Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014) 460–465

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Construction and Building Materials

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Banana leaves ashes as pozzolan for concrete and mortar of Portland

cement
Rodrigo C. Kanning a, Kleber F. Portella b,⇑, Mariana O.G.P. Bragança b, Marcelle M. Bonato a,
Jeannette C.M. dos Santos c
a
Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19011, CEP: 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
b
Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento, P.O. Box 19067, CEP: 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
c
Departamento de Novas Ligações, Companhia de Eletricidade da Bahia, Av. Edgard Santos, 300, Narandiba, Salvador, CEP: 41181-900, Brazil

h i g h l i g h t s

 Banana leaf ash was assessed as pozzolanic materials in concrete and mortar products.
 Banana leaf ash demonstrated pozzolanic activity index with a strength of 7.900 MPa.
 Worldwide productions of banana may generate up to 10 million tons of ashes from their leaves.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The worldwide productions of banana were bigger than 95 million tons, which resemble to, approxi-
Received 13 September 2013 mately, 10.22 million tons of ashes. Additions of these residues or banana leaf ash (BLA) in mortars were
Received in revised form 2 December 2013 investigated by ratios of 0–10% in replacement to weight of the Portland cement as pozzolanic materials.
Accepted 16 December 2013
The products were characterized by chemical compositions, SEM, rheology and pozzolanic activity index.
Available online 23 January 2014
Hardened materials were characterized by tearing it in walls. The mechanical and chemical resistance
performances of 10% and 20% BLA concrete samples were also evaluated by artificial ageing chambers.
Keywords:
The BLA was considered a pozzolan material.
Banana leaf ash
Pozzolan
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mortar
Concrete
Materials characterization

1. Introduction
The application and use of mineral admixtures in mortar and
concrete have been widely studied in recent decades to improve
the resistance and durability of their composites and reduce the
cement consumption, because of the substitution of this material
in rates of 8–10% [1–9]. In addition, unusual and wasted materials
in concrete may prove to be technically feasible solutions to
improve good performance, diminishing costs of production and
reducing local environmental impact [3,7,10]. As examples, two
cases of important natural materials assessed in Brazil to the civil
engineering areas as pozzolan can be cited: the first one is the
bagasse ashes, investigated by Cordeiro et al. [11] which identified
their high pozzolanic activity, attributed to the presence of
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 41 3361 6220; fax: +55 41 3361 6141.
E-mail address: kfportella@pq.cnpq.br (K.F. Portella).
amorphous silica in small particle size, with high surface area
and low loss on ignition; and, the second, by Pedrozo [12], whose
researched the utilization of 15% and 25% ratios of residual rice
rush ashes in structural concrete for long life span on chloride envi-
ronment exposition. Their products performances had decreased
the cement consumption, had increased the mechanical and chem-
ical resistances of Portland concrete and had reduced the conse-
quent environmental impact in agriculture and construction areas.
A pozzolan material is defined by ASTM C 125-13 [13] as a prod-
uct that has chemical structure based on siliceous or siliceous and
aluminous material, with little or no portions of cement but that
will, in finely divided form and with water, it reacts chemically
with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form com-
pounds that has cementitious properties. The pozzolanic activity
arises from the reaction of amorphous silica with Ca(OH)2 to form
calcium silicate hydrate gel as the basic reaction presented in the
Eq. (1).
xSiO2 þ yCaO þ zH2 O ¡ xCaO  ySiO2  zH2 O ð1Þ

