VTU Report on Internship at KPCL Solar Training Centre

Visvesvaraya Technological University
“Jnana Sangama,” Belgaum
REPORT ON INTERNSHIP AT
“National Training Centre for Solar Technology, KPCL Bangalore”
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by
UMME KULSUM 4PM15EE049
Under the Guidance of

Dr. H. NAGANAGOUDA
(Company Guide, Director, National Training Centre for Solar Technology, KARNATAKA
POWER CORPORATION LIMITED, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA)
PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, ISO 9001 Certified)
NH 204, Sagar Road, Shivamogga – 577 204

Academic Year 2018-19
PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 1

INTERNSHIP
Report and Diary
Name of the Student: UMME KULSUM.
Year: 4rd.
Register No.: 4PM15EE049.
Period of Internship: 1 month.
Name of the Organization: National Training Centre for Solar Technology,
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, (A Government of Karnataka Enterprise),
BANGALORE.
Address: KPCL HRD Centre, 11, Shakti Bhavan, Race Course Rd, Madhava Nagar,
Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 56001.

PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, ISO 9001 Certified)
NH 204, Sagar Road, Shivamogga – 577 204
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the entire work embodied in internship has been carried out by me at KPCL
Bangalore, submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University as a part of the BE curriculum, is a
record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Asst. Prof. RUDRESH S J (Faculty Guide,
PES Institute Of Engineering and Management) and Dr.H.NAGANAGOUDA (Company Guide,
Director, National Training Centre for Solar Technology, KARNATAKA POWER
CORPORATION LIMITED, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA) and this internship work is submitted
in the fulfilment of requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering.
I also confirm that the report is only prepared for my academic year requirement, not for any other
purpose.

CERTIFICATE
This is to be certified that Ms. UMME KULSUM bearing USN 4PM15EE049 of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering Department, PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shivamogga,
has completed the internship program of four weeks from July-2018 to August-2018 at KARNATAKA
POWER CORPORATION LIMITED, BANGALORE under guidance of Dr.H. NAGANAGOUDA
and she has submitted her internship report for the fulfilment the requirements for the award of degree of
B.E. in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.
Internal Guide Head of the Department Director, National Training Centre for
Solar Technology, KPCL, Bangalore
Mr.RUDRESH S J Dr.MANOJKUMAR M Dr.H.NAGANAGOUDA
(Asst. prof. dept. of EEE)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Prof. RUDRESH S J, Assistant
Professor, Department of EEE, PESITM, Shivamogga for his valuable guidance, regular source of
encouragement and assistance throughout the internship.
We are greatly thankful to Dr. Manojkumar M, Head of the Department, EEE, PESITM,
Shivamogga for his help and encouragement.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Chaitanya Kumar M V, Principal, PESITM, Shivamogga
for giving this opportunity to enrich our knowledge.
We are thankful to the management, all the faculty members and the lab staff members of the
department for their constant support.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my guide Dr.H.NAGANAGOUDA who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful internship on the topic, which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I
would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this internship within
the limited time. I am making this internship not for marks but to increase my knowledge.

Sl. No. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Institution Profile
4. Institution Objectives
5. Institutional Chart/Organogram
6. The main task completed
7. Details of areas sectors, branches and fields of work
8. Conclusion with opinions, suggestions and improvements
Diary
a. Personal learning from internship
b. Main outcomes
Photographs
Forms: Forms shall be filled by the Head of the Organization

1. Confidential internship feedback form
2. Confidential evaluation form

INTERNSHIP
REPORT

INTRODUCTION
Renewable Energy
There are many forms of renewable energy . Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or
another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the
Earth's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar
energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight
contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy,
which is a result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of accreting the Earth,
and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy.
Solar. This form of energy relies on the nuclear fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy can
be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with solar
collectors or attic cooling with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of direct
conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells. Unfortunately
these are currently insufficient to fully power our modern society.
Wind Power. The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences of temperature at the Earth's
surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by sunlight. Wind energy can be used
to pump water or generate electricity, but requires extensive areal coverage to produce significant
amounts of energy.
Hydroelectric energy. This form uses the gravitational potential of elevated water that was lifted from the
oceans by sunlight. It is not strictly speaking renewable since all reservoirs eventually fill up and require
very expensive excavation to become useful again. At this time, most of the available locations for
hydroelectric dams are already used in the developed world.
Biomass is the term for energy from plants. Energy in this form is very commonly used throughout the
world. Unfortunately the most popular is the burning of trees for cooking and warmth. This process
releases copious amounts of carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere and is a major contributor to
unhealthy air in many areas. Some of the more modern forms of biomass energy are methane generation
and production of alcohol for automobile fuel and fueling electric power plants.
Hydrogen and fuel cells. These are also not strictly renewable energy resources but are very abundant in
availability and are very low in pollution when utilized. Hydrogen can be burned as a fuel, typically in a
vehicle, with only water as the combustion product. This clean burning fuel can mean a significant
reduction of pollution in cities. Or the hydrogen can be used in fuel cells, which are similar to batteries,
to power an electric motor. In either case significant production of hydrogen requires abundant power.
Due to the need for energy to produce the initial hydrogen gas, the result is the relocation of pollution
from the cities to the power plants. There are several promising methods to produce hydrogen, such as
solar power, that may alter this picture drastically.
Geothermal power. Energy left over from the original accretion of the planet and augmented by heat
from radioactive decay seeps out slowly everywhere, everyday. In certain areas the geothermal gradient
(increase in temperature with depth) is high enough to exploit to generate electricity. This possibility is
limited to a few locations on Earth and many technical problems exist that limit its utility. Another form
of geothermal energy is Earth energy, a result of the heat storage in the Earth's surface. Soil everywhere
tends to stay at a relatively constant temperature, the yearly average, and can be used with heat pumps to
heat a building in winter and cool a building in summer. This form of energy can lessen the need for
other power to maintain comfortable temperatures in buildings, but cannot be used to produce electricity.
Other forms of energy. Energy from tides, the oceans and hot hydrogen fusion are other forms that can be
used to generate electricity. Each of these is discussed in some detail with the final result being that each
suffers from one or another significant drawback and cannot be relied upon at this time to solve the
upcoming energy crunch.
Since the beginning of time, people have been fascinated by the sun. Ancient civilizations personified the
sun, worshipping it as a God or Goddess. Throughout history, farming and agriculture efforts have relied
upon the sun’s rays to grow crops and sustain populations.
Only recently, however, have we developed the ability to harness the sun’s awesome power. The
resulting technologies have promising implications for the future of renewable energy and sustainability.
Below, we’ve given a brief on solar power, how it works, and what may be in store for the future of
solar.
What is Solar Power?
Solar power is a form of energy harnessed from the power and heat of the sun’s rays. It is renewable, and
therefore a “green” source of energy.
How does it Work?
The most common way of harnessing energy from the sun is through photovoltaic (PV) panels – those
large, mirror-like panels you’ve likely seen on rooftops, handheld solar devices, and even spacecraft.
These panels operate as conductors, taking in the sun’s rays, heating up, and creating energy (and
electricity).
On a larger scale, solar thermal power plants also harness the power of the sun to create energy. These
plants utilize the sun’s heat to boil water and, in turn, power steam turbines. These plants can supply
power to thousands of people.
How is Solar Power a “Greener” Option?
Just like wind power, solar power is a virtually unlimited and inexhaustible resource (unlike
power produced from expendable fossil fuels). As technologies improve and the materials used in PV
panels become “greener,” the carbon footprint of solar power becomes smaller and smaller and the
technique becomes more accessible to the masses.

