Index
Numerals in bold type denote chapters
Ability, 119-26, 130-43, 145
Absolute, 69, 199, 205
Accordance, 12, 14, 22
Acknowledgement of authority,
160, 163-4, 168, 171-4, 176,
178-81,192
Adjournment Debate, 94-5
Alice in Wonderland, 75, 123
Analysis, 16-19, 22-3, 25-8, 82,
139,208
Arbitration, 66-7, 173
Aristocracy, 37-40, 85, 117, 120
Aristotle, 38-41, 46, 59, 76, 120-2,
145
Aron, Raymond, 159
Art, 41, 49-50
Aryan, 13-14
Association, 35-41, 43-6, 48,
50-2, 54-5, 86, 95-7, 156-7,
164, 181-2, 186-8, 197, 202
Athens, 18, 87-8, 117, 182-3
Authority, 14, 16, 23-4, 31, 33,
38, 52-5, 64-8, 74-82, 92-3,
97,99, 114-15, 117, 125-6,
130, 133, 6, 175-81, 184, 186,
189-93, 202-7
Authorize, 92, 95, 167-8, 170,
184,204-5
Babeuf, F.-N. ('Gracchus'), 110
211
Beliefs, evaluation of, 8-15, 22,
208
Bell, Clive, 85
Benn, S. I., 131
Bentham, Jeremy, 120
Berlin, Sir Isaiah, 63
Bible, 9, 170
Blanc, Louis, 13
Bodin, Jean, 165
Bond, 75, 98, 169, 172, 175, 186,
191
Bosanquet, B., 192
Burke, Edmund, 89-90, 94
Cabinet, 30, 90-1, 93-4
Capacity, see Ability
Cause, 8-9, 185, 196
Charismatic, 170-2, 180
Charity, 48, 50,113,121,136,141,
146, 152, 203
Choice, 45-6, 56-64, 76-80, 83,
89, 125-6, 129, 132-3, 149,
151-2, 169, 171-2, 177, 181,
188
Church, 32-3, 37, 40-1, 44-6, 53,
86, 97, 156-7
Churchill, Sir Winston, 57
Cinderella, 138
Citizenship, 42-4, 88, 108-9, 146,
161, 182-4, 186, 189-90
212 Index
City-state, 41, 46, 87, 96
Civil service, 30, 51, 92, 94-5,
126-7, 196
Claim, 92, 105-6, 115, 131, 138-9,
141-4, 156-8, 163-4, 172,
176,179
Clarification of concepts, 8, 15-20,
22-3, 26-9, 208
Class, 7, 13, 39-40, 117, 167
Clough, A. H., 48
Coercive power, see Power
Command, 165, 167, 170-1, 178
Common good, 3-4, 38, 40, 68-73,
76,78-9,81-2,136-7,164,
181,194-7,201-5,208
Communism, 12-13, 15, 18-19,
37,47-50,68-9,84,86-7,
136-7
Community, 35-43, 45-7, 50, 72,
86,95-6, 136, 156-7, 164,
186-7, 203-4
Competition, 69, 71, 135-7
Compulsion, 44-6, 50, 55, 67, 72,
76-82, 161-3, 171-2, 177,
181, 188, 192, 206
Comte, Auguste, 24-5
Concepts, 15-18, 22-3, 26
Conflict, 33-4, 47, 60, 74, 77-8,
81,115,145,172-4,207
Conscience, 58, 60, 78, 89,
117-18, 144, 155-6,207
Consent, 81, 83, 88, 100, 161, 164,
176, 180-1, 189-92, 198,
201-2, 204-8
Conservatism, 49, 69-70, 86-7,
113, 118-19
Conservative Party, 15,70
Consistency, 9-15, 22-3, 26-8,
122-4, 149
Constitution, 38-40, 51, 74-5, 88,
92,95,153,179-80
Contract, 2-4, 7, 115, 141, 146-9,
161-3, 182-92, 198, 201-6
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 9
Crime, 10, 25, 65-6, 92, 114-16,
183, 199, 201
Criminal law, see Law
Critical evaluation, 8-15, 18-22,
25-9,208
Darwin, Charles, 9
Defence, 41, 47, 50
Definition, 16, 23, 30, 33-5, 43,
55-9,62-3, 115, 153-4, 157,
165
Delegate, 89
Democracy
as form of government or rule,
18-19,37-40,83-97, 100-3,
204-8
Athenian, 18, 87-8, 117
liberal, 15, 18,48-9,64-5,67,
76, 81-2, 4, 114
people's, 18-19, 84-5
principles of, 12-15,83-7,
95-103, 108, 120, 131
Desert, see Merit