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.030
 R.C. Kanning et al. / Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014) 460–465
From these, banana leaf ash (BLA) was assessed as pozzolanic
materials in concrete and mortar products. Once a time, in 2012,
were produced more than 95 million tons of banana and plantain
(Musa spp.) [14,15]. These worldwide productions resemble to,
approximately, 10.22 million tons of ashes and residues from ba-
nana plant [10]. Then, the purpose of this research was investi-
gated the influence of the addition of banana leaf ash in cement
mortar and concrete, in proportions of 0%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, in
terms of fresh and hardened state.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Filler-modified Portland cement (type CPII F-32) and pozzolan-modified Port-
land cement CPII Z 32, both of them with a compressive strength of 32 MPa at
28 days, were casted for the production of mortars and concrete samples, respec-
tively. Fine and coarse aggregates of washed natural medium sand and crushed ba-
salt stone with a maximum nominal size of 4.8 and 20 mm, respectively, were used
and tested according to the recommendations of ACI Education Bulletin E1-07 [16]
and Brazilian standards [17].
Banana leaf ash (BLA) was obtained after burning at 900 °C for 24 h in air, based
on the parameters, experiments and data from the literature [8,10,18,19,20]. The
temperature and the time in the oven were defined for decreased grayscale or close
to white tones of the BLA powders to facilitate the public acceptance and to main-
tain a higher percentage of amorphous reactive phases [10]. Then, the material was
ground in a Marconi ball mill with a capacity of 35 l at 55 rpm for 30 min.
The physicochemical characterization of the cement and the natural and artifi-
cial aggregates was performed before their use in the mixtures. The elementary
chemical composition and the chemical phases were obtained from energy disper-
sive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)
methods. PW 2400 Philips fluorescence equipment was used to determine the ele-
mental chemical composition. The XRD of specimens was performed using a Philips
(X’Pert MPD) diffractometer with Cu Ka radiation operating at 40 kV and 30 mA,
with a 2h scan between 3° and 70°, an angular step of 0.02°, a step time of 0.5 s,
and a divergent slit of 1/2°. The diffraction patterns from ICDD were used to identify
the chemical phases of the specimens.
The material was also analyzed by the following procedures: (i) determination
of the particle size with a # 325 mesh sieve and determination of the particle size
distribution by laser equipment from CILAS, model 1064, according to the disper-
sion of the material in water without a dispersing agent, (ii) bulk density by the
Le Chatelier method, (iii) specific surface by the Blaine method [21], (iv) squeeze
flow, (v) water retention index [22], and (vi) pozzolanic activity index – PAI (Eq.
(2)) [23,24]. These tests were developed with mortar reference specimens of
(50  100) mm in the proportions of 104: 936 g (CaO: sand) and a consistency of
(225 ± 5) mm, as verified by the flow table test. The BLA was added to the reference
mortar and then analyzed.
PAI ¼ 2  ðdpoz  dcal Þ  104 ð2Þ
where PAI is the pozzolan activity index, dpoz is the pozzolan specific mass (kg m3),
and dcal is the lime specific mass (kg m3).
Modified Chapelle’s method [23] was done to the determination of calcium
hydroxide fixed by BLA materials. For the mechanical strength tests, the materials
(BLA, lime, water and sand) were homogenized in a closed vessel during 2 min
and prepared as previously recommended in a press Toni Technik/ToniNORM, with
a loading speed of 500 N s1 [10,25].
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic drawing of the prismatic reinforcing bar; (b) view of the metal and graphite bars and their dimensions (mm); and (c) electrochemical electrodes (WE –
carbon steel CA-50; CE – graphite electrode; and CSE – reference electrode).
461
Fig. 2. SEM micrograph of BLA powder at a magnification of 2500.
2.2. Dosage of mortar and concrete
The mortar reference mix proportions were 1:3 (cement CPII F 32: sand) by
mass (w/w).
BLA mortars were casted adding X = 0, 5, 7.5 and 10% of banana leaf ashes as the
%weight/binder, at a reference composition of 1:3:X. To all the samples were added
0.625% (%weight/cement) of polyfunctional additive based on lignosulfonate with
specific mass of 1.18 g cm3. The compositions of BLA and reference samples were
based on experimental procedures and literature data [5,10,26–28]. The binder con-
tent and the water to binder (W/B) ratio of all types of mortar were 0.59%, 0.58% and
0.57%, respectively.
BLA concrete with X = 0, 10 and 20% (%weight/binder weight) cement substi-
tution was casted with a 0.5% (W/B) ratio and a slump results of 300 mm. The
basic proportion was 1:1.6:2.56:0.5:X:1.0 (cement:sand:gravel:water:BLA:
additive). The CPII-Z 32 cement consumption was 425 kg m3, because this com-
position was based on the experimental results and on the trace utilized in poles
for power distribution energy networks made by the local manufacturers of con-
crete and it is in accordance to the literature, which indicates cement consump-
tion between 400 and 500 kg m3 for concrete with silica fume additions [29].
The reference-concrete, 0% BLA, was also produced from each concrete mixture.
A super plasticizer based on modified polycarboxylic ether with a specific mass
of 1.04–1.08 kg m3 was used.
2.3. Mortar specimens
The compressive and flexural strengths of the mortars were determined at
ages of 28, 56 and 91 days using six-dimensional specimens of (40  40
160) mm for each composition, in accordance with NBR 13279 [30]. The tests
were performed in a press EMIC universal testing DL30000 with a loading speed
of 500 N/s.
The water absorption index by the capillarity method was determined in pris-
matic molds with dimensions of (160  40  40) mm at 28 days of age according to
NBR 13259 [31].
The compositions based on 0, 5, 7.5 and 10% of BLA mortar were tested for adhe-
sive strength at ages of 28, 56 and 91 days. For these tests, the materials were cast
as masonry on ceramic block walls of (90  140  190) mm. The masonry surface
was coated with roughcast that was initially rolled. After 7 days of curing, the
BLA mortar and the reference were applied to the wall with a thickness of 15 mm
and finished with a wood trowel.
462 R.C. Kanning et al. / Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014) 460–465