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of a solar power plant are as follows:-
1. Energy Savings: - Solar utilizes lower powered items such as LED / CFL lamps, lower powered
electronics, etc. that do not use as much power as standard electric systems. Also, LEDs are powered
from 12 V DC initially and require AC adapters to power with standard electric. By using DC power for
LEDs, they are able to operate more efficiently by providing more light and less heat. In this way
electricity can be saved.
2. Eco-Friendly: - To promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security
challenges. To create enabling environment for penetration of solar technology throughout the country
Mission’s target was revised in 2015.
3. Easy Installation: - Solar panels are easy to install, typically only needing a few bolts to hold them
secure and some basic wiring. Solar lighting systems provide the solar power system at the top of the
pole for most installation configurations, leaving all important electrical material at the top of the pole.
Solar power systems can require a bit more for a simple installation; however, the low voltage DC power
is much safer to work with than standard electric.
4. Battery Backup: - Most solar systems today utilize a battery backup that allows for three plus days
storage of the power needed to keep the system running. That way, if the sun goes out, you will still have
power for a couple days.
5. Available Anywhere: - Solar can be installed anywhere, even when what it is powering is in the shade.
No matter what the circumstance, if there is a sunny spot nearby the solar can be installed to power
something remotely installed. There is even technology today turning roofing or windows into
photovoltaic sources.
6. Green: - Green energy is totally the new rage, but it is also a way to look out for the future of our
planet and reduce our impact.

INSTITUTION PROFILE
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (or KPCL) is a company owned by the government of Karnataka,
and is engaged in the Service of generating electrical power in the state of Karnataka in India. The modes
for generation of electric power are hydroelectric, thermal and diesel. The company was started on
20.07.1970 due to a vision of the Karnataka government for separate entities for generation and
distribution of electric power. Karnataka's pioneering spirit in the field of power has been translated into
several major milestones.
Established Asia’s first – Hydro Electric Power Station in Shivanasamudram, on the banks of river
Cauvery during 1902. Karnataka the first to embark on Alternating current, when Bangalore City’s
lighting scheme was completed. Karnataka had the longest transmission line in the world in 1902, from
Shivanasamudram to KGF, covering a distance of 147 km and it was the first state in the country to
conceive and set up a professionally managed Corporation to plan, construct, operate and maintain power
generation projects in the state. That’s the legacy that KPCL started with and built on.
For over four decades, the Karnataka Power Corporation has been a prime mover and catalyst behind key
power sector reforms in the state – measures that have spiralled steady growth witnessed in both
industrial and economic areas. Right from the year of inception, in 1970, KPCL set its sights on "growth
from within” meeting growing industry needs and reaching out to touch the lives of the common person,
in many ways.
KPCL today has an installed capacity of 8846.305 MW (as on 31.12.2017) of hydel, thermal, solar and
wind energy, with 6820 MW in the pipeline. From an industry point, KPCL has raised the bar on the
quality of deliverables and is constantly working at lowering the cost per megawatt – a commendable
cost-value equation that has become a benchmark on the national grid. KPCL's stock in trade is industry
proven – well-established infrastructure & modern, progressive management concepts and a commitment
to excel, helping it meet the challenges of the rising energy demands of Karnataka

ONGOING PROJECTS
Power Station Number of units Capacity (MW) Total MW
Yelahanka Combined 1 350 350
Cycle Power Plant
Ghataprabha Hydro 2 2*10 20
Power Plant
Bidadi Gas Based 1 700 700
Combined Cycle
Power Plant
G Thermal Power 2 2*800 1600
Station, Chattisgarh
PROPOSED PROJECTS
Power Station Number of Units Capacity (MW) Total MW

Gundia Hydel Project 2 2*200 400
Shivanasamudra 3+1 3*100+1*45 345
Seasonal Scheme
Bidadi 2nd Stage Case 1 700 700
Based Project
Edlapur Thermal 1 800 800
Power Station
Tadadi Combined - - 2100
Cycle Power Plant
Sharavathi Pumped 8 8*250 2000
Storage Plant
Varahi Pumped 6 6*250 1500
Storage Plant

INSTITUTION OBJECTIVES
KPCL seeks to touch higher vantage points in the world of Power Engineering. Our formula for
achieving this – start with a world class organization, build-in efficiency and cost control and ensure that
progress is in harmony with the environment.
 Exploring, identifying and developing opportunities in power generation.

 Devising innovative ways of setting up and operating power plants.
 Investing in resource base of technical competence, systems, processes and capability.
 Empowering people, work teams and the support network to achieve these objectives.
INTRODUCTION
National Training Centre for Solar Technology, established by Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, (A
Government of Karnataka Enterprise), BANGALORE in collaboration with Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, Government of India, New Delhi. It is National Level an education cum R & D
Training Centre.
Grid-connected solar power generation is a new concept in the country. Very few grid-connected solar PV
power plants have been set up so far. Moreover, experienced manpower to design, construct, manage and
maintain grid-connected solar power plants is not available in the country. Hence training and education,
including hands-on training in these aspects, is necessary to be imparted. This training programme is set
up jointly by Karnataka Power Corporation Limited and Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, New Delhi
with an objective to fulfil the need for trained manpower in grid connected power plants.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this programme is to build manpower capability at technical and operational level for
grid-connected solar power generation, through training, education and hands-on training at an operational
solar PV grid-connected plant, to generate trained and qualified manpower.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy:

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal agency of the Government of India for all
matters relating to non-conventional energy. The Govt of India launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Solar Mission, one of the eight national missions of the National Action Plan on Climate Change, to
establish India as a global leader in solar energy. The mission aims at development and deployment of
solar energy technologies in the country to achieve parity with grid tariff by 2022. The mission targets a
deployment of 20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022. MNRE in collaboration with various
agencies is supporting capacity building efforts to develop trained personnel in the country.
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited:

Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) is a state owned organization having an installed capacity
of 6000MW of hydel, thermal, wind and solar power. Karnataka Power Corporation Limited has taken
a big lead in the country in harnessing solar energy by way of setting up three solar PV plants of 3 MW
capacity each and set a new trend for grid-connected solar plants in the country and established 5MW
solar PV plant at Shivanasamudra in Mandya district.
KPCL ORGANOGRAM
THE MAIN TASK COMPLETED

 Using photo detector device and solar power meter analysed the place at which the sun rays are
having high intensity.
 Measured the speed of wind using anemometer and humidity using hygrometer.
 Calculate the number of solar panels, battery required and inverter configuration to design the
roof top solar PV system to supply electricity for domestic purpose.
 Design of 4.8MW grid connected solar power panel.
 Introduction of distribution transformer.
 Software based solar PV energy estimation and solar estimation including weather details.
 Grounding or Earthing.
 Gathered the knowledge of how to produce electricity from a photovoltaic cell (solar cells) using
sunlight as a source of energy.