Desire, 59-62, 78-80, 138
Device, 91-2, 95, 188-91, 203
Devlin, (Patrick) Lord, 81
Dickens, Charles, 40
Discrimination, 116, 120-33,
139-40
Divine right, 180-1
Dominion, 160-3, 170, 178
Economics, 6, 24, 40, 42, 47,
67-71,82,87, 110, 134,
138-9, 147-8, 196
Education, 6, 19, 32-3, 38, 40-1,
49-50, 65, 72-3, 84-6, 103,
109-10, 112, 123-6, 129, 131,
133-5, 137-8, 140, 142
Effective (authority or power),
76-7, 158, 160, 163-5, 171-4,
205
Elections, see Voting
Electoral College, 88-9
End,59, 70-3, 76-8,81-2,98,142,
145, 150-1, 180, 195-8, 201-8
Ends-in-themselves, 142
Engels, Friedrich, 13, 86
Entitlements, 150-2
Equality, 14-15, 19, 23-4, 70, 81,

83-7, 95-103, 117, 119-39,
145-51, 160
before the law, 108, 120-2
of consideration, 132-3
of opportunity, 85, 132-5
of satisfaction of needs, 132,
135-9
Equity, see Fairness
European Community, 19,53-4,
154
Executive, 30-1, 51, 82, 88-90,
92-5
Explanation, 6-9, 13, 21, 24-6,
185
Facility, 129-30, 138, 167-8
~ct,U,M,n,~,~,~,%,
101, 130-2, 139, 147, 169
Fairness, 49, 70, 73, 114-30, 135,
137-49, 151-2, 198, 202
Family, 6, 37-41, 45-6, 50, 65,
85-6, 95-6, 125-6, 142, 152,
164, 181, 186
Federation, 53, 96, 100, 129, 153
FIction, 75, 98,168-9,172
Force, see Power, coercive
Formal, 122-4, 139
Fraternity, 15, 86, 129
Free choice, 56, 60-1, 76-80,181,
188-9
Freedom, see Liberty
Function, 46-50, 55, 66, 72-6, 82,
92, 94, 118, 122, 149, 197-8,
201-4
Gemeinschaft, 35-7
General interest, see Common
good; Interest
Generalization, 6-7
General will, see Will
Gesellschaft, 35-7
God, 96, 106, 160-1, 180
Good and evil, 10, 12, 41, 48,
59-61,76-7,92,144,195
Government, 30-2, 83, 87-95,
187-9
Greece, ancient, 7, 10, 18,41,
46-7,87-8,96,116-17,182-3
Index 213
Green, T. H., 63, 192
Guilt, 115-16, 121-2, 125
Hamlet, 175
Harington, Sir John, 162
Hart, H. L. A., 81
Hayek, F. A., 71
Hegel, G. W. F., 192
Hereditary succession, 161, 164,
176, 179
Hobbes, Thomas, 77-8, 97, 160-3,
173, 178, 184-9, 191
Hohfeld, W. N., 105-6, 167
Homer, 18,63
Human rights, see Rights,
common or human
Hume, David, 25, 163, 191
Hypothesis, 6-8, 15,21,25,27,
147,206
Ideal, 7, 62, 83-7, 90, 96, 136,
193-5
Idealism, philosophical, 58-63,
78-9
Ideology, 7, 13,21-3,47
Impartiality, 100, 121-33
Improvement of concepts, 16-18,
22-3,28
Independence, 97-100
Individual, 18, 48, 65-6, 68, 73,
77-8, 82, 98-9, 111, 113-19,
142-5, 150, 195
Innocence, 115-16, 121-2, 125
Interest, 3, 36, 39-41, 59, 69,
78-9,130,145,191,195-7,
201, 203, 207
general, 3-5, 69-73, 79, 87,
115-16, 130, 136, 140-5, 181,
189,194-7,201-4
self-, 14, 40-1, 71, 124, 145-9,
176-8,184-7,191,194-7,203
International law, see Law
International relations 31 44 47
53-4, 95-103, 153~, 15~0:
174
Jesus of Nazareth, 180
214 Index
Judiciary, 51, 92-4, 118-19, 121-2,
125-7
Jurisdiction, 43--6, 52-5, 100, 163,
176, 181
Justice, 5, 12, 18, 23-5, 49-50, 64,
67-73,76,81-3,85,87,99,
5, 181, 184, 197-203, 205, 207
Justification, 8, 80, 130, 145,
185--6, 208
Kant, Immanuel, 60, 142