Table 1
Results for the tensile strength in bending and axial compressive strength of BLA mortars.

Samples Tensile stress in bending average (MPa) Compressive strength (MPa)

28 days 56 days 91 days 28 days 56 days 91 days
0% BLA 6.4 ± 0.4 6.4 ± 0.4 6.2 ± 0.1 26 ± 11 29 ± 1 31 ± 3
5% BLA 6.7 ± 0.1 6.8 ± 0.2 7.0 ± 0.3 33 ± 1 34 ± 3 40 ± 1
7.5% BLA 6.9 ± 0.1 6.7 ± 0.1 7.2 ± 0.1 36 ± 1 36 ± 5 41 ± 1
10% BLA 6.9 ± 0.1 6.9 ± 1.0 7.3 ± 0.1 36 ± 1 36 ± 1 40 ± 1

Table 2
Average adherence strength of the BLA mortars (MPa).

Mortar Adherence strength (MPa) Rupture region

28 days 56 days 91 days
0% BLA 0.184 ± 0.061 0.241 ± 0.102 0.310 ± 0.064 Substrate
5% BLA 0.209 ± 0.089 0.304 ± 0.079 0.334 ± 0.095
7.5% BLA 0.202 ± 0.059 0.322 ± 0.116 0.293 ± 0.070
10% BLA 0.173 ± 0.030 0.223 ± 0.065 0.272 ± 0.053