DETAILS OF AREAS SECTORS, BRANCHES AND FIELDS OF
WORK

Contents of The Work Such as Office Management Training, Counselling, Survey
etc.
Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are sensors of light or other
electromagnetic radiation. A photo detector has a p–n junction that converts
light photons into current. The absorbed photons make electron–hole pairs in
the depletion region. Photodiodes and photo transistors are a few examples of
photo detectors. Solar cells convert some of the light energy absorbed into
electrical energy.
 Reading of Solar Radiation Intensity:- Photo Detector
Time Intensity (x100)
HH:MM Lux Meter
9:20 187
9:21 186
9:22 144
9:23 138
9:24 154
9:25 165
9:26 199
9:27 193
9:28 209
9:29 162
9:30 168
9:31 165
9:32 152
9:33 210
9:34 277
9:35 205
9:36 264
9:37 345
9:38 388
9:39 370

 Pyranometer
it is an instrument used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is
designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m2) from the hemisphere
above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm to make a measurement of irradiance,
the response to “beam” radiation varies with the cosine of the angle of incidence. This
ensures a full response when the solar radiation hits the sensor perpendicularly (normal
to the surface, sun at zenith, 0° angle of incidence), zero response when the sun is at
the horizon (90° angle of incidence, 90° zenith angle), and 0.5 at a 60° angle of
incidence.
 Readings of solar power meter: - Pyranometer
Time
HH:MM W/m2
3:41 930
3:42 820
3:43 925
3:44 595
3:45 280
3:46 888
3:47 960
3:48 813
3:49 817
3:50 354
3:51 744
3:52 869
3:53 834
3:54 861
3:55 913
3:56 956
3:57 945
3:58 628
3:59 820

4:00 930
4:01 893
 Anemometer
An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is also a common weather station
instrument. The first known description of an anemometer was given by Leon Battista Albert.
We have used vane anemometer. It may be described as a windmill or a propeller anemometer. The
vane anemometer must have its axis parallel to the direction of the wind and therefore horizontal.
Furthermore, since the wind varies in direction and the axis has to follow its changes, a wind vane to fulfil
the same purpose must be employed.
A vane anemometer thus combines a propeller and a tail on the same axis to obtain accurate and precise
wind speed and direction measurements from the same instrument. The speed of the fan is measured by
a rev counter and converted to a wind speed by an electronic chip. Hence, volumetric flow rate may be
calculated if the cross-sectional area is known.
 Speed of wind Measurement using Anemometer.

Time Speed
HH:MM Km/hr
3:35 3.1
3:36 4.6
3:37 0.4
3:38 1.3
3:39 1.8
3:40 2.1
3:41 2.6
3:42 1.3
3:43 6.9
3:44 5.8
3:45 7.3
3:46 3.0
3:47 3.3
3:48 2.6
3:49 14.7
3:50 6.5

3:51 18.6
3:52 1.1
3:53 0.9
3:54 1.1
3:55 5.5
3:56 2.4
 Hygrometer
A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the amount of humidity and water vapour in the
atmosphere, in soil, or in confined spaces. Humidity measurement instruments usually rely on
measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical
change in a substance as moisture is absorbed. By calibration and calculation, these measured quantities
can lead to a measurement of humidity. Modern electronic devices use temperature of condensation, or
changes in electrical capacitance or resistance to measure humidity differences. The maximum amount
of water vapour that can be held in a given volume varies greatly with temperature, so cold air can hold
less mass of water than hot air.

 Reading taken from Hygrometer
Time Temperature in °C Humidity in %

HH:MM
3:41 33.6 46
3:42 33.8 46
3:43 34.8 47
3:44 35.9 45
3:45 37.3 39
3:46 37.6 44
3:47 36.8 40
3:48 37.1 38

3:49 38.2 37
3:50 39.3 36
3:51 40.5 34
3:52 41.7 31
3:53 41.6 30
3:54 40.0 32
3:55 41.1 32
3:56 40.5 33
3:57 40.0 33
3:58 38.8 34
3:59 39.6 34
4:00 39.3 34
4:01 38.8 35
4:02 38.7 35
4:03 38.8 35
Rooftop PV system
A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV system, is a photovoltaic system that has its
electricity-generating solar panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or commercial building or
structure. The various components of such a system include photovoltaic modules, mounting systems,
cables, solar inverters and other electrical accessories.
Rooftop mounted systems are small compared to ground-mounted photovoltaic power stations with
capacities in the megawatt range. Rooftop PV systems on residential buildings typically feature a
capacity of about 5 to 20 kilowatts (kW), while those mounted on commercial buildings often reach
100 kilowatts or more.

 Energy Consumption Calculation: -
1. Energy consumption per day
Sl. Power No of hrs of

No. Items (watts) Nos. operations Watts per day
1 Tube lights 40 4 9 1440
2 Fans 78 2 8 1248
3 Television set 60 1 8 480
4 Washing machine 400 1 1 400
5 Mixer 550 1 0.5 275
6 Exhaust fan 54 1 2 108
7 Bulb 60 3 2 360
Total watts 1242 13 4311
Total watts hour per day = 4.311 kWh
2. Energy consumption per hour
Sl. Power
No. Item (watts) Nos. No. of hrs. of Watt hour
operation
1 Tube lights 40 4 1 160
2 Fans 78 2 1 156
3 T.V 60 1 1 60
4 Washing machine 400 1 1 400
5 Mixer 550 1 1 550
6 Exhaust fan 54 1 1 54
7 Bulb 60 3 1 180
Total watts 1242 1560

Total watt hour = 1560 kWh
Selection of Inverter
 Inverter is selected based on hourly load.

 Load on inverter = 25% Extra hourly load.
 Load on inverter = (0.25*1.560)+1.560
=0.39+1.560
=1.955kWh
 We select 1-3kVA inverter.
Inverter Configuration with capacity I/P & O/P detail
12V 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, or 1ɸ, 50Hz, 230V

DC Input 1 kVA AC Output
1 to 7 kVA
24/36V 1 to 3 kVA 1ɸ, 50Hz, 230V
DC Input 3 to 5 kVA AC Output
5 kVA
36/48V 3 to 5 kVA 1ɸ, 50Hz, 230V
DC Input AC Output
.6, 0.8, or 1 kVA
48/76/92V 5 kVA 3ɸ,

50Hz,230/440V
DC Input AC Output
92/110/220V 3ɸ,kVA
5 >10 50Hz, 2 30/440V
DC Input AC Output
220V >10 kVA 3ɸ, 50Hz,

230/440V
DC Input AC Output
Solar charge controller
 DC Voltage :– 12-24-48-72-96-120-240-480V
 DC Current :- 5-20A
Solar module selection

 Module type :- RI200
 Model capacity:- 200Wp
 Open Circuit Voltage (VOC)= 32.00V
 Short Circuit Current (ISC)= 8.13A
 Max. Voltage (VMax)= 26.00V
 Max. Current (IMax)= 7.70A
Capacity of the plant
 Let us assume we get 5 hrs of sunshine for the worst condition.

 1kW capacity of solar module generates 5kWh energy/day
 To generate 4.31kWh, solar module capacity needed is= 4.311/5=0.8622kW
 25% extra module capacity=0.25*0.8622 =0.2155kW
 Total solar PV requirement= 0.8622+0.21555 = 1.07775kW
 No. of solar panels required = 1.078/200=5.38 ~ 5 panels
 We need 5 solar panels of 200Wp capacity
 Per day production = 4*200*5= 4kW
 Per month production will be = 4*30=120kW
Selection of battery
 Battery is selected based on daily load.