Kelsen, Hans, 51
Labour Party, 15, 70, 91
Language, 14, 24, 26, 75, 79, 96,
117,165-72,175-8,191-2
Law
civil, 44, 47, 66--8, 82, 92, 115,
121
criminal, 44, 47, 65--6, 73, 81-2,
92, 114-16, 121, 143
explanatory, 6, 28, 147
international, 44, 53-4, 95-100,
174
natural, 96--7, 106--7
of mental development, 24
of oligarchy, 7
positive, 1-5, 53-5, 64-82, 85,
92-4, 97-100, 107-8, 110--22,
126--7,130,139, 146, 154-8,
163-4, 168-9, 172-6, 179-80,
182-5, 190, 197-208
sociology of, 7
Legal fiction, see Fiction
Legislature, 30--1, 51, 75--6, 88-94,
101, 112, 153
Liberal democracy, see
Democracy
Liberalism, 84, 86, 135, 137
Liberty, 14-15, 18,23-4,48,3,
83-6,92-3,95,97, 100,
103-9,112,114,116--17,119,
125, 127-8, 136--7, 147,
149-50, 159--60, 167, 169,
172, 184, 193, 198-9
Licence, 59--60, 91, 166-7
Lincoln, Abraham, 87
Locke, John, 77, 97,107,150,190,
192, 197-9
Logic, 11, 26--7, 79, 115, 122-4,
175, 185
Luther, Martin, 169
Maheu, R., 124
Maine, Sir Henry, 7
Majority, 58, 73, 87-91, 97,101-3,
145, 193-4, 205-8
Marxism, 13,40,86--7, 164
Marx, Karl, 7, 13,40, 137
Maximin, 148
Means, 59, 70--1, 98, 138, 142,
197-8, 201, 203, 208
Merit, 88, 115-16, 119-21, 130,
136--7,139-47, 150
Metaphysics, 24-5, 58, 109
Method, 27, 47, 50--1
Methodology, 23-9
Michels, R., 7
Mill, J. S., 65-6, 78, 81, 84, 87,
173
Minimal State, 48-9, 74, 81, 149
Minimum, basic, 49, 72, 137-9,
142, 148-9
Monarchy, 37-9, 85, 92-3
Montesquieu, (c. L. de Secondat)
Baron de, 93
Moral
conduct, 10, 41, 59-61, 65,
76--8,81,113-14,117,123-4,
144, 194-5
ends, see End
justice, 49, 99,113-14, 117-18,
129-30, 139, 200
obligation, see Obligation
philosophy, see Philosophy
point of view, 53, 114, 155-6,
176-7
principles, 10, 13,86,106--7,
114, 122, 147, 200
rights, see Rights
Morgenthau, H. J., 159
Moses, 180
Names, 16
Nation, 37, 41-3, 96, 98,129
 Index 215

Nationalism, 42 Paine, Thomas, 110

Nationality, 42, 108-9
Nation-State, 37, 41-3, 97, 174
Naturalization, 43, 182-4, 189
Natural will, see Will
Nature, 56-7, 61-3, 75, 84, 97,
130, 133, 135, 138, 184-6, 190
Nazism, 13-14,57,104
Necessary condition, 59, 158, 171
Necessity, 27, 44, 56, 59-60, 79,
169-72, 177, 203-4
Need, 71-2,119-21,127,130-2,
136-42, 145-8, 150
Negative, 48-50, 55, 57-8, 82, 131,
197,201-2
Neill, A. S., 38
Newton, Sir Isaac, 24-5
Norm, 7, 62, 119, 130
Norman, R., 63-4
Normative, 7, 21-3, 25,170
Nozick, R., 149-52
Obedience, 2-5, 44-5, 78, 146,
155-7,161-3,165,167,
170-2, 175-8, 182, 184-8,
198, 201, 204-8
Obligation
in relation to a right, 16, 43, 98,
105-6, 161, 166-9, 172, 178,
182-3, 200, 203-4
legal, 98, 155-6, 160, 175-9,
186,200
moral, 106, 155-7, 161-2, 169,
175-81, 184-5, 196-208
of promise, 162-3, 178, 182-92
political, 2-5, 23, 146, 161-2, 7
prudential, 176-9, 184-5, 188,
196,203
Obliged, 171, 176-8,203
Oligarchy, 7, 37-40, 85, 88
Ombudsman, 95
Omnicompetence, 46-8, 74-81,
207
Oppenheim, L. F. L., 100
Order, 41, 47-50, 55, 99, 113-19,
145, 172, 201
Organic theory, 47, 98
Orwell, George, 61-2, 137