Fig. 3. SEM micrograph and EDS spectra at fracture surface of the mortar with
10% BLA after 56 days of natural environment ageing. Magnification: 650. EDS
spectra – region A, gel with Si/Ca = 1.10 and Al/Ca = 0.38 relationships; and region
B: gel composition – Si/Ca = 0.65 and Al/Ca = 0.25 relationships.
After periods of curing, the samples were pulled out by a saw cup with a diam-
eter of 50 mm and a maximum depth of (18 ± 2) mm. The specimens were analyzed
by the pullout test as recommended [10,32].
The results of the potential resistance of the tensile adherence of the mortars
were obtained by Eq. (3), and the rupture surface was analyzed according to their
form of disruption on mortar interface|ceramic blocks or substrates.
Ri ¼ P i =Ai ð3Þ
where, Ri is the adherence resistance to traction (MPa), Pi is the rupture load (N) and
Ai is the area of the specimen (mm2).
2.4. Concrete specimens
Concrete cylinders of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm high were used to deter-
mine the compressive and flexural strength. The concrete samples were removed
from their molds after casting for 24 h, cured in water for 28 days and analyzed
at 7, 28 and 91 days.
The micrographic analyses of fractured concrete surfaces were performed using
a XL30 model Philips Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Gold was applied to the
surfaces by sputtering.
The open circuit potential (OCP) or corrosion potential by electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed on reinforced concrete speci-
mens. The specimens were cast in rectangular sections of (91  49) mm and
100 mm high, with three longitudinal bars of carbon steel CA-50 with a nominal
Fig. 4. Photograph illustrating the rupture face of the 10% BLA mortar specimen
after the bonding strength test. The highlighted region (lighter shade) A shows the
substrate, B is the mortar, and its interface has added grout (darker).
diameter of 6.3 mm and a length of 125 mm, as shown schematically in Fig. 1.
The bars were previously polished to reduce the passivation oxide layer and there-
fore prevent the inclusion of an additional variable in the electrochemical system. A
delimited central bar area of approximately 220 mm2 was left by encapsulating the
bars with insulating tape at both of ends (as shown in the schematic drawing in
Fig. 1(b and c)). In this case, a bar of graphite was used as the counter electrode.
The corrosion potential measurements and the impedance tests were per-
formed according to the literature [33,34] after 11 months of ageing times. The
guidelines described in ASTM C876 [33] provide basic principles for the evaluation
of the reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete and indicate the relative probability of
corrosion activity as a function of the half-cell potential reading for a Cu/CuSO4
(CSE) reference electrode. These values were referred to oxidation potentials.
The specimens were then exposed in a standard cyclic salt spray chamber [35]
and a humidity chamber (95 RH%, (25 ± 2) °C) for a period longer than 150 days and
then analyzed by EIS tests in maximum intervals of 20 days.
To investigate the factory performance BLA concrete with 10% (%weight/binder
weight) cement substitution was also casted as cross arms for electrical distribu-
tions networks, with a 0.5% (W/B) ratio and a slump result of 300 mm. The basic
proportion was 1:1.6:2.56:0.5:0.1:1.0 (cement:sand:gravel:water:BLA:additive).
The CPII-Z 32 cement consumption was 425 kg m3.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Raw materials
The aggregate was classified as quartz with a maximum dimen-
sion of 4.8 mm without the presence of deleterious substances
above the limits of the standard [17]. The coarse aggregates were
 R.C. Kanning et al. / Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014) 460–465 463

0% BLA XRD results demonstrated an amorphous phase of 83.0%. The

-600
Corrosion potencial (CSE), mV

10% BLA remaining crystalline phases were identified as calcite (CaCO3),

20% BLA
-500 quartz (SiO2), rutile (TiO2) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3).
greater than 90% probability that These compounds tended to reduce the PAI of the material. The
-400 reinforcing steel corrosion
crystalline forms were, most likely, originated due the slow cooling
corrosion activity of the
of the BLA inside the oven, because ash remained at temperatures
-300
reinforcing steel in that of approximately 80 °C after burning until its removal from the
area is uncertain.
-200 oven after 12 h. This burning procedure could be improved for
90% probability that no
the industrial production of the pozzolan material.
-100 reinforcing steel corrosion The analysis of the ash particles from BLA by SEM showed that
0
most of them had angled faces, with sizes ranging from 1 lm to
0 100 200 300 400 10 lm diameter, as shown in Fig. 2. The BLA presented a specific
Ageing time BLA concrete composition at 95 RH%, days surface (Blaine) of approximately 14,000 cm2 g1 with a specific
mass of (2.440 ± 0.012) g cm3.
(a) The PAI of the material was (7.900 ± 0.098) MPa. The results
met the minimum compressive strength of 6 MPa at 7 days [24].
4000
10% BLA - after 28 days at 95 RH%
10% BLA - after 90 days at cyclic salt spray
The PAI obtained from Modified Chapelle’s method showed
3500
10% BLA - after 184 days at cyclic salt spray (422 ± 28) mg of calcium hydroxide fixed. This result confirms
3000 BLA as a pozzolanic material [37].
2500
- Z" (Ω)