 We choose 12V, 100Ah battery for the design.
 Energy stored in the battery is= 12*100=1200VA=1.2kVA
 Daily consumption= 4.311kWh
 Let the deep discharge value be 70%
 30% dead storage.
 Therefore we need 30% more energy storage= 0.30*4.311= 0.0695kWh
 Total energy to be stored by the battery= 4.311+0.0695= 4.3805kWh
 No. of batteries= 4.3805/1.2=3.650≈ 4
 We need 4 batteries of 12V, 100Ah capacity.
 DC input voltage= 24V
 AC output voltage= 230V, 1-ɸ, 50Hz.
Solar PV Modules connected in Parallel Solar PV Modules connected in Series
SPV MODULE CONNECTED IN SERIES (STRING) AND PARALLEL ARRAYAS AND FIELD
SPV MODULE WATTAGE = 72 Wp
CAPACITY = 12 V
CURRENT = 6 A
String: Panels added in series
Voltage = 8 Nos. X 12 V = 96V
Current = 6 A
Power = Voltage X Current= 96 V X 6A P = V X I = 576 Watts
Arrays: Strings are combined in parallel

Voltage = 96V
Current = 6 A X 4 Nos. of STRING=24 A
Power = Voltage X Current= 96 V X 24 A P = V X I = 2304 Watts
Design of rooftop solar PV System Block Diagram.
SPV1
Inverter (1.5kVA)
SPV2 24V DC 1phase, 230V, 50Hz, AC
Output
Input
SPV3
Battery 1 Battery 2
SPV4 12V, 100Ah 12V, 100Ah
SPV5
Battery 3 Battery 4
24V 200Wp 12V, 100Ah 12V, 100Ah

EACH
 Electricity Bill.
Account Details
RR no. : PNLG55414
ACC ID : 9647056000
MR Code : 14002756
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Personal Detail
Name & Address : Rahamathula, No. 25, Nanajundeshwara
Nagar,
Bangalore.
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Connection Details
Tariff : 1LT2A1-N
Same Load : 0.36kW+DHP

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Billing Details
Billing Period : 02/05/2018 – 02/06/2018
Reading Date : 02/06/2018
Bill No. : 131318005267
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Consumption Details
Pres. Reading : 18071
Prev. Reading : 17982
Constant : 1
Consumption (unit) : 89
Recorded MD : 0kW
Power factor : 0
Fixed charges (Unit, Rate, Amount) : 1kW 50 50.00
Energy Charges (Unit, Rate, Amount) : 30 3.5 105.00
Fac Charges (Unit, Rate, Amount) : 89 0 0.0
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Additional Charges
Rebate : 0.00
PF Penalty : 0.00
Ex. Load/ MD Penalty : 0.00
Interest : 3.29
Others : 0.00
Tax : 23.82
Bill Amount : 474.16
Arrears : 619.00
Credits & Adjustment : 0.00
GOK Subsidy : 0.00
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Net Amount Due : Rs. 1093.00
Due Date : 17/06/2018
 Design of 4.8Mw Grid-connected Solar power plant:-

Technical specification of solar PV module
Solar PV Technology Polycrystalline
Module type RI210
Model capacity 210Wp
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 36V
Short circuit current (Isc) 7.68A

Maximum Voltage (Vmax) 29V
Maximum Current (Imax) 7.25A
Technical Specification of Grid-tie Inverter/Power Conditioning Unit (PCU)

Inverter Capacity 500KVA
Maximum System Voltage (Terminal) 1000V
Permissible Voltage Limit 900V
Maximum Input DC Voltage 850V
Minimum Input DC Voltage 450V
Output AC Voltage 400V,50Hz,3-ɸ
Technical Specification of Utility Grid System

Utility Grid Voltage 11/33/66/110 KV
Technical Specification of Unit Transformer

Primary voltage 440 V
Secondary voltage 11/33 KV
Transformer capacity 0.65 MVA
Calculations
Step-1: Number of solar panels in each stream
Maximum Voltage (Vmax) 850V
Minimum Voltage (Vmin) 450V
Average Voltage (Vavg) 650V
Solar Module (Vmax) 29V
No. of solar panels to be 650/29 22 panels
connected in series
=22.413
Therefore 22 solar modules are connected in series to form a single string.

Step-2: Power generated in single string
When 23 modules are connected 7.25A
in series, Imax
Power generated at unity power 650*7.25 4.7125kw
factor
Step-3: Number of strings to be connected in parallel/inverter

Single inverter capacity 500 kVA
Single string generator 4.7125 Kw
No. of strings to be connected in 500/4.712
parallel =106.10 106 strings
Therefore, we require 106 strings.
Step-4: Number of modules and power generated/inverter

Number of modules in 1 string 19 No’s
Number of strings 106 No’s
Number of modules 106.1*22.413 No’s
=2378
Solar power generated by 2378 210*2378 W
modules =499405.4697
Step-5: Energy generation per year per inverter

Installed capacity of inverter 499.405 kVA
Total energy generation/day (5 2497.02734 kWh/day
hr. avg/day)
Total energy generation/year 911414.9822 kWh/year
(365 days)
DC and AC power generation considering losses

DC AC

Power generation 500 Kw 620
Total losses 24 % 4
Power generation 380 Kw 500
including losses
Total number of string 106 No’s 132
Total number of module 2378 No’s 2904
used (number of
string*number of
module in a string)
Minor and Major Equipment

Total installed capacity 4800 Kw 4340
Total number of 4800/500 No’s 4340/500=8.68
inverters =10
Total number of array 743 No’s 920
junction box
Total number of 743*22.414 No’s 920*22.414
module used =16647 =20618
Unit transformer (4.8/0.8) MVA (6/0.8)
capacity =6 =7.5
Proposed unit 650 KVA 650
transformer
Total number of unit 6.73=7 No’s 8.3346=8
transformer
Total energy generation (0.91*7) MU (0.91*1.24*8.68)
/year =6.37 =9.7945
Economic Analysis
Investment cost/MW 4 Crores/MW 4
Total investment cost 14 Crores 14

Total O&M expenditure for (25*4.8*25) Lakhs\25years (25*4.340*25)
life of the =3000 =2709.375
SPVPP(Rs.25lakhs/year/MW)
Overall expenditure (30+14) Crores (27.093+14)
=44 =41.09375
Area required 4 Acres\MW 4
Total area required 14 Acres 14
Life of the SPV modules 25 Years 25
Tariff as per KERC 6.51 Rs./unit 6.51
Total revenue 6.51*6.37MU Lakhs/year 6.51*9.7945MU
=414.68 =637.623
Payback period excluding (14*100/414.68) Years (14*100/637.623)
interest and O&M =3.376 =2.1956
expenditure
Environment Effect
At consumer point Units At generation
Total conventional 6387500 KWh/year 12775000
energy savings (1unit
saved equal to 2units
generated).
Total coal saved 6387500 Kg/year 6387500
(1kg/unit generation)
Total water saved 2107850 Kg/year 24065934
(3.3lts/unit generation)
Total CO2+GHG 6387500 Kg/year 12775000
saved@1kg/unit
generation.
Lists of items required:
1. Total number of modules = 16647
2. Module capacity = 210Wp
3. Number of strings = 743
4. Number of modules in a string = 22
5. Number of array junction box = 743

