Push Over Analysis

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 5, No 3, 2015
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Application of Pushover Analysis for the calculation of Behavior Factor for

Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames
Mohamed S. Issa1, Heba M. Issa2
1- Professor, Reinforced Concrete Research Institute, Housing and Building National
Research Center, HBRC, Cairo
2- Lecturer, Reinforced Concrete Research Institute, Housing and Building National
Research Center, HBRC, Cairo
drmsisssa@gmail.com
doi: 10.6088/ijcser.2014050021
ABSTRACT
Modern seismic design codes stipulates a behavior factor (q-factor) to reduce the earthquake
loads which the structure is to be designed for. This is in account for the inelastic behavior of
the structure when subjected to severe earthquakes. Inelastic dynamic analysis consumes long
time in the interpretation of its results. A popular and simple method for studying the
nonlinear response of the structure is pushover analysis. Static type of pushover analysis is to
be used in this research work where the loads consist of permanent gravity loads and
incremental horizontal forces at each storey level. Capacity curves (base shear versus story
total drift) obtained from static pushover analysis using a commercially available software
called SeismoStruct (SeismoSoft 2014 ) are used for the calculation of some seismic demand
parameters such as behavior factor, q, overstrength factor, Ω, and ductility based reduction
factor, Rµ . Four reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames each of 7, 5 and 3 stories are
used in the analysis. The research work proved the efficiency of the static pushover analysis
in studying the nonlinear behavior of structures and that the suggested behavior factor (q) by
the Eurocode 8- Part 1 (Eurocode 8 Committee 2003 ) for non-dissipative structures presents
an acceptable lower limit.
Keywords: Seismic design, Behavior factor (q), Pushover analysis, Inelastic behavior,
Capacity curves.
1. Introduction
Nonlinear analysis is an important tool for the seismic design of structures. Among the
nonlinear methods of analysis is dynamic analysis. However, this type of analysis is complex,
time consuming and requires a carful interpretation of results. An efficient and simple method
to assess the nonlinear behavior of structures under seismic loads is the inelastic static
pushover analysis which is used here in this research work. This method is suitable for
structures featuring dynamic responses that are not significantly affected by the levels of
deformation incurred. Most of the modern international seismic design codes stipulates a so
called behavior factor or force reduction factor (q) to reduce the earthquake loads considering
the fact that the structure will show an inelastic behavior which dissipates the earthquake
energy. This inelastic behavior will be associated with large inelastic deformations (ductility
capacity) which governs the structural capacity in withstanding the earthquake loads. The
structural ductility (µ s) is calculated as the ratio of maximum displacement to the
displacement at yielding. This ductility capacity (µ s) is to be higher for structures with higher
behavior factor (q).
Received on November, 2014 Published on February, 2015 216

Application of Pushover Analysis for the calculation of Behavior Factor for Reinforced Concrete Moment-
Resisting Frames
Mohamed S. Issa, Heba M. Issa
2. The behavior factor (q)
The method of Uang 1991 is adopted in this research for the determination of q factor. The
following parameters are defined based on the capacity curves obtained from static pushover
analysis where the symbols are as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Seismic demand parameters
2.1 Structural Ductility (µs)
The structural ductility ratio (µ s) is defined as the ratio of maximum story drift (∆max) to story
drift at general yield (∆y).
∆
µ s = max (1.0)
∆y
2.2 Overstrength Factor (Ω)
This factor measures the reserved strength in the structure from the formation of the first
plastic hinge (Vs) to the general yield point (Vy).
V
Ω= y (2.0)
Vs
2.3 Ductility Based Force Reduction Factor (Rµ)
The structural ductility is responsible for dissipating hysteretic energy of earthquake which
results in reducing the maximum elastic seismic force (elastic base shear, Veu) to general
yield point (Vy) at failure.
Thus
Veu
Rµ = (3.0)
Vy
217
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 5 Issue 3 2015
Resisting Frames
2.4 Allowable Stress Factor (γ)
The allowable stress factor (γ) is defined as the ratio of base shear (structural strength) at
formation of the first plastic hinge (Vs) to the strength at allowable working design shear
(Vw).
V
γ= s (4.0)
Vw
2.5 Behavior Factor (q)
The behavior factor (q) used when calculating the seismic forces for building design is used
to achieve the balance between resistance and energy dissipation capacity and would be
defined as the value of elastic base shear (Veu) divided by the allowable working design shear
(Vw).
V V V V
q = eu = eu y s = Rµ Ωγ (5.0)
Vw V y Vs Vw
3. Examples used in the analysis
Four different reinforced concrete frames each consisting of 7, 5 and 3 stories are utilized in
the analysis. These frames are referred to by Build7-2, Build7-3, Build7-4, Build7-5, Build5-
2, Build5-3, Build5-4, Build5-5, Build3-2, Build3-3, Build3-4 and Build3-5. The first
numeral refers to the number of stories while the second numeral refers to the number of
bays. Figure 2 up to Figure 4 show the dimensions of the used frames. The cylinder
compressive strength of the concrete of the used frames is 30 MPa and the yield strength of
the used reinforcement is 500 MPa. The dimensions of the beams of all the frames are
250*700 mm while the dimensions of the columns are 250*800 mm. Static pushover analysis
was performed using a program called SeismoStruct. Both material and geometric
nonlinearities are considered when plotting the capacity curves (variation of base shear with
lateral displacement) which are shown in Figure 5 up to Figure 7.
Build7-2 Build7-3
218
Resisting Frames
Build7-4 Build7-5
Figure 2: Geometries of the used 7-stories frames.
Build5-2 Build5-3
Build5-4 Build5-5
219
Resisting Frames
Build3-2 Build3-3
Build3-4 Build3-5
1600 2000
1800
1400
1600
1200
1400
1000
Base Shear (kN)
1200
Base Shear (kN)
800 1000
800
600
600
400
400
200 200
0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Story Drift (m)
Story Drift (m)
Build7-2 Build7-3
2700 3600
2400 3200
2100 2800
1800 2400
Base Shear (kN)
Base Shear (kN)
1500 2000
1200 1600
900 1200
600 800
300 400
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Story Drift (m) Story Drift (m)
Build7-4 Build7-5
Figure 5: Capacity curves of the 7-stories frames.