2000

1500 -2
3,76.10 Hz 3.2. Mortar specimens
1000

500
0 of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% was (7.66 ± 0.09)% and therefore it was lower
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Z' (Ω)
(b)
Fig. 5. (a) Corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete submitted
to 95RH% and a temperature of (23 ± 2) °C and (b) EIS complex plane diagram
(Nyquist) spectra 10% BLA rebar as a function of the cyclic salt spray time of
exposure and CSE reference electrode.
characterized as basaltic rock with a maximum feature size of
9.5 mm. Their size distribution was in accordance to the recom-
mendations of the standard and the literature [17–19].
The results of the physical and chemical cement CPII F-32
and CP II Z 32 were in accordance to the materials specification
[21].
The BLA used had an average particle diameter after milling of
15 lm, approximately. The chemical composition of the particles,
in terms of the main oxides, were SiO2 = 48.7%, Al2O3 = 2.6%, and
Fe2O3 = 1.4%, and thus they met the requirements establishing a
minimum content of 50% of these minerals [36]. The loss on igni-
tion (5.06%) was close to the maximum stipulated limit (6%). The
amount of Na2O, which is responsible for the appearance of efflo-
rescence or the occurrence of alkali aggregate reaction, was
0.21%, a value lower than 1.5%, the upper limit according to the
standard. Because of its nature and composition, the BLA was
classified as E [36].
The average content of entrained air in mortar with the addition
3000 3500 4000
than the reference (8.06 ± 0.14)%, what indicated a possible filler
effect due the amount of fines added.
The squeeze flow test by axial compression showed a similar
rheological behavior between the compositions studied. The BLA
samples presented smaller deformation than the reference mortar.
This result was possible due the reduced quantity of air incorpo-
rated by the angled faces that forms its microstructure. Thus, more
effort may be needed to spread it on floors and walls, diminishing
its productivity.
The index of water retention of BLA mortars was higher than
the reference one. They were classified as U4 for 10% BLA, U3 for
7.5 and 5% BLA, and U2 for the reference [38].
The results of the tensile strength in bending and axial com-
pression are shown in Table 1. All of the BLA mortars presented
better performance than the reference ones. The reference mortar
might be classified as R6 and the BLA mortars as P6 [28].
The specific mass of the BLA mortar was (1.91 ± 0.02) kg m3.
This value is 3% higher than the reference.
The capillarity coefficient decreased with the addition of BLA in
the mortar and was classified as C2 [38].
A micrograph of the fracture surface of a sample with 10% BLA
aged during 56 days in natural environment is shown in Fig. 3, with
a magnification of 650. A standard monolithic mortar with low
porosity was observed in the region A with a gel composition of
Si/Ca = 1.10 and Al/Ca = 0.38 relationships, and B with a gel phase
based on Si/Ca = 0.65 and Al/Ca = 0.25 relationships.

Table 3
Circuit parameters (Rs – electrolyte resistance, Rp – charge transfer resistance, and CPE – constant phase element) and equivalent circuit model estimated for the 10% BLA rebar
system submitted to 28 days at 95 RH%, 90 days in cyclic salt spray, and 184 days in a cyclic salt spray ageing chamber.