6. Number of LT switch gear =7
7. Number of HT switch gear =1
8. Number of transformers =7
9. Cables.
 Distribution Transformer
 A Distribution transformer or Service transformer is a transformer that provides the

final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage
used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. The invention of a practical
efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible; a system using distribution
transformers was demonstrated as early as 1882.
 If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount transformers.
 If the distribution lines are located at ground level or underground, distribution transformers are
mounted on concrete pads and locked in steel cases, thus known as pad-mount transformers.
 Distribution transformers normally have ratings less than 200 kVA, although some national
standards can allow for units up to 5000 kVA to be described as distribution transformers. Since
distribution transformers are energized for 24 hours a day (even when they don't carry any load),
reducing iron losses has an important role in their design. As they usually don't operate at full
load, they are designed to have maximum efficiency at lower loads. To have a better
efficiency, voltage regulation in these transformers should be kept to a minimum. Hence they are
designed to have small leakage reactance.
Classification
 Distribution transformer are classified into different categories based on certain factors such as:
 Mounting location – pole, pad, underground vault
 Type of insulation – liquid-immersed or dry-type
 Number of Phases – single-phase or three-phase
 Voltage class
 Basic impulse insulation level (BIL).
Use
 Distribution transformers are normally located at a service drop, where wires run from a utility
pole or underground power lines to a customer's premises. They are often used for the power
supply of facilities outside settlements, such as isolated houses, farmyards or pumping
stations at voltages below 30 kV.
 Another application is the power supply of the overhead wire of railways electrified with AC. In
this case single phase distribution transformers are used.
 Distribution transformers are also found in the power collector networks of wind farms, where
they step up power from each wind turbine to connect to a substation that may be several miles
(kilometres) distant.

Connection
 Both pole-mount and pad-mount transformers convert the high ‘primary’ voltage of the overhead
and underground distribution lines to the lower 'secondary' voltage of the distribution wires inside
the building.
 The primaries use the three-phase system.
 Main distribution lines always have three wires, while smaller "laterals" (close to the customer)
may include one or two phases, used to serve all customers with single-phase power. If three-
phase service is desired, one must have a three-phase supply.
 Primaries provide power at the standard distribution voltages used in the area; these range from
as low as 2300 volts to about 35,000 volts depending on local distribution practice and standards;
often 11,000 V (50 Hz systems) and 13,800 V (60 Hz systems) are used but many other voltages
are standard.
Primary
The high voltage primary windings are brought out to bushings on the top of the case.
 Single phase transformers, generally used in the USA system, are attached to the overhead wires with
two different types of connections:
1. Wye – On a wye distribution circuit, a 'wye' or 'phase to neutral' transformer is used. A

single phase wye transformer usually has only one bushing on top, connected to one of the
three primary phases. The other end of the primary winding is connected to the
transformer's case, which is connected to the neutral wire of the wye system, and is
also grounded
2. Delta – On a delta distribution circuit, a 'delta' or 'phase to phase' transformer is used. A
single phase delta transformer has two bushings on top which are connected to two of the
three primary wires, so the voltage across the primary winding is the phase-to-phase
voltage. A disadvantage of a delta transformer is if only one of the two primary phases is
de-energized, the remaining phase will back feed through the transformer winding into the
de-energized phase, which could be a hazard to line workers.
Secondary
 The low voltage secondary windings are attached to three or four terminals on the transformer's
side.
 The secondary is most often the split-phase 120/240 volt system. The 240 V secondary winding is
center-tapped and the center neutral wire is grounded, making the two end conductors "hot" with
respect to the center tap.
 The secondary is often the three phase 400Y/230 system. There are three 230 V secondary
windings, each receiving power from a primary winding attached to one of the primary phases.
One end of each secondary winding is connected to a 'neutral' wire, which is grounded. The other
end of the 3 secondary windings, along with the neutral, are brought down the service drop to the
service panel.
Construction

 Distribution transformers are made using a core made from laminations of sheet steel stacked and
either glued together with resin or banded together with steel straps.
 Where large numbers of transformers are made to standard designs, a wound C-shaped core is
economic to manufacture. A steel strip is wrapped around a former, pressed into shape and then
cut into two C-shaped halves, which are re-assembled on the copper windings.
 The primary coils are wound from enamel coated copper or aluminium wire and the high current,
low voltage secondary’s are wound using a thick ribbon of aluminium or copper.
 The windings are insulated with resin-impregnated paper.
 Distribution transformers for indoor use would be filled with a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
liquid. Because these liquids persist in the environment and have adverse effects on animals, they
have been banned.
 Pole-mounted transformers often include accessories such as surge arresters or protective fuse
links.
 A self-protected transformer includes an internal fuse and surge arrester; other transformers have
these components mounted separately outside the tank.
 Software based Solar PV energy estimation & Solar estimation including

weather details
State: Goa
Districts: There are 2 districts
1. North Goa
2. South Goa
Taluks: There are 12 Taluks
Taluks present in North Goa
 Bardez, Bicholim, Pernem, Sattari, Tiswadi
Taluks present in South Goa
 Canacona, Mormugao, Salcette, Sanguem, Quepem, Dharbandora, Ponda
Location System Info:-

DC System size(kW): 1 1 1
Module Type: Standard Thin Film
Standard 1-Axis Tracking 1-Axis Tracking
Array Type: Fixed 14.00 14.08
System Losses(%): 14.08 14 14
Bardez Tilt(Deg): 14 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
Generation: 1513 1793 kWh/year 1945kWh/year
kWh/year 6.84 6.84
Annual Solar Radiation:
5.76 20.5% 22.2%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.3%
System Info:-
Bicholim Tilt(Deg): 14 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
Generation: 1587 1889 kWh/year 1945kWh/year
kWh/year 7.01 7.01
5.89 21.6% 23.0%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
18.1%
System Info:-
Permem Tilt(Deg): 14 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
Generation: 1534 1889 kWh/year 1974 kWh/year
kWh/year 6.95 6.95
5.84 20.8% 22.5%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.5%

System Info:-
Sattari Tilt(Deg): 14 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 7.01 7.01
5.86 20.9% 22.7%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.5%
System Info:-
Tiswadi Tilt(Deg): 14 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 7.09 7.09
5.97 21.2% 23.0%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.9%
Canacona System Info:-
Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
Generation: 1438 1698 kWh/year. 1873 kWh/year.
kWh/year 6.67 6.67
5.63 19.4% 21.4%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
16.4%

System Info:-
Marmugao Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 6.32 6.82
5.79 20.4% 22.1%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.3%
System Info:-
Salcette Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 6.82 6.82
5.79 20.4% 22.1%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.3%
System Info:-
Sanguem Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 6.72 6.72
5.72 19.4% 21.5%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
16.6%

System Info:-
Quepem Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 6.80 6.80
5.78 19.7% 21.8%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
16.8%
System Info:-
Dharbandora Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 6.82 6.82
5.79 20.4% 22.1%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.3%
System Info:-
Ponda Tilt(Deg): 25 180 180
Azimuth (Deg): 180
Results:-
kWh/year 6.72 6.72
5.73 20.0% 21.7%
(kWh/m2/day)
Capacity factor:
17.0%