220
Resisting Frames
2000 2000
1800 1800
1600 1600
1400 1400
Base Shear (kN)

Base Shear (kN)
1200 1200
1000 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28
Build5-2 Build5-3
4500 4000
4000
3500
3500
3000
3000
2500
Base Shear (kN)
Base Shear (kN)

2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Build5-4 Build5-5

2400 3000
2200 2800
2600
2000
2400
1800 2200
1600 2000
Base Shear (kN)
Base Shear (kN)
1800
1400
1600
1200
1400
1000 1200
800 1000
800
600
600
400 400
200 200
0 0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.4 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.3 0.33
Build3-2 Build3-3
5000 4800
4500
4500
4200
4000 3900
3600
3500
3300
3000
Base Shear (kN)
3000
Base Shear (kN)
2700
2500 2400
2000 2100
1800
1500 1500
1000 1200
900
500 600
300
0
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
Build3-4 Build3-5
221
Resisting Frames
3.1 Ultimate capacity criteria
The ultimate capacity of the structure is said to be arrived to when
1. The structure cannot take any more lateral load due to the formation of mechanism.
2. The interstory drift reaches the limit set by the Eurocode 8- Part 1 (Eurocode 8 Committee
2003) which is as follows for buildings having non-structural elements of brittle material
attached to the structure
d rυ ≤ 0.005h (6.0)
Where dr=the design interstory drift; =(ds)top-(ds)bottom
ds=displacement of a point of the structural system induced by the design seismic action (to
be taken from the nonlinear analysis made using SeismoStruct software)
h=the story height
υ=the reduction factor which takes into account the lower return period of the seismic action
associated with the damage limitation requirements =0.4 for importance classes 3 and 4.
4. Calculation of the behavior factor (q)
The parameters defined in the previous sections are to be derived based on the capacity
curves presented in Figure 5 to Figure 7. These curves are obtained from conventional
pushover analysis performed using SeismoStruct software (Seismosoft 2014). The locations
of the plastic hinges for all the analyzed frames at failure are presented in Figure 8 to Figure
10. The seismic parameters shown in Figure 1 are presented for the analyzed frames in Tables
1 to 3. The overstrength factor (Ω) and the structural ductility ratio (µ s) are also shown in the
tables.
The q-factors for all of our frames are calculated assuming a design allowable stress factor γ
equals 1.5 and are listed in Tables 1 to 3. For each building, the value of the q factor varies
depending on the number of floors and the number of bays. Generally, for the same number
of floors, the behavior factor q reduces as the number of bays increases. The ASCE/SEI 41-
06 code (ASCE Committee for Standard ASCE/SEI 41-06 2007 [1]) recommends the use of
the smallest q factor which leads to a larger design base shear and consequently a safer
design. The smallest obtained value of the q factor equals 3.06 for the 7-story frames, 1.07 for
the 5-story frames and 2.3 for the 3-story frames. The Eurocode 8- Part 1 (Eurocode 8
Committee 2003) recommends a value for q equals to 1.5 for structures classified as non-
dissipative. Thus the value for q factor provided by the Eurocode 8- Part 1 (Eurocode 8
Committee 2003) is a conservative value.
222
Resisting Frames
Build7-2 Build7-3
Build7-4 Build7-5
Figure 8: Locations of plastic hinges at failure for the 7-story frames.
Build5-2 Build5-3
223
Resisting Frames
Build5-4 Build5-5
Build3-2 Build3-3
Build3-4 Build3-5
224
Resisting Frames
Table 1: Seismic parameters for the 7-story frames
Frame ∆s ∆y ∆max Vs Vy Vmax Ω µs Veu Rµ q

