EARTH FAULT

RELAY IN A
SINGLE
PHASE
POWER
SYSTEM.
Under the guidance:- Presented By:-
Miss . SUBHOLAKSHMI PARIDA ANIMESH ROY
Asst. Professor , CHIRANJIT PAL
Dept. of EEE, SOUMYA
BHATTACHARYA
MITS RAYAGADA SAYAN DASGUPTA
SHASHANK SHEHKAR
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Working Principle
 Transformer
 Rectifier
 Capacitive filter
 Diode
 Resistor
 Strip board
 7805-7812 voltage regulator
 ATMEGA16
 LCD
 Potentiometer
 Relay
 Concept of earth fault relay
 Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION
 Many developing countries confront widespread theft of
electricity from government owned power utilities.
 In India electricity theft leads to annual losses estimated at
US$4.5 billion, about 1.5 percent.

Who are the losers??

 Honest consumers, poor people, and those without
connections, who bear the burden of high tariffs, system
inefficiencies, and inadequate and unreliable power
supply.
INDIA’S GENERATION
CAPACITY
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 The earth fault relay is a definite time over
current relay with an additional low-pass filter.
 Triple harmonics are of particular importance
since these harmonics are additive and co-
phasal in a three phase system and thus appear
in the system neutral or in an earth fault relay as
zero sequence (or earth fault) current.
 If the earth fault current remains above the
setting for the set time delay the output tripping
contacts operates. When applied in a power
system the relay time delay must be selected so
that it coordinates with other earth fault relays.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Above circuit shows how to produce +/-12V, 5V

from 230V AC line. It basically consist of a bridge
rectifier with a capacitor filter and a voltage
regulator of 7812 and 7805. 7805 is attached to
ATMEGA 16, LCD AND BAZAR and sensing circuit
and 7812 is attached with RELAY.
TRANSFORMER
 Features of transformer used:-
 voltage: 1 x 12V
 current: 1 x 1000mA
 rated power: 12VA
 weight: 465g
 dimensions:
 height: 42mm
 width: 52mm
 depth: 52mm
Rectifier
 Bridge Rectifier
 A bridge rectifier makes use of
four diodes in a bridge
arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used
configuration, both with individual
diodes wired as shown and with
single component bridges where
the diode bridge is wired internally.
 Main use of this rectifier is that it
converts ac supply of power to dc.
Current flow in a bridge
rectifier.
For both positive and negative swings
of the transformer, there is a forward
path through the diode bridge. Both
conduction paths cause current to
flow in the same direction through the
load resistor, accomplishing full-wave
rectification.

While one set of diodes isforward

biased, the other set is 
reverse biased and effectively
eliminated from the circuit.
CAPACITIVE FILTER
 Capacitive filter is also known as
capacitor electrolytic in electronic world.
 Capacitive filter converts pulsating dc to
pure dc supply.
 1000UF Capacitor filter or electrolytic
capacitor is used.
DIODE
Features of diode are:-
 Diffused Junction
 High Current Capability and Low Forward
Voltage Drop.
 Low Reverse Leakage Current.
Resistor
 Resistors offers a resistance to the flow of current.
 Mainly resistors are classified according to their
resistance values and their power ratings.
Resistances range from 10 ohm to 56Mohm(or more)
and power ratings from 1/8W to 20W. We mostly use
resistance in this range even though more power rating
high value resistors are available.
Strip board 
 Strip board is a widely-used type
of electronics prototyping board
characterized by a 0.1 inch
(2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid
of holes, with wide parallel strips of
copper cladding running in one
direction all the way across one side
of the board.
 It is usually known by the
name Veroboard.
7805 V REGULATOR
 7805 Voltage Regulator, perhaps
the most popular voltage regulator
among the hobbyist and students.
 7805 is a member of linear voltage
regulator family. It comes in all
sizes and rate from few miliampere
to 1.5A.
 It is capable of regulate input
voltage and produce output up to
05V.
7812 V REGULATOR
 7812 voltage regulator works same as 7805
but it regulates the output to 12V.
How it works:-
 It requires an input voltage higher than the
supposed output, then it dissipates the
extra voltage by heatsink.
 The higher voltage that you feed into the
voltage regulator the hotter it becomes.
ATMEGA16 MICRO-CONTROLLER

Features :-
 High-performance.
 8-bit Microcontroller
 Advanced Architecture
 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers.
 Up to 16 MHz(externally).
 Data Memories can be stored.
 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable.
 Up to 8 Mhz (internally).
Special features
 Power-on Reset.
 Crystal Oscillator
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
Pins of microcontroller
16 x 2 Character LCD
LCD:-Lcd stand for liquid crystal
display.
 An Lcd is a small low cost

display.
 5 x 8 dots with cursor
 + 5V power supply (Also
available for + 3V)
 1/16 duty cycle.
LCD PINS CONNECTED
A 16X2 ALPHANUMERIC LCD WHICH IS
CONNECTED WITH uC with PORTC.
LCD Command Pins:-
 RS-REGISTER SELECT CONNECTED TO
PORTC PIN 1.
 RW-READ WRITE SELECT CONNECTED
TO PORTC PIN 2.
 EN-ENABLE CONNECTED TO PORTC PIN
3.
CONTINUATION OF LCD PINS
 PIN (DB0-DB7) are data pin also named
as input pin.
 LED(+) and LED(-) are the input pin to
LED in LCD.
 GND and VCC (first two pin ) are the
input pin to LCD.
 VEE is the pin for the variable resister
(POTENTIOMETER).
POTENTIMETER
 Preset resistors are used in circuits
when it is necessary to alter the
resistance.
 A small screwdriver can be used to
turn the centre part of the preset
resistor, altering the value of the
resistance.
The range of resistance varies, for
example:
0 to 100 ohms
0 to 1M ohms
 Here the PRESET is used to change
the LCD contrast for visible clarity.
Various types of
potentiometers
The figure shows different types of
potentiometers available in market.

Second and third potentiometers are

mainly used when you want to change
the value of resistance rarely and first
one used when you had to vary
resistance frequently.

Second and third one are easy to be

inserted in breadboard and they
remain fixed.

Resistance is varied by rotating the

shaft in the body of the potentiometer.
RELAY
 A relay is an electrically operated 
switch. Many relays use an 
electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically.
 Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low-power
signal(with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits).
 RELAY cont…
 This is a high quality relay. It has a coil
rated 12V. Use this relay to control high
current motors, 240V mains appliances.
 SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A
common terminal connects to either of
two others. Including two for the coil,
such a relay has five terminals in total.
 To ensure maximum safety the relay is
completely closed and provides
complete isolation between the driving
circuit and the load.
LAYOUT OF RELAY
Concept of earth fault relay
 Used in industrial process or control systems,
a digital protective relay uses a microcontroller
 with software-based protection algorithms for the
detection of electrical or process faults.[1] Such
relays are also termed as microprocessor type
protective relays.

 The digital protective relay, or numeric relay, is a 

protective relay that uses a microprocessor to
analyze power system voltages, currents or other
process quantities for the purpose of detection of
faults in an industrial process system.
CONCLUSION
 If we are succeeded in avoiding the power
theft there will be less scarcity for power
transmission.
 In our project we detect and locate the
power theft hooking concept . While we
are discussing mostly about the theft of
the electricity from the transmission line
but due to minor part of the project we
only detect that the power has been theft
by hooking.
THANK YO U ! !!