 Grounding
To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or installations to the earth (ground) is
called Earthing or Grounding.
In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric machinery and devices to the earth plate or earth
electrode (which is buried in the moisture earth) through a thick conductor wire (which has very
low resistance) for safety purpose is known as Earthing or grounding.
To earth or earthing rather, means to connect the part of electrical apparatus such as metallic covering of
metals, earth terminal of socket cables, stay wires that do not carry current to the earth. Earthing can be
said as the connection of the neutral point of a power supply system to the earth so as to avoid or minimize
danger during discharge of electrical energy.
The word Bonding used for jointing two wires (as well as conductors, pipes or appliances together.
Bonding is known as connecting the metallic parts of different machines which is not considered to be
carrying electric current during normal operation of the machines to bring them at the same level of electric
potential.
The word Bonding used for jointing two wires (as well as conductors, pipes or appliances together.
Bonding is known as connecting the metallic parts of different machines which is not considered to be
carrying electric current during normal operation of the machines to bring them at the same level of electric
potential.
Need of Earthing or Grounding. Why Earthing is Important?
The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or minimize the danger of electrocution, fire due to earth
leakage of current through undesired path and to ensure that the potential of a current carrying conductor
does not rise with respect to the earth than its designed insulation.
When the metallic part of electrical appliances (parts that can conduct or allow passage of electric current)
comes in contact with a live wire, maybe due to failure of installations or failure in cable insulation, the
metal become charged and static charge accumulates on it. If a person touches such a charged metal, the
result is a severe shock.
To avoid such instances, the power supply systems and parts of appliances have to be earthed so as to
transfer the charge directly to the earth.
Below are the basic needs of Earthing.
 To protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices and appliances from leakage
current.
 To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on any one phase).
 To Protect Electric system and buildings form lighting.
 To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and communication.
 To avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation systems.
Different Terms used in Electrical Earthing
 Earth: The proper connection between electrical installation systems via conductor to the buried
plate in the earth is known as Earth.
 Earthed: When an electrical device, appliance or wiring system connected to the earth through
earth electrode, it is known as earthed device or simple “Earthed”.
 Solidly Earthed: When an electric device, appliance or electrical installation is connected to the
earth electrode without a fuse, circuit breaker or resistance/Impedance, It is called “solidly earthed”.
 Earth Electrode: When a conductor (or conductive plate) buried in the earth for
electrical earthing system. It is known to be Earth Electrode. Earth electrodes are in different shapes
like, conductive plate, conductive rod, metal water pipe or any other conductor with low resistance.

 Earthing Lead: The conductor wire or conductive strip connected between Earth electrode and
Electrical installation system and devices in called Earthing lead.
 Earth Continuity Conductor: The conductor wire, which is connected among different electrical
devices and appliances like, distribution board, different plugs and appliances etc. in other words,
the wire between earthing lead and electrical device or appliance is called earth continuity
conductor. It may be in the shape of metal pipe (fully or partial), or cable metallic sheath or flexible
wire.
 Sub Main Earthing Conductor: A wire connected between switch board and distribution board
i.e. that conductor is related to sub main circuits.
 Earth Resistance: This is the total resistance between earth electrode and earth in Ω (Ohms). Earth
resistance is the algebraic sum of the resistances of earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, earth
electrode and earth.
POINTS TO BE EARTHED
Earthing is not done anyhow. According to IE rules and IEE (Institute of Electrical Engineers)
regulations,
 Earth pin of 3-pin lighting plug sockets and 4-pin power plug should be efficiently and permanently
earthed.
 All metal casing or metallic coverings containing or protecting any electric supply line or apparatus such
as GI pipes and conduits enclosing VIR or PVC cables, iron clad switches, iron clad distribution fuse
boards etc should be earthed (connected to earth).
 The frame of every generator, stationary motors and metallic parts of all transformers used for
controlling energy should be earthed by two separate and yet distinct connections with the earth.
 In a dc 3-wire system, the middle conductors should be earthed at the generating station.
 Stay wires that are for overhead lines should be connected to earth by connecting at least one strand to
the earth wires.
Components of Earthing System

A complete electrical earthing system consists on the following basic components.
 Earth Continuity Conductor
 Earthing Lead
 Earth Electrode

Components of Electrical Earthing System
Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire
That part of the earthing system which interconnects the overall metallic parts of electrical installation e.g.
conduit, ducts, boxes, metallic shells of the switches, distribution boards, Switches, fuses, Regulating and
controlling devices, metallic parts of electrical machines such as, motors, generators, transformers and the
metallic framework where electrical devices and components are installed is known as earth wire or earth
continuity conductor as shown in the above fig.
The resistance of the earth continuity conductor is very low. According to IEEE rules, resistance between
consumer earth terminal and earth Continuity conductor (at the end) should not be increased than 1Ω. In
simple words, resistance of earth wire should be less than 1Ω.
Size of the Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire depends on the cable size used in the wiring circuit.
Size of Earth Continuity Conductor

The cross sectional area of the Earth Continuity Conductor should not be less than the half of the cross
sectional area of the thickest wire used in the electrical wiring installation.
Generally, the size of the bare copper wire used as earth continuity conductor is 3SWG. But keep in mind
that, don’t use less than 14SWG as earth wire. Copper strip is also can be used as earth continuity conductor
instead of bare copper wire but don’t go for it until manufacture recommend it.

Earthing Lead or Earthing Joint
The conductor wire connected between earth continuity conductor and earth electrode or earth plate is
called earthing joint or “Earthing lead”. The point where earth continuity conductor and earth electrode
meet is known as “connecting point” as shown in the above fig.
Earthing lead is the final part of the earthing system which is connected to the earth electrode (which is
underground) through earth connecting point.
There should be minimum joints in earthing lead as well as lower in size and straight in the direction.
Generally, copper wire can be used as earthing lead but, copper strip is also used for high installation and
it can handle the high fault current because of wider area than the copper wire.
A hard drawn bare copper wire is also used as an earthing lead. In this method, all earth conductors
connected to a common (one or more) connecting points and then, earthing lead is used to connect earth
electrode (earth plat) to the connecting point.
To increase the safety factor of installation, two copper wires are used as earthing lead to connect the
device metallic body to the earth electrode or earth plate. I.e. if we use two earth electrodes or earth plats,
there would be four earthing leads. It should not be considered that the two earth leads are used as
parallel paths to flow the fault currents but both paths should work properly to carry the fault current
because it is important for better safety.
Size of the Earthing Lead

The size or area of earthing lead should not be less than the half of the thickest wire used in the installation.
The largest size for earthing lead is 3SWG and the minimum size should not be less than 8SWG. If 37/.083
wire is used or the load current is 200A from the supply voltage, then it is recommended to use copper
strip instead of double earthing lead. The earth lead connection methods is shown in the above fig.
Earthing Electrode or Earth Plate

A metallic electrode or plate which is buried in the earth (underground) and it is the last part of the
electrical earthing system. In simple words, the final underground metallic (plate) part of
the earthing system which is connected with earthing lead is called earth plate or earth electrode.

