Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Section 4.0
Network Architectures
Node
Router
Hub
Bridge
Segment
Hub
Internet
Both IEEE 802.3 standard and IEEE 802.4 standards and their
protocols address communication over LANs with bus topologies.
reliability
expandability
performance
• medium
• wiring layout
• access control
N1
N2 N3 N4 N5
N6
• LAN hardware
• LAN software
• LAN topology
Branch Office
Head Quarters
Local Terminal
Modem
Host
Serial Cable
Public Switched
Telephone Network
Terminal Modem
PAN Standards
Source
Destination
Address
Address
Why Layering?
Solving all the problems at once is difficult.
It’s a good idea to divide problems or functions into several sets in
such a way that:
• problems or functions in a same set are tightly coupled
• the inter-dependence between problems or functions in different
sets is minimized
Address the problem sets separately.
© 2008, University of Colombo School of Computing 36
Layered Network Architecture
Why Layering?
Application
Intermediate Layer
Transmission Media
Applications
Libraries
System Calls
Kernel
OSI:
Open Systems
Interconnection
Reference Model
Application
Application
(Upper Layers) Presentation
Session
Application
Application
(Upper Layers) Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Flow
Layers
Data-Link
Physical
Examples
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
Examples
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
Examples
User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
• User interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
The standards groups that are involved with TCP/IP are as follows:
• Internet Society (ISOC)
Transport Segment
TCP Header Upper-Layer Data
Network Packet
IP Header Data
Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
Network
TCP+ Upper-Layer Data
Physical
0101110101001000010