the lumen of the small intestine, & are anaerobes
 Use glycolysis, to generate energy
 Common parasites infecting cats, dogs, & birds

 Giardiasis
- disease obtained from drinking contaminated water
- Giardia can coat the mucosa of the small intestine & inhibit the absorption of certain nutrients like
Vitamin B-12