A metallic plate, pipe or rode can be used as an earth electrode which has very low resistance and carry
the fault current safely towards ground (earth).
Size of Earthing Electrode

Both copper and iron can be used as earthing electrode.
The size of earth electrode (In case of copper)
2×2 (two foot wide as well as in length) and 1/8 inch thickness. I.e. 2’ x 2’ x 1/8”. (600x600x300 mm)
In case of Iron
2’ x2’ x ¼” = 600x600x6 mm
It is recommended to bury the earth electrode in the moisture earth. If it is not possible, then put water in
the GI (Galvanized Iron) pipe to make possible the moisture condition.
In the earthing system, put the earth electrode in vertical position (underground) as shown in the above fig.
Also, put a 1 foot (about 30cm) layer of powdered charcoal and lime mixture around the earth plate
(don’t confuse with earth electrode and earth plate as both are the same thing).
This action makes the possible increase in the size of the earth electrode which leads a better continuity in
the earth (earthing system) and also helps to maintain the moisture condition around earth plate.
Earth Plate or Earth Electrode Size for Small installation

In small installation, use metallic rod (diameter = 25mm (1inch) and length = 2m (6ft) instead of earth
plate for earthing system. The metallic pipe should be 2 meter below from the surface of ground. To
maintain the moister condition, put 25mm (1inch) coal and lime mixture around the earth plate.
For effectiveness and convenience, you may use the copper rods 12.5mm (0.5 inch) to 25mm (1 inch)
diameter and 4m (12ft) length. We will discuss the installation method of rod earthing latter.
Methods of Earthing | Types of Earthing
Earthing can be done in many ways. The various methods employed in earthing (in house wiring or factory
and other connected electrical equipment and machines) are discussed as follows:
1). Plate Earthing:
In plate earthing system, a plate made up of either copper with dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 3.18mm (i.e.
2ft x 2ft x 1/8 in) or galvanized iron (GI) of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm (2ft x 2ft x ¼ in) is
buried vertical in the earth (earth pit) which should not be less than 3m (10ft) from the ground level.

For proper earthing system, follow the above mentioned steps in the (Earth Plate introduction) to
maintain the moisture condition around the earth electrode or earth plate.
2). Pipe Earthing:

The Pipe size depends upon the current to be carried and on soil type. Generally, the pipe used for this
purpose is of 38mm diameter and 2.5m in length, buried in the ‘earthing pit’ at that depth.
This type of Earthing is reliable, durable, easy to handle and highly secure. Connectivity of the pipe is up
to the Chamber or earth terminal. The connection of earth wire goes in a galvanized iron pipe, which, being
above the ground level makes it easy to check for any faults.
To have an effective earthing in the summer, this type of earthing requires about 3-4 buckets of water
poured into this earthing pit through a funnel to make sure the earthing works fine.
Overall, it is one of the most widely used methods of earthing.

3). Rod Earthing
It is the same method as pipe earthing. A copper rod of 12.5mm (1/2 inch) diameter or 16mm (0.6in)
diameter of galvanized steel or hollow section 25mm (1inch) of GI pipe of length above 2.5m (8.2 ft) are
buried upright in the earth manually or with the help of a pneumatic hammer. The length of embedded
electrodes in the soil reduces earth resistance to a desired value.

4). Earthing through the Waterman
In this method of earthing, the waterman (Galvanized GI) pipes are used for earthing purpose. Make sure
to check the resistance of GI pipes and use earthing clamps to minimize the resistance for
proper earthing connection.
If stranded conductor is used as earth wire, then clean the end of the strands of the wire and make sure it is
in the straight and parallel position which is possible then to connect tightly to the waterman pipe.
5). Strip or Wire Earthing:

In this method of earthing, strip electrodes of cross-section not less than 25mm x 1.6mm (1in x 0.06in) is
buried in a horizontal trenches of a minimum depth of 0.5m. If copper with a cross-section of 25mm x
4mm (1in x 0.15in) is used and a dimension of 3.0mm2 if it’s a galvanized iron or steel.
If at all round conductors are used, their cross-section area should not be too small, say less than 6.0mm2 if
it’s a galvanized iron or steel. The length of the conductor buried in the ground would give a sufficient
earth resistance and this length should not be less than 15m.
General method of Earthing / Proper Grounding Installation (Step by Step)

The usual method of earthing of electric equipments, devices and appliances are as follow:
1. First of all, dig a 5x5ft (1.5×1.5m) pit about 20-30ft (6-9 meters) in the ground. (Note that, depth and
width depends on the nature and structure of the ground)
2. Bury an appropriate (usually 2’ x 2’ x 1/8” (600x600x300 mm) copper plate in that pit in vertical
position.
3. Tight earth lead through nut bolts from two different places on earth plate.
4. Use two earth leads with each earth plate (in case of two earth plates) and tight them.
5. To protect the joints from corrosion, put grease around it.
6. Collect all the wires in a metallic pipe from the earth electrode(s). Make sure the pipe is 1ft (30cm) above
the surface of the ground.

7. To maintain the moisture condition around the earth plate, put a 1ft (30cm) layer of powdered charcoal
(powdered wood coal) and lime mixture around the earth plate of around the earth plate.
8. Use thimble and nut bolts to connect tightly wires to the bed plates of machines. Each machine should
be earthed from two different places. The minimum distance between two earth electrodes should be 10
ft (3m).
9. Earth continuity conductor which is connected to the body and metallic parts of all installation should
be tightly connected to earth lead.
10. At last (but not least), test the overall earthing system through earth tester. If everything is going about
the planning, then fill the pit with soil. The maximum allowable resistance for earthing is 1Ω. If it is
more than 1 ohm, then increase the size (not length) of earth lead and earth continuity conductors. Keep
the external ends of the pipes open and put the water time to time to maintain the moisture condition
around the earth electrode which is important for the better earthing system.
SI specification for Earthing

Various specifications in respect to earthing as recommended by Indian Standards are given below. Here
are few;
 An earthing electrode should not be situated (installed) close to the building whose installation system
is being earthed at least more than 1.5m away.
 The earth resistance should be low enough to cause the flow of current sufficient to operate the protective
relays or blow fuses. Its value is not constant as it varies with weather because it depends on moisture
(but should not be less than 1 Ohm).
 The earth wire and earth electrode will be the same material.
 The earthing electrode should always be placed in a vertical position inside the earth or pit so that it may
be in contact with all the different earth layers.
Dangers Of Not Earthing A Supply System

As emphasized on earlier, earthing is provided in order
 To avoid electric shock
 To avoid risk of fire as a result of earth leakage current through unwanted path and
 To ensure that no current carrying conductor rises to a potential with respect to general mass of earth
than its designed insulation.
However, if excessive current is not earthed, appliances will be damaged without the help of fuse in place.
You should note that excessive current are earthed at their generating stations which is why earth wires
carries very little or no current at all. It therefore implies that it is not necessary to earth any of the wires
(live, earth and neutral wires) contained in a PVC. Earthing the live wire is catastrophic.
I have seen a person killed simply because a live wire got cut from overhead pole and fell to the ground
while the ground was wet. Excessive current is earthed at generating stations and if at all the earthing is
not efficient due to fault, earth fault interrupters will be there to help. Fuse help only when the power
transmitted is above the rating of our appliances, it blocks the current from reaching our appliances by
blowing off and protecting our appliances in the process.
In our electrical appliances, if excessive currents are not earthed, we would experience severe
shock. Earthing takes place in electrical appliances only when there is a problem and it is to save us from
danger. If in an electronic installation, a metallic part of an electrical appliance comes in direct contact with
a live wire that results from maybe failure of installation or otherwise, the metal will be charged and static
charge will accumulate on it.
If you happen to touch the metallic part at that moment you will be zapped. But if the metallic part of the
appliance is earthed, the charge will be transferred to earth instead of accumulating on the metallic part of
the appliance. Current don’t flow through earth wires in electrical appliances, it does so only when there is
problem and only to direct the unwanted current to earth in order to protect us from severe shock.
In addition, if a live wire touches accidentally (in a faulty system) to the metallic part of a machine. Now,
if a man touches that metallic part of the machine, then the current will flow through their body to the
ground, hence, he will get shocked (electrocuted) which may lead to serious injuries even to death.