(cm) (cm) (cm) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
Build7- 2.2 11 86 160 880 909 5.5 7.8 1380 1.57 13
2
Build7- 4 11 57 450 1300 1467 2.9 5.2 1700 1.31 5.7
3
Build7- 5.5 12 26 920 1832 1848 2.0 2.2 2650 1.45 4.4
4
Build7- 8 11 40 1500 2200 2328 1.5 3.6 3000 1.36 3.06
5

Build5- 1.8 7.5 64.4 200 950 1015 4.8 8.6 1700 1.79 12.9
2
Build5- 4.0 5.0 25.5 875 970 1068 1.1 5.1 970 1.0 1.7
3
Build5- 1.7 5.8 55.1 420 1550 2083 3.7 9.5 1700 1.1 6.1
4
Build5- 2.2 6.5 38.9 700 2228 2665 3.2 6.0 2800 1.26 6.0
5

Build3- 0.8 4.5 51.1 125 1000 1138 8 11.4 1500 1.5 18
2
Build3- 1.4 4.5 32 550 1600 1705 2.9 7.1 2500 1.56 6.8
3
Build3- 0.9 4.6 20.2 430 2270 2292 5.3 4.4 5000 2.2 17.5
4
Build3- 3.4 4.5 25.6 2140 2600 2653 1.2 5.7 3300 1.27 2.3
5
5. Conclusions
1. The inelastic behavior of the structure when subjected to severe earthquakes can be
accounted for by reducing the earthquake loads using the behavior factor (q-factor).
2. Static pushover analysis is an efficient and quick method to study the nonlinear
behavior of structures under seismic loads compared to the inelastic dynamic analysis
which is complex and time consuming.
3. Static pushover analysis produces capacity curves (base shear versus story total drift)
which can be used to calculate the seismic demand parameters.
225
Resisting Frames
4. The method of Uang 1991 is suitable for the calculation of the force reduction factor
(q).
5. The smallest value obtained for the behavior factor (q) is 2.3. This value is on the
conservative side when compared with the more safe value of 1.5 suggested by the
Eurocode 8- Part 1 (Eurocode 8 Committee 2003) for non-dissipative structures.
6. References
1. ASCE Committee for Standard ASCE/SEI 41-06, 2007, Seismic Rehabilitation of

Existing Buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers, p 411.
2. Eurocode 8 Committee, 2003, Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake

Resistance- Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, European
Standards, p 229.
3. SeismoSoft, SeismoStruct- a Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Nonlinear

Analysis of Framed Structures [online], Available from URL:
http://www.seismosoft.com, 2014.
4. Uang, C. M., 1991, Establishing R (or Rw) and Cd Factors for Building Seismic
Provisions, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 117(1), pp 19-28.
226

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Application of Pushover Analysis for the calculation of Behavior Factor for

Received on November, 2014 Published on February, 2015 216

Figure 1: Seismic demand parameters

2.1 Structural Ductility (µs)

2.5 Behavior Factor (q)

3. Examples used in the analysis

Figure 2: Geometries of the used 7-stories frames.

Figure 3: Geometries of the used 5-stories frames.

Base Shear (kN)

Figure 5: Capacity curves of the 7-stories frames.

Base Shear (kN)

Base Shear (kN)

Figure 6: Capacity curves of the 5-stories frames.

Story Drift (m) Story Drift (m)

The ultimate capacity of the structure is said to be arrived to when

Where dr=the design interstory drift; =(ds)top-(ds)bottom

h=the story height

4. Calculation of the behavior factor (q)

Frame ∆s ∆y ∆max Vs Vy Vmax Ω µs Veu Rµ q

Table 2: Seismic parameters for the 5-story frames

Frame ∆s ∆y ∆max Vs Vy Vmax Ω µs Veu Rµ q

Table 3: Seismic parameters for the 3-story frames

Frame ∆s ∆y ∆max Vs Vy Vmax Ω µs Veu Rµ q

1. ASCE Committee for Standard ASCE/SEI 41-06, 2007, Seismic Rehabilitation of

2. Eurocode 8 Committee, 2003, Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake

3. SeismoSoft, SeismoStruct- a Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Nonlinear

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