Parliament, 30, 75-6, 90-5, 118,
153, 190
Parliamentary Question, 94
Participation, 95, 108-9
Penetocracy, 40
Perelman, Ch., 122
Peters, R. S., 131
Philosophy
conservative, 8
moral, 10, 12, 24, 122, 176, 185
of knowledge, 9-12,17,21-2,
24
of practice, 10-13, 17-18,21
of science, 24-7
political, 1, 32, 35, 74, 97,146,
165, 193, 208
sceptical, 8, 10
social, 6-7, 10, 12, 17,20,23-4,
28,170
traditional, 7-15, 18-29
Plamenatz, J. P., 193
Plato, 7, 46, 59, 78, 84-5,117-18,
120, 135, 145, 163, 182-7, 190
Plutocracy, 40
Police, 51, 57, 92, 126-7, 162
Polis, 41, 46
Political
argument, 2
behaviour, 30-2
contrasted with social, 6, 23-4,
30-5
institutions, 30-1, 85, 87-95,
100-3,204
parties, 7,15,30-1,40,49,82,
88-91, 95, 101
philosophy, see Philosophy
science, 5-7, 20, 24,153
sovereignty, see Sovereignty
theory, see Theory
Politics, 6, 30-5, 37-8, 47, 87,
153-4, 157, 161, 164, 194
Polity, 39-40
Positive, 7, 21, 23-5, 28, 48-50,
55, 58, 121, 139,201-2
law, see Law
Possibility, 74-6, 168-9
216 Index
Power
balance of, 159-60
coercive, 16, 32, 50-2, 55, 63,
78, 80, 90, 92, 99, 101,
155-74, 178-9, 188, 192,
195-6, 199, 201, 203
different senses of, 33-4, 157,
165-8, 171
great, 99, 101, 159-60
in relation to authority, 75-6,
100, 167-72, 178-9, 192,204
irresistible, 160-2
separation of, 51, 92-4, 153
Presuppositions, 14-15, 27-8, 124,
131, 138
Promise, 3, 146, 162-3, 178,
182-92, 205-6
Prudence, see Interest, self-;
Obligation, prudential
Psychology, 10,75,147,149,186
Pufendorf, Samuel, 187
Punishment, 44-5, 51, 66, 92, 108,
114-16, 140, 143-5, 155, 157,
183, 199, 202, 207
Purpose, 35-41, 47, 50, 142, 191,
197-8,201
Race, 13-14, 76, 126-31
Rationality, 78, 122-4, 132, 145-9,
208
Rational will, see Will
Rawls, J., 145-9
Reasons
for action, 77, 124, 126, 163-4,
176-81, 189-92, 196
for belief, 8-15, 21-2, 185-6
Reform, 49, 82, 113, 118-19, 135,
152
Regulation, 31-2, 37-41, 47
Relevance, 120-2, 125-6, 131-3,
139
Religion, 6, 9, 37, 40-1, 45-7, 50,
57,60-1,65,96-7,117-18,
128-9, 142, 156, 164, 170, 180
Representative, 88-94, 108, 190
Responsibility, 27, 50, 62, 72, 86,
88, 120, 142-3, 145
Restraint, 56-64, 80
Reward, 134, 136-7, 140, 144,
150,202
Right and wrong, 10, 12,21,57,
61, 65-6, 77-8, 80, 113-14,
125, 135, 176
Rights
bill of, 108, 110-11
civil and political, 108-9, 111-12
common or human, 44, 53-4,
72, 103-12, 125, 127-8, 139,
198-200
economic, social, and cultural,
109-12
in relation to authority, 165-7,
170-1,175,178,202-4
in relation to justice, 5, 49, 71,
73, 114-19, 127-8, 130-42,
145, 147, 150-2, 197-202
in relation to obligations, 16, 43,
98, 105-6, 114, 130, 139, 161,
166-7,169-70,172,175,178,
197-200, 204
legal, 43-4, 48-9, 85, 98, 105,
107,114,117,155,199-200
moral, 72,106-7,114,117,130,
155, 197-200
natural, 104-8, 110, 117, 184,
190, 192, 197-200
of action, 105-6, 166-8, 175
of recipience, 105-6, 139, 167,
172,175,179,198
of the individual, 5, 18, 68, 73,
82, 115-19, 145
or entitlements, 150-2
Robespierre, Maximilien, 110