PERSONAL LEARNING FROM INTERNSHIP
 Learned how to assemble LED bulbs.
 Uses of solar panels in different fields and equipment.
 How to work as a team being an intern to carry out any project or work.
 Time management.
 Being an engineer developed the ability to work in any condition like weather, season or day
and night.

MAIN OUTCOMES
CONCLUSIONS WITH OPINIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS

PHOTOGRAPHS/APPENDIX

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Introduction
1. Power generation:-
 To satisfy the consumer needs economically.
 Emphasis on technically safety.
 Reliability & quality.
2. Conventional power generation

 High fuel price.
 Social pressures to conserve resources.
 Environmental awareness & increase in production cost.
 Concern for safety related to certain technology.
3. To develop new generation technology

 Ever increasing energy demand.
 Reduced environmental damages & increased safety.
 Conversion of energy & inexhaustible sources.
4. Renewable energy sources

 Received greater attention to develop efficient energy conversion & utilization
technology.

 Realization of enormous need to electricity & energies to remote rural areas.
 Ideally suited for decentralized variety of applications.
Power sector at a glance:- ALL INDIA

Total installed capacity as on 28-02-2018
Fuel MW Percentage %
Total Thermal 219556.59 65.71
Coal 193821.50 88.28
Gas 24897.46 11.34
Oil 837.63 0.38
Hydro (Renewable) 44963.42 13.45
Nuclear 6780 2.03
RES** (MNRE) 62486.90 18.81
Total 334146.91 100
National objectives
 Electrification of all households by 2011-12
 GDP growth at improved rate of 8-10%vduring 11th plan.
 Gradual reduction of T&D losses
 Demand side management for improvement of load factor.
 Formation of strong national grid.
Key issues
 Energy shortage due to restrictions & unscheduled cuts.
 Energy specification & conversion measure.
 Special impetus on rural electrification & irrigation.
Challenges
 Reduce T&D losses by 2011-12
 Electrification of all households.
 Development of strong electrical infrastructure for rural consumers.
 Marketing of electricity by creating demand.
R&D in new emerging technologies & thrust areas in power sector

 Clean coal technologies.
 Nano technology
 Super conducting applications.
 Thin film solar cells (Solar PV)

Solutions for coming out of this situation
 Conserve electricity.
 Conserve fossil fuels.
 Save water.
 Max. use of natural inexhaustible resources.
 Save environment.
Advantages of renewable energy

 Adequately available, least impact on environment & ecology.
 The cost of generation goes on decreasing as time passes.
 Environment friendly projects.
Limitations of renewable energy sources

 Solar
 Sea sonal nature & usefulness is somewhat limited.
 Biomass
 Cost of raw material increases every year.
 Co-Generation
 Only in sugar factories.
 Mini/Micro Hydel.
 Seasonal nature & canal based sites.
Solar Energy Resources Base

 Directly received by the earth through radiation.
 Constantly creating in several other forms of renewable energy such as:
 Wind due to differential heating of earth’s surface & rotation & orbit of earth
due to gravitation.
 Hydro power from evaporation & rising of water clouds by solar heat.
 Energy from tides caused by solar & lunar attraction.
 Waves caused by winds & tides.
 Ocean thermal due to temperature gradient in ocean water due to solar
heating.
Solar Energy
 It originates with the thermo nuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.
Solar belt
 North or south of the equator, the distance between the lines of longitude gets
shorter until they actually meet at the poles at 45° North or South of the equator.

Description of Technology
 Photovoltaic (PV) cell.
 N- Layer made with Silicon & Phosphorus.
 P- Layer made with Silicon & Boron.
How PV Cell produce electricity

 Light hits the photovoltaic cells.
 P-Layer absorbs the light energy.
 When rays of sunlight hit the solar cell electrons are ejected from the atoms.
 Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, which allow them to flow through
the PN junction to produce electricity.
PHOTO+VOLTAIC= Convert light energy into Electricity
Advantages of PV Cell/ System

 They have a long effective life.
 They are highly reliable.
 Easy to fabricate.
 Rapid response in output to input radiation.
 They do not create any pollution.
Disadvantages
 Cost is more.
 The relatively poor conversion efficiency.
 Availability varies with time.
 Large collecting area required.
Application of Solar PV Systems
 The terrestrial application of these system include provision of power supply to
 Water Pumping
 Cathodic protection of oil pipe lines
 Battery charging
 Cooking
 Heating
 Distillation
 Lighting

 Refrigeration
Main 3 applications of PV systems are
1) Power sources from PV systems.
2) Remote & Isolated applications.
3) Utility power generations facilities.
FORMS
A. Confidential report by the Head of the Department
1. Name of the Student: _______________________________________________________

2. Name & address of the Organization: _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Date of Internship: From:______/_____/_______ To _____/______/_____
4. Tasks assigned to the intern
___________________________________________________________________________
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5. Quality of the work done by the intern
___________________________________________________________________________
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6. Whether you would consider him/her for employment in future
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Your opinion about his/her work
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
Date: Signature and Seal
B. Confidential Evaluation Form
Note: Please tick(√) below the column to signify the response that suits your
evaluation.
SL.NO. CRITERION* EXCELLENT GOOD AVERAGE

1 Punctuality
2 Willingness to
learn
3 Reception of
feedback
4 Taking
initiatives
5 Analytical
skills
6 Research skills
7 Writing skills
8 Meeting
deadlines
9 Adjusting to
work
environment
10 Working in a
team
11 Communication
skills
Date:
Signature and Seal
*Parameters may vary depending on the nature of internship.


VTU Report on Internship at KPCL Solar Training Centre

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Visvesvaraya Technological University

“Jnana Sangama,” Belgaum

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UMME KULSUM 4PM15EE049

Under the Guidance of

PES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

NH 204, Sagar Road, Shivamogga – 577 204

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 1

Name of the Student: UMME KULSUM.

Register No.: 4PM15EE049.

Period of Internship: 1 month.

Name of the Organization: National Training Centre for Solar Technology,

Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, (A Government of Karnataka Enterprise),

Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 56001.

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 2

NH 204, Sagar Road, Shivamogga – 577 204

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 3

Mr.RUDRESH S J Dr.MANOJKUMAR M Dr.H.NAGANAGOUDA

(Asst. prof. dept. of EEE)

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 4

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 5

6. The main task completed

7. Details of areas sectors, branches and fields of work

8. Conclusion with opinions, suggestions and improvements

a. Personal learning from internship

Forms: Forms shall be filled by the Head of the Organization

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 6

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 7

What is Solar Power?

How does it Work?

How is Solar Power a “Greener” Option?

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 9

The objectives of a solar power plant are as follows:-

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 10

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 11

Power Station Number of Units Capacity (MW) Total MW

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 12

 Exploring, identifying and developing opportunities in power generation.

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy:

Karnataka Power Corporation Limited:

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 14

THE MAIN TASK COMPLETED

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 15

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 16

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 17

Time Intensity (x100)

HH:MM Lux Meter

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 18

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 19

 Speed of wind Measurement using Anemometer.

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 20

less mass of water than hot air.

Time Temperature in °C Humidity in %

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 21

PESITM, SHIVAMOGGA. Page 22

1. Energy consumption per day

Sl. Power No of hrs of

Total watts 1242 13 4311

Total watts hour per day = 4.311 kWh

2. Energy consumption per hour

4 Washing machine 400 1 1 400

5 Mixer 550 1 1 550