System Time of exposure Circuit parameters n Schematic equivalent circuit

Rs  103 O Rp  103 O CPE  103 F
10% BLA 28 days 95 RH% 1.44 237 2.09 0.72
90 days salt spray 1.49 69.1 1.88 0.62

184 days salt spray 1.77 4.59 2.50 0.61

464 R.C. Kanning et al. / Construction and Building Materials 54 (2014) 460–465
The results of the average strength of adhesion of the mortar/
substrate surfaces of 28, 56 and 91 days and the locations of break-
age are shown in Table 2.
All mortar specimens had ruptured in the substrate and could
be classified as resistance blocks [32], which may be a result of
the lower porosity of the substrate surface due the penetration of
cement slurry mortar particles into the blocks by the capillary ef-
fect. The roughcast created a bridge between the adhesive and
the substrate mortar with a bigger contact area for plastering mor-
tar and thus improving the adherence. Then, the results showed
the disruption of the ceramic blocks, as shown in Fig. 4. For this
reason, the result cannot be classified according to the recommen-
dation [38].
3.3. Concrete samples
The mechanical strength of the concrete with 20% BLA was
(48 ± 2) MPa at 28 days. This value was 12% higher than the 0%
BLA one, at the same water/binder ratio.
The average tensile strength under diametrical compression of
the composition having 20% BLA was (5.2 ± 0.7) MPa at 28 days,
corresponding to an increase of approximately 20% with respect
to the 0% BLA.
The resulting corrosion potentials (relative CSE reference elec-
trode) for the 0%, 10% and 20% BLA concrete samples are shown
in Fig. 5(a) at time of exposure at 95 RH% humidity chamber. After
approximately 300 days of exposure, neither of the BLA nor RC
concrete samples demonstrated high probability of reinforcing
steel bar corrosion.
The EIS of concrete rebars, exposed to cyclic salt spray atmo-
sphere, showed that the behaviors of the BLA samples differ from
that observed in the RC, possibly due to the decrease of the alkali
concentration present in first one, caused by the pozzolanic reac-
tion. Until 150 days of exposure, the 0% BLA samples showed a
greater tendency toward corrosion, with potential values in the re-
gion of highest probability, as indicated by the standard [33].
The complex plane diagram (Nyquist) of the 10% BLA rebar at
time of the cyclic salt spray is illustrated in Fig. 5(b). In Table 3
are presented their EIS parameters evaluated by a schematic equiv-
alent circuit. The results showed that there was no variation in the
electrolyte resistance of concrete, Rs. The charge transfer resistance
Rp diminished with ageing time in cyclic salt spray exposure. The
equivalent circuit model was based on Feliu et al. [39].
Fig. 6. Cross arms for electrical distribution networks casted with 10% BLA
materials in substitution of the binder.
In Fig. 6 is shown the cross arms for electrical distribution net-
works casted with 10% BLA materials in substitution of same
weight ratio of binder (CPII Z 32 Portland cement). Their compres-
sive strength results at 25 days after casting was 32.1 MPa, over
then the product specification limit that is 25 MPa. The products
were casted without factory alteration processes and will be test
in Salvador seashore natural environment.
4. Conclusions
The BLA materials demonstrated pozzolanic activity index with
a strength of ((7.900 ± 0.098) MPa). They had good performance in
terms of the fresh state parameters and the mechanical behavior in
the hardened mortar state. The compressive strength until 10% BLA
mortar mixture was nearly 25% higher than the reference sample
and approximately 10% greater than that under tensile stress in
bending on average.
The mechanical strength of the concrete samples with 10% and
20% BLA mixtures were (38 ± 2) MPa and (47 ± 2) MPa at 28 days,
respectively. These values were 25% and 40% higher than the 0%
BLA. Both materials had good electrochemical parameters after
approximately 200 days in humidity and in the cyclic salt spray
chamber ageing.
BLA can be used as pozzolanic material in civil structures with
advantages such as lower costs and the equivalent reduction of
environmental impacts resulting from the accumulation of this
type of residue in the field. The concrete dosage with 10% BLA
materials were satisfactory casted as cross arms for electrical dis-
tribution networks factory production.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the UFPR, COELBA, LACTEC,
CNPq and ANEEL for financial support and infrastructure.
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