Role, 126, 130, 132-3
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 104
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 57
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 3, 78, 87,
192-4
Royalty, 39-40
Rules, 31, 50-2, 83, 86, 101, 154,
156, 164, 168-71, 179-81,
185, 198
Sabine, G. R., 84
Sanctions, 47, 51, 65, 68, 76, 174,
202

Science, 8-10, 12, 14-15, 17,24-7,
87
Sciences
natural, 6, 9, 21, 27-8
social, 5-7, 21, 24-8,147
Scientific theory, see Theory
Security, 47-50, 55, 73, 77, 107-8,
172, 185, 201
Self-development, 59, 133, 138,
143
Self-interest, see Interest
Self-realization, 58--63, 136, 143
Separation of powers, see Power
Slavery, 39, 60-3, 78-80, 88, 96,
108, 161
Smith, Adam, 71
Social
anthropology, 24
class, see Class
contract, see Contract
contrasted with political, 6,
23-4,30
freedom, see Liberty
groups, 35-7, 40,117-18,
127-30
ideals, see Ideals
justice, 49, 71-2, 87, 11:8-19,
135
morality, 113-14
philosophy, see Philosophy
purposes, 41
sciences, see Sciences
studies, 6, 28
Socialism, 69-71, 86-7, 137
Society, 6-7,10,12,17-18,25,
31-2, 35, 44, 64-5, 71-3,
114-19, 128-9, 134, 138-45,
147-9, 184-7
international, 95-103
tribal, 31-2, 117, 180
Sociological theory, see Theory
Sociology, 5-7, 24, 35, 87,169-70
Socrates, 16, 182-3, 190
Sophists, 10
Sovereignty, 16, 19, 23, 31, 52-5,
97-100, 6, 175, 184--6
political, contrasted with legal,
154--64
Index 217
State, 7, 23, 2, 64-82, 85, 95-103,
107, 111-12, 118, 129, 136,
139, 146, 149-51, 153--64,
172--6, 179-90, 193, 195--6,
208
Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames, 114
Subject, 93-4, 161-2, 179, 186
Sufficient condition, 158, 160
Superpower, 159--60
Supremacy, 52-5, 97, 99, 153--60,
165, 173-4
Surrender, 163, 188-9
Synthesis, 16-17,22-3,28
Talent, see Ability
Theology, 24--6, 106-7, 160-1, 199
Theory
political, 5-7, 97-8
scientific and philosophical, 5-9,
21-7, 185--6
sociological, 5-7, 35
Timocracy, 39
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 84, 87
Tonnies, F., 35, 37, 186-7
Totalitarianism, 18,41,47,74,76,
163
Trade unions, 46, 50-2, 68, 109,
181
Tradition, 9-11, 96-7, 170-1
Truth, 10, 12,21,25,27,106-7
Turgot, A.-R.-J., 110
Tyranny, 39, 87, 163
UNESCO,125
United Nations Organization, 97,
100-4, 110-12
Universality, 43-5, 81, 83, 96,
104-8, 130-2, 139, 181, 205,
208
Utilitarian, 4-5, 69, 140-5, 195,
197,200-2
Utility, 71-2, 115-16, 134, 137,
140--6, 189, 197, 200-2
Values, 12-15, 22, 28, 58-9, 63-4,
77,80,85,117,145,149
Vattel, E. de, 97
Voluntary, 45, 54, 67, 83, 129,
218 Index
Voluntary cant.
163, 171, 181-3, 188, 192,
197,201-2,206-7
Voting, 30, 43, 85-91, 95, 100-3,
108-9, 112, 131, 206-8
VVeber, ~ax, 169-70
VVelfare or well-being, 48-50,
71-3, 82, 148-9, 201-2
VVelfare State, 18, 49-50, 72,
136-7,142
VVill
free, see Free choice
general, 3-4, 78, 87,181,192-7,
201-5
holy, 60
natural, 35, 37, 186
rational, 35, 37, 195
real, 192, 195-6
VVilson, Harold (Lord VVilson of
Rievaulx), 91
VVorth, 120--2, 145